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id="toc-Four_classical_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Solid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Liquid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plasma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Plasma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phase transitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-classical_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-classical_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Non-classical states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-classical_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-classical states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-classical_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystals_with_some_degree_of_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystals_with_some_degree_of_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Crystals with some degree of disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystals_with_some_degree_of_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid_crystal_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid_crystal_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Liquid crystal states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid_crystal_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microphase_separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microphase_separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Microphase separation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microphase_separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetically_ordered_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetically_ordered_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Magnetically ordered states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetically_ordered_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superfluids_and_condensates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superfluids_and_condensates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Superfluids and condensates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Superfluids_and_condensates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Superfluids and condensates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Superfluids_and_condensates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Superconductor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superconductor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Superconductor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superconductor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superfluid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superfluid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Superfluid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superfluid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bose–Einstein_condensate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bose–Einstein_condensate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bose–Einstein condensate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bose–Einstein_condensate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermionic_condensate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermionic_condensate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Fermionic condensate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermionic_condensate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-energy_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-energy_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>High-energy states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-High-energy_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle High-energy states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-High-energy_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Degenerate_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degenerate_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Degenerate matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degenerate_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quark_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quark_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Quark matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quark_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color-glass_condensate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color-glass_condensate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Color-glass condensate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-glass_condensate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Very_high_energy_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Very_high_energy_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Very high energy states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Very_high_energy_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_proposed_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_proposed_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other proposed states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_proposed_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other proposed states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_proposed_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supersolid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supersolid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Supersolid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supersolid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-String-net_liquid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#String-net_liquid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>String-net liquid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-String-net_liquid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superglass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superglass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Superglass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superglass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chain-melted_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chain-melted_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Chain-melted state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chain-melted_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_Hall_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_Hall_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Quantum Hall state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_Hall_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photonic_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photonic_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Photonic matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photonic_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">State of matter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toestand_van_materie" title="Toestand van materie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toestand van materie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aggregatzustand" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حالة المادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة المادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau_d%27a_materia" title="Estau d'a materia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estau d'a materia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="পদাৰ্থৰ অৱস্থা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পদাৰ্থৰ অৱস্থা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_d%27agregaci%C3%B3n_de_la_materia" title="Estáu d'agregación de la materia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu d'agregación de la materia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madd%C9%99l%C9%99rin_aqreqat_hal%C4%B1" title="Maddələrin aqreqat halı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maddələrin aqreqat halı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ماده حالتلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماده حالتلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="পদার্থের অবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদার্থের অবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%CC%8Dt-chit_ch%C5%8Dng-th%C3%A0i" title="Bu̍t-chit chōng-thài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bu̍t-chit chōng-thài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB" title="Агрегат хәл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Агрегат хәл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Агрэгатны стан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Агрэгатны стан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Агрэгатны стан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Агрэгатны стан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Агрегатно състояние – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Агрегатно състояние" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatno_stanje" title="Agregatno stanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Agregatno stanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B1" title="Бодосой түлэб – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бодосой түлэб" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_de_la_mat%C3%A8ria" title="Estat de la matèria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat de la matèria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Агрегатла тăрăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Агрегатла тăрăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupenstv%C3%AD" title="Skupenství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skupenství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muringo" title="Muringo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muringo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyflwr_mater" title="Cyflwr mater – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyflwr mater" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregattilstand" title="Aggregattilstand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aggregattilstand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aggregatzustand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregaatolek" title="Agregaatolek – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Agregaatolek" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κατάσταση της ύλης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάσταση της ύλης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_agregaci%C3%B3n_de_la_materia" title="Estado de agregación de la materia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado de agregación de la materia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materistato" title="Materistato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Materistato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaus_F%C3%A1sicus_de_Mat%C3%A9ria" title="Estaus Fásicus de Matéria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estaus Fásicus de Matéria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiaren_egoera" title="Materiaren egoera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Materiaren egoera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="حالت ماده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حالت ماده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_matter" title="States of matter – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="States of matter" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_la_mati%C3%A8re" title="État de la matière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État de la matière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregaasjetast%C3%A2n" title="Aggregaasjetastân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aggregaasjetastân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staid_damhna" title="Staid damhna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staid damhna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_agregaci%C3%B3n_da_materia" title="Estado de agregación da materia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado de agregación da materia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%CC%8Dt-ch%E1%B9%B3t_chhong-thai" title="Vu̍t-chṳt chhong-thai – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vu̍t-chṳt chhong-thai" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="물질의 상태 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물질의 상태" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ագրեգատային վիճակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ագրեգատային վիճակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="पदार्थ की अवस्थाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पदार्थ की अवस्थाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregacijsko_stanje" title="Agregacijsko stanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Agregacijsko stanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujud_materi" title="Wujud materi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wujud materi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_de_materia" title="Stato de materia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato de materia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu_de_materie" title="Statu de materie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Statu de materie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izimo_zotho" title="Izimo zotho – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izimo zotho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnishamur" title="Efnishamur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnishamur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_della_materia" title="Stato della materia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato della materia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מצב צבירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצב צבירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujud_dat" title="Wujud dat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wujud dat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="აგრეგატული მდგომარეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აგრეგატული მდგომარეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Агрегаттық күй – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Агрегаттық күй" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hali_maada" title="Hali maada – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hali maada" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_maty%C3%A8" title="Eta matyè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eta matyè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ta_di_maty%C3%A8r" title="Léta di matyèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léta di matyèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Агрегаттык абал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Агрегаттык абал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_materiae" title="Status materiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Status materiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreg%C4%81tst%C4%81voklis" title="Agregātstāvoklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Agregātstāvoklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatin%C4%97_b%C5%ABsena" title="Agregatinė būsena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Agregatinė būsena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatietoestandj" title="Aggregatietoestandj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aggregatietoestandj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_de_la_materia" title="Stat de la materia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat de la materia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmaz%C3%A1llapot" title="Halmazállapot – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Halmazállapot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Состојба на материјата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Состојба на материјата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ദ്രവ്യത്തിന്റെ അവസ്ഥകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്രവ്യത്തിന്റെ അവസ്ഥകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="द्रव्याच्या अवस्था – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्रव्याच्या अवस्था" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadaan_jirim" title="Keadaan jirim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keadaan jirim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACk-c%C3%A9k_c%C3%A2ung-t%C3%A1i" title="Ŭk-cék câung-tái – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭk-cék câung-tái" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B2" title="Бодисын төлөв – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бодисын төлөв" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1" title="ဒြပ်တို့၏ အခြေအနေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်တို့၏ အခြေအနေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatietoestand" title="Aggregatietoestand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aggregatietoestand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E3%81%AE%E7%8A%B6%E6%85%8B" title="物質の状態 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物質の状態" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tustant_(F%C3%BCsiik)" title="Tustant (Füsiik) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tustant (Füsiik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregattilstand" title="Aggregattilstand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aggregattilstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregattilstand" title="Aggregattilstand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aggregattilstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_de_la_mat%C3%A8ria" title="Estat de la matèria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat de la matèria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Эмен улмылык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эмен улмылык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkaalee_watootaa" title="Falkaalee watootaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Falkaalee watootaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moddaning_agregat_holatlari" title="Moddaning agregat holatlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moddaning agregat holatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਪਦਾਰਥ ਦੀਆਂ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਦਾਰਥ ਦੀਆਂ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%92_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88" title="مادے دی ونڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مادے دی ونڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadonan_di_agregashon" title="Estadonan di agregashon – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Estadonan di agregashon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregaattostand" title="Aggregaattostand – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aggregaattostand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_skupienia_materii" title="Stan skupienia materii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stan skupienia materii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_f%C3%ADsico_da_mat%C3%A9ria" title="Estado físico da matéria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado físico da matéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stare de agregare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27inki_kachkay" title="T'inki kachkay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'inki kachkay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Агрегатное состояние – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агрегатное состояние" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjendja_agregate" title="Gjendja agregate – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjendja agregate" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92" title="පදාර්ථයේ අවධි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පදාර්ථයේ අවධි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_matter" title="States of matter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="States of matter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupenstvo" title="Skupenstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skupenstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatno_stanje" title="Agregatno stanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Agregatno stanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%95" title="دۆخی ماددە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دۆخی ماددە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Агрегатно стање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Агрегатно стање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatna_stanja" title="Agregatna stanja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Agregatna stanja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomuoto" title="Olomuoto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olomuoto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregationstillst%C3%A5nd" title="Aggregationstillstånd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aggregationstillstånd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="பொருட்களின் நிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொருட்களின் நிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addaden_n_tenga" title="Addaden n tenga – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Addaden n tenga" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="పదార్థం స్థితి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పదార్థం స్థితి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3)" title="สถานะ (สสาร) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานะ (สสาร)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%B5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD" title="ኵነት ነገር – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኵነት ነገር" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddenin_h%C3%A2lleri" title="Maddenin hâlleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maddenin hâlleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Агрегатний стан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Агрегатний стан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="مادے کی حالت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مادے کی حالت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatine_olend" title="Agregatine olend – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Agregatine olend" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_v%E1%BA%ADt_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Trạng thái vật chất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trạng thái vật chất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Forms, such as solid, liquid and gas, which matter can take</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase (matter)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of exotic states of matter, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter" title="List of states of matter">List of states of matter</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:210px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/213px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/320px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/426px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3421" data-file-height="3387" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> state, encased inside <a href="/wiki/Acrylate_polymer" title="Acrylate polymer">acrylic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> state</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helium_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/213px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/320px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/426px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a>'s orange glow in its <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> state</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_diagram_of_water_simplified.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phase_diagram_of_water_simplified.svg/213px-Phase_diagram_of_water_simplified.svg.png" decoding="async" width="213" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phase_diagram_of_water_simplified.svg/320px-Phase_diagram_of_water_simplified.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phase_diagram_of_water_simplified.svg/426px-Phase_diagram_of_water_simplified.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A simplified phase diagram for <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, showing whether solid ice, liquid water, or gaseous water vapor is the most stable at different combinations of temperature and pressure</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, a <b>state of matter</b> is one of the distinct forms in which <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystal</a>, and some states only exist under extreme conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermionic_condensate" title="Fermionic condensate">Fermionic condensates</a> (in extreme cold), <a href="/wiki/Neutron-degenerate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron-degenerate matter">neutron-degenerate matter</a> (in extreme density), and <a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">quark–gluon plasma</a> (at extremely <a href="/wiki/High-energy_nuclear_physics" title="High-energy nuclear physics">high energy</a>). </p><p>Historically, the distinction is based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> (assuming no change in temperature or air pressure) and shape, with component particles (<a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecules">molecules</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a>) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume (assuming no change in temperature or air pressure), but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, and contains neutral atoms as well as a significant number of ions and <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, both of which can move around freely. </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a></i> is sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for state of matter, but it is possible for a single compound to form different phases that are in the same state of matter. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> is the solid state of water, but there are multiple <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice" title="Phases of ice">phases of ice</a> with different <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structures</a>, which are formed at different pressures and temperatures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Four_classical_states">Four classical states</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid">Solid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gif_-AtomosSolido_01.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gif_-AtomosSolido_01.gif/170px-Gif_-AtomosSolido_01.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gif_-AtomosSolido_01.gif/255px-Gif_-AtomosSolido_01.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gif_-AtomosSolido_01.gif/340px-Gif_-AtomosSolido_01.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Simple illustration of particles in the solid state – they are closely packed to each other.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The <a href="/wiki/Bonding_in_solids" title="Bonding in solids">forces between particles</a> are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by an outside force, as when broken or cut. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline solids</a>, the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern. There are various different <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structures</a>, and the same substance can have more than one structure (or solid phase). For example, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centred cubic</a> structure at temperatures below 912 °C (1,674 °F), and a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centred cubic</a> structure between 912 and 1,394 °C (2,541 °F). <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> has fifteen known crystal structures, or fifteen solid phases, which exist at various temperatures and pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glasses</a> and other non-crystalline, <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous solids</a> without <a href="/wiki/Order_and_disorder_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order and disorder (physics)">long-range order</a> are not <a href="/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium" title="Thermal equilibrium">thermal equilibrium</a> ground states; therefore they are described below as nonclassical states of matter. </p><p>Solids can be transformed into liquids by melting, and liquids can be transformed into solids by freezing. Solids can also change directly into gases through the process of <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimation</a>, and gases can likewise change directly into solids through <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">deposition</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid">Liquid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gif_-AtomosLiquid_03.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gif_-AtomosLiquid_03.gif/170px-Gif_-AtomosLiquid_03.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gif_-AtomosLiquid_03.gif/255px-Gif_-AtomosLiquid_03.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gif_-AtomosLiquid_03.gif/340px-Gif_-AtomosLiquid_03.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Simple illustration of particles in the liquid state – they can flow and change shape.</figcaption></figure> <p>A liquid is a nearly incompressible <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. The volume is definite if the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> are constant. When a solid is heated above its <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>, it becomes liquid, given that the pressure is higher than the <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a> of the substance. Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still important, but the molecules have enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile. This means that the shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its container. The volume is usually greater than that of the corresponding solid, the best known exception being <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, H<sub>2</sub>O. The highest temperature at which a given liquid can exist is its <a href="/wiki/Critical_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical temperature">critical temperature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas">Gas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gif_-AtomosGas_02.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gif_-AtomosGas_02.gif/170px-Gif_-AtomosGas_02.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gif_-AtomosGas_02.gif/255px-Gif_-AtomosGas_02.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gif_-AtomosGas_02.gif/340px-Gif_-AtomosGas_02.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Simple illustration of particles in the gas state – in reality these particles will be much further apart.</figcaption></figure> <p>A gas is a compressible fluid. Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container. </p><p>In a gas, the molecules have enough <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gas</a>), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size. A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire container in which it is confined. A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating at constant pressure to the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a>, or else by reducing the pressure at constant temperature. </p><p>At temperatures below its <a href="/wiki/Critical_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical temperature">critical temperature</a>, a gas is also called a <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a>, and can be liquefied by compression alone without cooling. A vapor can exist in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid), in which case the gas pressure equals the <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> of the liquid (or solid). </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical fluid</a> (SCF) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and <a href="/wiki/Critical_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical temperature">critical pressure</a> respectively. In this state, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears. A supercritical fluid has the physical properties of a gas, but its high density confers solvent properties in some cases, which leads to useful applications. For example, <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide">supercritical carbon dioxide</a> is used to <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid_extraction" title="Supercritical fluid extraction">extract</a> <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">decaffeinated</a> coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-Turrell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turrell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plasma">Plasma</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma (physics)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plasma_jacobs_ladder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plasma_jacobs_ladder.jpg/220px-Plasma_jacobs_ladder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plasma_jacobs_ladder.jpg/330px-Plasma_jacobs_ladder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plasma_jacobs_ladder.jpg/440px-Plasma_jacobs_ladder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2642" data-file-height="1762" /></a><figcaption>Artificial plasma produced in air by a <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc#Visual_entertainment" title="Electric arc">Jacob's Ladder</a>. The extremely strong <a href="/wiki/Potential_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential difference">potential difference</a> between the two rods <a href="/wiki/Ionize" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionize">ionize</a> particles in the air, creating a plasma.</figcaption></figure> <p>A gas is usually converted to a plasma in one of two ways, either from a huge voltage difference between two points, or by exposing it to extremely high temperatures. Heating matter to high temperatures causes electrons to leave the atoms, resulting in the presence of free electrons. This creates a so-called partially ionised plasma. At very high temperatures, such as those present in stars, it is assumed that essentially all electrons are "free", and that a very high-energy plasma is essentially bare nuclei swimming in a sea of electrons. This forms the so-called fully ionised plasma. </p><p>The plasma state is often misunderstood, and although not freely existing under normal conditions on Earth, it is quite commonly generated by either <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">electric sparks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">neon lights</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma televisions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">Sun's corona</a>, some types of <a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">flame</a>, and stars are all examples of illuminated matter in the plasma state. Plasma is by far the most abundant of the four fundamental states, as 99% of all <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary matter">ordinary matter</a> in the universe is plasma, as it composes all <a href="/wiki/Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars">stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phase_transitions">Phase transitions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phase_transitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase transitions">Phase transitions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_change_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/320px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/480px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/640px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>This diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions.</figcaption></figure> <p>A state of matter is also characterized by <a href="/wiki/Phase_transitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase transitions">phase transitions</a>. A phase transition indicates a change in structure and can be recognized by an abrupt change in properties. A distinct state of matter can be defined as any set of <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_state" title="Thermodynamic state">states</a> distinguished from any other set of states by a <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a>. Water can be said to have several distinct solid states.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance of superconductivity is associated with a phase transition, so there are <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductive</a> states. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a> states are demarcated by phase transitions and have distinctive properties. When the change of state occurs in stages the intermediate steps are called <a href="/wiki/Mesophase" title="Mesophase">mesophases</a>. Such phases have been exploited by the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystal</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv/220px--Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="164" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="642" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="803" data-height="600" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="322" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="482" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv/Ice_cubes_melting_in_a_glass.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="482" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Ice cubes melting showing a change in state</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="background:transparent; border:none; text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase transitions</a> of matter (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Table_of_phase_transitions" title="Template:Table of phase transitions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Table_of_phase_transitions" title="Template talk:Table of phase transitions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Table_of_phase_transitions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Table of phase transitions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">To</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">From</div> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solid</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquid</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Solid </th> <td style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right"></div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">Melting</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Liquid </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">Freezing</a> </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right"></div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">Vaporization</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gas </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">Deposition</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">Condensation</a> </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right"></div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">Ionization</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plasma </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plasma_recombination" title="Plasma recombination">Recombination</a> </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right"></div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The state or <i>phase</i> of a given set of matter can change depending on <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> conditions, transitioning to other phases as these conditions change to favor their existence; for example, solid transitions to liquid with an increase in temperature. Near <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>, a substance exists as a <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>. As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>, boils into a gas at its <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a>, and if heated high enough would enter a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> state in which the <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a> are so energized that they leave their parent atoms. </p><p>Forms of matter that are not composed of molecules and are organized by different forces can also be considered different states of matter. <a href="/wiki/Superfluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluids">Superfluids</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Fermionic_condensate" title="Fermionic condensate">Fermionic condensate</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">quark–gluon plasma</a> are examples. </p><p>In a chemical equation, the state of matter of the chemicals may be shown as (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, and (g) for gas. An <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a> is denoted (aq), for example, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{2 Na (s) + 2 H}}_{2}{\text{O (l)}}\rightarrow {\text{H}}_{2}\,{\text{(g) + 2 Na}}^{+}{\text{(aq) + 2 OH}}^{-}{\text{(aq)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>2 Na (s) + 2 H</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O (l)</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>(g) + 2 Na</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>(aq) + 2 OH</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>(aq)</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{2 Na (s) + 2 H}}_{2}{\text{O (l)}}\rightarrow {\text{H}}_{2}\,{\text{(g) + 2 Na}}^{+}{\text{(aq) + 2 OH}}^{-}{\text{(aq)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e7b3c86d54027c0f1ff0c3311d68638f323e167" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:57.382ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{2 Na (s) + 2 H}}_{2}{\text{O (l)}}\rightarrow {\text{H}}_{2}\,{\text{(g) + 2 Na}}^{+}{\text{(aq) + 2 OH}}^{-}{\text{(aq)}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Matter in the plasma state is seldom used (if at all) in chemical equations, so there is no standard symbol to denote it. In the rare equations that plasma is used it is symbolized as (p). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-classical_states">Non-classical states</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass">Glass</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Atoms of Si and O; each atom has the same number of bonds, but the overall arrangement of the atoms is random." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Silica.svg/133px-Silica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Silica.svg/200px-Silica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Silica.svg/266px-Silica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:253px;max-width:253px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Regular hexagonal pattern of Si and O atoms, with a Si atom at each corner and the O atoms at the centre of each side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg/251px-SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="251" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg/377px-SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg/502px-SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Schematic representation of a random-network glassy form (left) and ordered crystalline lattice (right) of identical chemical composition.</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a> is a non-crystalline or <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous solid</a> material that exhibits a <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">glass transition</a> when heated towards the liquid state. Glasses can be made of quite different classes of materials: inorganic networks (such as window glass, made of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> plus additives), metallic alloys, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_liquid" title="Ionic liquid">ionic melts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a>, molecular liquids, and <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a>. Thermodynamically, a glass is in a <a href="/wiki/Metastable_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable state">metastable state</a> with respect to its crystalline counterpart. The conversion rate, however, is practically zero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystals_with_some_degree_of_disorder">Crystals with some degree of disorder</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Plastic_crystal" title="Plastic crystal">plastic crystal</a> is a molecular solid with long-range positional order but with constituent molecules retaining rotational freedom; in an <a href="/wiki/Orientational_glass" title="Orientational glass">orientational glass</a> this degree of freedom is frozen in a <a href="/wiki/Order_and_disorder_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order and disorder (physics)">quenched disordered</a> state. </p><p>Similarly, in a <a href="/wiki/Spin_glass" title="Spin glass">spin glass</a> magnetic disorder is frozen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid_crystal_states">Liquid crystal states</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">Liquid crystal</a></div> <p>Liquid crystal states have properties intermediate between mobile liquids and ordered solids. Generally, they are able to flow like a liquid, but exhibiting long-range order. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Nematic_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematic phase">nematic phase</a> consists of long rod-like molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Para-azoxyanisole" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-azoxyanisole">para-azoxyanisole</a>, which is nematic in the temperature range 118–136 °C (244–277 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this state the molecules flow as in a liquid, but they all point in the same direction (within each domain) and cannot rotate freely. Like a crystalline solid, but unlike a liquid, liquid crystals react to polarized light. </p><p>Other types of liquid crystals are described in the main article on these states. Several types have technological importance, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal displays</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microphase_separation">Microphase separation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copolymer" title="Copolymer">Copolymer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sbs_block_copolymer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sbs_block_copolymer.jpg/220px-Sbs_block_copolymer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sbs_block_copolymer.jpg/330px-Sbs_block_copolymer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sbs_block_copolymer.jpg/440px-Sbs_block_copolymer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>SBS block copolymer in <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">TEM</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Copolymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Copolymers">Copolymers</a> can undergo microphase separation to form a diverse array of periodic nanostructures, as shown in the example of the <a href="/wiki/Kraton_(polymer)" title="Kraton (polymer)">styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer</a> shown at right. Microphase separation can be understood by analogy to the phase separation between <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and water. Due to chemical incompatibility between the blocks, block copolymers undergo a similar phase separation. However, because the blocks are <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalently bonded</a> to each other, they cannot demix macroscopically as water and oil can, and so instead the blocks form <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometre-sized</a> structures. Depending on the relative lengths of each block and the overall block topology of the polymer, many morphologies can be obtained, each its own phase of matter. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ionic_liquid" title="Ionic liquid">Ionic liquids</a> also display microphase separation. The anion and cation are not necessarily compatible and would demix otherwise, but electric charge attraction prevents them from separating. Their anions and cations appear to diffuse within compartmentalized layers or micelles instead of freely as in a uniform liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnetically_ordered_states">Magnetically ordered states</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metal</a> atoms often have <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moments</a> due to the net <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> of electrons that remain unpaired and do not form chemical bonds. In some solids the magnetic moments on different atoms are ordered and can form a ferromagnet, an antiferromagnet or a ferrimagnet. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnet</a>—for instance, solid <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>—the magnetic moment on each atom is aligned in the same direction (within a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_domain" title="Magnetic domain">magnetic domain</a>). If the domains are also aligned, the solid is a permanent <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>, which is magnetic even in the absence of an external <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Magnetization" title="Magnetization">magnetization</a> disappears when the magnet is heated to the <a href="/wiki/Curie_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie point">Curie point</a>, which for iron is 768 °C (1,414 °F). </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">antiferromagnet</a> has two networks of equal and opposite magnetic moments, which cancel each other out so that the net magnetization is zero. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_oxide" title="Nickel(II) oxide">nickel(II) oxide</a> (NiO), half the nickel atoms have moments aligned in one direction and half in the opposite direction. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetism" title="Ferrimagnetism">ferrimagnet</a>, the two networks of magnetic moments are opposite but unequal, so that cancellation is incomplete and there is a non-zero net magnetization. An example is <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), which contains Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions with different magnetic moments. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Quantum_spin_liquid" title="Quantum spin liquid">quantum spin liquid</a> (QSL) is a disordered state in a system of interacting quantum spins which preserves its disorder to very low temperatures, unlike other disordered states. It is not a liquid in physical sense, but a solid whose magnetic order is inherently disordered. The name "liquid" is due to an analogy with the molecular disorder in a conventional liquid. A QSL is neither a <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnet</a>, where magnetic domains are parallel, nor an <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">antiferromagnet</a>, where the magnetic domains are antiparallel; instead, the magnetic domains are randomly oriented. This can be realized e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Geometrical_frustration" title="Geometrical frustration">geometrically frustrated</a> magnetic moments that cannot point uniformly parallel or antiparallel. When cooling down and settling to a state, the domain must "choose" an orientation, but if the possible states are similar in energy, one will be chosen randomly. Consequently, despite strong short-range order, there is no long-range magnetic order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superfluids_and_condensates">Superfluids and condensates</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superconductor">Superconductor</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</a></div> <p>Superconductors are materials which have zero <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">electrical resistivity</a>, and therefore perfect conductivity. This is a distinct physical state which exists at low temperature, and the resistivity increases discontinuously to a finite value at a sharply-defined transition temperature for each superconductor.<sup id="cite_ref-MAWhite_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAWhite-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A superconductor also excludes all magnetic fields from its interior, a phenomenon known as the <a href="/wiki/Meissner_effect" title="Meissner effect">Meissner effect</a> or perfect <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MAWhite_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAWhite-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet">Superconducting magnets</a> are used as electromagnets in <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> machines. </p><p>The phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered in 1911, and for 75 years was only known in some metals and metallic alloys at temperatures below 30 K. In 1986 so-called <a href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity" title="High-temperature superconductivity">high-temperature superconductivity</a> was discovered in certain <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> oxides, and has now been observed in temperatures as high as 164 K.<sup id="cite_ref-Tinkham_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tinkham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superfluid">Superfluid</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_helium_Rollin_film.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Liquid_helium_Rollin_film.jpg/220px-Liquid_helium_Rollin_film.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Liquid_helium_Rollin_film.jpg/330px-Liquid_helium_Rollin_film.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Liquid_helium_Rollin_film.jpg/440px-Liquid_helium_Rollin_film.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="2214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">Liquid helium</a> in a superfluid phase creeps up on the walls of the cup in a <a href="/wiki/Rollin_film" title="Rollin film">Rollin film</a>, eventually dripping out from the cup.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">Superfluid</a></div> <p>Close to absolute zero, some liquids form a second liquid state described as <b>superfluid</b> because it has zero <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> (or infinite fluidity; i.e., flowing without friction). This was discovered in 1937 for <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, which forms a superfluid below the <a href="/wiki/Lambda_point" title="Lambda point">lambda temperature</a> of 2.17 K (−270.98 °C; −455.76 °F). In this state it will attempt to "climb" out of its container.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has infinite <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> so that no <a href="/wiki/Temperature_gradient" title="Temperature gradient">temperature gradient</a> can form in a superfluid. Placing a superfluid in a spinning container will result in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_vortex" title="Quantum vortex">quantized vortices</a>. </p><p>These properties are explained by the theory that the common isotope <a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">helium-4</a> forms a <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a> (see next section) in the superfluid state. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Fermionic_condensate" title="Fermionic condensate">fermionic condensate</a> superfluids have been formed at even lower temperatures by the rare isotope <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lithium" title="Isotopes of lithium">lithium-6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bose–Einstein_condensate"><span id="Bose.E2.80.93Einstein_condensate"></span>Bose–Einstein condensate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/220px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/330px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/440px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Velocity in a gas of <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> as it is cooled: the starting material is on the left, and Bose–Einstein condensate is on the right.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a></div> <p>In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a> predicted the "Bose–Einstein condensate" (BEC), sometimes referred to as the fifth state of matter. In a BEC, matter stops behaving as independent particles, and collapses into a single quantum state that can be described with a single, uniform wavefunction. </p><p>In the gas phase, the Bose–Einstein condensate remained an unverified theoretical prediction for many years. In 1995, the research groups of <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Cornell">Eric Cornell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a>, of <a href="/wiki/JILA" title="JILA">JILA</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado at Boulder</a>, produced the first such condensate experimentally. A Bose–Einstein condensate is "colder" than a solid. It may occur when atoms have very similar (or the same) <a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">quantum levels</a>, at temperatures very close to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>, −273.15 °C (−459.67 °F). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermionic_condensate">Fermionic condensate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fermionic_condensate" title="Fermionic condensate">Fermionic condensate</a></div> <p>A <i>fermionic condensate</i> is similar to the Bose–Einstein condensate but composed of <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a> prevents fermions from entering the same quantum state, but a pair of fermions can behave as a boson, and multiple such pairs can then enter the same quantum state without restriction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High-energy_states">High-energy states</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degenerate_matter">Degenerate matter</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">Degenerate matter</a></div> <p>Under extremely high pressure, as in the cores of dead stars, ordinary matter undergoes a transition to a series of exotic states of matter collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">degenerate matter</a>, which are supported mainly by quantum mechanical effects. In physics, "degenerate" refers to two states that have the same energy and are thus interchangeable. Degenerate matter is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a>, which prevents two <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermionic</a> particles from occupying the same quantum state. Unlike regular plasma, degenerate plasma expands little when heated, because there are simply no momentum states left. Consequently, degenerate stars collapse into very high densities. More massive degenerate stars are smaller, because the gravitational force increases, but pressure does not increase proportionally. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter#Electron_degeneracy" title="Degenerate matter">Electron-degenerate matter</a> is found inside <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> stars. Electrons remain bound to atoms but are able to transfer to adjacent atoms. <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter#Neutron_degeneracy" title="Degenerate matter">Neutron-degenerate matter</a> is found in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>. Vast gravitational pressure compresses atoms so strongly that the electrons are forced to combine with protons via inverse beta-decay, resulting in a superdense conglomeration of neutrons. Normally free <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> outside an atomic nucleus will <a href="/wiki/Free_neutron_decay" title="Free neutron decay">decay</a> with a half life of approximately 10 minutes, but in a neutron star, the decay is overtaken by inverse decay. Cold degenerate matter is also present in planets such as <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and in the even more massive <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarfs</a>, which are expected to have a core with <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen" title="Metallic hydrogen">metallic hydrogen</a>. Because of the degeneracy, more massive brown dwarfs are not significantly larger. In metals, the electrons can be modeled as a degenerate gas moving in a lattice of non-degenerate positive ions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quark_matter">Quark matter</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a></div> <p>In regular cold matter, <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a>, fundamental particles of nuclear matter, are confined by the <a href="/wiki/Strong_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong force">strong force</a> into <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a> that consist of 2–4 quarks, such as protons and neutrons. Quark matter or quantum chromodynamical (QCD) matter is a group of phases where the strong force is overcome and quarks are deconfined and free to move. Quark matter phases occur at extremely high densities or temperatures, and there are no known ways to produce them in equilibrium in the laboratory; in ordinary conditions, any quark matter formed immediately undergoes radioactive decay. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strange_matter" title="Strange matter">Strange matter</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Quark_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark matter">quark matter</a> that is suspected to exist inside some neutron stars close to the <a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit</a> (approximately 2–3 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a>), although there is no direct evidence of its existence. In strange matter, part of the energy available manifests as <a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">strange quarks</a>, a heavier analogue of the common <a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">down quark</a>. It may be stable at lower energy states once formed, although this is not known. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">Quark–gluon plasma</a> is a very high-temperature phase in which <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> become free and able to move independently, rather than being perpetually bound into particles, in a sea of <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a>, subatomic particles that transmit the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong force</a> that binds quarks together. This is analogous to the liberation of electrons from atoms in a plasma. This state is briefly attainable in extremely high-energy heavy ion collisions in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>, and allows scientists to observe the properties of individual quarks. Theories predicting the existence of quark–gluon plasma were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was detected for the first time in the laboratory at CERN in the year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike plasma, which flows like a gas, interactions within QGP are strong and it flows like a liquid. </p><p>At high densities but relatively low temperatures, quarks are theorized to form a quark liquid whose nature is presently unknown. It forms a distinct <a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93flavor_locking" title="Color–flavor locking">color-flavor locked</a> (CFL) phase at even higher densities. This phase is <a href="/wiki/Superconductive" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductive">superconductive</a> for color charge. These phases may occur in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a> but they are presently theoretical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color-glass_condensate">Color-glass condensate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color-glass_condensate" title="Color-glass condensate">Color-glass condensate</a></div> <p>Color-glass condensate is a type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, a high-energy nucleus appears length contracted, or compressed, along its direction of motion. As a result, the gluons inside the nucleus appear to a stationary observer as a "gluonic wall" traveling near the speed of light. At very high energies, the density of the gluons in this wall is seen to increase greatly. Unlike the quark–gluon plasma produced in the collision of such walls, the color-glass condensate describes the walls themselves, and is an intrinsic property of the particles that can only be observed under high-energy conditions such as those at RHIC and possibly at the Large Hadron Collider as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Very_high_energy_states">Very high energy states</h3></div> <p>Various theories predict new states of matter at very high energies. An unknown state has created the <a href="/wiki/Baryon_asymmetry" title="Baryon asymmetry">baryon asymmetry</a> in the universe, but little is known about it. In <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hagedorn_temperature" title="Hagedorn temperature">Hagedorn temperature</a> is predicted for superstrings at about 10<sup>30</sup> K, where superstrings are copiously produced. At <a href="/wiki/Planck_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck temperature">Planck temperature</a> (10<sup>32</sup> K), gravity becomes a significant force between individual particles. No current theory can describe these states and they cannot be produced with any foreseeable experiment. However, these states are important in <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> because the universe may have passed through these states in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_proposed_states">Other proposed states</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supersolid">Supersolid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supersolid" title="Supersolid">Supersolid</a></div> <p>A supersolid is a spatially ordered material (that is, a solid or crystal) with superfluid properties. Similar to a superfluid, a supersolid is able to move without friction but retains a rigid shape. Although a supersolid is a solid, it exhibits so many characteristic properties different from other solids that many argue it is another state of matter.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="String-net_liquid">String-net liquid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/String-net_liquid" title="String-net liquid">String-net liquid</a></div> <p>In a string-net liquid, atoms have apparently unstable arrangement, like a liquid, but are still consistent in overall pattern, like a solid. When in a normal solid state, the atoms of matter align themselves in a grid pattern, so that the spin of any electron is the opposite of the spin of all electrons touching it. But in a string-net liquid, atoms are arranged in some pattern that requires some electrons to have neighbors with the same spin. This gives rise to curious properties, as well as supporting some unusual proposals about the fundamental conditions of the universe itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superglass">Superglass</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superglass" title="Superglass">Superglass</a></div> <p>A superglass is a phase of matter characterized, at the same time, by <a href="/wiki/Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">superfluidity</a> and a frozen amorphous structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chain-melted_state">Chain-melted state</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chain-melted_state" title="Chain-melted state">Chain-melted state</a></div> <p>Metals, like potassium, in the chain-melted state appear to be in the liquid and solid state at the same time. This is a result of being subjected to high temperature and pressure, leading to the chains in the potassium to dissolve into liquid while the crystals remain solid.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_Hall_state">Quantum Hall state</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect" title="Quantum Hall effect">Quantum Hall effect</a></div> <p>A <i>quantum Hall state</i> gives rise to quantized <a href="/wiki/Hall_voltage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall voltage">Hall voltage</a> measured in the direction perpendicular to the current flow. A <i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_spin_Hall_effect" title="Quantum spin Hall effect">quantum spin Hall state</a></i> is a theoretical phase that may pave the way for the development of electronic devices that dissipate less energy and generate less heat. This is a derivation of the Quantum Hall state of matter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photonic_matter">Photonic matter</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photonic_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Photonic matter">Photonic matter</a></div> <p>Photonic matter is a phenomenon where <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> interacting with a gas develop apparent mass, and can interact with each other, even forming photonic "molecules". The source of mass is the gas, which is massive. This is in contrast to photons moving in empty space, which have no <a href="/wiki/Rest_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass">rest mass</a>, and cannot interact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_states_of_matter" title="Hidden states of matter">Hidden states of matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Classical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_curve" title="Cooling curve">Cooling curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">Supercooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheating" title="Superheating">Superheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter" title="List of states of matter">List of states of matter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFM.A._Wahab2005" class="citation book cs1">M.A. Wahab (2005). <i>Solid State Physics: Structure and Properties of Materials</i>. 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"Superfluids and Supersolids on Frustrated Two-Dimensional Lattices". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_B" title="Physical Review B">Physical Review B</a></i>. <b>55</b> (5): 3104. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9607217">cond-mat/9607217</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhRvB..55.3104M">1997PhRvB..55.3104M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.55.3104">10.1103/PhysRevB.55.3104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119498444">119498444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Superfluids+and+Supersolids+on+Frustrated+Two-Dimensional+Lattices&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=3104&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcond-mat%2F9607217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119498444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.55.3104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PhRvB..55.3104M&rft.au=G.+Murthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+matter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2019" class="citation web cs1">Mann, Adam (8 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414161939/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/new-phase-matter-confirmed-solid-and-liquid-same-time-potassium-physics">"Confirmed: New phase of matter is solid and liquid at same time"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/new-phase-matter-confirmed-solid-and-liquid-same-time-potassium-physics">the original</a> on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Confirmed%3A+New+phase+of+matter+is+solid+and+liquid+at+same+time&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fnew-phase-matter-confirmed-solid-and-liquid-same-time-potassium-physics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+matter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States_of_aggregation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:States of aggregation">States of aggregation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/matter.html">2005-06-22, MIT News: MIT physicists create new form of matter</a> Citat: "... They have become the first to create a new type of matter, a gas of atoms that shows high-temperature superfluidity."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/10/031010075634.htm">2003-10-10, Science Daily: Metallic Phase For Bosons Implies New State Of Matter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/01/040115074553.htm">2004-01-15, ScienceDaily: Probable Discovery Of A New, Supersolid, Phase Of Matter</a> Citat: "...We apparently have observed, for the first time, a solid material with the characteristics of a superfluid...but because all its particles are in the identical quantum state, it remains a solid even though its component particles are continually flowing..."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/01/040129073547.htm">2004-01-29, ScienceDaily: NIST/University Of Colorado Scientists Create New Form Of Matter: A Fermionic Condensate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vega.org.uk/video/subseries/30">Short videos demonstrating of States of Matter, solids, liquids and gases by Prof. J M Murrell, University of Sussex</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330074533/http://www.vega.org.uk/video/subseries/30">Archived</a> 30 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_matter_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_matter" title="Template:States of matter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_matter" title="Template talk:States of matter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_matter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of matter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_matter_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">States of matter</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter" title="List of states of matter">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">Vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">Supercritical fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_change_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/150px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/225px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/300px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Low energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermionic_condensate" title="Fermionic condensate">Fermionic condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">Degenerate matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect" title="Quantum Hall effect">Quantum Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rydberg_matter" title="Rydberg matter">Rydberg matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_matter" title="Strange matter">Strange matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">Superfluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersolid" title="Supersolid">Supersolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photonic_molecule" title="Photonic molecule">Photonic molecule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">Quark–gluon plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color-glass_condensate" title="Color-glass condensate">Color-glass condensate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">Crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">Liquid crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_crystal" title="Time crystal">Time crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_spin_liquid" title="Quantum spin liquid">Quantum spin liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_matter" title="Programmable matter">Programmable matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">Antimatter</a></li> <li>Magnetically ordered <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">Antiferromagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetism" title="Ferrimagnetism">Ferrimagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">Ferromagnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String-net_liquid" title="String-net liquid">String-net liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superglass" title="Superglass">Superglass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phase_transitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase transitions">Phase transitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">Condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_line_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical line (thermodynamics)">Critical line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">Evaporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_evaporation" title="Flash evaporation">Flash evaporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_ionization" title="Chemical ionization">Chemical ionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">Ionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_point" title="Lambda point">Lambda point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">Melting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_recombination" title="Plasma recombination">Recombination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regelation" title="Regelation">Regelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">Saturated fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">Supercooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">Vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrification" title="Vitrification">Vitrification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quantities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Enthalpy of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_sublimation" title="Enthalpy of sublimation">Enthalpy of sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Enthalpy of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_internal_energy" title="Latent internal energy">Latent internal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouton%27s_rule" title="Trouton's rule">Trouton's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">Volatility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baryonic_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baryonic matter">Baryonic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binodal" title="Binodal">Binodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_fluid" title="Compressed fluid">Compressed fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_curve" title="Cooling curve">Cooling curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_state" title="Equation of state">Equation of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leidenfrost_effect" title="Leidenfrost effect">Leidenfrost effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroscopic_quantum_phenomena" title="Macroscopic quantum phenomena">Macroscopic quantum phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpemba_effect" title="Mpemba effect">Mpemba effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_and_disorder_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order and disorder (physics)">Order and disorder (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinodal" title="Spinodal">Spinodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_water" title="Superheated water">Superheated vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheating" title="Superheating">Superheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermo-dielectric_effect" title="Thermo-dielectric effect">Thermo-dielectric effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Condensed_matter_physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Condensed_matter_physics_topics" title="Template:Condensed matter physics topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Condensed_matter_physics_topics" title="Template talk:Condensed matter physics topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Condensed_matter_physics_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Condensed matter physics topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Condensed_matter_physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">States of matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermionic_condensate" title="Fermionic condensate">Fermionic condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_gas" title="Fermi gas">Fermi gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersolid" title="Supersolid">Supersolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">Superfluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luttinger_liquid" title="Luttinger liquid">Luttinger liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_crystal" title="Time crystal">Time crystal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:QuantumPhaseTransition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/QuantumPhaseTransition.svg/220px-QuantumPhaseTransition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/QuantumPhaseTransition.svg/330px-QuantumPhaseTransition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/QuantumPhaseTransition.svg/440px-QuantumPhaseTransition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phase phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_parameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Order parameter">Order parameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_phenomena" title="Critical phenomena">Critical phenomena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electrons in solids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect" title="Quantum Hall effect">Quantum Hall effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_Hall_effect" title="Spin Hall effect">Spin Hall effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_spin_Hall_effect" title="Quantum spin Hall effect">Quantum spin Hall effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Berry phase">Berry phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharonov%E2%80%93Bohm_effect" title="Aharonov–Bohm effect">Aharonov–Bohm effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephson_effect" title="Josephson effect">Josephson effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondo_effect" title="Kondo effect">Kondo effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drude_model" title="Drude model">Drude model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_electron_model" title="Free electron model">Free electron model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearly_free_electron_model" title="Nearly free electron model">Nearly free electron model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloch%27s_theorem" title="Bloch's theorem">Bloch's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_liquid_theory" title="Fermi liquid theory">Fermi liquid theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_band_structure" title="Electronic band structure">electronic band structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_localization" title="Anderson localization">Anderson localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCS_theory" title="BCS theory">BCS theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tight_binding_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Tight binding model">tight binding model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_model" title="Hubbard model">Hubbard model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_functional_theory" title="Density functional theory">Density functional theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">Insulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_insulator" title="Mott insulator">Mott insulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal">Semimetal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_insulator" title="Topological insulator">Topological insulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_gapless_semiconductor" title="Spin gapless semiconductor">Spin gapless semiconductor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Couplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect" title="Thermoelectric effect">Thermoelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">Piezoelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectricity" title="Ferroelectricity">Ferroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexoelectricity" title="Flexoelectricity">Flexoelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostriction" title="Electrostriction">Electrostriction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_magnet" title="Amorphous magnet">Amorphous magnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">Diamagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdiamagnetism" title="Superdiamagnetism">Superdiamagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">Paramagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superparamagnetism" title="Superparamagnetism">Superparamagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">Ferromagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">Antiferromagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamagnetism" title="Metamagnetism">Metamagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_glass" title="Spin glass">Spin glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">Quasiparticles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogoliubov_quasiparticle" title="Bogoliubov quasiparticle">Bogoliubov quasiparticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">Exciton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnon" title="Magnon">Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">Phonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pines%27_demon" title="Pines' demon">Pines' demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exciton-polariton" title="Exciton-polariton">Exciton-polariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonon_polariton" title="Phonon polariton">Phonon polariton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soft_matter" title="Soft matter">Soft matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">Amorphous solid</a></li> <li><a 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