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id="toc-Growth_of_the_libertarian_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Overview </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Overview subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libertarianism_or_right-libertarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libertarianism_or_right-libertarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Libertarianism or right-libertarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libertarianism_or_right-libertarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Left-libertarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left-libertarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Left-libertarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left-libertarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Other variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Typology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Liberalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libertarian_socialism_(1857–1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libertarian_socialism_(1857–1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Libertarian socialism (1857–1980s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libertarian_socialism_(1857–1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libertarianism_in_the_United_States_(1943–1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libertarianism_in_the_United_States_(1943–1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Libertarianism in the United States (1943–1980s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libertarianism_in_the_United_States_(1943–1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_libertarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_libertarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Contemporary libertarianism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_libertarianism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary libertarianism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_libertarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_libertarian_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_libertarian_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Contemporary libertarian socialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_libertarian_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_libertarianism_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_libertarianism_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Contemporary libertarianism in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_libertarianism_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Contemporary libertarianism in the United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_libertarianism_in_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_libertarianism_in_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Contemporary libertarianism in South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_libertarianism_in_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_libertarianism_in_Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_libertarianism_in_Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Contemporary libertarianism in Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_libertarianism_in_Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_libertarian_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_libertarian_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Contemporary libertarian organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_libertarian_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Libertarianism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertynisme" title="Libertynisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Libertynisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تحررية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحررية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibertarismu" title="Llibertarismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llibertarismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianizm" title="Libertarianizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Libertarianizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-i%C3%BB-l%C3%A2ng-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Chū-iû-lâng-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-iû-lâng-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лібертарыянства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лібертарыянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лібэртарыянства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лібэртарыянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Либертарианство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Либертарианство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarismus" title="Libertarismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Libertarismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibertarisme" title="Llibertarisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibertarisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismus" title="Libertarianismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Libertarianismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyddewyllysiaeth" title="Rhyddewyllysiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyddewyllysiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianisme" title="Libertarianisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Libertarianisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarismus" title="Libertarismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Libertarismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarism" title="Libertarism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Libertarism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ελευθερισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελευθερισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarismo" title="Libertarismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libertarismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismo" title="Libertarianismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libertarianismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismo" title="Libertarianismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Libertarianismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="لیبرترینیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیبرترینیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianisme" title="Libertarianisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Libertarianisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarisme" title="Libertarisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Libertarisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liobra%C3%ADochas_(feals%C3%BAnacht)" title="Liobraíochas (fealsúnacht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Liobraíochas (fealsúnacht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="સ્વાતંત્ર્યવાદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્વાતંત્ર્યવાદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%A7%80%EC%83%81%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="자유지상주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유지상주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="स्वतंत्रतावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वतंत्रतावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarijanizam" title="Libertarijanizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Libertarijanizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianisme" title="Libertarianisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Libertarianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismo" title="Libertarianismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Libertarianismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frj%C3%A1lshyggja" title="Frjálshyggja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frjálshyggja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarismo" title="Libertarismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libertarismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ליברטריאניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליברטריאניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლიბერტარიანიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიბერტარიანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Либертаризм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Либертаризм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEbertar%C3%AEzm" title="Lîbertarîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîbertarîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertisms" title="Libertisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Libertisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Libertarianism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianizmus" title="Libertarianizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Libertarianizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تحرريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تحرريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="لیبرترینیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لیبرترینیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianisme" title="Libertarianisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Libertarianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%83_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85_%D1%87%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Либертари буюу хэвлэлийн бүрэн эрх чөлөөний онол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Либертари буюу хэвлэлийн бүрэн эрх чөлөөний онол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%86%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="အဆုံးစွန်လွတ်လပ်မျှတမှုဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဆုံးစွန်လွတ်လပ်မျှတမှုဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarisme" title="Libertarisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Libertarisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarisme" title="Libertarisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Libertarisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="リバタリアニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リバタリアニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianisme" title="Libertarianisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Libertarianisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianisme" title="Libertarianisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libertarianisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianizm" title="Libertarianizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Libertarianizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="آزادي پالنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آزادي پالنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianizm" title="Libertarianizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Libertarianizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismo" title="Libertarianismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Libertarianismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Libertarianism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Либертарианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Либертарианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarismu" title="Libertarismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Libertarismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianizmi" title="Libertarianizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Libertarianizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbirtarismu" title="Libbirtarismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Libbirtarismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Libertarianism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianizmus" title="Libertarianizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Libertarianizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianizem" title="Libertarianizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Libertarianizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Либертаријанизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Либертаријанизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarijanizam" title="Libertarijanizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Libertarijanizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarismi" title="Libertarismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Libertarismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Libertarianism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சுதந்திரவாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுதந்திரவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Либертарианлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Либертарианлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อิสรนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิสรนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Либертаризм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Либертаризм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberteryenizm" title="Liberteryenizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liberteryenizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лібертаріанство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лібертаріанство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_t%E1%BB%B1_do_c%C3%A1_nh%C3%A2n" title="Chủ nghĩa tự do cá nhân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa tự do cá nhân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarismo" title="Libertarismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Libertarismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自由意志主義 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自由意志主義" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自由至上主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自由至上主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberteryenizm" title="Liberteryenizm – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Liberteryenizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB)" title="自由意志主義 (政治) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自由意志主義 (政治)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178598#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Libertarianism (disambiguation)">Libertarianism (disambiguation)</a>. "Libertarians" redirects here. For political parties, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">List of libertarian political parties</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism" title="Category:Libertarianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age-of-consent_reform" title="Age-of-consent reform">Age-of-consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">De Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman (Milton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">Friedman (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Van_Dun" title="Frank Van Dun">Van Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lottieri" title="Carlo Lottieri">Lottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_possibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian possibilism">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/16px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/24px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>Libertarianism (from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: libertaire, itself from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: libertas, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'freedom') is a <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> that holds freedom, personal <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> as primary values.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a> Many libertarians conceive of freedom in accord with the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aggression_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aggression Principle">Non-Aggression Principle</a>, according to which each individual has the right to live as they choose, so long as it does not involve violating the rights of others by initiating force or fraud against them.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Libertarians advocate for the expansion of individual <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> and political <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, emphasizing the principles of <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality before the law</a> and the protection of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, including the rights to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">freedom of choice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> They generally support individual liberty and oppose <a href="/wiki/Political_authority" title="Political authority">authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> power, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, but some libertarians diverge on the scope and nature of their opposition to existing <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political systems</a>. Schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and non-state <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>. Different categorizations have been used to distinguish these various forms of libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-Long1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson1-8">[8]</a> Scholars have identified distinct libertarian perspectives on the nature of <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>, typically delineating them along <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right</a> or <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>–<a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> axes.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-9">[9]</a> Libertarianism has been broadly shaped by <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> ideas.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_political_libertarianism">Origins of political libertarianism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of political libertarianism">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-19th century,<a href="#cite_note-Dejacque-11">[11]</a> libertarianism originated as a form of <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">anti-state</a> politics usually seen as being on the left (like <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> especially <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social anarchists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> but more generally <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">libertarian communists</a>/<a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism#Marxist" title="Libertarian socialism">Marxists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialists</a>).<a href="#cite_note-RothbardBetrayal-14">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-15">[15]</a> Along with seeking to abolish or reduce the power of the State, these libertarians sought to <a href="/wiki/Abolish_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolish capitalism">abolish capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, or else to restrict their purview or effects to <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a> property norms, in favor of <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common</a> or <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">cooperative ownership</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">management</a>, viewing private property in the means of production as a barrier to freedom and liberty.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_of_the_libertarian_movement">Growth of the libertarian movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growth of the libertarian movement">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-20th century, American<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> proponents of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Night_watchman_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Night watchman state">minarchism</a> began using<a href="#cite_note-RothbardBetrayal-14">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] the term libertarian. Minarchists advocate for <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">night-watchman states</a> which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership or autonomy,<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> while anarcho-capitalists advocate for the replacement of all state institutions with private alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> During this time period, the term "libertarian" became used by growing numbers of people to advocate <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and strong <a href="/wiki/Private_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Private property rights">private property rights</a> such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This libertarianism, a revival of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberalism in the United States">classical liberalism in the United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> occurred due to other <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">American liberals</a> abandoning classical liberalism and embracing <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a> in the early 20th century after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Since the 1970s, this <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> form of libertarianism has spread beyond the United States,<a href="#cite_note-Teles_&_Kenney_2007-31">[31]</a> with <a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">libertarian or right-libertarian parties</a> being established in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, and many other countries.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a>, which caused many people to give up on Marxism or <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, libertarian socialism also grew in popularity and influence, alongside left-wing <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">alter-globalisation</a> movements.<a href="#cite_note-rupert-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005138–139-40">[40]</a> In 2022, former student activist and self-described libertarian socialist <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Gabriel Boric</a> became <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> after winning the <a href="/wiki/2021_Chilean_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Chilean presidential election">2021 Chilean presidential election</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Apruebo_Dignidad" title="Apruebo Dignidad">Apruebo Dignidad</a> coalition.<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-43">[43]</a> In November 2023, economist and television commentator <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a> was elected as the world's first self-identified Libertarian head of state<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> after winning an upset landslide in <a href="/wiki/2023_Argentine_general_election" title="2023 Argentine general election">that year's Argentine general election</a> as the leader of the libertarian <a href="/wiki/La_Libertad_Avanza" title="La Libertad Avanza">La Libertad Avanza</a> coalition.<a href="#cite_note-:9-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_libertaire_25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Le_libertaire_25.png/200px-Le_libertaire_25.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Le_libertaire_25.png/300px-Le_libertaire_25.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Le_libertaire_25.png/400px-Le_libertaire_25.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>17 August 1860 edition of <a href="/wiki/Le_Libertaire,_Journal_du_mouvement_social" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social">Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social</a>, a libertarian communist publication in New York City</figcaption></figure> The first recorded use of the term libertarian was in 1789, when <a href="/wiki/William_Belsham" title="William Belsham">William Belsham</a> wrote about <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">libertarianism</a> in the context of metaphysics.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> As early as 1796, libertarian came to mean an advocate or defender of liberty, in the sense of a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, when the London Packet printed on 12 February the following: "Lately marched out of the Prison at Bristol, 450 of the French Libertarians".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> It was again used in a republican sense in 1802 in a short piece critiquing a poem by "<a href="/wiki/Gebir_(poem)" title="Gebir (poem)">the author of Gebir</a>" and has since been used politically.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The use of the term libertarian to describe a new set of political positions has been traced to the French cognate libertaire, coined in a letter French <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communist">libertarian communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> in 1857.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Déjacque also used the term for his <a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">anarchist publication</a> <a href="/wiki/Le_Libertaire,_Journal_du_mouvement_social" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social">Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social</a> (Libertarian: Journal of Social Movement) which was printed from 9 June 1858 to 4 February 1861 in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Sébastien Faure</a>, another French libertarian communist, began publishing a new Le Libertaire in the mid-1890s while France's <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> enacted the so-called villainous laws (<a href="/wiki/Lois_sc%C3%A9l%C3%A9rates" title="Lois scélérates">lois scélérates</a>) which banned anarchist publications in France. Libertarianism has frequently been used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nettlau-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_2002-55">[55]</a> In the United States, the term libertarian was popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchist">individualist anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> around the late 1870s and early 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Libertarianism as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a> was popularized in May 1955 by writer Dean Russell, a colleague of <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Leonard Read</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> himself. Russell justified the choice of the term as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Many of us call ourselves "liberals." And it is true that the word "liberal" once described persons who respected the individual and feared the use of mass compulsions. But the leftists have now corrupted that once-proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons. As a result, those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals, we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense. At best, this is awkward and subject to misunderstanding. Here is a suggestion: Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word "libertarian."<a href="#cite_note-Russell-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhoIsALibertarian-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FEE-59">[59]</a></blockquote> Subsequently, many Americans with classical liberal beliefs began to describe themselves as libertarians. One person who popularized the term libertarian in this sense was <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, who began publishing libertarian works in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Rothbard described this modern use of the words overtly as a "capture" from his enemies, writing that "for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over".<a href="#cite_note-RothbardBetrayal-14">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a> was responsible for popularizing this usage of the term in academic and philosophical circles outside the United States,<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lester-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> especially with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a> (1974), a response to <a href="/wiki/Social_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberal">social liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In the book, Nozick proposed a <a href="/wiki/Minimal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimal state">minimal state</a> on the grounds that it was an inevitable phenomenon which could arise without violating <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-64">[64]</a> According to common United States meanings of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarianism in the United States</a> has been described as conservative on economic issues (<a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a>) and liberal on personal freedom (<a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">civil libertarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">cultural liberalism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Libertarian_Vote-65">[65]</a> It is also often associated with a foreign policy of <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pp._177-180-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-p._182-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg/220px-Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg/330px-Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg/440px-Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Compass" title="The Political Compass">The Political Compass</a>: the green quadrant represents <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarianism</a> and the purple <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></div> Although libertarianism originated as a form of <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Carson-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-routledge-anarchism-70">[70]</a> the development in the mid-20th century of modern <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarianism in the United States</a> resulted in libertarianism's being commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>, as well as viewed by many as neither left- nor right-wing, but an independent pro-freedom and anti-authoritarian philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Block-71">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] It also resulted in several authors and political scientists using two or more categorizations<a href="#cite_note-Long1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-72">[72]</a> to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital, usually along left–right or socialist–capitalist lines.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-9">[9]</a> While all libertarians support some level of <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarians</a> differ by supporting an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution</a> of natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-:6-72">[72]</a> Left-libertarian<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> ideologies include <a href="/wiki/Anarchism#Schools_of_thought" title="Anarchism">anarchist schools of thought</a>, alongside many other anti-<a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools of thought">schools of thought</a> centered around <a href="/wiki/Economic_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic egalitarianism">economic egalitarianism</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">geolibertarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market-oriented_left-libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market-oriented left-libertarianism">market-oriented left-libertarianism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Steiner%E2%80%93Vallentyne_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Steiner–Vallentyne school">Steiner–Vallentyne school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Some variants of libertarianism, such as anarcho-capitalism, have been labeled as <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">radical right</a> by some scholars.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Those sometimes called "right-libertarians", usually by leftists or by other libertarians with more left-leaning ideologies, often reject the label due to its association with <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism</a> and right-wing politics and simply describe themselves as libertarians. However, some, particularly those who describe themselves as <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">paleo-libertarians</a>, agree with their placement on the political right. Meanwhile, some proponents of <a href="/wiki/Free-market_anti-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market anti-capitalism">free-market anti-capitalism</a> in the United States consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as part of a broad libertarian left.<a href="#cite_note-Carson-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-routledge-anarchism-70">[70]</a> While the term libertarian had been substantially synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> and seen by many as part of the left,<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> continuing today as part of the libertarian left in opposition to the moderate left such as <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">statist</a> socialism, its meaning has evolved during the past half century, with broader adoption by ideologically disparate groups,<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-15">[15]</a> including some viewed as right-wing by older users of the term.<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_p._565-23">[23]</a> As a term, libertarian can include both the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> Marxists (who do not associate with a <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a>) and extreme liberals (primarily concerned with <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil libertarians">civil libertarians</a>. Additionally, some libertarians use the term <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a> to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasize its connections with socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guérin-85">[85]</a> The revival of free-market ideologies during the mid-to-late 20th century came with disagreement over what to call the movement. While many believers in economic freedom prefer the term libertarian, some free-market <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservatives</a> reject the term's association with the 1960s New Left and its connotations of <a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">libertine</a> hedonism.<a href="#cite_note-Gamble_2013_p._405-86">[86]</a> The movement is divided over the use of conservatism as an alternative.<a href="#cite_note-Gamble_2013_p._406-87">[87]</a> Those who seek both economic and social liberty would be known as liberals, but that term developed associations opposite of the <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>, low-taxation, minimal state advocated by the movement.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Name variants of the free-market revival movement include <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free-market_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market liberalism">free-market liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gamble_2013_p._405-86">[86]</a> As a term, libertarian or economic libertarian has the most everyday acceptance to describe a member of the movement, with the latter term being based on both the ideology's importance of economics and its distinction from libertarians of the New Left.<a href="#cite_note-Gamble_2013_p._406-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/220px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/330px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/440px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of the typology of beliefs in libertarianism (both left and right, respectively)</figcaption></figure> While both historical and contemporary libertarianism share general antipathy towards power by government authority, the latter exempts power wielded through <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">free-market capitalism</a>. Historically, libertarians, including <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>, supported the protection of an individual's freedom from powers of government and private ownership.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In contrast, while condemning governmental encroachment on personal liberties, modern American libertarians support freedoms based on their agreement with private property rights.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The abolition or privatization of amenities or entitlements controlled by the government is a common theme in modern American libertarian writings.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> According to modern American libertarian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a>, left-libertarians and right-libertarians agree with certain libertarian premises, but "where [they] differ is in terms of the logical implications of these founding axioms".<a href="#cite_note-Block-71">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Although several modern American libertarians reject the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard-92">[92]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Read-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Browne-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raimondo-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Machan-96">[96]</a> several strands of libertarianism in the United States and right-libertarianism have been described as being right-wing,<a href="#cite_note-Robin-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">radical right</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baradat-102">[102]</a> While some American libertarians such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Block-71">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Browne-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Tibor Machan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Machan-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Raimondo" title="Justin Raimondo">Justin Raimondo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Raimondo-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Leonard Read</a><a href="#cite_note-Read-93">[93]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a><a href="#cite_note-Rothbard-92">[92]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] deny any association with either the left or right, other American libertarians such as <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Carson-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Karl Hess</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and Roderick T. Long<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] have written about libertarianism's left-wing opposition to authoritarian rule and argued that libertarianism is fundamentally a left-wing position. Rothbard himself previously made the same point.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> defines libertarianism as the <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> view that agents initially fully own themselves and have certain moral powers to acquire property rights in external things.<a href="#cite_note-:6-72">[72]</a> Libertarian historian <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a> defines libertarianism as the philosophy that fundamentally doubts authority and advocates transforming society by reform or revolution.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Libertarian philosopher Roderick T. Long defines libertarianism as "any political position that advocates a radical redistribution of power from the coercive state to voluntary associations of free individuals", whether "voluntary association" takes the form of the free market or of communal co-operatives.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>, of the United States, libertarianism is the advocacy of either anarchy, or government that is funded voluntarily and limited to protecting individuals from coercion and violence.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> (IEP), "What it means to be a 'libertarian' in a political sense is a contentious issue, especially among libertarians themselves."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Nevertheless, all libertarians begin with a conception of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">personal autonomy</a> from which they argue in favor of civil liberties and a reduction or elimination of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a> People described as being left-libertarian or right-libertarian generally tend to call themselves simply libertarians and refer to their philosophy as libertarianism. As a result, some political scientists and writers classify the forms of libertarianism into two or more groups<a href="#cite_note-Long1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson1-8">[8]</a> to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson_p._1006-19">[19]</a> In the United States, proponents of <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> anti-capitalism consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian left.<a href="#cite_note-Carson-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-routledge-anarchism-70">[70]</a> Libertarianism is a "[t]heory upholding...[individual] rights...above all else" and seeks to "reduce" the power of a state or states, especially ones a libertarian lives in or is closely associated with, to "safeguard" and maintain individualism.<a href="#cite_note-:212-110">[110]</a> Libertarians argue that some forms of order within society <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">emerge spontaneously</a> from the actions of many different individuals acting independently from one another without any <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a> Proposed examples of systems that evolved through spontaneous order or self-organization include the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary history of life">evolution of life on Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barry1982-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libertarianism_or_right-libertarianism">Libertarianism or right-libertarianism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Libertarianism or right-libertarianism">edit</a>]</div> What some academics call <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodway-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_p._565-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24">[24]</a> is more often simply called "libertarianism" by its adherents. Based on the works of European writers like <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Bastiat" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Bastiat">Frederic Bastiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Von_Mises" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Von Mises">Ludwig Von Mises</a>, it developed in the United States in the mid-20th century, and is now the most popular conception of libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lester-61">[61]</a> Commonly referred to as a continuation or radicalization of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> the most important of these early philosophers and economists was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lester-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-64">[64]</a> While left-libertarians advocate for social freedom, right-libertarians also value social <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a> that support capitalist conditions. They reject institutions that oppose this framework, arguing that such interventions unnecessarily coerce individuals and violate their economic freedom.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalist">Anarcho-capitalists</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_p._565-23">[23]</a> seek the elimination of the state in favor of privately funded security services while minarchists defend <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">night-watchman states</a> which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership or autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_authoritarianism" title="Libertarian authoritarianism">Libertarian-authoritarianism</a> has been associated with right-libertarianism, due to its broader critique of democracy, its power, and its laws.<a href="#cite_note-Amlinger-2025-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nachtwey-2023-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Left-libertarianism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodway-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_p._641-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-22">[22]</a> encompasses those libertarian beliefs that claim the Earth's natural resources belong to everyone in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively.<a href="#cite_note-Kymlicka-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spitz-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Routledge_p._227-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vallentyne-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24">[24]</a> Contemporary left-libertarians such as <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Steiner" title="Hillel Steiner">Hillel Steiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vallentyne" title="Peter Vallentyne">Peter Vallentyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Van_Parijs" title="Philippe Van Parijs">Philippe Van Parijs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Otsuka" title="Michael Otsuka">Michael Otsuka</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ellerman" title="David Ellerman">David Ellerman</a> believe the appropriation of land must leave "<a href="/wiki/Lockean_proviso" title="Lockean proviso">enough and as good</a>" for others or be taxed by society to compensate for the exclusionary effects of private property.<a href="#cite_note-Kymlicka-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vallentyne-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist libertarian">Socialist libertarians</a><a href="#cite_note-Kropotkin-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Otero-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_2003-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson_p._1006-19">[19]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchist">individualist anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxist">libertarian Marxists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Council communist">council communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxemburgist" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburgist">Luxemburgists</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Leonist" class="mw-redirect" title="De Leonist">De Leonists</a> promote <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> economic theories, including <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge_p._227-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson-69">[69]</a> They criticize the state for being the defender of private property and believe capitalism entails <a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage slavery</a> and another form of coercion and domination related to that of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Kropotkin-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Otero-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_2003-18">[18]</a> There are a number of different left-libertarian positions on the state, which can range from advocating for its <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">complete abolition</a> to advocating for a more <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a> with <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2009_p._641-118">[118]</a> According to Sheldon Richman of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Institute" title="Independent Institute">Independent Institute</a>, other left-libertarians "prefer that corporate privileges be repealed before the regulatory restrictions on how those privileges may be exercised".<a href="#cite_note-LibertarianLeft2-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_variants">Other variants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other variants">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Libertarian paternalism</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-120">[120]</a> is a position advocated in the international bestseller Nudge by two American scholars, namely the economist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a> and the jurist <a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In the book Thinking, Fast and Slow, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> provides the brief summary: "Thaler and Sunstein advocate a position of libertarian paternalism, in which the state and other institutions are allowed to nudge people to make decisions that serve their own long-term interests. The designation of joining a pension plan as the default option is an example of a nudge. It is difficult to argue that anyone's freedom is diminished by being automatically enrolled in the plan, when they merely have to check a box to opt out."<a href="#cite_note-Kahneman-122">[122]</a> Nudge is considered an important piece of literature in <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">behavioral economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kahneman-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo-libertarianism</a> combines "the libertarian's moral commitment to <a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">negative liberty</a> with a procedure that selects principles for restricting liberty on the basis of a unanimous agreement in which everyone's particular interests receive a fair hearing".<a href="#cite_note-:5-123">[123]</a> Neo-libertarianism has its roots at least as far back as 1980 when it was first described by the American philosopher James Sterba of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>. Sterba observed that libertarianism advocates for a government that does no more than protection against force, fraud, theft, enforcement of contracts and other so-called <a href="/wiki/Negative_liberties" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative liberties">negative liberties</a> as contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Positive_liberties" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive liberties">positive liberties</a> by <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Sterba contrasted this with the older libertarian ideal of a night watchman state or minarchism. Sterba held that it is "obviously impossible for everyone in society to be guaranteed complete liberty as defined by this ideal: after all, people's actual wants as well as their conceivable wants can come into serious conflict. [...] [I]t is also impossible for everyone in society to be completely free from the interference of other persons."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 2013, Sterba wrote, "I shall show that moral commitment to an ideal of 'negative' liberty, which does not lead to a night-watchman state, but instead requires sufficient government to provide each person in society with the relatively high minimum of liberty that persons using <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a>' <a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">decision procedure</a> would select. The political program actually justified by an ideal of negative liberty I shall call Neo-Libertarianism."<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Libertarian populism combines libertarian and populist politics. According to <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Walker" title="Jesse Walker">Jesse Walker</a>, writing in the libertarian magazine <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>, libertarian populists oppose "big government" while also opposing "other large, centralized institutions" and advocate "tak[ing] an axe to the thicket of corporate subsidies, favors, and bailouts, clearing our way to an economy where businesses that can't make money serving customers don't have the option of wringing profits from the taxpayers instead".<a href="#cite_note-:7-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Typology">Typology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Typology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nolan_chart_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/220px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/330px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/440px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a>, created by American libertarian <a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">David Nolan</a>, expands the left–right line into a two-dimensional chart classifying the political spectrum by degrees of personal and economic freedom.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">In the United States</a>, and increasingly worldwide, libertarian is a typology used to describe a political position that advocates <a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">small government</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Culturally_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturally liberal">culturally liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscally_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscally conservative">fiscally conservative</a> in a two-dimensional political spectrum such as the libertarian-inspired <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a>, where the other major typologies are <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Libertarian_Vote-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anes_2004-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Libertarians support the legalization of victimless crimes such as the use of marijuana while opposing high levels of taxation and government spending on health, welfare, and education.<a href="#cite_note-Libertarian_Vote-65">[65]</a> Libertarians also support a foreign policy of <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pp._177-1802-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-p._1822-132">[132]</a> Libertarian was adopted in the United States, where liberal had become associated with a version that supports extensive government spending on social policies.<a href="#cite_note-FEE-59">[59]</a> Libertarian may also refer to an <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> ideology that developed in the 19th century and to a liberal version that developed in the United States that is avowedly pro-<a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kymlicka-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodway-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-22">[22]</a> According to polls, approximately one in four Americans self-identify as libertarian.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup_2006-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pew_2014-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2015-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gallup_2015-136">[136]</a> While most members of this group are not necessarily ideologically driven, the term libertarian is commonly used to describe the form of libertarianism widely practiced in the United States and is the common meaning of the word libertarianism in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24">[24]</a> This form is often named <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> elsewhere such as in Europe, where liberalism has a different common meaning than in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FEE-59">[59]</a> In some academic circles, this form is called <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a> as a complement to <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarianism</a>, with acceptance of capitalism or the private ownership of land as being the distinguishing feature.<a href="#cite_note-Kymlicka-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodway-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalism">Liberalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Liberalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #fff800; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a 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sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History of liberalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnLocke.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/180px-JohnLocke.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/270px-JohnLocke.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/360px-JohnLocke.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, regarded as the father of liberalism</figcaption></figure> Elements of libertarianism can be traced back to the higher-law concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian theologians">Christian theologians</a> who argued for the moral worth of the individual and the division of the world into two realms, one of which is the province of God and thus beyond the power of states to control it.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-cato.org-137">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarian</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> suggested that Chinese <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> was the first libertarian,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] likening Laozi's ideas on government to <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">spontaneous order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>'s <a href="/wiki/David_Boaz" title="David Boaz">David Boaz</a> includes passages from the <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> in his 1997 book The Libertarian Reader and noted in an article for the Encyclopædia Britannica that Laozi advocated for rulers to "do nothing" because "without law or compulsion, men would dwell in harmony".<a href="#cite_note-Boaz2-140">[140]</a> Libertarianism was influenced by debates within <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> regarding private property and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a> Scholastic thinkers, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de Las Casas</a>, argued for the concept of "self-mastery" as the foundation of a system supporting individual rights.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a> Early Christian sects such as the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> displayed libertarian attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-Mullett_2014_p._9-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-More_1969_p.-142">[142]</a> In 17th-century England, libertarian ideas began to take modern form in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Levellers" title="Levellers">Levellers</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>. In the middle of that century, opponents of royal power began to be called <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a>, or sometimes simply Opposition or Country, as opposed to Court writers.<a href="#cite_note-libertarianism.org-143">[143]</a> During the 18th century and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> ideas flourished in Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Libertarians of various schools were influenced by liberal ideas.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> For philosopher Roderick T. Long, libertarians "share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry. [Libertarians] [...] claim the seventeenth century English Levellers and the eighteenth century French <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedists" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedists">Encyclopedists</a> among their ideological forebears; and [...] usually share an admiration for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>."<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/180px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/270px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/360px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="3451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, whose theory of property showed a libertarian concern with the unequal distribution of resources under statism</figcaption></figure> John Locke greatly influenced both libertarianism and the modern world in his writings published before and after the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">English Revolution of 1688</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Toleration" title="A Letter Concerning Toleration">A Letter Concerning Toleration</a> (1667), <a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689) and <a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a> (1690). In the text of 1689, he established the basis of liberal political theory, i.e. that people's rights existed before government; that the purpose of government is to protect personal and property rights; that people may dissolve governments that do not do so; and that representative government is the best form to protect rights.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> was inspired by Locke in its statement: "[T]o secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it."<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard1-148">[148]</a> According to American historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a>, during and after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, "the major themes of eighteenth-century libertarianism were brought to realization" in <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bills of rights</a>, and limits on legislative and executive powers, including limits on starting wars.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, the libertarian creed emerged from the liberal challenges to an "absolute central State and a king ruling by divine right on top of an older, restrictive web of feudal land monopolies and urban guild controls and restrictions" as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a> of a bureaucratic warfaring state allied with privileged merchants. The object of liberals was individual liberty in the economy, in personal freedoms and civil liberty, separation of state and religion and peace as an alternative to imperial aggrandizement. He cites Locke's contemporaries, the Levellers, who held similar views. Also influential were the English <a href="/wiki/Cato%27s_Letters" title="Cato's Letters">Cato's Letters</a> during the early 1700s, reprinted eagerly by <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">American colonists</a> who already were free of European aristocracy and feudal land monopolies.<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard1-148">[148]</a> In January 1776, only two years after coming to America from England, Thomas Paine published his pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_(pamphlet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Sense (pamphlet)">Common Sense</a> calling for independence for the colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Sprading-149">[149]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Paine promoted liberal ideas in clear and concise language that allowed the general public to understand the debates among the political elites.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Common Sense was immensely popular in disseminating these ideas,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> selling hundreds of thousands of copies.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Paine would later write the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a> and participate in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sprading-149">[149]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Paine's theory of property showed a "libertarian concern" with the unequal distribution of resources under statism.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In 1793, <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> wrote a libertarian philosophical treatise titled <a href="/wiki/Enquiry_Concerning_Political_Justice" title="Enquiry Concerning Political Justice">Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Morals and Happiness</a> which criticized ideas of human rights and of society by contract based on vague promises. He took liberalism to its logical anarchic conclusion by rejecting all political institutions, law, government and apparatus of coercion as well as all political protest and insurrection. Instead of institutionalized justice, Godwin proposed that people influence one another to moral goodness through informal reasoned persuasion, including in the associations they joined as this would facilitate happiness.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libertarian_socialism_(1857–1980s)">Libertarian socialism (1857–1980s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Libertarian socialism (1857–1980s)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarian_socialism" title="Category:Libertarian socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism#Red_and_black_flag" title="Communist symbolism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/100px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/150px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/200px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Political concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Revolutionary spontaneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Maragall" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Pi i Maragall">Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pallis" title="Chris Pallis">Pallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Rühle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophies and tendencies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchist</a> tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Chaulieu–Montal tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> Other tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_municipalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian municipalism">Libertarian municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Korean People's Association in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_uprising" title="Zapatista uprising">Zapatista uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAREZ" class="mw-redirect" title="MAREZ">MAREZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava Revolution">Rojava Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AANES" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES">AANES</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> <ul><li><a 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/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarian_socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Libertarian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarian_socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Libertarian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian_socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></div> Anarchist communist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a> was the first person to describe himself as a libertarian<a href="#cite_note-Dejacque-11">[11]</a> in an 1857 letter.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Unlike mutualist anarchist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, he argued that "it is not the product of his or her labor that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature".<a href="#cite_note-Graham-2005-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> According to anarchist historian <a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Max Nettlau</a>, the first use of the term libertarian communism was in November 1880, when a French anarchist congress employed it to identify its doctrines more clearly.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The French anarchist journalist <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Sébastien Faure</a> started the weekly paper Le Libertaire (The Libertarian) in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fauresebastien_police.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fauresebastien_police.jpg/200px-Fauresebastien_police.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fauresebastien_police.jpg/300px-Fauresebastien_police.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fauresebastien_police.jpg/400px-Fauresebastien_police.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Sébastien Faure</a>, prominent French theorist of libertarian communism as well as atheist and freethought militant</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">revolutionary wave of 1917–1923</a> saw the active participation of anarchists in Russia and Europe. Russian anarchists participated alongside the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> in both the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a> and <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a> 1917 revolutions. However, Bolsheviks in central Russia quickly began to imprison or drive underground the libertarian anarchists. Many fled to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> After the anarchist <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a> helped stave off the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, the Bolsheviks turned on the Makkhnovists and contributed to the schism between the anarcho-syndicalists and the Communists.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> in Europe between the 1920s and the 1930s, anarchists began to fight fascists in Italy,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> in France during the <a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">February 1934 riots</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> and in Spain where the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo) boycott of elections led to a right-wing victory and its later participation in voting in 1936 helped bring the popular front back to power. This led to a ruling class attempted coup and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939).<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze held that during the early twentieth century, the terms libertarian communism and anarchist communism became synonymous within the international anarchist movement as a result of the close connection they had in Spain (<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">anarchism in Spain</a>), with libertarian communism becoming the prevalent term.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png/220px-Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png/330px-Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png/440px-Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spanish anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Milicianas_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Milicianas in the Spanish Civil War">militiawomen</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">1936 Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> Libertarian socialism reached its apex of popularity with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a>, during which libertarian socialists led "the largest and most successful revolution against capitalism to ever take place in any industrial economy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005138-166">[166]</a> During the revolution, the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> were brought under <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">workers' control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a> formed the basis for the new economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005145-167">[167]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Leval" title="Gaston Leval">Gaston Leval</a>, the CNT established an agrarian federation in the Levante that encompassed 78% of Spain's most <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>. The regional federation was populated by 1,650,000 people, 40% of whom lived on the region's 900 agrarian collectives, which were self-organised by peasant unions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005143–144-168">[168]</a> Although industrial and agricultural production was at its highest in the anarchist-controlled areas of the Spanish Republic, and the <a href="/wiki/Confederal_militias" title="Confederal militias">anarchist militias</a> displayed the strongest military discipline, liberals and communists alike blamed the "<a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarian</a>" libertarian socialists for the defeat of the Republic in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. These charges have been disputed by contemporary libertarian socialists, such as Robin Hahnel and Noam Chomsky, who have accused such claims of lacking substantial evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005146–147-169">[169]</a> During the autumn of 1931, the "Manifesto of the 30" was published by militants of the anarchist trade union CNT and among those who signed it there was the CNT General Secretary (1922–1923) Joan Peiro, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Pesta%C3%B1a" title="Ángel Pestaña">Ángel Pestaña</a> CNT (General Secretary in 1929) and Juan Lopez Sanchez. They were called treintismo and they were calling for <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_possibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian possibilism">libertarian possibilism</a> which advocated achieving libertarian socialist ends with participation inside structures of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In 1932, they established the <a href="/wiki/Syndicalist_Party" title="Syndicalist Party">Syndicalist Party</a>, which participated in the 1936 Spanish general elections and proceeded to be a part of the leftist coalition of parties known as the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> obtaining two congressmen (Pestaña and Benito Pabon). In 1938, Horacio Prieto, general secretary of the CNT, proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Anarchist_Federation" title="Iberian Anarchist Federation">Iberian Anarchist Federation</a> transform itself into the Libertarian Socialist Party and that it participate in the national elections.<a href="#cite_note-Renof-171">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murray_Bookchin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Murray_Bookchin.jpg/200px-Murray_Bookchin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Murray_Bookchin.jpg/300px-Murray_Bookchin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Murray_Bookchin.jpg/400px-Murray_Bookchin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3429" data-file-height="4286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>, American libertarian socialist theorist and proponent of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Municipalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Municipalism">libertarian municipalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">communalism</a></figcaption></figure> The Manifesto of Libertarian Communism was written in 1953 by Georges Fontenis for the Federation Communiste Libertaire of France. It is one of the key texts of the anarchist-communist current known as <a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">platformism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/International_of_Anarchist_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="International of Anarchist Federations">International of Anarchist Federations</a> was founded during an international anarchist conference in <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a>, Italy to advance libertarian solidarity. It wanted to form "a strong and organized workers movement, agreeing with the libertarian ideas".<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Short_history_of_the_IAF-IFA-174">[174]</a> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian League">Libertarian League</a> was founded in New York City in 1954 as a left-libertarian political organization building on the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Book_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Book Club">Libertarian Book Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Members included <a href="/wiki/Sam_Dolgoff" title="Sam Dolgoff">Sam Dolgoff</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russell_Blackwell" title="Russell Blackwell">Russell Blackwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Van_Ronk" title="Dave Van Ronk">Dave Van Ronk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Arrigoni" title="Enrico Arrigoni">Enrico Arrigoni</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>. In Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Push" title="Sydney Push">Sydney Push</a> was a predominantly left-wing intellectual subculture in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> from the late 1940s to the early 1970s which became associated with the label Sydney libertarianism. Well known associates of the Push include <a href="/wiki/A._J._Baker" title="A. J. Baker">Jim Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Flaus" title="John Flaus">John Flaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hooton" title="Harry Hooton">Harry Hooton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fink" title="Margaret Fink">Margaret Fink</a>, Sasha Soldatow,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lex_Banning" title="Lex Banning">Lex Banning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Cox" title="Eva Cox">Eva Cox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Appleton" title="Richard Appleton">Richard Appleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padraic_McGuinness" title="Padraic McGuinness">Paddy McGuinness</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Makinson" title="David Makinson">David Makinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clive_James" title="Clive James">Clive James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Moorhouse" title="Frank Moorhouse">Frank Moorhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Roxon" title="Lillian Roxon">Lillian Roxon</a>. Amongst the key intellectual figures in Push debates were philosophers David J. Ivison, <a href="/wiki/George_Molnar_(philosopher)" title="George Molnar (philosopher)">George Molnar</a>, Roelof Smilde, Darcy Waters and Jim Baker, as recorded in Baker's memoir Sydney Libertarians and the Push, published in the libertarian Broadsheet in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> An understanding of libertarian values and social theory can be obtained from their publications, a few of which are available online.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In 1969, French <a href="/wiki/Platformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Platformist">platformist</a> anarcho-communist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a> published an essay in 1969 called "Libertarian Marxism?" in which he dealt with the debate between <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Libertarian Marxist currents often draw from Marx and Engels' later works, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_in_France" title="The Civil War in France">The Civil War in France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libertarianism_in_the_United_States_(1943–1980s)">Libertarianism in the United States (1943–1980s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Libertarianism in the United States (1943–1980s)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #FED105; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Boudreaux" title="Donald J. Boudreaux">Boudreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Tuccille" title="Jerome Tuccille">Tuccille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Chafee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Sammis" title="Jarrod Sammis">Sammis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Sununu" title="Chris Sununu">Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Usually_Begins_with_Ayn_Rand" title="It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand">It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #F5DD00; border-bottom:1px solid #F5DD00"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_US" title="Template talk:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></div> <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Albert Jay Nock</a> were the first prominent figures in the United States to describe themselves as libertarian as synonym for liberal. They believed that <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> had co-opted the word liberal for his <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies which they opposed and used libertarian to signify their allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-185">[185]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Boaz" title="David Boaz">David Boaz</a>, in 1943 three women "published books that could be said to have given birth to the modern libertarian movement".<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Isabel Paterson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Rose Wilder Lane</a>'s The Discovery of Freedom and <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead">The Fountainhead</a> each promoted individualism and capitalism. None of the three used the term libertarianism to describe their beliefs and Rand specifically rejected the label, criticizing the burgeoning American libertarian movement as the "hippies of the right".<a href="#cite_note-ari-187">[187]</a> Rand accused libertarians of plagiarizing ideas related to her own philosophy of Objectivism and yet viciously attacking other aspects of it.<a href="#cite_note-ari-187">[187]</a> In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_E._Read" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard E. Read">Leonard E. Read</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a> (FEE), an American nonprofit educational organization which promotes the principles of laissez-faire economics, private property and limited government.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Gary_North_(economist)" title="Gary North (economist)">Gary North</a>, the FEE is the "granddaddy of all libertarian organizations".<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Karl Hess</a>, a speechwriter for <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> and primary author of the Republican Party's 1960 and 1964 <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">platforms</a>, became disillusioned with traditional politics following the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 presidential campaign</a> in which Goldwater lost to <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. He and his friend <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economist, founded the journal <a href="/wiki/Left_and_Right:_A_Journal_of_Libertarian_Thought" title="Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought">Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought</a>, which was published from 1965 to 1968, with George Resch and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_P._Liggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard P. Liggio">Leonard P. Liggio</a>. In 1969, they edited <a href="/wiki/The_Libertarian_Forum" title="The Libertarian Forum">The Libertarian Forum</a> which Hess left in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> split the uneasy alliance between the growing numbers of American libertarians, on the one hand, and conservatives who believed in limiting liberty to uphold moral virtues on the other. Libertarians opposed to the war joined the <a href="/wiki/Draft_dodger" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft dodger">draft resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movements</a> as well as organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> (SDS). In 1969 and 1970, Hess joined with others, including Murray Rothbard, <a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">Robert LeFevre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dana_Rohrabacher" title="Dana Rohrabacher">Dana Rohrabacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Samuel Edward Konkin III</a> and former SDS leader <a href="/wiki/Carl_Oglesby" title="Carl Oglesby">Carl Oglesby</a> to speak at two conferences which brought together activists from both the New Left and the Old Right in what was emerging as a nascent libertarian movement. Rothbard ultimately broke with the left, allying himself with the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoconservative">paleoconservative</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> He criticized the tendency of these libertarians to appeal to "'free spirits,' to people who don't want to push other people around, and who don't want to be pushed around themselves" in contrast to "the bulk of Americans" who "might well be tight-assed conformists, who want to stamp out drugs in their vicinity, kick out people with strange dress habits, etc.". Rothbard emphasized that this was relevant as a matter of strategy as the failure to pitch the libertarian message to Middle America might result in the loss of "the tight-assed majority".<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">left-libertarian</a> tradition has been carried to the present day by Konkin's <a href="/wiki/Agorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorist">agorists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> contemporary mutualists such as <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Roderick T. Long<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> and others such as <a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Gary Chartier</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Charles W. Johnson<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Sheldon Richman,<a href="#cite_note-LibertarianLeft-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Chris Matthew Sciabarra</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> and Brad Spangler.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul_(6811133499).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ron_Paul_%286811133499%29.jpg/200px-Ron_Paul_%286811133499%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ron_Paul_%286811133499%29.jpg/300px-Ron_Paul_%286811133499%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ron_Paul_%286811133499%29.jpg/400px-Ron_Paul_%286811133499%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Former congressman <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, a self-described libertarian, whose presidential campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a> garnered significant support from youth and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">libertarian Republicans</a></figcaption></figure> In 1971, a small group led by <a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">David Nolan</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> which has run a presidential candidate every election year since 1972. Other libertarian organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, were also formed in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a>, a one-time member of Rand's inner circle, proposed a non-initiation of force principle to unite the movement. This statement later became a required "pledge" for members of the Libertarian Party. Hospers became the LP's first presidential candidate in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Modern libertarianism gained significant recognition in academia with the publication of Harvard University professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a> in 1974, for which he received a National Book Award in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> In response to <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a>' <a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a>, Nozick's book supported a <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">minimal state</a> (also called a nightwatchman state by Nozick) on the grounds that the ultraminimal state arises without violating individual rights<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> and the transition from an ultraminimal state to a minimal state is morally obligated to occur. In the early 1970s, Rothbard wrote: "One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over."<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The project of spreading libertarian ideals in the United States has been so successful that some Americans who do not identify as libertarian seem to hold libertarian views.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Since the resurgence of neoliberalism in the 1970s, this modern American libertarianism has spread beyond North America via think tanks and political parties.<a href="#cite_note-teles2008diffusion-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-lewrockwell.com-212">[212]</a> In a 1975 interview with Reason, California Governor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> appealed to libertarians when he stated to "believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism".<a href="#cite_note-rm200507-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> supported <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign</a>, being one of the first elected officials in the nation to support his campaign<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_1988-214">[214]</a> and actively campaigned for Reagan in 1976 and 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols_1987-215">[215]</a> However, Paul quickly became disillusioned with the Reagan administration's policies after Reagan's election in 1980 and later recalled being the only Republican to vote against Reagan budget proposals in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_1988-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kutzmann_1988-217">[217]</a> In the 1980s, libertarians such as Paul and Rothbard<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] criticized President Reagan, <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a> and policies of the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> for, among other reasons, having turned the United States' big trade deficit into debt and the United States became a debtor nation for the first time since World War I under the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Rothbard argued that the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Reagan">presidency of Reagan</a> has been "a disaster for libertarianism in the United States"<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> and Paul described Reagan himself as "a dramatic failure".<a href="#cite_note-Nichols_1987-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_libertarianism">Contemporary libertarianism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contemporary libertarianism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_libertarian_socialism">Contemporary libertarian socialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Contemporary libertarian socialism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CNT-1mayo2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CNT-1mayo2010.jpg/220px-CNT-1mayo2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CNT-1mayo2010.jpg/330px-CNT-1mayo2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CNT-1mayo2010.jpg/440px-CNT-1mayo2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Spanish anarcho-syndicalist trade union <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> marching in Madrid in 2010</figcaption></figure> A surge of popular interest in libertarian socialism occurred in Western nations during the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Anarchism was influential in the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> and anarchists actively participated in the <a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">protests of 1968</a> which included students and workers' revolts.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> In 1968, the International of Anarchist Federations was founded in Carrara, Italy during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(France)" title="Anarchist Federation (France)">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federazione_Anarchica_Italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Federazione Anarchica Italiana">Italian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">Iberian Anarchist Federation</a> as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile.<a href="#cite_note-Short_history_of_the_IAF-IFA-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Around the turn of the 21st century, libertarian socialism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisation movement">anti-globalisation movements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rupert-39">[39]</a> Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">Group of Eight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>. Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by ad hoc, leaderless, anonymous cadres known as <a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">black blocs</a> and other organizational tactics pioneered in this time include <a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">security culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affinity_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity groups">affinity groups</a> and the use of decentralized technologies such as the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-rupert-39">[39]</a> A significant event of this period was the confrontations at <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity">WTO conference in Seattle in 1999</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rupert-39">[39]</a> For English anarchist scholar <a href="/wiki/Simon_Critchley" title="Simon Critchley">Simon Critchley</a>, "contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Neo-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-liberalism">neo-liberalism</a>. One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally".<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> This might also have been motivated by "the collapse of '<a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">really existing socialism</a>' and the capitulation to <a href="/wiki/Neo-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-liberalism">neo-liberalism</a> of Western <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, there have been at least two major experiments in libertarian socialism: the <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_uprising" title="Zapatista uprising">Zapatista uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, during which the <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a> (EZLN) enabled the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">autonomous territory</a> in the Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintaKinnaPrichardBerry2017-231">[231]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rojava_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava Revolution">Rojava Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (AANES) as a "libertarian socialist alternative to the colonially established state boundaries in the Middle East."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintaKinnaPrichardBerry2017-231">[231]</a> In 2022, student activist and self-described libertarian socialist <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Gabriel Boric</a> became <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> after winning the <a href="/wiki/2021_Chilean_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Chilean presidential election">2021 Chilean presidential election</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Apruebo_Dignidad" title="Apruebo Dignidad">Apruebo Dignidad</a> coalition.<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_libertarianism_in_the_United_States">Contemporary libertarianism in the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contemporary libertarianism in the United States">edit</a>]</div> In the United States, polls (circa 2006) found that the views and voting habits of between 10% and 20%, or more, of voting age Americans might be classified as "<a href="/wiki/Fiscally_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscally conservative">fiscally conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">socially liberal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Libertarian_Vote-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anes_2004-128">[128]</a> This was based on pollsters' and researchers' defining libertarian views as fiscally conservative and socially liberal (based on the common United States meanings of the terms) and against government intervention in economic affairs and for expansion of personal freedoms.<a href="#cite_note-Libertarian_Vote-65">[65]</a> In a 2015 Gallup poll, this figure had risen to 27%.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup_2015-136">[136]</a> A 2015 Reuters poll found that 23% of American voters self-identified as libertarians, including 32% in the 18–29 age group.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2015-135">[135]</a> Through twenty polls on this topic spanning thirteen years, Gallup found that voters who are libertarian on the political spectrum ranged from 17% to 23% of the United States electorate.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup_2006-133">[133]</a> However, a 2014 Pew Poll found that 23% of Americans who identify as libertarians have no idea what the word means. In this poll, 11% of respondents both identified as libertarians and understood what the term meant.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_2014-134">[134]</a> In 2001, an American <a href="/wiki/Political_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Political migration">political migration</a> movement, called the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a>, was founded to recruit at least 20,000 libertarians to move to a single low-population state (<a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, was selected in 2003) in order to make the state a stronghold for libertarian ideas.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> As of May 2022, approximately 6,232 participants have moved to New Hampshire for the Free State Project.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sept_12,_2009_-_Tea_Party_Tax_Payer_Protest,_Washington_DC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sept_12%2C_2009_-_Tea_Party_Tax_Payer_Protest%2C_Washington_DC.jpg/220px-Sept_12%2C_2009_-_Tea_Party_Tax_Payer_Protest%2C_Washington_DC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sept_12%2C_2009_-_Tea_Party_Tax_Payer_Protest%2C_Washington_DC.jpg/330px-Sept_12%2C_2009_-_Tea_Party_Tax_Payer_Protest%2C_Washington_DC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sept_12%2C_2009_-_Tea_Party_Tax_Payer_Protest%2C_Washington_DC.jpg/440px-Sept_12%2C_2009_-_Tea_Party_Tax_Payer_Protest%2C_Washington_DC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> protest in Washington, D.C., September 2009</figcaption></figure> 2009 saw the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a>, an American political movement known for advocating reductions in the United States national debt and federal budget deficits by reducing government spending, as well as cutting taxes. This movement had a significant libertarian component<a href="#cite_note-libertarian-235">[235]</a> despite having contrasts with libertarian values and views in some areas such as <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">social issues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> A 2011 Reason-Rupe poll found that among those who self-identified as Tea Party supporters, 41 percent leaned libertarian and 59 percent <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">socially conservative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> Named after the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a>, it also contained <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populism in the United States">populist</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> By 2016, <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> noted that the Tea Party movement was essentially completely dead; however, the article noted that the movement seemed to die in part because some of its ideas had been absorbed by the mainstream Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> In 2012, anti-war and pro-<a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">drug liberalization</a> presidential candidates such as Libertarian Republican <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> and Libertarian Party candidate <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> raised millions of dollars and garnered millions of votes despite opposition to their obtaining ballot access by both Democrats and Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2012 Libertarian National Convention">2012 Libertarian National Convention</a> saw Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a> being nominated as the 2012 presidential ticket for the Libertarian Party, resulting in the most successful result for a third-party presidential candidacy since 2000 and the best in the Libertarian Party's history by vote number. Johnson received 1% of the popular vote, amounting to more than 1.2 million votes.<a href="#cite_note-million-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Johnson has expressed a desire to win at least 5 percent of the vote so that the Libertarian Party candidates could get equal <a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">ballot access</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_election_campaign_fund_checkoff" title="Presidential election campaign fund checkoff">federal funding</a>, thus subsequently ending the <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2016 Libertarian National Convention">2016 Libertarian National Convention</a> saw Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a> nominated as the 2016 presidential ticket and resulted in the most successful result for a third-party presidential candidacy since 1996 and the best in the Libertarian Party's history by vote number. Johnson received 3% of the popular vote, amounting to more than 4.3 million votes.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Libertarian National Convention">2022 Libertarian National Convention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Caucus" title="Mises Caucus">Mises Caucus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">paleolibertarian</a> faction, became the dominant faction on the Libertarian National Committee.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Right-wing libertarian ideals are also prominent in far-right <a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a> associated with extremist anti-government ideas.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> made the distinction between being part of the American <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> and "a libertarian with a small 'l'", where he held libertarian values but belonged to the American <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom">Contemporary libertarianism in the United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Contemporary libertarianism in the United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_libertarianism_in_South_Africa">Contemporary libertarianism in South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contemporary libertarianism in South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_libertarianism_in_Argentina">Contemporary libertarianism in Argentina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Contemporary libertarianism in Argentina">edit</a>]</div> Contemporary libertarianism in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> has gained significant prominence, particularly with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a> and his <a href="/wiki/La_Libertad_Avanza" title="La Libertad Avanza">La Libertad Avanza</a> coalition. The <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(Argentina)" title="Libertarian Party (Argentina)">Libertarian Party</a>, founded in 2018, initially attracted young intellectuals and has since evolved into a major political force. Milei, a self-described "liberal libertarian," became the face of this movement, transforming it from an academic discourse into a powerful political phenomenon that culminated in his victory in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Argentine_general_election" title="2023 Argentine general election">2023 Argentine general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Argentina-252">[252]</a> Milei's libertarian platform represents a radical departure from traditional Argentine politics. His economic proposals included substantial government spending reduction, elimination of numerous federal agencies, and promoting currency competition through <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> mechanisms. The intellectual foundations of Milei's libertarianism draw from classical liberal thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, emphasizing individual economic freedom and minimal state intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Argentina-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_libertarian_organizations">Contemporary libertarian organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Contemporary libertarian organizations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_organizations" title="Category:Anarchist organizations">Anarchist organizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarian_parties" title="Category:Libertarian parties">Libertarian parties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarian_publications" title="Category:Libertarian publications">Libertarian publications</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarian_think_tanks" title="Category:Libertarian think tanks">Libertarian think tanks</a></div> Major libertarian organizations in the United States include the <a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Justice" title="Institute for Justice">Institute for Justice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Institute" title="Independent Institute">Independent Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a>. Since the 1950s, many American libertarian organizations have adopted a free-market stance as well as supporting civil liberties and <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionist foreign policies</a>. The activist <a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a>, formed in 2001, is working to entice 20,000 libertarians to New Hampshire to influence state policy.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Libertarian organizations founded outside the United States include the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a> in Switzerland, and the <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Marroquín University">Francisco Marroquín University</a> in Guatemala. Active libertarian student organizations include <a href="/wiki/Students_For_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Students For Liberty">Students For Liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a>. Students for Liberty was founded in the United States in 2007, but as of 2014 had over 1000 chapters across North America and worldwide, including in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. A number of countries have <a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">libertarian parties</a> that run candidates for political office. The first <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> was formed in the United States in 1971 and has grown to become the third largest<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> and leading alternative American political party. As of (date?) it had a reported 511,277 voters (0.46% of total electorate) registered as Libertarian in the 31 states that report Libertarian registration statistics and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism of libertarianism</a></div> Criticism of libertarianism includes ethical, economic, environmental, pragmatic and philosophical concerns. These concerns are most commonly voiced by critics on the left and directed against the more right-leaning schools of libertarian thought.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> One such argument is the view that it has no explicit theory of liberty.<a href="#cite_note-Lester-61">[61]</a> It has also been argued that <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> does not necessarily produce the best or most efficient outcome,<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> nor does its philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and policies of <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> prevent the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">abuse of natural resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Critics have accused libertarianism of promoting "atomistic" individualism that ignores the role of groups and communities in shaping an individual's identity.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a> Libertarians have responded by denying that they promote this form of individualism, arguing that recognition and protection of individualism does not mean the rejection of community living.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a> Libertarians also argue that they are simply against individuals' being forced to have ties with communities and that individuals should be allowed to sever ties with communities they dislike and form new communities instead.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a> Critics such as <a href="/wiki/Corey_Robin" title="Corey Robin">Corey Robin</a> describe this type of libertarianism as fundamentally a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> ideology united with more <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist conservative</a> thought and goals by a desire to enforce hierarchical power and social relations.<a href="#cite_note-Robin-97">[97]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_MacLean" title="Nancy MacLean">Nancy MacLean</a> has argued that libertarianism is a <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">radical right</a> ideology that has stood against democracy. According to MacLean, libertarian-leaning <a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a> have used anonymous, <a href="/wiki/Dark_money" title="Dark money">dark money</a> campaign contributions, a network of libertarian institutes and lobbying for the appointment of libertarian, pro-business judges to United States federal and state courts to oppose taxes, public education, employee protection laws, environmental protection laws and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Conservative philosopher <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a> argued that libertarians "bear no authority, temporal or spiritual" and do not "venerate ancient beliefs and customs, or the natural world, or [their] country, or the immortal spark in [their] fellow men".<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a> Libertarians have responded by saying that they do venerate these ancient traditions, but are against the law's being used to force individuals to follow them.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">Copyright abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_wants_to_be_free" title="Information wants to be free">Information wants to be free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Internet freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libertarian political ideologies">List of libertarian political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_medical_assistance" title="Refusal of medical assistance">Refusal of medical assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_disconnect" title="Right to disconnect">Right to disconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_theft" title="Taxation as theft">Taxation is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWolff2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wolff, Jonathan (2016). "Libertarianism". <a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. London. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-S036-1">10.4324/9780415249126-S036-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415250696" title="Special:BookSources/9780415250696"><bdi>9780415250696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-S036-1&rft.isbn=9780415250696&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVossen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Vossen, Bas Van Der (2017). "Libertarianism". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.86">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-022863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.86&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022863-7&rft.aulast=Vossen&rft.aufirst=Bas+Van+Der&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMack2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mack, Eric (2011). Klosko, George (ed.). "Libertarianism". The Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy: 673–688. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199238804.003.0041">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Political+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E673-%3C%2Fspan%3E688&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199238804.003.0041&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boaz-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_4-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoaz,_David2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Boaz" title="David Boaz">Boaz, David</a> (30 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339321/libertarianism">"Libertarianism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222253/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339321/libertarianism">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2017. <q>[L]ibertarianism, political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.au=Boaz%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F339321%2Flibertarianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarianism.org/topics/non-aggression-principle">"Non-Aggression Principle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241214215059/https://www.libertarianism.org/topics/non-aggression-principle">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2024. <q>There are a small group of libertarians who do not accept the non- aggression axiom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-Aggression+Principle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertarianism.org%2Ftopics%2Fnon-aggression-principle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock2004" class="citation book cs1">Woodcock, George (2004) [1962]. <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_(Woodcock_book)" title="Anarchism (Woodcock book)">Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements</a>. Peterborough: Broadview Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1551116297" title="Special:BookSources/978-1551116297"><bdi>978-1551116297</bdi></a>. <q>[F]or the very nature of the libertarian attitude—its rejection of dogma, its deliberate avoidance of rigidly systematic theory, and, above all, its stress on extreme freedom of choice and on the primacy of the individual judgement [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+History+of+Libertarian+Ideas+and+Movements&rft.place=Peterborough&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1551116297&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long1_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long1_7-2">c</a> Long, Joseph. W (1996). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 310. "When I speak of 'libertarianism' [...] I mean all three of these very different movements. It might be protested that LibCap [libertarian capitalism], LibSoc [libertarian socialism] and LibPop [libertarian populism] are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view. But they do share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry." </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson1_8-2">c</a> Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: SAGE Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&q=There+exist+three+major+camps+in+libertarian+thought%3A+right-libertarianism%2C+socialist+libertarianism%2C+and+left-libertarianism%3B+the+extent+to+which+these+represent+distinct+ideologies+as+opposed+to+variations+on+a+theme+is+contested+by+scholars.&pg=PA1006">p. 1006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930075224/https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1006&dq=right-libertarianism&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVoNT9_uvlAhWN6aQKHWZ6AUUQ6AEINjAB#v=onepage&q=There%20exist%20three%20major%20camps%20in%20libertarian%20thought%3A%20right-libertarianism%2C%20socialist%20libertarianism%2C%20and%20left-libertarianism%3B%20the%20extent%20to%20which%20these%20represent%20distinct%20ideologies%20as%20opposed%20to%20variations%20on%20a%20theme%20is%20contested%20by%20scholars.&f=false">Archived</a> 30 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412988764" title="Special:BookSources/1412988764">1412988764</a>. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars." </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Francis_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancis1983" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Mark (December 1983). "Human Rights and Libertarians". <a href="/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_Politics_%26_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Journal of Politics & History">Australian Journal of Politics & History</a>. 29 (3): 462–472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x">10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9522">0004-9522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Politics+%26+History&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+and+Libertarians&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E462-%3C%2Fspan%3E472&rft.date=1983-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x&rft.issn=0004-9522&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1">b</a> Otero, Carlos Peregrin, ed. (1994). Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments, Volumes 2–3. Taylor & Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRdIAV5IVgoC&dq=enlightenment+influence+socialists+libertarians&pg=PA617">p. 617</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109171044/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRdIAV5IVgoC&pg=PA617&dq=enlightenment+influence+socialists+libertarians&sa=X&ct=result&resnum=1">Archived</a> 9 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415106948" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415106948">978-0415106948</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dejacque-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dejacque_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dejacque_11-1">b</a> Joseph Déjacque. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm">De l'être-humain mâle et femelle – Lettre à P.J. Proudhon par Joseph Déjacque</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917184843/http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm">Archived</a> 17 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Long, Roderick T. (2012). "The Rise of Social Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=advfCgAAQBAJ&dq=In+the+meantime%2C+anarchist+theories+of+a+more+communist+or+collectivist+character+had+bee+developing+as+well.+One+important+pioneer+is+French+anarcho-communists+Joseph+D%C3%A9jacque+%281821%E2%80%931864%29%2C&pg=PA223">p. 223</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930075228/https://books.google.com/books?id=advfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA223&dq=In+the+meantime%2C+anarchist+theories+of+a+more+communist+or+collectivist+character+had+bee+developing+as+well.+One+important+pioneer+is+French+anarcho-communists+Joseph+D%C3%A9jacque+%281821%E2%80%931864%29%2C&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ3vmnxsrmAhWTbsAKHQHXA5AQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=In%20the%20meantime%2C%20anarchist%20theories%20of%20a%20more%20communist%20or%20collectivist%20character%20had%20bee%20developing%20as%20well.%20One%20important%20pioneer%20is%20French%20anarcho-communists%20Joseph%20D%C3%A9jacque%20(1821%E2%80%931864)%2C&f=false">Archived</a> 30 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "In the meantime, anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who [...] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term 'libertarian' for this position; hence 'libertarianism' initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology." </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=advfCgAAQBAJ&q=In+its+oldest+sense%2C+it+is+a+synonym+either+for+anarchism+in+general+or+social+anarchism+in+particular&pg=PA223">p. 227</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930075228/https://books.google.com/books?id=advfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA223&dq=In+the+meantime%2C+anarchist+theories+of+a+more+communist+or+collectivist+character+had+bee+developing+as+well.+One+important+pioneer+is+French+anarcho-communists+Joseph+D%C3%A9jacque+%281821%E2%80%931864%29%2C&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ3vmnxsrmAhWTbsAKHQHXA5AQ6AEIKjAA#v=snippet&q=In%20its%20oldest%20sense%2C%20it%20is%20a%20synonym%20either%20for%20anarchism%20in%20general%20or%20social%20anarchism%20in%20particular&f=false">Archived</a> 30 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular." </li> <li id="cite_note-RothbardBetrayal-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RothbardBetrayal_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RothbardBetrayal_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RothbardBetrayal_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothbard2009" class="citation book cs1">Rothbard, Murray (2009) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf">The Betrayal of the American Right</a> (PDF). Mises Institute. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610165013" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610165013"><bdi>978-1610165013</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221173352/https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019. <q>One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Betrayal+of+the+American+Right&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1610165013&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.mises.org%2FThe%2520Betrayal%2520of%2520the%2520American%2520Right_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_15-3">d</a> Marshall, Peter (2009). <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDWIOL_KtGYC&q=For+a+long+time%2C+libertarian+was+interchangable+in+France+with+anarchism+but+in+recent+years%2C+its+meaning+has+become+more+ambivalente.+Some+anarchists+like+Daniel+Gu%C3%A9rin+will+call+themselves+%27libertarian+socialists%27%2C+partly+to+avoid+the+negative+overtones+still+associated+with+anarchism%2C+and+partly+to+stress+the+place+of+anarchism+within+the+socialist+tradition.+Even+Marxists+of+the+New+Left+like+E.+P.+Thompson+call+themselves+%27libertarian%27+to+distinguish+themselves+from+those+authoritarian+socialists+and+communists+who+believe+in+revolutionary+dictatorship+and+vanguard+parties.">p. 641</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930075247/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDWIOL_KtGYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Demanding+the+Impossible%3A+A+History+of+Anarchism&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjm-Sm78nmAhUODewKHUY_D7UQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=For%20a%20long%20time%2C%20libertarian%20was%20interchangable%20in%20France%20with%20anarchism%20but%20in%20recent%20years%2C%20its%20meaning%20has%20become%20more%20ambivalente.%20Some%20anarchists%20like%20Daniel%20Gu%C3%A9rin%20will%20call%20themselves%20'libertarian%20socialists'%2C%20partly%20to%20avoid%20the%20negative%20overtones%20still%20associated%20with%20anarchism%2C%20and%20partly%20to%20stress%20the%20place%20of%20anarchism%20within%20the%20socialist%20tradition.%20Even%20Marxists%20of%20the%20New%20Left%20like%20E.%20P.%20Thompson%20call%20themselves%20'libertarian'%20to%20distinguish%20themselves%20from%20those%20authoritarian%20socialists%20and%20communists%20who%20believe%20in%20revolutionary%20dictatorship%20and%20vanguard%20parties.&f=false">Archived</a> 30 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchism but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like Daniel Guérin will call themselves 'libertarian socialists', partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism within the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E. P. Thompson call themselves 'libertarian' to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties." </li> <li id="cite_note-Kropotkin-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kropotkin_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kropotkin_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kropotkin_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1927" class="citation book cs1">Kropotkin, Peter (1927). Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings. Courier Dover Publications. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486119861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486119861"><bdi>978-0486119861</bdi></a>. <q>It attacks not only capital, but also the main sources of the power of capitalism: law, authority, and the State.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+Collection+of+Revolutionary+Writings&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=978-0486119861&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otero-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Otero_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otero_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otero_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtero2003" class="citation book cs1">Otero, Carlos Peregrin (2003). "Introduction to Chomsky's Social Theory". In Otero, Carlos Peregrin (ed.). Radical Priorities. Chomsky, Noam Chomsky (3rd ed.). Oakland, California: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1902593693" title="Special:BookSources/1902593693"><bdi>1902593693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Chomsky%27s+Social+Theory&rft.btitle=Radical+Priorities&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1902593693&rft.aulast=Otero&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Peregrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky_2003-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_2003_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_2003_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_2003_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2003" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (2003). Carlos Peregrin Otero (ed.). Radical Priorities (3rd ed.). Oakland, California: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. pp. 227–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1902593693" title="Special:BookSources/1902593693"><bdi>1902593693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Priorities&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1902593693&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson_p._1006-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_p._1006_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_p._1006_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_p._1006_19-2">c</a> Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&dq=right-libertarianism&pg=PA1006">p. 1006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221173347/https://books.google.it/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1006&dq=right-libertarianism&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVoNT9_uvlAhWN6aQKHWZ6AUUQ6AEINjAB">Archived</a> 21 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "[S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism". </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kropotkin-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Otero-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_2003-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson_p._1006-19">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodway-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_21-6">g</a> Goodway, David (2006). <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Seeds_Beneath_the_Snow:_Left-Libertarian_Thought_and_British_Writers_from_William_Morris_to_Colin_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward">Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward</a>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgya85u7S-4C&dq=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&pg=PA4">p. 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308005207/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgya85u7S-4C&pg=PA4&dq=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&sa=X&ct=result&resnum=10#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20right%20libertarian">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846310256" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846310256">978-1846310256</a>. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition". </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_22-6">g</a> Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism, Edinburgh University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&dq=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&pg=PA43">p. 43</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930075316/https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&pg=PA43&dq=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&sa=X&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20right%20libertarian">Archived</a> 30 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748634958" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748634958">978-0748634958</a>. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only a narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all". </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall_p._565-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_p._565_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_p._565_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_p._565_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_p._565_23-3">d</a> Marshall, Peter (2008). <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a>. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order". </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_24-7">h</a> Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: SAGE Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&dq=right-libertarianism&pg=PA1006">p. 1006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221173347/https://books.google.it/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1006&dq=right-libertarianism&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVoNT9_uvlAhWN6aQKHWZ6AUUQ6AEINjAB">Archived</a> 21 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412988764" title="Special:BookSources/1412988764">1412988764</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Goodway-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_p._565-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNozick1974" class="citation book cs1">Nozick, Robert (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchy%2C+State%2C+and+Utopia&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Nozick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGelosoLeeson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Geloso, Vincent; Leeson, Peter T. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-politique-2020-6-page-957.htm">"Are Anarcho-Capitalists Insane? Medieval Icelandic Conflict Institutions in Comparative Perspective"</a>. Revue d'économie politique. 130 (6): 957–974. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fredp.306.0115">10.3917/redp.306.0115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0373-2630">0373-2630</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235008718">235008718</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805230848/https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-politique-2020-6-page-957.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022. <q>Anarcho-capitalism is a variety of libertarianism according to which all government institutions can and should be replaced by private ones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%A9conomie+politique&rft.atitle=Are+Anarcho-Capitalists+Insane%3F+Medieval+Icelandic+Conflict+Institutions+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E957-%3C%2Fspan%3E974&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235008718%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0373-2630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fredp.306.0115&rft.aulast=Geloso&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Leeson%2C+Peter+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-d-economie-politique-2020-6-page-957.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHussain2004" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Syed B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVZAAAAYAAJ">Encyclopedia of Capitalism, Volume 2</a>. New York: Facts on File Inc. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816052247" title="Special:BookSources/0816052247"><bdi>0816052247</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930075322/https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVZAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2015. <q>In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is an excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Capitalism%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Facts+on+File+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0816052247&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Syed+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbVZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuncanMachan2024" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Craig; Machan, Tibor R. (2 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5wDQFBFM0FMC&pg=PA4">Libertarianism: For and Against</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4259-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-4259-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libertarianism%3A+For+and+Against&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4259-4&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Machan%2C+Tibor+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5wDQFBFM0FMC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell1955" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Dean (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/who-is-a-libertarian/">"Who is a libertarian?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128152056/https://fee.org/articles/who-is-a-libertarian/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019. <q>Many of us call ourselves 'liberals.' And it is true that the word 'liberal' once described persons who respected the individual and feared the use of mass compulsions. But the leftists have now corrupted that once-proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons. As a result, those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals, we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense. At best, this is awkward and subject to misunderstanding. Here is a suggestion: Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word 'libertarian'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+Economic+Education&rft.atitle=Who+is+a+libertarian%3F&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffee.org%2Farticles%2Fwho-is-a-libertarian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teles_&_Kenney_2007-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Teles_&_Kenney_2007_31-0">^</a> Teles, Steven; Kenney, Daniel A. "Spreading the Word: The Diffusion of American Conservatism in Europe and Beyond". In Kopsten, Jeffrey; Steinmo, Sven, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfy3k0BWBNAC">Growing Apart?: America and Europe in the Twenty-First Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 136–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingleton2008" class="citation news cs1">Singleton, Alex (30 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625210549/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/4341751/How_Libertarians_undermine_liberty/">"How Libertarians undermine liberty"</a>. Daily Telegraph. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/4341751/How_Libertarians_undermine_liberty/">the original</a> on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=How+Libertarians+undermine+liberty&rft.date=2008-05-30&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Falexsingleton%2F4341751%2FHow_Libertarians_undermine_liberty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Staff_writer" title="Staff writer">Staff writer</a> (24 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelhayom.com/2019/03/24/today-on-the-israelections-program-moshe-feiglin/">"Feiglin: Palestinians in Gaza had more rights under Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Hayom" title="Israel Hayom">Israel Hayom</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404173256/https://www.israelhayom.com/2019/03/24/today-on-the-israelections-program-moshe-feiglin/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Hayom&rft.atitle=Feiglin%3A+Palestinians+in+Gaza+had+more+rights+under+Israel&rft.date=2019-03-24&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelhayom.com%2F2019%2F03%2F24%2Ftoday-on-the-israelections-program-moshe-feiglin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarkov2019" class="citation web cs1">Harkov, Lahav (17 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-Feiglin-phenomenon-583567">"The Feiglin phenomenon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430175234/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/the-feiglin-phenomenon-583567">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2019. <q>The leader of the rising Zehut Party is attracting more than just young potheads to his libertarian platform.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=The+Feiglin+phenomenon&rft.date=2019-03-17&rft.aulast=Harkov&rft.aufirst=Lahav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FOpinion%2FThe-Feiglin-phenomenon-583567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/zehut/">"Zehut"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Democracy_Institute" title="Israel Democracy Institute">Israel Democracy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115235834/https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/zehut/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019. <q>[...] and personal liberty. Its platform includes libertarian economic positions [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Democracy+Institute&rft.atitle=Zehut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.idi.org.il%2Fisraeli-elections-and-parties%2Fparties%2Fzehut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEglash2019" class="citation news cs1">Eglash, Ruth (4 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/a-pro-pot-party-could-tip-the-scales-in-israels-upcoming-election/2019/04/04/01060ec4-5617-11e9-aa83-504f086bf5d6_story.html">"A pro-pot party could tip the scales in Israel's upcoming election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117034736/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/a-pro-pot-party-could-tip-the-scales-in-israels-upcoming-election/2019/04/04/01060ec4-5617-11e9-aa83-504f086bf5d6_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2019. <q>Now you have two special-interest groups. What pulls them together is the strong libertarian, anti-state agenda that works well for both.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+pro-pot+party+could+tip+the+scales+in+Israel%27s+upcoming+election&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.aulast=Eglash&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fa-pro-pot-party-could-tip-the-scales-in-israels-upcoming-election%2F2019%2F04%2F04%2F01060ec4-5617-11e9-aa83-504f086bf5d6_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Staden, Martin (2 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationalstandard.com/remembering-the-founder-of-sa-libertarianism-dr-marc-swanepoel">"Remembering the Founder of SA Libertarianism, Dr. Marc Swanepoel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812151641/https://rationalstandard.com/remembering-the-founder-of-sa-libertarianism-dr-marc-swanepoel/">Archived</a> 12 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Rational Standard. Retrieved 20 September 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/10/07/javier-milei-a-libertarian-may-be-elected-to-argentinas-congress">"Javier Milei, a libertarian, may be elected to Argentina's congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 7 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811081521/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/10/07/javier-milei-a-libertarian-may-be-elected-to-argentinas-congress">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Javier+Milei%2C+a+libertarian%2C+may+be+elected+to+Argentina%27s+congress&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-americas%2F2021%2F10%2F07%2Fjavier-milei-a-libertarian-may-be-elected-to-argentinas-congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rupert-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rupert_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupert_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupert_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupert_39-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRupert2006" class="citation book cs1">Rupert, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalizationint00rupe/page/66">Globalization and International Political Economy</a>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalizationint00rupe/page/66">66</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0742529436" title="Special:BookSources/0742529436"><bdi>0742529436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+International+Political+Economy&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0742529436&rft.aulast=Rupert&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalizationint00rupe%2Fpage%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005138–139-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005138–139_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHahnel2005">Hahnel 2005</a>, pp. 138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/03/12/a-new-group-of-left-wing-presidents-takes-over-in-latin-america">"A new group of left-wing presidents takes over in Latin America"</a>. The Economist. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913100345/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/03/12/a-new-group-of-left-wing-presidents-takes-over-in-latin-america">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+new+group+of+left-wing+presidents+takes+over+in+Latin+America&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-americas%2F2022%2F03%2F12%2Fa-new-group-of-left-wing-presidents-takes-over-in-latin-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2022/3/23/can-a-rise-of-leftist-leaders-bring-real-change-to-latin-america">"Can a rise of leftist leaders bring real change to Latin America?"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+First+Libertarian+President&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fpodcast%2F2023%2F11%2F20%2Fthe-worlds-first-libertarian-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-45"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-readies-vote-likely-presidential-election-thriller-2023-11-19/">"Argentine libertarian Milei pledges new political era after election win"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 20 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119230955/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-readies-vote-likely-presidential-election-thriller-2023-11-19/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Argentine+libertarian+Milei+pledges+new+political+era+after+election+win&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fargentina-readies-vote-likely-presidential-election-thriller-2023-11-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Belsham1789" class="citation book cs1">William Belsham (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6Y0AAAAMAAJ&q=William+Belsham+libertarian&pg=PA11">Essays</a>. C. Dilly. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411095920/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6Y0AAAAMAAJ&q=William+Belsham+libertarian&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2020Original from the University of Michigan, digitized 21 May 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=C.+Dilly&rft.date=1789&rft.au=William+Belsham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6Y0AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DWilliam%2BBelsham%2Blibertarian%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> OED November 2010 edition </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802021008/http://archive.mises.org/18385/the-origin-of-libertarianism">The British Critic</a>. p. 432. "The author's Latin verses, which are rather more intelligible than his English, mark him for a furious Libertarian (if we may coin such a term) and a zealous admirer of France, and her liberty, under Bonaparte; such liberty!" </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Seeley" title="John Robert Seeley">Seeley, John Robert</a> (1878). Life and Times of Stein: Or Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3: 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Maitland" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William Maitland">Maitland, Frederick William</a> (July 1901). "William Stubbs, Bishop of Oxford". <a href="/wiki/English_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="English Historical Review">English Historical Review</a>. 16[.3]: 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism, and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists". </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">Woodcock, George</a> (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Meridian Books. p. 280. "He called himself a "social poet," and published two volumes of heavily didactic verse—Lazaréennes and Les Pyrénées Nivelées. In New York, from 1858 to 1861, he edited an anarchist paper entitled Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social, in whose pages he printed as a serial his vision of the anarchist Utopia, entitled L'Humanisphére." </li> <li id="cite_note-Nettlau-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Nettlau_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNettlau1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Nettlau, Max</a> (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. London: Freedom Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900384899" title="Special:BookSources/978-0900384899"><bdi>978-0900384899</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37529250">37529250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Freedom+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37529250&rft.isbn=978-0900384899&rft.aulast=Nettlau&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward_54-0">^</a> Ward, Colin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kksrWshoIkYC">Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113191632/https://books.google.com/books?id=kksrWshoIkYC">Archived</a> 13 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers [...]." </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky_2002-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_2002_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (23 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113110804/http://www.znetwork.org/zspace/commentaries/1137">"The Week Online Interviews Chomsky"</a>. Z Magazine. <a href="/wiki/Z_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Z Communications">Z Communications</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znetwork.org/zspace/commentaries/1137">the original</a> on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2011. <q>The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world. Historically, the libertarian movement has been the anti-statist wing of the socialist movement. Socialist anarchism was libertarian socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Z+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Week+Online+Interviews+Chomsky&rft.date=2002-02-23&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.znetwork.org%2Fzspace%2Fcommentaries%2F1137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Comegna, Anthony; Gomez, Camillo (3 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/libertarianism-then-now">"Libertarianism, Then and Now"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803022437/https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/libertarianism-then-now">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Libertarianism. Cato Institute. "[...] Benjamin Tucker was the first American to really start using the term 'libertarian' as a self-identifier somewhere in the late 1870s or early 1880s." Retrieved 3 August 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell1955" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Dean (May 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626222214/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/who-is-a-libertarian/">"Who Is A Libertarian?"</a>. The Freeman. 5 (5). Foundation for Economic Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/who-is-a-libertarian/">the original</a> on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Freeman&rft.atitle=Who+Is+A+Libertarian%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1955-05&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreemanonline.org%2Fcolumns%2Fwho-is-a-libertarian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhoIsALibertarian-58"><a href="#cite_ref-WhoIsALibertarian_58-0">^</a> Russel Dean (May 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/who-is-a-libertarian/">"Who Is A Libertarian"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128152056/https://fee.org/articles/who-is-a-libertarian/">Archived</a> 28 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Foundation for Economic Education. Retrieved 28 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-FEE-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FEE_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FEE_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FEE_59-2">c</a> Tucker, Jeffrey (15 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/where-does-the-term-libertarian-come-from-anyway/">"Where Does the Term "Libertarian" Come From Anyway?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223185333/https://fee.org/articles/where-does-the-term-libertarian-come-from-anyway/">Archived</a> 23 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Foundation for Economic Education. Retrieved 28 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cantor" title="Paul Cantor">Paul Cantor</a>, The Invisible Hand in Popular Culture: Liberty Vs. Authority in American Film and TV, University Press of Kentucky, 2012, p. 353, n. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lester-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_61-3">d</a> Lester, J. C. (22 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/INDNLA">"New-Paradigm Libertarianism: a Very Brief Explanation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706161710/https://philpapers.org/rec/INDNLA">Archived</a> 6 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. PhilPapers. Retrieved 26 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Teles, Steven; Kenney, Daniel A. (2008). "Spreading the Word: The diffusion of American Conservatism in Europe and beyond". In Steinmo, Sven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfy3k0BWBNAC">Growing Apart?: America and Europe in the 21st Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113191632/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfy3k0BWBNAC">Archived</a> 13 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Growing Apart?: America and Europe in the Twenty-first Century. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 136–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1975.html">"National Book Award: 1975 – Philosophy and Religion"</a> (1975). National Book Foundation. Retrieved 9 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909065656/http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1975.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaefer-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_64-1">b</a> Schaefer, David Lewis (30 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/sports/reconsiderations-robert-nozick-and-coast-utopia">"Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821170556/http://www.nysun.com/sports/reconsiderations-robert-nozick-and-coast-utopia">Archived</a> 21 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York Sun. Retrieved 26 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Libertarian_Vote-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Libertarian_Vote_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libertarian_Vote_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libertarian_Vote_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libertarian_Vote_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libertarian_Vote_65-4">e</a> Boaz, David; Kirby, David (18 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/libertarian-vote">"The Libertarian Vote"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031152256/https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/libertarian-vote">Archived</a> 31 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cato Institute. Retrieved 10 February 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-pp._177-180-66"><a href="#cite_ref-pp._177-180_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterInnocent2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carpenter, Ted Galen; Innocent, Malen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&q=libertarianism+foreign+non-interventionism&pg=PT217">"Foreign Policy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 177–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n109">10.4135/9781412965811.n109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323173913/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&q=libertarianism+foreign+non-interventionism&pg=PT217">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n109&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Ted+Galen&rft.au=Innocent%2C+Malen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC%26q%3Dlibertarianism%2Bforeign%2Bnon-interventionism%26pg%3DPT217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p._182-67"><a href="#cite_ref-p._182_67-0">^</a> Edward A. Olsen (2002). US National Defense for the Twenty-First Century: The Grand Exit Strategy. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0ui1gpNE34C&dq=libertarianism+foreign+non-interventionism&pg=PA182">p. 182</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200501193500/https://books.google.com/books?id=-0ui1gpNE34C&pg=PA182&dq=libertarianism+foreign+non-interventionism&sa=X#v=onepage&q=libertarianism%20foreign%20non-interventionism">Archived</a> 1 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714681405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714681405">978-0714681405</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politicalcompass.org/crowdchart2">"The Political Compass"</a>. The Political Compass. 11 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314210105/https://www.politicalcompass.org/crowdchart2">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Political+Compass&rft.pub=The+Political+Compass&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicalcompass.org%2Fcrowdchart2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_69-5">f</a> Carson, Kevin (15 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/28216">"What is Left-Libertarianism?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903175118/http://c4ss.org/content/28216">Archived</a> 3 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 28 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-routledge-anarchism-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-routledge-anarchism_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge-anarchism_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge-anarchism_70-2">c</a> "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-Block-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Block_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block_71-2">c</a> Block, Walter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_8.pdf">"Libertarianism Is Unique and Belongs Neither to the Right Nor the Left: A Critique of the Views of Long, Holcombe, and Baden on the Left, Hoppe, Feser, and Paul on the Right"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513050938/http://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_8.pdf">Archived</a> 13 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a>. 22. pp. 127–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Vallentyne" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peter Vallentyne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/">"Libertarianism"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308152131/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+CSLI%2C+Stanford+University&rft.au=Peter+Vallentyne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flibertarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kymlicka-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kymlicka_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kymlicka_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kymlicka_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kymlicka_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kymlicka_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kymlicka_73-5">f</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka, Will</a> (2005). "libertarianism, left-". In <a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich, Ted</a>. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 516. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199264797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199264797">978-0199264797</a>. "'Left-libertarianism' is a new term for an old conception of justice, dating back to Grotius. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine, Herbert Spencer, and Henry George. Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner." </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall_p._641-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_p._641_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_p._641_74-1">b</a> Marshall, Peter (2008). <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a>. London: Harper Perennial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDWIOL_KtGYC&q=Left+libertarianism">p. 641</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307210848/https://books.google.it/books?id=QDWIOL_KtGYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Demanding+the+Impossible:+A+History+of+Anarchism&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIt4Gi0eLlAhXP_qQKHRvYD10Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Left%20libertarianism&f=false">Archived</a> 7 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power, to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether. It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State". </li> <li id="cite_note-Spitz-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spitz_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spitz_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spitz_75-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpitz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Spitz, Jean-Fabien (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_RAI_023_0023--left-wing-libertarianism-equality-based.htm">"Left-wing libertarianism: equality based on self-ownership"</a>. Raisons Politiques. 23 (3): 23–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frai.023.0023">10.3917/rai.023.0023</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323204656/https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_RAI_023_0023--left-wing-libertarianism-equality-based.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raisons+Politiques&rft.atitle=Left-wing+libertarianism%3A+equality+based+on+self-ownership&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frai.023.0023&rft.aulast=Spitz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fabien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn-int.info%2Farticle-E_RAI_023_0023--left-wing-libertarianism-equality-based.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kymlicka-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodway-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_p._641-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spitz-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-22">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge_p._227-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_p._227_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_p._227_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_p._227_77-2">c</a> "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227. "The term 'left-libertarianism' has at least three meanings. In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular. Later it became a term for the left or Konkinite wing of the free-market libertarian movement, and has since come to cover a range of pro-market but anti-capitalist positions, mostly individualist anarchist, including agorism and mutualism, often with an implication of sympathies (such as for radical feminism or the labor movement) not usually shared by anarcho-capitalists. In a third sense it has recently come to be applied to a position combining individual self-ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources; most proponents of this position are not anarchists." </li> <li id="cite_note-Vallentyne-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vallentyne_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vallentyne_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vallentyne_78-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVallentyne2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vallentyne, Peter (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/libertarianism/">"Libertarianism"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> (Spring 2009 ed.). Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706070638/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/libertarianism/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2010. <q>Libertarianism is committed to full self-ownership. A distinction can be made, however, between right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism, depending on the stance taken on how natural resources can be owned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.edition=Spring+2009&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Vallentyne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2009%2Fentries%2Flibertarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kymlicka-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spitz-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Routledge_p._227-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vallentyne-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson-69">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2016" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Barbara (2016). Using Political Ideas. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118708385" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118708385"><bdi>978-1118708385</bdi></a>. <q>Howewer, enough has been said to show that most anarchists have nothing in common with those libertarians of the far-right, the anarcho-capitalists [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+Political+Ideas&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1118708385&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaulMillerPaul2007" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ellen F.; Miller, Fred D.; Paul, Jeffrey, eds. (2007). Liberalism: Old and New. Vol. 24. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521703055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521703055"><bdi>978-0521703055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism%3A+Old+and+New&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521703055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEstlund2012" class="citation book cs1">Estlund, David, ed. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195376692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195376692"><bdi>978-0195376692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Political+Philosophy&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0195376692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammer2013" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Espen (2013). "Libertarianism, Political". In Kaldis, Byron (ed.). Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences. Vol. 1. SAGE Publications. pp. 558–560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1506332611" title="Special:BookSources/978-1506332611"><bdi>978-1506332611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism%2C+Political&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+and+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E558-%3C%2Fspan%3E560&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1506332611&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Espen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohn2009" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Jesse (20 April 2009). "Anarchism". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalenc00ness">The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest</a>. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalenc00ness/page/n163">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0039">10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405198073" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405198073"><bdi>978-1405198073</bdi></a>. <q>'[L]ibertarianism' [...] a term that, until the mid-twentieth century, was synonymous with "anarchism" per se.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Revolution+and+Protest&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0039&rft.isbn=978-1405198073&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalenc00ness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guérin-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Guérin_85-0">^</a> Guérin, Daniel (1970). <a href="/wiki/Anarchism:_From_Theory_to_Practice" title="Anarchism: From Theory to Practice">Anarchism: From Theory to Practice</a>. New York City: Monthly Review Press. p. 12. "[A]narchism is really a synonym for socialism. The anarchist is primarily a socialist whose aim is to abolish the exploitation of man by man. Anarchism is only one of the streams of socialist thought, that stream whose main components are concern for liberty and haste to abolish the State." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853451754" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853451754">978-0853451754</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gamble_2013_p._405-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gamble_2013_p._405_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gamble_2013_p._405_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGamble2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gamble" title="Andrew Gamble">Gamble, Andrew</a> (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). "Economic Libertarianism". The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. 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(January 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/neither-left-nor-right#axzz2Vgjo32JJ">"Neither Left Nor Right"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718043628/http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/neither-left-nor-right#axzz2Vgjo32JJ">Archived</a> 18 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Freeman" title="The Freeman">The Freeman</a>. 48 (2): 71–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Browne-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browne_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browne_94-1">b</a> Browne, Harry (21 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harrybrowne.org/articles/Abortion.htm">"The Libertarian Stand on Abortion"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006055112/http://www.harrybrowne.org/articles/Abortion.htm">Archived</a> 6 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/publications/books/8300">"Neither Left Nor Right: Selected Columns"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101182255/http://www.hoover.org/publications/books/8300">Archived</a> 1 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 522. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817939823" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817939823">978-0817939823</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Robin-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robin_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robin_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobin2011" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Corey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199793747/page/15">The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199793747/page/15">15–16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199793747" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199793747"><bdi>978-0199793747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reactionary+Mind%3A+Conservatism+from+Edmund+Burke+to+Sarah+Palin&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199793747&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780199793747%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarmelGibson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Harmel, Robert; Gibson, Rachel K. (June 1995). "Right-Libertarian Parties and the "New Values": A Re-examination". Scandinavian Political Studies. 18 (July 1993): 97–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9477.1995.tb00157.x">10.1111/j.1467-9477.1995.tb00157.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-6757">0080-6757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Right-Libertarian+Parties+and+the+%22New+Values%22%3A+A+Re-examination&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=July+1993&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9477.1995.tb00157.x&rft.issn=0080-6757&rft.aulast=Harmel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Rachel+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Robinson, Emily; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article/28/2/268/3061496">"Telling stories about post-war Britain: popular individualism and the 'crisis' of the 1970s"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803093146/https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article/28/2/268/3061496">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Twentieth Century British History. 28 (2): 268–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Kitschelt, Herbert; McGann, Anthony J. (1997) [1995]. <a href="/wiki/The_Radical_Right_in_Western_Europe" title="The Radical Right in Western Europe">The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZiD0rsmqO4C&dq=%22right-libertarianism%22&pg=PA27">p. 27</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805010036/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZiD0rsmqO4C&pg=PA27&dq=%22right-libertarianism%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=p5rcUPreFaXv0gGnvICACA&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22right-libertarianism%22&f=false">Archived</a> 5 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472084418" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472084418">978-0472084418</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Mudde, Cas (11 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PgwDQAAQBAJ&q=Right-libertarianism">The Populist Radical Right: A Reader</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804162515/https://books.google.com/books?id=3PgwDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Populist+Radical+Right:+A+Reader&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj60OqKmYHnAhVQDOwKHelHBMIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Right-libertarianism&f=false">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1st ed.). Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138673861" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138673861">978-1138673861</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Baradat-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Baradat_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaradat2015" class="citation book cs1">Baradat, Leon P. (2015). Political Ideologies. Routledge. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317345558" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317345558"><bdi>978-1317345558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideologies&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317345558&rft.aulast=Baradat&rft.aufirst=Leon+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Hess, Karl (18 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/35952">"Anarchism Without Hyphens & The Left/Right Spectrum"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317182806/https://c4ss.org/content/35952">Archived</a> 17 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Center for a Stateless Society. Tulsa Alliance of the Libertarian Left. Retrieved 17 March 2020. "The far left, as far as you can get away from the right, would logically represent the opposite tendency and, in fact, has done just that throughout history. The left has been the side of politics and economics that opposes the concentration of power and wealth and, instead, advocates and works toward the distribution of power into the maximum number of hands." </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Long, Roderick T. (8 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/rothbards-left-and-right-forty-years-later">"Rothbard's 'Left and Right': Forty Years Later"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010073127/https://mises.org/library/rothbards-left-and-right-forty-years-later">Archived</a> 10 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mises Institute. Rothbard Memorial Lecture, Austrian Scholars Conference 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (Spring 1965). "Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty". Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought. 1 (1): 4–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> George Woodcock. Anarchism: A History of Llibertarian Ideas and Movements. Petersborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. pp. 11–31, especially p. 18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1551116294" title="Special:BookSources/1551116294">1551116294</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_T._Long1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick T. Long">Roderick T. Long</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.praxeology.net/libclass-theory-part-1.pdf">"Towards a Libertarian Theory of Class"</a> (PDF). Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 303–349, at p. 304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0265052500002028">10.1017/S0265052500002028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145150666">145150666</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008045143/https://www.praxeology.net/libclass-theory-part-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Philosophy+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Libertarian+Theory+of+Class&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E349%2C+at+p.+304&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0265052500002028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145150666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Roderick+T.+Long&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.praxeology.net%2Flibclass-theory-part-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Duncan Watts (2002). Understanding American Government and Politics: A Guide for A2 Politics Students. Manchester, England. Manchester University Press. p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZwolinski" class="citation web cs1">Zwolinski, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/libertar/">"Libertarianism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Libertarianism+%7C+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Zwolinski&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Flibertar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:212-110"><a href="#cite_ref-:212_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackBrewerShawChandler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a>; Brewer, Paul; Shaw, Anthony; Chandler, Malcolm; Cheshire, Gerard; Cranfield, Ingrid; Ralph Lewis, Brenda; Sutherland, Joe; Vint, Robert (2003). World History. <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>: Parragon Books. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-75258-227-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-75258-227-5"><bdi>0-75258-227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History&rft.place=Bath%2C+Somerset&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Parragon+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-75258-227-5&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Brewer%2C+Paul&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Chandler%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Cheshire%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Cranfield%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Ralph+Lewis%2C+Brenda&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+Joe&rft.au=Vint%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry1982-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Barry1982_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarry1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_P._Barry" title="Norman P. Barry">Barry, Norman</a> (1982). "The Tradition of Spontaneous Order". Literature of Liberty. 5 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literature+of+Liberty&rft.atitle=The+Tradition+of+Spontaneous+Order&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699">"Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. 15 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023242/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%27s+Model+Follows+Hayek&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB123976347774119699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Boaz, David (1998). Libertarianism: A Primer. Free Press. pp. 22–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConway2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Conway_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Conway (academic)">Conway, David</a> (2008). "Freedom of Speech". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Liberalism, Classical</a>. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 295–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n112">10.4135/9781412965811.n112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930070314/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2015. <q>Depending on the context, libertarianism can be seen as either the contemporary name for classical liberalism, adopted to avoid confusion in those countries where liberalism is widely understood to denote advocacy of expansive government powers, or as a more radical version of classical liberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberalism%2C+Classical&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n112&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lp.org/about">"About the Libertarian Party"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508082636/https://www.lp.org/about/">Archived</a> 8 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Libertarian Party. "Libertarians strongly oppose any government interference into their personal, family, and business decisions. Essentially, we believe all Americans should be free to live their lives and pursue their interests as they see fit as long as they do no harm to another". Retrieved 2 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Amlinger-2025-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Amlinger-2025_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmlingerNachtwey2025" class="citation web cs1">Amlinger, Carolin; Nachtwey, Oliver (29 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2025/01/musk-authoritarianism-libertarianism-afd-trump">"In Elon Musk, Libertarianism and Authoritarianism Combine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250130040002/https://jacobin.com/2025/01/musk-authoritarianism-libertarianism-afd-trump/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2025. Retrieved 12 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=In+Elon+Musk%2C+Libertarianism+and+Authoritarianism+Combine&rft.date=2025-01-29&rft.aulast=Amlinger&rft.aufirst=Carolin&rft.au=Nachtwey%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2025%2F01%2Fmusk-authoritarianism-libertarianism-afd-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nachtwey-2023-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Nachtwey-2023_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNachtweyAmlinger2023" class="citation web cs1">Nachtwey, Oliver; Amlinger, Carolin (7 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2023/12/new-authoritarian-personality">"The new authoritarian personality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241208221401/https://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2023/12/new-authoritarian-personality">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+new+authoritarian+personality&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft.aulast=Nachtwey&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Amlinger%2C+Carolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fideas%2F2023%2F12%2Fnew-authoritarian-personality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall_2009_p._641-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2009_p._641_118-0">^</a> Marshall, Peter (2009) [1991]. <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a> (POLS ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press. p. 641. "Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power, to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether. It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604860641" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604860641">978-1604860641</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-LibertarianLeft2-119"><a href="#cite_ref-LibertarianLeft2_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichman2011" class="citation web cs1">Richman, Sheldon (3 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theamericanconservative.com/libertarian-left/">"Libertarian Left"</a>. The American Conservative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101203050/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/libertarian-left/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Conservative&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Left&rft.date=2011-02-03&rft.aulast=Richman&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanconservative.com%2Flibertarian-left%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-120"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_120-0">^</a> Thaler, Richard; Sunstein, Cass (2003). "Libertarian Paternalism". The American Economic Review. 93: 175–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThaler2008" class="citation book cs1">Thaler, Richard H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nudgeim_tha_2008_00_2497">Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness</a>. Sunstein, Cass R. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300122237" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300122237"><bdi>978-0300122237</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181517463">181517463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nudge%3A+Improving+Decisions+About+Health%2C+Wealth%2C+and+Happiness&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181517463&rft.isbn=978-0300122237&rft.aulast=Thaler&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnudgeim_tha_2008_00_2497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahneman-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kahneman_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kahneman_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahneman2011" class="citation book cs1">Kahneman, Daniel (25 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thinkingfastslow0000kahn">Thinking, Fast and Slow</a> (1st ed.). New York City, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374275631" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374275631"><bdi>978-0374275631</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/706020998">706020998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking%2C+Fast+and+Slow&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F706020998&rft.isbn=978-0374275631&rft.aulast=Kahneman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthinkingfastslow0000kahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-123"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_123-0">^</a> Sterba, James (2013). The Pursuit of Justice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 66. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442221796" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442221796">978-1442221796</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carter, Ian (2 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberty-positive-negative/">"Positive and Negative Liberty"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116230338/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberty-positive-negative/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Positive+and+Negative+Liberty&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fliberty-positive-negative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Sterba, James (1980). Justice: Alternative Political Perspectives. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing Company. p. 175. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0534007621" title="Special:BookSources/978-0534007621">978-0534007621</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Sterba, James (2013). The Pursuit of Justice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442221796" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442221796">978-1442221796</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-127"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2013" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Jesse (23 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2013/07/23/three-lessons-for-libertarian-populists/">"Three Lessons for Libertarian Populists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928194025/https://reason.com/2013/07/23/three-lessons-for-libertarian-populists/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Three+Lessons+for+Libertarian+Populists&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2013%2F07%2F23%2Fthree-lessons-for-libertarian-populists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anes_2004-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anes_2004_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anes_2004_128-1">b</a> Arbor, Ann. The ANES Guide to Public Opinion and Electoral Behavior, 1948–2004. American National Election Studies. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nolanchart.com/faq/faq8-php">"Q8. What is the Nolan Chart?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818013938/https://www.nolanchart.com/faq/faq8-php">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nolan Chart. Retrieved 10 February 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theadvocates.org/about-the-quiz/">"About the Quiz"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331115109/https://www.theadvocates.org/about-the-quiz/">Archived</a> 31 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Advocates for Self-Government. Retrieved 8 February 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-pp._177-1802-131"><a href="#cite_ref-pp._177-1802_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterInnocent2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carpenter, Ted Galen; Innocent, Malen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&q=libertarianism+foreign+non-interventionism&pg=PT217">"Foreign Policy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications; Cato Institute. pp. 177–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n109">10.4135/9781412965811.n109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n109&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Ted+Galen&rft.au=Innocent%2C+Malen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC%26q%3Dlibertarianism%2Bforeign%2Bnon-interventionism%26pg%3DPT217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p._1822-132"><a href="#cite_ref-p._1822_132-0">^</a> Olsen, Edward A. (2002). US National Defense for the Twenty-First Century: The Grand Exit Strategy. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0ui1gpNE34C&dq=libertarianism+foreign+non-interventionism&pg=PA182">p. 182</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714681407" title="Special:BookSources/0714681407">0714681407</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714681405" title="Special:BookSources/9780714681405">9780714681405</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallup_2006-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallup_2006_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallup_2006_133-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/24487/gallup-database-2006-survey-results.aspx">"Gallup Database: 2006 Survey Results"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223140748/https://news.gallup.com/poll/24487/gallup-database-2006-survey-results.aspx">Archived</a> 23 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Gallup. Retrieved 23 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_2014-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_2014_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_2014_134-1">b</a> Kiley, Jocelyn (25 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/25/in-search-of-libertarians/">"In Search of Libertarians"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407015513/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/25/in-search-of-libertarians/">Archived</a> 7 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Pew Research Center. "14% say the term libertarian describes them well; 77% of those know the definition (11% of total), while 23% do not (3% of total)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters_2015-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_2015_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_2015_135-1">b</a> Becker, Amanda (30 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-libertarians/americans-dont-like-big-government-but-like-many-programs-poll-idUSKBN0NL15B20150430">"Americans don't like big government – but like many programs: poll"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729055727/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-libertarians/americans-dont-like-big-government-but-like-many-programs-poll-idUSKBN0NL15B20150430">Archived</a> 29 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 31 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallup_2015-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallup_2015_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallup_2015_136-1">b</a> Boaz, David (10 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/blog/gallup-finds-more-libertarians-electorate">"Gallup Finds More Libertarians in the Electorate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031152246/https://www.cato.org/blog/gallup-finds-more-libertarians-electorate">Archived</a> 31 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 31 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-cato.org-137"><a href="#cite_ref-cato.org_137-0">^</a> Boaz, David (21 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/preface-japanese-edition-libertarianism-primer">"Preface for the Japanese Edition of Libertarianism: A Primer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210055131/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/preface-japanese-edition-libertarianism-primer">Archived</a> 10 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (2005). Excerpt from "Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire", The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX, No. 2 (Fall 1990) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/1967">mises.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108220713/http://mises.org/daily/1967">Archived</a> 8 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (2005). "The Ancient Chinese Libertarian Tradition", Mises Daily (5 December 2005) (original source unknown) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/1967">mises.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108220713/http://mises.org/daily/1967">Archived</a> 8 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boaz2-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Boaz2_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoaz,_David2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Boaz" title="David Boaz">Boaz, David</a> (30 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339321/libertarianism">"Libertarianism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222253/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339321/libertarianism">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2017. <q>An appreciation for spontaneous order can be found in the writings of the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu (6th century bce), who urged rulers to "do nothing" because "without law or compulsion, men would dwell in harmony."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.au=Boaz%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F339321%2Flibertarianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullett_2014_p._9-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Mullett_2014_p._9_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMullett2014" class="citation book cs1">Mullett, M.A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzaDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Martin Luther</a>. Routledge Historical Biographies. Taylor & Francis. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64861-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64861-1"><bdi>978-1-317-64861-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther&rft.series=Routledge+Historical+Biographies&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-64861-1&rft.aulast=Mullett&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzaDBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-More_1969_p.-142"><a href="#cite_ref-More_1969_p._142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMore1969" class="citation book cs1">More, T. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NjmaAAAAIAAJ&q=%22waldensians%22+%22libertarian%22">Complete Works</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Works&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=More&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNjmaAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522waldensians%2522%2B%2522libertarian%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-libertarianism.org-143"><a href="#cite_ref-libertarianism.org_143-0">^</a> Boaz, David (7 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarianism.org/ex-3.html">"A Note on Labels: Why 'Libertarian'?"</a>. Libertarianism.org. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. Retrieved 4 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716203439/http://www.libertarianism.org/ex-3.html">Archived</a> 16 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Garbooshian, Adrina Michelle (2006). The Concept of Human Dignity in the French and American Enlightenments: Religion, Virtue, Liberty. ProQuest. p. 472. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0542851605" title="Special:BookSources/978-0542851605">978-0542851605</a>. "Influenced by Locke and Smith, certain segments of society affirmed classical liberalism, with a libertarian bent." </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Cantor, Paul A. (2012). The Invisible Hand in Popular Culture: Liberty Vs. Authority in American Film and TV. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZjuIM7ziMkC&dq=Libertarians+influenced+by+classical+liberal&pg=PR13">p. xiii</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109171051/https://books.google.com/books?id=pZjuIM7ziMkC&pg=PR13&dq=Libertarians+influenced+by+classical+liberal&sa=X#v=onepage&q=Libertarians%20influenced%20by%20classical%20liberal">Archived</a> 9 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813140827" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813140827">978-0813140827</a>. "[T]he roots of libertarianism lie in [...] the classical liberal tradition". </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong1998" class="citation journal cs1">Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Philosophy_and_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Philosophy and Policy (page does not exist)">Social Philosophy and Policy</a>. 15 (2): 310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0265052500002028">10.1017/s0265052500002028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145150666">145150666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Philosophy+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Libertarian+Theory+of+Class&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=310&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0265052500002028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145150666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roderick+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Boaz, David (2010). The Libertarian Reader: Classic and Contemporary Writings from Lao Tzu to Milton Friedman. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMs6OaHu6iEC&dq=John+Locke+libertarian&pg=PA123">p. 123</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213190518/https://books.google.com/books?id=cMs6OaHu6iEC&pg=PA123&dq=John+Locke+libertarian&sa=X#v=onepage&q=John%20Locke%20libertarian">Archived</a> 13 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439118337" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439118337">978-1439118337</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothbard1-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard1_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard1_148-1">b</a> Rothbard, Murray (1973) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard121.html">"The Libertarian Heritage: The American Revolution and Classical Liberalism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618045238/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard121.html">Archived</a> 18 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty:_The_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a>. <a href="/wiki/LewRockwell.com" class="mw-redirect" title="LewRockwell.com">LewRockwell.com</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sprading-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sprading_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprading_149-1">b</a> Sprading, Charles T. (1913) [1995]. Liberty and the Great Libertarians. <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STQJ_DjQuw8C&dq=Thomas+Paine+libertarian&pg=PA74">p. 74</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805003223/https://books.google.com/books?id=STQJ_DjQuw8C&pg=PA74&dq=Thomas+Paine+libertarian&sa=X#v=onepage&q=Thomas%20Paine%20libertarian">Archived</a> 5 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610161077" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610161077">978-1610161077</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Hoffman, David C. (Fall 2006). "Paine and Prejudice: Rhetorical Leadership through Perceptual Framing in Common Sense". Rhetoric and Public Affairs. 9 (3): 373–410. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Maier, Pauline (1997). American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York City: Knopf. pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2006" class="citation book cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (2006). Thomas Paine's Rights of Man. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802143830" title="Special:BookSources/0802143830"><bdi>0802143830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Paine%27s+Rights+of+Man&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0802143830&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamb2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lamb, Robert (2010). "Liberty, Equality, and the Boundaries of Ownership: Thomas Paine's Theory of Property Rights". Review of Politics. 72 (3): 483–511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0034670510000331">10.1017/s0034670510000331</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F9896">10871/9896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55413082">55413082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+and+the+Boundaries+of+Ownership%3A+Thomas+Paine%27s+Theory+of+Property+Rights&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E511&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F9896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55413082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0034670510000331&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOusby1993" class="citation book cs1">Ousby, Ian (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323172830/https://books.google.com/books?id=oeZ226OlfbkC&pg=PA305&dq=Political+Ideology+Today+william+godwin+libertarian&sa=X#v=onepage&q=Political%20Ideology%20Today%20william%20godwin%20libertarian">The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521440868" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521440868"><bdi>978-0521440868</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oeZ226OlfbkC&dq=Political+Ideology+Today+william+godwin+libertarian&pg=PA305">the original</a> on 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Literature+in+English&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0521440868&rft.aulast=Ousby&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoeZ226OlfbkC%26dq%3DPolitical%2BIdeology%2BToday%2Bwilliam%2Bgodwin%2Blibertarian%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Joseph Déjacque, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm">"De l'être-humain mâle et femelle–Lettre à P.J. Proudhon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917184843/http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm">Archived</a> 17 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1857). </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-2005-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Graham-2005_156-0">^</a> Robert Graham, Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas – Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE to 1939), Black Rose Books, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/n06/lib01.htm">"l'Echange"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625040912/http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/n06/lib01.htm">Archived</a> 25 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, article in Le Libertaire no 6, 21 September 1858, New York. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNettlau1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Nettlau, Max</a> (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. Freedom Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900384-89-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-900384-89-1"><bdi>0-900384-89-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Anarchism&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Freedom+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-900384-89-1&rft.aulast=Nettlau&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNettlau1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Nettlau, Max</a> (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. Freedom Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900384-89-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-900384-89-1"><bdi>0-900384-89-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Anarchism&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Freedom+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-900384-89-1&rft.aulast=Nettlau&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Avrich, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5pqSkSgKacAC&q=The+Russian+Anarchists+libertarian&pg=PA195">The Russian Anarchists</a>. Stirling: AK Press. pp. 195, 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1904859488" title="Special:BookSources/1904859488"><bdi>1904859488</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323162647/https://books.google.com/books?id=5pqSkSgKacAC&q=The+Russian+Anarchists+libertarian&pg=PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Anarchists&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pages=195%2C+204&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1904859488&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5pqSkSgKacAC%26q%3DThe%2BRussian%2BAnarchists%2Blibertarian%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNomad1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Nomad" title="Max Nomad">Nomad, Max</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryint0000unse_y9l9/page/88/mode/2up">"The Anarchist Tradition"</a>. In Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (ed.). The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864–1943. Stanford University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804702934" title="Special:BookSources/0804702934"><bdi>0804702934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anarchist+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Revolutionary+Internationals%2C+1864%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0804702934&rft.aulast=Nomad&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionaryint0000unse_y9l9%2Fpage%2F88%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Holbrow, Marnie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8205">"Daring but Divided"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729114710/http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8205">Archived</a> 29 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Socialist Review, November 2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Berry, David. "Fascism or Revolution." Le Libertaire. August 1936. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, p. 46, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297848325" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297848325">978-0297848325</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze (October 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdca.it/fdcaen/historical/vault/ancom-libcom.htm">"Anarchist Communism & Libertarian Communism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018191416/http://www.fdca.it/fdcaen/historical/vault/ancom-libcom.htm">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. L'informatore di parte. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005138-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005138_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHahnel2005">Hahnel 2005</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005145-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005145_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHahnel2005">Hahnel 2005</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005143–144-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005143–144_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHahnel2005">Hahnel 2005</a>, pp. 143–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005146–147-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahnel2005146–147_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHahnel2005">Hahnel 2005</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Jesus Ruiz. Posibilismo libertario. Felix Morga, Alcalde de Najera (1891–1936). El Najerilla-Najera. 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-Renof-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Renof_171-0">^</a> Renof, Israël Renof (May 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivesautonomies.org/IMG/pdf/anarchismes/apres-1944/noiretrouge/NR-n41.pdf">Possibilisme libertaire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161029044956/http://archivesautonomies.org/IMG/pdf/anarchismes/apres-1944/noiretrouge/NR-n41.pdf">Archived</a> 29 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF). Noir et Rouge. 41: 16–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/manifesto-of-libertarian-communism-georges-fontenis">"Manifesto of Libertarian Communism – Georges Fontenis"</a>. libcom.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023030214/http://libcom.org/library/manifesto-of-libertarian-communism-georges-fontenis">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libcom.org&rft.atitle=Manifesto+of+Libertarian+Communism+%E2%80%93+Georges+Fontenis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fmanifesto-of-libertarian-communism-georges-fontenis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/l/10760196.php">London Federation of Anarchists involvement in Carrara conference, 1968</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119000946/http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/l/10760196.php">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> International Institute of Social History. Retrieved 19 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Short_history_of_the_IAF-IFA-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Short_history_of_the_IAF-IFA_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Short_history_of_the_IAF-IFA_174-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980206152015/http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/ifa-hist-short.html">Short history of the IAF-IFA</a> A-infos news project, Accessed 19 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thevillager.com/2012/01/19/the-left-libertarians-the-last-of-an-ancient-breed/">"The Left-Libertarians – the last of an ancient breed – The Villager Newspaper"</a>. The Villager. 25 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902031925/http://thevillager.com/2012/01/19/the-left-libertarians-the-last-of-an-ancient-breed/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Villager&rft.atitle=The+Left-Libertarians+%E2%80%93+the+last+of+an+ancient+breed+%E2%80%93+The+Villager+Newspaper&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthevillager.com%2F2012%2F01%2F19%2Fthe-left-libertarians-the-last-of-an-ancient-breed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Voices:_An_Oral_History_of_Anarchism_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America">Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Paul Avrich</a>. AK Press. 2005. pp. 471–472. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Avrich, Paul. 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AK Press. 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> A 1970s associate, subject of <a href="/wiki/David_Marr_(journalist)" title="David Marr (journalist)">David Marr</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/a-spirit-gone-to-another-place/2006/09/08/1157222325334.html">A spirit gone to another place</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018184842/http://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/a-spirit-gone-to-another-place/2006/09/08/1157222325334.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Sydney Morning Herald obituary, 9 September 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Baker, A. J. (2 February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takver.com/history/aia/aia00026.htm">"Sydney Libertarianism and the Push"</a>. Takver's Initiatives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016205235/http://www.takver.com/history/aia/aia00026.htm">Archived</a> 16 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230052/http://www.nealemorison.com/wlmorison/sydlib.htm">Archived</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nealemorison.com/wlmorison/sydlib.htm">original</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Neale Morison memorial site. Retrieved 2 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTakver" class="citation web cs1">Takver. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takver.com/history/sydney/indexsl.htm#waters">"Sydney Libertarians and Anarchism Index"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629215739/http://www.takver.com/history/sydney/indexsl.htm#waters">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+Libertarians+and+Anarchism+Index&rft.au=Takver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.takver.com%2Fhistory%2Fsydney%2Findexsl.htm%23waters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marxists.architexturez.net/history/australia/libertarians/index.htm">"Sydney Libertarianism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005074543/http://marxists.architexturez.net/history/australia/libertarians/index.htm">Archived</a> 5 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Marxists Internet Archive. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=1352">"Libertarian Marxism? – The Anarchist Library"</a>. 6 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419203439/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/libertarian-marxism-hands-of-the-state-guerin-daniel-1969/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarian+Marxism%3F+%E2%80%93+The+Anarchist+Library&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revoltlib.com%2F%3Fid%3D1352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Ernesto Screpanti, Libertarian communism: Marx Engels and the Political Economy of Freedom, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Burns_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurns2009" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Jennifer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6e9X6JxHpMC&q=Goddess+of+the+Market+Nock+Menken&pg=PA306">Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195324877" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195324877"><bdi>978-0195324877</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323173916/https://books.google.com/books?id=z6e9X6JxHpMC&q=Goddess+of+the+Market+Nock+Menken&pg=PA306">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+of+the+Market%3A+Ayn+Rand+and+the+American+Right&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0195324877&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz6e9X6JxHpMC%26q%3DGoddess%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMarket%2BNock%2BMenken%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Boaz, David (1997). The Libertarian Reader: Classic and Contemporary Readings from Lao-Tzu to Milton Friedman. New York: Free Press. p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-ari-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ari_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ari_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115095632/http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ar_libertarianism_qa">"What was Ayn Rand's view of the libertarian movement?"</a>. Ayn Rand Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ar_libertarianism_qa">the original</a> on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014. <q>More specifically, I disapprove of, disagree with and have no connection with, the latest aberration of some conservatives, the so-called "hippies of the right," who attempt to snare the younger or more careless ones of my readers by claiming simultaneously to be followers of my philosophy and advocates of anarchism. [...] libertarians are a monstrous, disgusting bunch of people: they plagiarize my ideas when that fits their purpose, and denounce me in a more vicious manner than any communist publication when that fits their purpose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+was+Ayn+Rand%27s+view+of+the+libertarian+movement%3F&rft.pub=Ayn+Rand+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aynrand.org%2Fsite%2FPageServer%3Fpagename%3Dar_libertarianism_qa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips-Fein2009" class="citation book cs1">Phillips-Fein, Kim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invisiblehandsma00phil">Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan</a>. New York: W. W. Norton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invisiblehandsma00phil/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393059304" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393059304"><bdi>978-0393059304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invisible+Hands%3A+The+Making+of+the+Conservative+Movement+from+the+New+Deal+to+Reagan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0393059304&rft.aulast=Phillips-Fein&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvisiblehandsma00phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Galles, Gary (2013). Apostle of Peace: The Radical Mind of Leonard Read. Laissez Faire Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621290513" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621290513">978-1621290513</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Halle, Roland; Ladue, Peter (1980). Karl Hess: Toward Liberty. Direct Cinema, Ltd. [M16 2824 K]. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Raimondo, Justin (2001). An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard. Amherst: Prometheus. pp. 277–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Doherty, Brian (2007). Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement. New York: Public Affairs. pp. 562–565. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (5 June 1986). "Letter to David Bergland". Rothbard emphasized that this was relevant as a matter of strategy, writing that the failure to pitch the libertarian message to Middle America might result in the loss of "the tight-assed majority". </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Raimondo, Justin (2001). An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard. Amherst: Prometheus. pp. 263–264. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Konkin, Samuel Edward III. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agorism.info/docs/NewLibertarianManifesto.pdf">"The New Libertarian Manifesto"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605094706/http://agorism.info/docs/NewLibertarianManifesto.pdf">Archived</a> 5 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 10 February 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Carson, Kevin A. (2008). Organization Theory: A Libertarian Perspective. Charleston, SC: BookSurge. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Long, Roderick T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.liberalis.pl/2008/01/04/interview-with-roderick-long/">"An Interview With Roderick Long"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327050439/https://en.liberalis.pl/2008/01/04/interview-with-roderick-long/">Archived</a> 27 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Chartier, Gary (2009). Economic Justice and Natural Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Johnson, Charles W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radgeek.com/gt/2010/03/02/liberty-equality-solidarity-toward-a-dialectical-anarchism/">"Liberty, Equality, Solidarity: Toward a Dialectical Anarchism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221202055/http://radgeek.com/gt/2010/03/02/liberty-equality-solidarity-toward-a-dialectical-anarchism/">Archived</a> 21 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country? In Long, Roderick T.; Machan, Tibor. Aldershot: Ashgate pp. 155–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 1–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-LibertarianLeft-201"><a href="#cite_ref-LibertarianLeft_201-0">^</a> Richman, Sheldon (3 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/blog/libertarian-left/">"Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal"</a>. The American Conservative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610075037/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/libertarian-left/">Archived</a> 10 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (2000). Total Freedom: Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Spangler, Brad (15 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bradspangler.com/blog/archives/473">"Market Anarchism as Stigmergic Socialism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110510102306/http://bradspangler.com/blog/archives/473">Archived</a> 10 May 2011 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2020" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mark P. (24 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1abOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA337">Voting and Political Representation in America: Issues and Trends [2 volumes]</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6085-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6085-0"><bdi>978-1-4408-6085-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240705175841/https://books.google.com/books?id=1abOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA337">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voting+and+Political+Representation+in+America%3A+Issues+and+Trends+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6085-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mark+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1abOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716024031/http://www.isil.org/network/global/C19/">International Society for Individual Liberty Freedom Network list</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322220233/https://71republic.com/2018/11/11/the-libertarian-party-history/">"The Libertarian Party: A History From Hospers to Johnson"</a>. 71 Republic. 11 November 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://71republic.com/2018/11/11/the-libertarian-party-history/">the original</a> on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=71+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Libertarian+Party%3A+A+History+From+Hospers+to+Johnson&rft.date=2018-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F71republic.com%2F2018%2F11%2F11%2Fthe-libertarian-party-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> National Book Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1975.html">"National Book Awards: 1975 – Philosophy and Religion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909065656/http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1975.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Schaefer, David Lewis (30 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/sports/reconsiderations-robert-nozick-and-coast-utopia">"Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821170556/http://www.nysun.com/sports/reconsiderations-robert-nozick-and-coast-utopia">Archived</a> 21 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Sun" title="The New York Sun">The New York Sun</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Rothbard, Murray. (2009). The Betrayal of the American Right. Ludwig von Mises Institute. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1610165012" title="Special:BookSources/1610165012">1610165012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneider-Mayerson2015" class="citation book cs1">Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew (14 October 2015). Peak Oil: Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture. Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226285573" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226285573"><bdi>978-0226285573</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/922640625">922640625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peak+Oil%3A+Apocalyptic+Environmentalism+and+Libertarian+Political+Culture&rft.place=Chicago&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F922640625&rft.isbn=978-0226285573&rft.aulast=Schneider-Mayerson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-teles2008diffusion-211"><a href="#cite_ref-teles2008diffusion_211-0">^</a> Teles, Steven; Kenney, Daniel A. (2008). "Spreading the Word: The diffusion of American Conservatism in Europe and Beyond". In Steinmo, Sven (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfy3k0BWBNAC">Growing Apart?: America and Europe in the Twenty-First Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113191632/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfy3k0BWBNAC">Archived</a> 13 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 136–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-lewrockwell.com-212"><a href="#cite_ref-lewrockwell.com_212-0">^</a> Gregory, Anthony (24 April 2007).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory136.html">"Real World Politics and Radical Libertarianism"</a>. LewRockwell.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618072909/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory136.html">Archived</a> 18 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rm200507-213"><a href="#cite_ref-rm200507_213-0">^</a> Klausner, Manuel (July 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/1975/07/01/inside-ronald-reagan/">"Inside Ronald Reagan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803065225/https://reason.com/1975/07/01/inside-ronald-reagan/">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Retrieved May 2, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_1988-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_1988_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1988" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Jerry (17 September 1988). "Libertarian Candidate Rolls Out His Values". San Francisco Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Candidate+Rolls+Out+His+Values&rft.date=1988-09-17&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols_1987-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_1987_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_1987_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNichols1987" class="citation journal cs1">Nichols, Bruce (15 March 1987). "Ron Paul Wants to Get Americans Thinking: Republican-Turned-Libertarian Seeks Presidency". Dallas Morning News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Ron+Paul+Wants+to+Get+Americans+Thinking%3A+Republican-Turned-Libertarian+Seeks+Presidency&rft.date=1987-03-15&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_1988-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_1988_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, J. Michael (10 May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-10-mn-2480-story.html">"Politics 88: Hopeless Presidential Race: Libertarian Plods On – Alone and Unheard"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102053836/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-10-mn-2480-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Politics+88%3A+Hopeless+Presidential+Race%3A+Libertarian+Plods+On+%E2%80%93+Alone+and+Unheard&rft.date=1988-05-10&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-05-10-mn-2480-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kutzmann_1988-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Kutzmann_1988_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKutzmann1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kutzmann, David M. (24 May 1988). "Small Party Battles Big Government Libertarian Candidate Opposes Intrusion into Private Lives". San Jose Mercury News: 12A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Small+Party+Battles+Big+Government+Libertarian+Candidate+Opposes+Intrusion+into+Private+Lives&rft.pages=12A&rft.date=1988-05-24&rft.aulast=Kutzmann&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/reagan-phenomenon">"The Reagan Phenomenon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118143937/https://mises.org/library/reagan-phenomenon">Archived</a> 18 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Free Life: The Journal of the Libertarian Alliance. Libertarian Alliance. '4 (1): 1–7. Retrieved September 20, 2020 – via the Mises Institute. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Riggenbach, Jeff (February 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/reagan-fraud-%E2%80%94-and-after">"The Reagan Fraud — and After"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118143938/https://mises.org/library/reagan-fraud-and-after">Archived</a> 18 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mises Institute. Retrieved September 20, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Kilborn, Peter T. (September 17, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/17/business/us-turns-into-debtor-nation.html">"U.S. Turns Into Debtor Nation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213151724/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/17/business/us-turns-into-debtor-nation.html">Archived</a> 13 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Johnston, Oswald (September 17, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-17-mn-20088-story.html">"Big Trade Deficit Turns U.S. Into Debtor Nation : First Time Since 1914"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804090052/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-17-mn-20088-story.html">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 2, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Weltch, Matt (September 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2011/09/09/rothbard-on-reagan-in-reason/">"Rothbard on Reagan in Reason"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001221800/https://reason.com/2011/09/09/rothbard-on-reagan-in-reason/">Archived</a> 1 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reason. Reason Foundation. Retrieved September 20, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Thomas_(Marx_scholar)" title="Paul Thomas (Marx scholar)">Thomas, Paul</a> (1985). <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx_and_the_Anarchists" title="Karl Marx and the Anarchists">Karl Marx and the Anarchists</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kegan_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegan Paul">Kegan Paul</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710206852" title="Special:BookSources/0710206852"><bdi>0710206852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Anarchists&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge%2FKegan+Paul&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0710206852&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Patten1968" class="citation web cs1">John Patten (28 October 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604120204/http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/dnckhs">""These groups had their roots in the anarchist resurgence of the nineteen sixties. Young militants finding their way to anarchism, often from the anti-bomb and anti-Vietnam war movements, linked up with an earlier generation of activists, largely outside the ossified structures of 'official' anarchism. Anarchist tactics embraced demonstrations, direct action such as industrial militancy and squatting, protest bombings like those of the First of May Group and Angry Brigade—and a spree of publishing activity." "Islands of Anarchy: Simian, Cienfuegos, Refract and their support network" by John Patten"</a>. Katesharpleylibrary.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/dnckhs">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22These+groups+had+their+roots+in+the+anarchist+resurgence+of+the+nineteen+sixties.+Young+militants+finding+their+way+to+anarchism%2C+often+from+the+anti-bomb+and+anti-Vietnam+war+movements%2C+linked+up+with+an+earlier+generation+of+activists%2C+largely+outside+the+ossified+structures+of+%27official%27+anarchism.+Anarchist+tactics+embraced+demonstrations%2C+direct+action+such+as+industrial+militancy+and+squatting%2C+protest+bombings+like+those+of+the+First+of+May+Group+and+Angry+Brigade%E2%80%94and+a+spree+of+publishing+activity.%22+%22Islands+of+Anarchy%3A+Simian%2C+Cienfuegos%2C+Refract+and+their+support+network%22+by+John+Patten&rft.pub=Katesharpleylibrary.net&rft.date=1968-10-28&rft.au=John+Patten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katesharpleylibrary.net%2Fdnckhs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> "Farrell provides a detailed history of the Catholic Workers and their founders Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin. He explains that their pacifism, anarchism, and commitment to the downtrodden were one of the important models and inspirations for the 60s. As Farrell puts it, "Catholic Workers identified the issues of the sixties before the Sixties began, and they offered models of protest long before the protest decade."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SA/en/display/268">"The Spirit of the Sixties: The Making of Postwar Radicalism" by James J. Farrell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406120402/http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SA/en/display/268">Archived</a> 6 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> "While not always formally recognized, much of the protest of the sixties was anarchist. Within the nascent women's movement, anarchist principles became so widespread that a political science professor denounced what she saw as "The Tyranny of Structurelessness." Several groups have called themselves "Amazon Anarchists." After the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonewall Rebellion">Stonewall Rebellion</a>, the New York <a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a> based their organization in part on a reading of <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>'s anarchist writings." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Anarchism.pdf">"Anarchism" by Charley Shively in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419214254/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Anarchism.pdf">Archived</a> 19 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> "Within the movements of the sixties there was much more receptivity to anarchism-in-fact than had existed in the movements of the thirties ... But the movements of the sixties were driven by concerns that were more compatible with an expressive style of politics, with hostility to authority in general and state power in particular ... By the late sixties, political protest was intertwined with cultural radicalism based on a critique of all authority and all hierarchies of power. Anarchism circulated within the movement along with other radical ideologies. The influence of anarchism was strongest among radical feminists, in the commune movement, and probably in the Weather Underground and elsewhere in the violent fringe of the anti-war movement." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monthlyreview.org/0901epstein.htm">"Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement" by Barbara Epstein</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317032203/http://www.monthlyreview.org/0901epstein.htm">Archived</a> 17 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/l/10760196.php">"London Federation of Anarchists involvement in Carrara conference, 1968"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119000946/http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/l/10760196.php">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Institute of Social History. Retrieved 19 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Critchley#Infinitely_Demanding_(2007)" title="Simon Critchley">Infinitely Demanding</a> by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Critchley" title="Simon Critchley">Simon Critchley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso</a>. 2007. p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Chamsy el- Ojeili. Beyond post-socialism. Dialogues with the far-left. Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintaKinnaPrichardBerry2017-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintaKinnaPrichardBerry2017_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintaKinnaPrichardBerry2017_231-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPintaKinnaPrichardBerry2017">Pinta et al. 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelluck2003" class="citation news cs1">Belluck, Pam (27 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/27/us/libertarians-pursue-new-political-goal-state-of-their-own.html?pagewanted=all">"Libertarians Pursue New Political Goal: State of Their Own"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170337/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/27/us/libertarians-pursue-new-political-goal-state-of-their-own.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Libertarians+Pursue+New+Political+Goal%3A+State+of+Their+Own&rft.date=2003-10-27&rft.aulast=Belluck&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F10%2F27%2Fus%2Flibertarians-pursue-new-political-goal-state-of-their-own.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitch2021" class="citation web cs1">Kitch, Michael (22 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.nhbr.com/nh-business-review/2021/10/22/#?article=3886193">"Its founder reflects on the Free State Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Business_Review" title="New Hampshire Business Review">New Hampshire Business Review</a>. Retrieved 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Hampshire+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Its+founder+reflects+on+the+Free+State+Project&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft.aulast=Kitch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.nhbr.com%2Fnh-business-review%2F2021%2F10%2F22%2F%23%3Farticle%3D3886193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsp.org/">"FSP current mover count"</a>. fsp.org. Free State Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712132437/https://www.fsp.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fsp.org&rft.atitle=FSP+current+mover+count&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsp.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-libertarian-235"><a href="#cite_ref-libertarian_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirbyEkins2012" class="citation web cs1">Kirby, David; Ekins, Emily McClintock (6 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/libertarian-roots-tea-party?mc_cid=6b9d637298&mc_eid=a1708a475b">"Libertarian Roots of the Tea Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005725/https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/libertarian-roots-tea-party?mc_cid=6b9d637298&mc_eid=a1708a475b">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarian+Roots+of+the+Tea+Party&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ekins%2C+Emily+McClintock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpublications%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Flibertarian-roots-tea-party%3Fmc_cid%3D6b9d637298%26mc_eid%3Da1708a475b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2012" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Jason (2012). Libertarianism What Everyone Needs to Know. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 142. <q>Is the Tea Party libertarian? Overall, the Tea Party movement is not libertarian, though it has many libertarian elements, and many libertarians are Tea Partiers. [...] They share the libertarian view that DC tends to be corrupt, and that Washington often promotes special interests at the expense of the common good. However, Tea Party members are predominantly populist, nationalist, social conservatives rather than libertarians. Polls indicate that most Tea Partiers believe government should have an active role in promoting traditional "family values" or conservative Judeo-Christian values. Many of them oppose free trade and open immigration. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113104541/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/27/us/libertarians-pursue-new-political-goal-state-of-their-own.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Libertarians+Pursue+New+Political+Goal%3A+State+of+Their+Own&rft.date=2003-10-27&rft.aulast=Belluck&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F10%2F27%2Fus%2Flibertarians-pursue-new-political-goal-state-of-their-own.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Hovde2009" class="citation news cs1">Elizabeth Hovde (11 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oregonlive.com/hovde/index.ssf/2009/05/americans_mixed_on_obamas_big.html">"Americans mixed on Obama's big government gamble"</a>. The Oregonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232234/https://www.oregonlive.com/hovde/index.ssf/2009/05/americans_mixed_on_obamas_big.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oregonian&rft.atitle=Americans+mixed+on+Obama%27s+big+government+gamble&rft.date=2009-05-11&rft.au=Elizabeth+Hovde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonlive.com%2Fhovde%2Findex.ssf%2F2009%2F05%2Famericans_mixed_on_obamas_big.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGairdner2007" class="citation book cs1">Gairdner, William D. (2007) [1990]. The Trouble with Canada: A Citizen Speaks Out. Toronto: BPS Books. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0978440220" title="Special:BookSources/978-0978440220"><bdi>978-0978440220</bdi></a>. <q>The first, we would call "libertarianism" today. Libertarians wanted to get all government out of people's lives. This movement is still very much alive today. In fact, in the United States, it is the third largest political party, and ran 125 candidates during the U.S. election of 1988.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trouble+with+Canada%3A+A+Citizen+Speaks+Out&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=BPS+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0978440220&rft.aulast=Gairdner&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ballot-access.org/2017/09/03/august-2017-ballot-access-news-print-edition/">"August 2017 Ballot Access News Print Edition"</a>. ballot-access.org. 3 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107212314/http://ballot-access.org/2017/09/03/august-2017-ballot-access-news-print-edition/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ballot-access.org&rft.atitle=August+2017+Ballot+Access+News+Print+Edition&rft.date=2017-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fballot-access.org%2F2017%2F09%2F03%2Faugust-2017-ballot-access-news-print-edition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Multiple citations: <ul><li>Friedman, Jeffrey (1993). "What's Wrong with Libertarianism". Critical Review. 11 (3). p. 427.</li> <li>Sterba, James P. (October 1994). "From Liberty to Welfare". Ethics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell. 105 (1): 237–241.</li> <li>Partridge, Ernest (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gadfly.igc.org/papers/liberty.htm">"With Liberty and Justice for Some"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821162653/http://gadfly.igc.org/papers/liberty.htm">Archived</a> 21 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In Zimmerman, Michael; Callicott, Baird; Warren, Karen; Klaver, Irene; Clark, John. Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology (4th ed.). Pearson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131126954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131126954">978-0131126954</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolff2006" class="citation web cs1">Wolff, Jonathan (22 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112210848/http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/92/1605.pdf">"Libertarianism, Utility, and Economic Competition"</a> (PDF). Virginia Law Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/92/1605.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarianism%2C+Utility%2C+and+Economic+Competition&rft.pub=Virginia+Law+Review&rft.date=2006-10-22&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginialawreview.org%2Fcontent%2Fpdfs%2F92%2F1605.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruenig2013" class="citation web cs1">Bruenig, Matt (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082051/https://www.demos.org/blog/10/28/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-economic-coercion">"Libertarians Are Huge Fans of Economic Coercion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Demos_(U.S._think_tank)" title="Demos (U.S. think tank)">Demos</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demos.org/blog/10/28/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-economic-coercion">the original</a> on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarians+Are+Huge+Fans+of+Economic+Coercion&rft.pub=Demos&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.aulast=Bruenig&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demos.org%2Fblog%2F10%2F28%2F13%2Flibertarians-are-huge-fans-economic-coercion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruenig2013" class="citation web cs1">Bruenig, Matt (17 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065938/https://www.demos.org/blog/11/17/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-initiating-force">"Libertarians are Huge Fans of Initiating Force"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Demos_(U.S._think_tank)" title="Demos (U.S. think tank)">Demos</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demos.org/blog/11/17/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-initiating-force">the original</a> on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarians+are+Huge+Fans+of+Initiating+Force&rft.pub=Demos&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.aulast=Bruenig&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demos.org%2Fblog%2F11%2F17%2F13%2Flibertarians-are-huge-fans-initiating-force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFried2009" class="citation book cs1">Fried, Barbara (2009). The Progressive Assault on Laissez Faire: Robert Hale and the First Law and Economics Movement. Harvard University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674037304" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674037304"><bdi>978-0674037304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Progressive+Assault+on+Laissez+Faire%3A+Robert+Hale+and+the+First+Law+and+Economics+Movement&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674037304&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Liu, Eric; Hanauer, Nick (7 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evonomics.com/complexity-economics-shows-us-that-laissez-faire-fail-nickhanauer/">"Complexity Economics Shows Us Why Laissez-Faire Economics Always Fails"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426011950/http://evonomics.com/complexity-economics-shows-us-that-laissez-faire-fail-nickhanauer/">Archived</a> 26 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Evonomics. Retrieved 10 February 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2015" class="citation book cs1">Matthew, Schneider-Mayerson (14 October 2015). Peak Oil: Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture. Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226285573" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226285573"><bdi>978-0226285573</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/922640625">922640625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peak+Oil%3A+Apocalyptic+Environmentalism+and+Libertarian+Political+Culture&rft.place=Chicago&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F922640625&rft.isbn=978-0226285573&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Schneider-Mayerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacLean2017" class="citation book cs1">MacLean, Nancy (2017). Democracy in Chains, The Deep History of the Radical Right's Stealth Plan for America. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101980965" title="Special:BookSources/978-1101980965"><bdi>978-1101980965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Chains%2C+The+Deep+History+of+the+Radical+Right%27s+Stealth+Plan+for+America&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1101980965&rft.aulast=MacLean&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Attas, Daniel (2010). "Libertarianism". In Bevir, Mark. Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 810–818. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412958653" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412958653">978-1412958653</a>.</li> <li>Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: SAGE Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412988766" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412988766">978-1412988766</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Doherty_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Doherty (journalist)">Doherty, Brian</a> (2007). Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement. PublicAffairs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graham_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Graham (historian)">Graham, Robert</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Anarchism:_a_Documentary_History_of_Libertarian_Ideas:_from_Anarchy_to_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism: a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas: from Anarchy to Anarchism">Anarchism: a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas: from Anarchy to Anarchism</a>. Montréal: Black Rose Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1551642506" title="Special:BookSources/1551642506">1551642506</a>.</li> <li>Guérin, Daniel (1970). Anarchism: From Theory to Practice. New York: Monthly Review Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853451754" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853451754">978-0853451754</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHahnel2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Hahnel, Robin</a> (2005). "Libertarian Socialism: What Went Wrong?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5d2CpL60oC">Economic Justice and Democracy: From Competition to Cooperation</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93344-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93344-7"><bdi>0-415-93344-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Socialism%3A+What+Went+Wrong%3F&rft.btitle=Economic+Justice+and+Democracy%3A+From+Competition+to+Cooperation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-93344-7&rft.aulast=Hahnel&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCI5d2CpL60oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamowy2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hamowy, Ronald (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"General Introduction"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. xxv–xxxvii. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811">10.4135/9781412965811</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930070314/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxxvii&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Hamowy&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hospers, John (1971). Libertarianism. Santa Barbara, CA: Reason Press.</li> <li>Hunt, E. K. (2003). Property and Prophets: the Evolution of Economic Institutions and Ideologies. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0765606089" title="Special:BookSources/0765606089">0765606089</a>.</li> <li>Kinna, Ruth (2010). "Anarchism". In Bevir, Mark. Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 34–37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412958653" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412958653">978-1412958653</a>.</li> <li>Marshall, Peter (2009). <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a>. Oakland, CA: PM Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604860641" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604860641">978-1604860641</a>.</li> <li>McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism. AshGate.</li> <li>Miller, David; Coleman, Janet; Connolly, William; Ryan, Alan (1991). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Wiley-Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631179443" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631179443">978-0631179443</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPintaKinnaPrichardBerry2017" class="citation book cs1">Pinta, Saku; Kinna, Ruth; Prichard, Alex; Berry, David (2017). "Preface". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, David (eds.). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/PM_Press" title="PM Press">PM Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-390-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-390-9"><bdi>978-1-62963-390-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016959590">2016959590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Libertarian+Socialism%3A+Politics+in+Black+and+Red&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016959590&rft.isbn=978-1-62963-390-9&rft.aulast=Pinta&rft.aufirst=Saku&rft.au=Kinna%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Prichard%2C+Alex&rft.au=Berry%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Richardson, James L. (2001). Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/155587939X" title="Special:BookSources/155587939X">155587939X</a>.</li> <li>Ward, Colin (2004). Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192804778" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192804778">978-0192804778</a>.</li> <li>Woodcock, George (2004). Anarchism. University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1551116297" title="Special:BookSources/978-1551116297">978-1551116297</a>.</li> <li>Bejan, Adrian (2020), Freedom and Evolution, Springer Nature. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-34008-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-34008-7">978-3-030-34008-7</a>.</li> <li>Bejan, Adrian (2016), The Physics of Life, St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-07882-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-07882-7">978-1-250-07882-7</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Libertarianism" class="extiw" title="q:Libertarianism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Libertarianism" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Libertarianism">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Libertarianism" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Libertarianism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Libertarianism" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Libertarianism">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/libertarianism-politics">"Libertarianism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/libertar">"Libertarianism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Flibertar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/">"Libertarianism"</a> entry by Bas van der Vossen in the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, January 28, 2019</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarianism366" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism" title="Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism" title="Template talk:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarianism366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian capitalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Conservative libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_authoritarianism" title="Libertarian authoritarianism">Libertarian authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical liberalism">Neo-classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho syndicalism">syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age-of-consent_reform" title="Age-of-consent reform">Age-of-consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">de Molinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">de La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a> (1973–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism662" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt_Llobregat_insurrection" title="Alt Llobregat insurrection">Alt Llobregat insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_January_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of January 1933">Anarchist insurrection of January 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_December_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of December 1933">Anarchist insurrection of December 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Timor-Leste" title="Anarchism in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li>Libertarianism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-Chinilpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li>Libertarianism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarian_socialism459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template talk:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarian_socialism459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools of thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Chalieu–Montal Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism#Red_and_black_flag" title="Communist symbolism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/100px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/150px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/200px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Models</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">People</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Maragall" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Pi i Maragall">Francesc Pi i Maragall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Michael Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Robin Hahnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pallis" title="Chris Pallis">Chris Pallis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies504" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies504" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Worldview13" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_view" title="Template:World view"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_view" title="Template talk:World view"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_view" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World view"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Worldview13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_terms13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_belief" title="Basic belief">Basic beliefs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">Collective consciousness</a> / <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_system" title="Conceptual system">Conceptual system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_(linguistics)" title="Context (linguistics)">Context</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">Conventional wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epics</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">World folk-epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Facts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">factoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">Life stance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (social sciences)">Lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Memes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memeplex" title="Memeplex">Memeplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">Metanarrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">Mindset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theory" title="Philosophical theory">Philosophical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(philosophy)" title="Point of view (philosophy)">Point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presuppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_world_beliefs" title="Primal world beliefs">Primal world beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_tunnel" title="Reality tunnel">Reality tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">Schemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">School of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(psychology)" title="Set (psychology)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">Social reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Value system">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aspects13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief_bias" title="Belief bias">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">Cryptomnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">Homophily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">Observational error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect" title="Observer-expectancy effect">Observer-expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_exposure_theory" title="Selective exposure theory">Selective exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clever_Hans" title="Clever Hans">Clever Hans effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishful_thinking" title="Wishful thinking">wishful thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotyping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">ethnic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Change and maintenance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_change" title="Attitude change">Attitude change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_education" title="Values education">values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">Excommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">negationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral entrepreneur">Moral entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polite_fiction" title="Polite fiction">Polite fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_engineering" title="Political engineering">Political engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_uniformity" title="Religious uniformity">Religious uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">Social control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_dissent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woozle_effect" title="Woozle effect">Woozle effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">Ceremonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funerals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity (philosophy)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">Oaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rites of passage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_coming-of-age_ceremony" title="Secular coming-of-age ceremony">secular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Social status</a> / <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_boundaries" title="Symbolic boundaries">Symbolic boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_paradox" title="Abilene paradox">Abilene paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">Collectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_behavior" title="Collective behavior">Collective behavior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior" title="Collective animal behavior">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_effervescence" title="Collective effervescence">Collective effervescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory" title="Consensus theory">Consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture-bound_syndrome" title="Culture-bound syndrome">Culture-bound syndromes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deindividuation" title="Deindividuation">Deindividuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitativity" title="Entitativity">Entitativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_action_(sociology)" title="Group action (sociology)">Group action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">Group cohesiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_dynamics" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">Group emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization" title="Group polarization">Group polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupshift" title="Groupshift">Groupshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_cascade" title="Information cascade">Information cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">Majoritarianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Mob rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_action_(sociology)" title="Mass action (sociology)">Mass action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoconsensus" title="Pseudoconsensus">Pseudoconsensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">Social emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation" title="Social facilitation">Social facilitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation_in_animals" title="Social facilitation in animals">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">Social group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">Stigmergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_justification" title="System justification">System justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axioms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_assumption" title="Tacit assumption">tacit assumptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">Conceptual framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">Evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">Explanations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">fideism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">Meaning-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-knowledge">Meta-knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">Observational learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reasoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory_of_truth" title="Consensus theory of truth">consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criteria_of_truth" title="Criteria of truth">criteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_disclosure" title="World disclosure">World disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">Ætiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body problem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything" title="Everything">Everything</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nothing" title="Nothing">Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idios_kosmos" title="Idios kosmos">Idios kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter (philosophy)">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_myth" title="Political myth">political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axes mundi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Value</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Aesthetic taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic value">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">Almsgiving</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">Codes of conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Étiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unclean_animal" title="Unclean animal">unclean animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culpability" title="Culpability">Culpability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_(philosophy)" title="Maxim (philosophy)">Maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">Obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">Praxeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Qualities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime, The</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unspoken_rule" title="Unspoken rule">Unspoken rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Works of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrongdoing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">Attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Economic and political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Schools of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism (Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism (Western)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralist school">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_writer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakver\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThaler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuccile,_J.D.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallentyne2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVossen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Belsham1789\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodcock2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZwolinski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdella_PortaDiani2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Anarchism\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Category see also\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite IEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 37,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 39,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Liberalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n 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[\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","260","15.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","8.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","100","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.6"],["(for generator)","40","2.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getDescription","40","2.4"],["[others]","540","32.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.next-8488c9d8c6-qnvcv","timestamp":"20250303235823","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Libertarianism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libertarianism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178598","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178598","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-03T18:54:39Z","dateModified":"2025-03-01T03:36:00Z","headline":"political philosophy and movement 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