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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overall_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Overall process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overall_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residence_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residence_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Residence times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residence_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_in_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_in_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Water in storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_in_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_caused_by_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_caused_by_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Changes caused by humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Changes_caused_by_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Changes caused by humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Changes_caused_by_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_or_regional_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_or_regional_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Local or regional impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_or_regional_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_cycle_intensification_due_to_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_cycle_intensification_due_to_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Water cycle intensification due to climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_cycle_intensification_due_to_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related processes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related processes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biogeochemical_cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogeochemical_cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Biogeochemical cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogeochemical_cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slow_loss_over_geologic_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slow_loss_over_geologic_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Slow loss over geologic time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slow_loss_over_geologic_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_the_correct_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_the_correct_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Discovery of the correct theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_the_correct_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Water cycle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 111 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterkringloop" title="Waterkringloop – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waterkringloop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%83_%E1%8A%A1%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%B5" title="የውሃ ኡደት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የውሃ ኡደት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="دورة الماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دورة الماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_hidrolochico" title="Ciclo hidrolochico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ciclo hidrolochico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclu_hidrol%C3%B3xicu" title="Ciclu hidrolóxicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciclu hidrolóxicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जल-चक्र – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जल-चक्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_%C3%B1embojere" title="Y ñembojere – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Y ñembojere" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_d%C3%B6vran%C4%B1" title="Su dövranı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Su dövranı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سو دؤورانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سو دؤورانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="পানিচক্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পানিচক্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi_s%C3%BBn-kho%C3%A2n" title="Chúi sûn-khoân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi sûn-khoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%83_%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Тәбиғәттә һыу әйләнеше – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәбиғәттә һыу әйләнеше" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%9E_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Кругаварот вады ў прыродзе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кругаварот вады ў прыродзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Кругазварот вады – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кругазварот вады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кръговрат на водата – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръговрат на водата" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆུ་ཁམས་འཁོར་སྐྱོད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆུ་ཁམས་འཁོར་སྐྱོད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolo%C5%A1ki_ciklus" title="Hidrološki ciklus – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hidrološki ciklus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelc%27hiad_an_dour" title="Kelc'hiad an dour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kelc'hiad an dour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8D" title="Уһанай эрьесэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уһанай эрьесэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicle_hidrol%C3%B2gic" title="Cicle hidrològic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cicle hidrològic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%82%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2_%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Çутçанталăкри шыв çаврăмĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çутçанталăкри шыв çаврăмĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolob%C4%9Bh_vody" title="Koloběh vody – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koloběh vody" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhevedzwa_dzeMvura" title="Nhevedzwa dzeMvura – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nhevedzwa dzeMvura" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylchred_d%C5%B5r" title="Cylchred dŵr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cylchred dŵr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandets_kredsl%C3%B8b" title="Vandets kredsløb – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vandets kredsløb" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserkreislauf" title="Wasserkreislauf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserkreislauf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeringe" title="Veeringe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veeringe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Κύκλος του νερού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κύκλος του νερού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_hidrol%C3%B3gico" title="Ciclo hidrológico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciclo hidrológico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akva_ciklo" title="Akva ciklo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akva ciklo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraren_zikloa" title="Uraren zikloa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uraren zikloa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="چرخه آب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرخه آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paani_ke_chakkar" title="Paani ke chakkar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Paani ke chakkar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_de_l%27eau" title="Cycle de l'eau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cycle de l'eau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_hidrol%C3%B3xico" title="Ciclo hidrolóxico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciclo hidrolóxico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B3_%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="જળ ચક્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જળ ચક્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAi-s%C3%B9n-f%C3%A0n" title="Súi-sùn-fàn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Súi-sùn-fàn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98" title="물의 순환 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물의 순환" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जल चक्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जल चक्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolo%C5%A1ki_ciklus" title="Hidrološki ciklus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hidrološki ciklus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquo-ciklo" title="Aquo-ciklo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aquo-ciklo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etemete_mm%C3%ADr%C3%AD" title="Etemete mmírí – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Etemete mmírí" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklus_air" title="Siklus air – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siklus air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hringr%C3%A1s_vatns" title="Hringrás vatns – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hringrás vatns" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_dell%27acqua" title="Ciclo dell'acqua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciclo dell'acqua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מחזור המים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחזור המים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಜಲ ಚಕ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲ ಚಕ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="წყლის წრებრუნვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყლის წრებრუნვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Табиғаттағы су айналымы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Табиғаттағы су айналымы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tro_Dowroniethel" title="Tro Dowroniethel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tro Dowroniethel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura_ya_maji" title="Dura ya maji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dura ya maji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sik_dlo" title="Sik dlo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sik dlo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%B2" title="ວົງຈອນນ້ໍາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວົງຈອນນ້ໍາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudi%C5%86a_cyklys" title="Iudiņa cyklys – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Iudiņa cyklys" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulus_aquae" title="Circulus aquae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circulus aquae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAdens_cikls" title="Ūdens cikls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdens cikls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologinis_ciklas" title="Hidrologinis ciklas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hidrologinis ciklas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterkringloup" title="Waterkringloup – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waterkringloup" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_de_l%27acqua" title="Ciclo de l'acqua – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciclo de l'acqua" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADzk%C3%B6rforg%C3%A1s" title="Vízkörforgás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vízkörforgás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кружење на водата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кружење на водата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ജലചംക്രമണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജലചംക്രമണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जलचक्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जलचक्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaran_air" title="Kitaran air – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitaran air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Усны эргэлт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Усны эргэлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရေ သံသရာလည်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေ သံသရာလည်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterkringloop" title="Waterkringloop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterkringloop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जलचक्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जलचक्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="水循環 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水循環" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannets_kretsl%C3%B8p" title="Vannets kretsløp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vannets kretsløp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasskrinslaupet" title="Vasskrinslaupet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vasskrinslaupet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicle_de_l%27aiga" title="Cicle de l'aiga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cicle de l'aiga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsaa_bishaanii" title="Marsaa bishaanii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Marsaa bishaanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜਲ ਚੱਕਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਲ ਚੱਕਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%DA%85%D8%B1%D8%AE)" title="د اوبو جريان (د ابو څرخ) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اوبو جريان (د ابو څرخ)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterkrinkloop" title="Waterkrinkloop – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Waterkrinkloop" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cykl_hydrologiczny" title="Cykl hydrologiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cykl hydrologiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_hidrol%C3%B3gico" title="Ciclo hidrológico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciclo hidrológico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuitul_apei_%C3%AEn_natur%C4%83" title="Circuitul apei în natură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Circuitul apei în natură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku_muyuriy" title="Yaku muyuriy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku muyuriy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Круговорот воды в природе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Круговорот воды в природе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%B1_(%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84)" title="آبی چکر (واٹر سائیکل) – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آبی چکر (واٹر سائیکل)" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watter_cycle" title="Watter cycle – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Watter cycle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cikli_i_Ujit" title="Cikli i Ujit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cikli i Ujit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ජල චක්‍රය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජල චක්‍රය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Water cycle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%90%D9%8A_%DA%86%D9%8E%DA%AA%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%8F" title="آبِي چَڪَرُ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آبِي چَڪَرُ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolobeh_vody" title="Kolobeh vody – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolobeh vody" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kro%C5%BEenje_vode" title="Kroženje vode – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kroženje vode" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88" title="سووڕی ئاو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سووڕی ئاو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolo%C5%A1ki_ciklus" title="Hidrološki ciklus – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hidrološki ciklus" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolo%C5%A1ki_ciklus" title="Hidrološki ciklus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hidrološki ciklus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_cai" title="Daur cai – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Daur cai" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veden_kiertokulku" title="Veden kiertokulku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veden kiertokulku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattnets_kretslopp" title="Vattnets kretslopp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vattnets kretslopp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpapaulit-ulit_ng_tubig" title="Pagpapaulit-ulit ng tubig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpapaulit-ulit ng tubig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="நீர்ச் சுழற்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்ச் சுழற்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జలచక్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జలచక్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="วัฏจักรของน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัฏจักรของน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B9_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%9F%E1%8F%B4%E1%8F%8E%E1%8E%AC" title="ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಜಲಚಕ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜಲಚಕ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_d%C3%B6ng%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Su döngüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Su döngüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B3_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Кругообіг води – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кругообіг води" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="آبی چکر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آبی چکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Vòng tuần hoàn nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vòng tuần hoàn nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="水循环 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水循环" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8-%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C" title="וואסער-ציקל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואסער-ציקל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="水循環 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水循環" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ond%C4%97ns_c%C4%97klos" title="Ondėns cėklos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ondėns cėklos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="水循环 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水循环" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biogeochemical cycle for movement of water on Earth</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_WaterCycle_English_ONLINE_20221013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/USGS_WaterCycle_English_ONLINE_20221013.png/300px-USGS_WaterCycle_English_ONLINE_20221013.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/USGS_WaterCycle_English_ONLINE_20221013.png/450px-USGS_WaterCycle_English_ONLINE_20221013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/USGS_WaterCycle_English_ONLINE_20221013.png/600px-USGS_WaterCycle_English_ONLINE_20221013.png 2x" data-file-width="11400" data-file-height="7800" /></a><figcaption>A detailed diagram depicting the global water cycle. The direction of movement of water between reservoirs tends towards upwards movement through <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> and downward movement through <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. The diagram also shows how human water use impacts where water is stored and how it moves.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>water cycle</b> (or <b>hydrologic cycle</b> or <b>hydrological cycle</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycle</a> that involves the continuous movement of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> on, above and below the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time. However, the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">salt water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheric water</a> is variable and depends on <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climatic variables</a>. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, or from the ocean to the atmosphere. The processes that drive these movements are <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">infiltration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (<a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">vapor</a>. The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle as it is the source of 86% of global evaporation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> changes. When water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence the <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a>. </p><p>The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water because it causes salts and other solids picked up during the cycle to be left behind. The condensation phase in the atmosphere replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It also reshapes the geological features of the Earth, through processes including <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> on the planet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human actions</a> are greatly affecting the water cycle. Activities such as <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, and the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> are altering natural landscapes (<a href="/wiki/Land_use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use change">land use changes</a>) all have an effect on the water cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1153">: 1153 </span></sup> On top of this, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> is leading to an <a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_water_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensification of the water cycle">intensification of the water cycle</a>. Research has shown that global warming is causing shifts in precipitation patterns, increased frequency of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events, and changes in the timing and intensity of rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> These water cycle changes affect <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water availability</a>, agriculture, and human societies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_cycle_nps_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rock_cycle_nps_2.png/190px-Rock_cycle_nps_2.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rock_cycle_nps_2.png/285px-Rock_cycle_nps_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rock_cycle_nps_2.png/380px-Rock_cycle_nps_2.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_cycle" title="Deep water cycle">deep water cycle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Global</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_biological_carbon_cycle" title="Terrestrial biological carbon cycle">terrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Sequestration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_carbon_cycle" title="Deep carbon cycle">deep carbon cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">soil carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi_and_soil_carbon_storage" title="Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage">mycorrhizal fungi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_and_carbon_cycling_in_boreal_forests" title="Fire and carbon cycling in boreal forests">Boreal forests</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cycle" title="Hydrogen cycle">Hydrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">human impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichens_and_nitrogen_cycling" title="Lichens and nitrogen cycling">nitrogen and lichens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_assimilation" title="Nitrogen assimilation">assimilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">Oxygen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_solubilizing_bacteria" title="Phosphate solubilizing bacteria">assimilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">Sulfur cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_assimilation" title="Sulfur assimilation">assimilation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rock_cycle" title="Rock cycle">Rock cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_cycle" title="Calcium cycle">Calcium cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_cycle" title="Silica cycle">Silica cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="Carbonate–silicate cycle">Carbonate–silicate cycle</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles" title="Marine biogeochemical cycles">Marine cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles" title="Marine biogeochemical cycles">Marine biogeochemical cycles</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">viral shunt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_ooze" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcareous ooze">Calcareous ooze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliceous_ooze" title="Siliceous ooze">Siliceous ooze</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methane_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane cycle">Methane cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">Atmospheric methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">Methane clathrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clathrate_gun_hypothesis" title="Clathrate gun hypothesis">clathrate gun hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Other cycles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_cycle" title="Aluminum cycle">aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_cycle" title="Arsenic cycle">arsenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_cycle" title="Boron cycle">boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_cycle" title="Bromine cycle">bromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_cycle" title="Cadmium cycle">cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_cycle" title="Chlorine cycle">chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_cycle" title="Chromium cycle">chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_cycle" title="Copper cycle">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_cycle" title="Fluorine cycle">fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_cycle" title="Gold cycle">gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_cycle" title="Iodine cycle">iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cycle" title="Iron cycle">iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_cycle" title="Lead cycle">lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_cycle" title="Lithium cycle">lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_cycle" title="Manganese cycle">manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_cycle" title="Mercury cycle">mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle" title="Ozone–oxygen cycle">ozone–oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_cycle" title="Selenium cycle">selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vanadium_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vanadium Cycle">vanadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_cycle" title="Zinc cycle">zinc</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_cycle" title="Geochemical cycle">geochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_cycling" title="Chemical cycling">chemical cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">environmental chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosequestration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosequestration">Biosequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_biosphere" title="Deep biosphere">Deep biosphere</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries#Biogeochemical" title="Planetary boundaries">Biogeochemical planetary boundaries</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Research groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_DAAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC">DAAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotraces" title="Geotraces">GEOTRACES</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMBER" title="IMBER">IMBER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOBM" title="NOBM">NOBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Ocean_Lower_Atmosphere_Study" title="Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study">SOLAS</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biogeochemical_cycle_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biogeochemical cycle sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv/220px--Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="353" data-mwtitle="Earth's_Water_Cycle.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv/Earth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEarth%27s_Water_Cycle.ogv&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of the Earth's water cycle (NASA)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overall_process">Overall process</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Water distribution on Earth</a></div> <p>The water cycle is powered from the energy emitted by the sun. This energy heats water in the ocean and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>. Some ice and snow <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimates</a> directly into water vapor. <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">Evapotranspiration</a> is water <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpired</a> from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water molecule <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> has smaller <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular mass</a> than the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen (<span class="chemf nowrap">N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) and oxygen (<span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) and hence is less dense. Due to the significant difference in density, <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> drives humid air higher. As altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see <a href="/wiki/Gas_laws" title="Gas laws">Gas laws</a>). The lower temperature causes water vapor to condense into tiny liquid water droplets which are heavier than the air, and which fall unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large area in the atmosphere becomes visible as <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">cloud</a>, while condensation near ground level is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a> moves water vapor around the globe; cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>. Some precipitation falls as snow, hail, or sleet, and can accumulate in <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice caps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls as rain back into the ocean or onto land, where the water flows over the ground as <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>. A portion of this runoff enters rivers, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (<a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers; much of it soaks into the ground as <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">infiltration</a>. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge or be taken up by plants and transferred back to the atmosphere as water vapor by <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a>. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and emerges as freshwater springs. In river valleys and <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a>, there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the <a href="/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">hyporheic zone</a>. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle. </p><p>The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle. The ocean holds "97% of the total water on the planet; 78% of global precipitation occurs over the ocean, and it is the source of 86% of global evaporation".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HydrologicalCycle1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HydrologicalCycle1.png/400px-HydrologicalCycle1.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HydrologicalCycle1.png/600px-HydrologicalCycle1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HydrologicalCycle1.png/800px-HydrologicalCycle1.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Processes leading to movements and phase changes in water</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Important physical processes within the water cycle include (in alphabetical order): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advection" title="Advection">Advection</a>: The movement of water through the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without advection, water that evaporated over the oceans could not precipitate over land. <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_river" title="Atmospheric river">Atmospheric rivers</a> that move large volumes of water vapor over long distances are an example of advection.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">Condensation</a>: The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a> and fog.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">Evaporation</a>: The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source of energy for evaporation is primarily <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a>. Evaporation often implicitly includes <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> from <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, though together they are specifically referred to as <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>. Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to approximately 505,000 km<sup>3</sup> (121,000 cu mi) of water, 434,000 km<sup>3</sup> (104,000 cu mi) of which evaporates from the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Water_Cycle-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 86% of global evaporation occurs over the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a>: The flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">soil moisture</a> or groundwater.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent global study using water stable isotopes, however, shows that not all soil moisture is equally available for <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a> or for plant transpiration.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">Percolation</a>: Water flows vertically through the soil and rocks under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a>: Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Most precipitation occurs as <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, but also includes <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fog_drip" title="Fog drip">fog drip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">graupel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">sleet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 505,000 km<sup>3</sup> (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year, 398,000 km<sup>3</sup> (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Water_Cycle-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snow_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snow-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rain on land contains 107,000 km<sup>3</sup> (26,000 cu mi) of water per year and a snowing only 1,000 km<sup>3</sup> (240 cu mi).<sup id="cite_ref-snow_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snow-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 78% of global precipitation occurs over the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_(hydrology)" title="Runoff (hydrology)">Runoff</a>: The variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes both surface runoff and <a href="/wiki/Channel_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel runoff">channel runoff</a>. As it flows, the water may seep into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_flow" title="Subsurface flow">Subsurface flow</a>: The flow of water underground, in the <a href="/wiki/Vadose_zone" title="Vadose zone">vadose zone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifers">aquifers</a>. Subsurface water may return to the surface (e.g. as a spring or by being pumped) or eventually seep into the oceans. Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it infiltrated, under the force of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a>: The release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residence_times">Residence times</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em; text-align:center" align="right"> <caption>Average reservoir residence times<sup id="cite_ref-PHYS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHYS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Reservoir</th> <th>Average residence time </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Antarctica </td> <td>20,000 years </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Oceans </td> <td>3,200 years </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Glaciers </td> <td>20 to 100 years </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Seasonal snow cover </td> <td>2 to 6 months </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Soil moisture </td> <td>1 to 2 months </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Groundwater: shallow </td> <td>100 to 200 years </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Groundwater: deep </td> <td>10,000 years </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Lakes (see <a href="/wiki/Lake_retention_time" title="Lake retention time">lake retention time</a>) </td> <td>50 to 100 years </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Rivers </td> <td>2 to 6 months </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Atmosphere </td> <td>9 days </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Residence_time_(fluid_dynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Residence time (fluid dynamics)">residence time</a></i> of a reservoir within the hydrologic cycle is the average time a water molecule will spend in that reservoir (<i>see table</i>). It is a measure of the average age of the water in that reservoir. </p><p>Groundwater can spend over 10,000 years beneath Earth's surface before leaving.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly old groundwater is called <a href="/wiki/Fossil_water" title="Fossil water">fossil water</a>. Water stored in the soil remains there very briefly, because it is spread thinly across the Earth, and is readily lost by evaporation, transpiration, stream flow, or groundwater recharge. After evaporating, the residence time in the atmosphere is about 9 days before condensing and falling to the Earth as precipitation. </p><p>The major ice sheets – <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> – store ice for very long periods. Ice from Antarctica has been reliably dated to 800,000 years before present, though the average residence time is shorter.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In hydrology, residence times can be estimated in two ways.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The more common method relies on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_mass" title="Conservation of mass">conservation of mass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water_balance" title="Water balance">water balance</a>) and assumes the amount of water in a given reservoir is roughly constant. With this method, residence times are estimated by dividing the volume of the reservoir by the rate by which water either enters or exits the reservoir. Conceptually, this is equivalent to timing how long it would take the reservoir to become filled from empty if no water were to leave (or how long it would take the reservoir to empty from full if no water were to enter). </p><p>An alternative method to estimate residence times, which is gaining in popularity for dating groundwater, is the use of <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> techniques. This is done in the subfield of <a href="/wiki/Isotope_hydrology" title="Isotope hydrology">isotope hydrology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_in_storage">Water in storage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Water resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Water distribution on Earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HumanIntegratedWaterCycle_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HumanIntegratedWaterCycle_%282%29.jpg/440px-HumanIntegratedWaterCycle_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HumanIntegratedWaterCycle_%282%29.jpg/660px-HumanIntegratedWaterCycle_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HumanIntegratedWaterCycle_%282%29.jpg/880px-HumanIntegratedWaterCycle_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="1747" /></a><figcaption>Water cycle showing human influences and major pools (storages) and fluxes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>. However, much more water is "in storage" (or in "pools") for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 1,386,000,000 km<sup>3</sup> of the world's water supply, about 1,338,000,000 km<sup>3</sup> is stored in oceans, or about 97%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporated water that goes into the water cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Earth's ice caps, glaciers, and permanent snowpack stores another 24,064,000 km<sup>3</sup> accounting for only 1.7% of the planet's total water volume. However, this quantity of water is 68.7% of all freshwater on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_caused_by_humans">Changes caused by humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_or_regional_impacts">Local or regional impacts</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_%26_impervious_cover_diagrams_EPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Natural_%26_impervious_cover_diagrams_EPA.jpg/400px-Natural_%26_impervious_cover_diagrams_EPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Natural_%26_impervious_cover_diagrams_EPA.jpg/600px-Natural_%26_impervious_cover_diagrams_EPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Natural_%26_impervious_cover_diagrams_EPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Relationship between <a href="/wiki/Impervious_surfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Impervious surfaces">impervious surfaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Human activities can alter the water cycle at the local or regional level. This happens due to <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">changes in land use</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_cover" title="Land cover">land cover</a>. Such changes affect "precipitation, evaporation, flooding, groundwater, and the availability of freshwater for a variety of uses".<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1153">: 1153 </span></sup> </p><p>Examples for such <a href="/wiki/Land_use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use change">land use changes</a> are converting fields to urban areas or <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">clearing forests</a>. Such changes can affect the ability of soils to soak up surface water. Deforestation has local as well as regional effects. For example it reduces soil moisture, evaporation and rainfall at the local level. Furthermore, deforestation causes regional temperature changes that can affect rainfall patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1153">: 1153 </span></sup> </p><p>Aquifer <a href="/wiki/Drawdown_(hydrology)" title="Drawdown (hydrology)">drawdown</a> or <a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">overdrafting</a> and the pumping of fossil water increase the total amount of water in the hydrosphere. This is because the water that was originally in the ground has now become available for evaporation as it is now in contact with the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1153">: 1153 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_cycle_intensification_due_to_climate_change">Water cycle intensification due to climate change</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Effects of climate change on the water cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Effects of climate change on oceans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg/220px-20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg/330px-20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg/440px-20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a> (heavy rains, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>) is one consequence of a <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">changing water cycle due to global warming</a>. These events will be progressively more common as the Earth warms more and more.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Figure SPM.6">: Figure SPM.6 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/220px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/330px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/440px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Predicted changes in average soil moisture for a scenario of 2°C global warming. This can disrupt agriculture and ecosystems. A reduction in soil moisture by one <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a> means that average soil moisture will approximately match the ninth driest year between 1850 and 1900 at that location.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the middle of the 20th century, human-caused <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> has resulted in observable changes in the global water cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> in 2021 predicted that these changes will continue to grow significantly at the global and regional level.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> These findings are a continuation of scientific consensus expressed in the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">IPCC Fifth Assessment Report</a> from 2007 and other special reports by the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> which had already stated that the water cycle will continue to intensify throughout the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Effects of climate change on the water cycle</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">effects of climate change on the water cycle</a> are profound and have been described as an <i>intensification</i> or a <i>strengthening</i> of the water cycle (also called hydrologic cycle).<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:22_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:22-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1079">: 1079 </span></sup> This effect has been observed since at least 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:22_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:22-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1079">: 1079 </span></sup> One example is when heavy rain events become even stronger. The effects of climate change on the water cycle have important negative effects on the availability of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> resources, as well as other water reservoirs such as <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">soil moisture</a>. The water cycle is essential to life on Earth and plays a large role in the global <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean circulation">ocean circulation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">warming of our planet</a> is expected to be accompanied by changes in the water cycle for various reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a warmer atmosphere can contain more water vapor which has effects on <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">rainfall</a>. </p><p>The underlying cause of the intensifying water cycle is the increased amount of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in the atmosphere, which lead to a warmer atmosphere through the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fundamental laws of physics explain how the <a href="/wiki/Saturation_vapor_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation vapor pressure">saturation vapor pressure</a> in the atmosphere increases by 7% when temperature rises by 1 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:10_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relationship is known as the <a href="/wiki/Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Clausius-Clapeyron Equation">Clausius-Clapeyron equation</a>. </p> The strength of the water cycle and its changes over time are of considerable interest, especially as the climate changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hydrological cycle is a system whereby the evaporation of moisture in one place leads to precipitation (rain or snow) in another place. For example, evaporation always exceeds precipitation over the oceans. This allows moisture to be transported by the atmosphere from the oceans onto land where precipitation exceeds <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>. The runoff from the land flows into streams and rivers and discharges into the ocean, which completes the global cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:6_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water cycle is a key part of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy cycle</a> through the evaporative cooling at the surface which provides latent heat to the atmosphere, as atmospheric systems play a primary role in moving heat upward.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:6_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle_:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_processes">Related processes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogeochemical_cycling">Biogeochemical cycling</h3></div> <p>While the water cycle is itself a <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycle</a>, flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Runoff is responsible for almost all of the transport of eroded <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> from land to <a href="/wiki/Waterbody" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterbody">waterbodies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> of the oceans is derived from <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and transport of dissolved salts from the land. Cultural <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of lakes is primarily due to phosphorus, applied in excess to <a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">agricultural fields</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, and then transported overland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zone</a> at the outlet of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> is a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the <a href="/wiki/River_system" class="mw-redirect" title="River system">river system</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. Runoff also plays a part in the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>, again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slow_loss_over_geologic_time">Slow loss over geologic time</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">Atmospheric escape</a></div> <p>The hydrodynamic wind within the upper portion of a planet's atmosphere allows light chemical elements such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> to move up to the <a href="/wiki/Exobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Exobase">exobase</a>, the lower limit of the <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a>, where the gases can then reach <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a>, entering <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a> without impacting other particles of gas. This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as <a href="/wiki/Planetary_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary wind">planetary wind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planets with hot lower atmospheres could result in humid upper atmospheres that accelerate the loss of hydrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-Dvorak_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dvorak-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_interpretations">Historical interpretations</h2></div> <p>In ancient times, it was widely thought that the land mass floated on a body of water, and that most of the water in rivers has its origin under the earth. Examples of this belief can be found in the works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 BCE</span>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a> (ca. 700 BC), the Greek poet Hesiod outlines the idea of the water cycle: "[Vapour] is drawn from the ever-flowing rivers and is raised high above the earth by windstorm, and sometimes it turns to rain towards evening, and sometimes to wind when Thracian Boreas huddles the thick clouds."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>, Hebrew scholars observed that even though the rivers ran into the sea, the sea never became full. Some scholars conclude that the water cycle was described completely during this time in this passage: "The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to its circuits. All the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again" (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes 1:6-7</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Morris1988p.15_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris1988p.15-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it was also observed that when the clouds were full, they emptied rain on the earth (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ecclesiastes#Chapter_11">Ecclesiastes 11:3</a>). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Adityahridayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adityahridayam">Adityahridayam</a> (a devotional hymn to the Sun God) of <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, a Hindu epic dated to the 4th century BCE, it is mentioned in the 22nd verse that the Sun heats up water and sends it down as rain. By roughly 500 BCE, Greek scholars were speculating that much of the water in rivers can be attributed to rain. The origin of rain was also known by then. These scholars maintained the belief, however, that water rising up through the earth contributed a great deal to rivers. Examples of this thinking included <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> (570 BCE) (who also speculated about the <a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">evolution of land animals from fish</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes of Colophon</a> (530 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> Chinese scholars such as Chi Ni Tzu (320 BCE) and Lu Shih Ch'un Ch'iu (239 BCE) had similar thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea that the water cycle is a closed cycle can be found in the works of <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras of Clazomenae</a> (460 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Apollonia" title="Diogenes of Apollonia">Diogenes of Apollonia</a> (460 BCE). Both <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (390 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (350 BCE) speculated about percolation as part of the water cycle. Aristotle correctly hypothesized that the sun played a role in the Earth's hydraulic cycle in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteorology</a>,</i> writing "By it [the sun's] agency the finest and sweetest water is everyday carried up and is dissolved into vapor and rises to the upper regions, where it is condensed again by the cold and so returns to the earth.", and believed that clouds were composed of cooled and condensed water vapor.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like the earlier Aristotle, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> Chinese scientist <a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a> (27–100 AD) accurately described the water cycle <a href="/wiki/Geoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoscience">of Earth</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Lunheng" title="Lunheng">Lunheng</a></i> but was dismissed by his contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to the time of the Renaissance, it was wrongly assumed that precipitation alone was insufficient to feed rivers, for a complete water cycle, and that underground water pushing upwards from the oceans were the main contributors to river water. <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_Anglicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomeus Anglicus">Bartholomew of England</a> held this view (1240 CE), as did Leonardo da Vinci (1500 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a> (1644 CE). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_the_correct_theory">Discovery of the correct theory</h3></div> <p>The first published thinker to assert that rainfall alone was sufficient for the maintenance of rivers was <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Palissy" title="Bernard Palissy">Bernard Palissy</a> (1580 CE), who is often credited as the discoverer of the modern theory of the water cycle. Palissy's theories were not tested scientifically until 1674, in a study commonly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Perrault_(scientist)" title="Pierre Perrault (scientist)">Pierre Perrault</a>. Even then, these beliefs were not accepted in mainstream science until the early nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a> – Earth's surface where water is frozen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_cycle" title="Deep water cycle">Deep water cycle</a> – Movement of water in the deep Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a> – interdisciplinary field studying the interactions between water and ecosystems<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Water resources</a> – Sources of water that are potentially useful for humans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotic_pump" title="Biotic pump">Biotic pump</a> – Theory of how forests affect rainfall</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=The+Water+Cycle+%28PNG%29+%7C+U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fmedia%2Fimages%2Fwater-cycle-png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-water-cycle">"Water Cycle | Science Mission Directorate"</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115065559/https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-water-cycle">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Environmental Literacy Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430133927/http://enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/198.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0463.html">the original</a> on 2006-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extension+Fact+Sheet&rft.atitle=Nitrogen+and+the+Hydrologic+Cycle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohioline.osu.edu%2Faex-fact%2F0463.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928223836/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CarbonCycle/">"The Carbon Cycle"</a>. <i>Earth Observatory</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Observatory&rft.atitle=The+Carbon+Cycle&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FLibrary%2FCarbonCycle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Strobel2010" class="citation web cs1">Nick Strobel (June 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917233236/http://astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s3.htm">"Planetary Science"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s3.htm">the original</a> on September 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planetary+Science&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft.au=Nick+Strobel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomynotes.com%2Fsolarsys%2Fs3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dvorak-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dvorak_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_Dvořák2007" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf Dvořák (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbIlI6gMNAYC&q=hydrodynamic+wind+planet+atmosphere&pg=PA140"><i>Extrasolar Planets</i></a>. Wiley-VCH. pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40671-5"><bdi>978-3-527-40671-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extrasolar+Planets&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-527-40671-5&rft.au=Rudolf+Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlbIlI6gMNAYC%26q%3Dhydrodynamic%2Bwind%2Bplanet%2Batmosphere%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+cycle" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris1988p.15-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris1988p.15_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1988" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Henry M. (1988). <i>Science and the Bible</i> (Trinity Broadcasting Network ed.). 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Lesher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728071132/http://philosophy.unc.edu/people/faculty/james-lesher/xenophanes%20scepticism.pdf">"Xenophanes' Scepticism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.unc.edu/people/faculty/james-lesher/xenophanes%20scepticism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rosen Publishing Group. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781499461275" title="Special:BookSources/9781499461275"><bdi>9781499461275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%3A+The+Father+of+Logic&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781499461275&rft.aulast=Roscoe&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di3ZhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDiJbEIO-RsC&pg=PA7"><i>Precipitation: Theory, Measurement and Distributio</i></a>. 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Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, p. 468 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-05801-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-05801-5">0-521-05801-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C.I._Dodge" class="citation conference cs1">James C.I. Dodge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hydrologie.org/ACT/OH2/actes/03_dooge.pdf"><i>Concepts of the hydrological Cycle. Ancient and modern</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Symposium <span class="chemf nowrap">OH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> 'Origins and History of Hydrology', Dijon, May 9–11, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011185410/http://hydrologie.org/ACT/OH2/actes/03_dooge.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+the+hydrological+Cycle.+Ancient+and+modern&rft.au=James+C.I.+Dodge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhydrologie.org%2FACT%2FOH2%2Factes%2F03_dooge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraterrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_water" title="Asteroidal water">Asteroidal water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">List of Candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Subsurface_ocean" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Subsurface_water_ocean" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">Stratification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Template:Biogeochemical cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Template talk:Biogeochemical cycle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biogeochemical cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biogeochemical_cycles208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Cycles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="Carbonate–silicate cycle">carbonate–silicate cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_carbon_cycle" title="Deep carbon cycle">deep carbon cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic carbon cycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_cycle" title="Chlorine cycle">Chlorine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cycle" title="Hydrogen cycle">Hydrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cycle" title="Iron cycle">Iron cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_cycle" title="Mercury cycle">Mercury cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral cycle">Mineral cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">Oxygen cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle" title="Ozone–oxygen cycle">ozone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cycle" title="Rock cycle">Rock cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_cycle" title="Selenium cycle">Selenium cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_cycle" title="Silica cycle">Silica cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">Sulfur cycle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_cycle" title="Deep water cycle">deep water cycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles" title="Marine biogeochemical cycles">Marine biogeochemical cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_DAAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC">DAAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotraces" title="Geotraces">GEOTRACES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMBER" title="IMBER">IMBER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOBM" title="NOBM">NOBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Ocean_Lower_Atmosphere_Study" title="Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study">SOLAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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