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id="toc-Language_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Language controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disparities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disparities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Disparities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disparities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_and_cultural_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_and_cultural_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ideological and cultural differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_and_cultural_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Political differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_the_1970_cyclone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_the_1970_cyclone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Response to the 1970 cyclone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_the_1970_cyclone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Searchlight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Searchlight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Operation Searchlight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Searchlight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Declaration of independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Liberation War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Liberation_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Liberation War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Liberation_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-March–June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March–June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>March–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March–June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June–September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June–September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>June–September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June–September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>October–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Indian involvement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian_involvement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indian involvement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indian_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_and_naval_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_and_naval_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Air and naval war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_and_naval_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Surrender and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surrender_and_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surrender and aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surrender_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reaction_in_West_Pakistan_to_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_in_West_Pakistan_to_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reaction in West Pakistan to the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_in_West_Pakistan_to_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Atrocities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>International reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International reactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bhutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_and_USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_and_USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>US and USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_and_USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Arab world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bangladesh Liberation War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesj-bevrydingsoorlog" title="Bangladesj-bevrydingsoorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bangladesj-bevrydingsoorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب الاستقلال البنغلاديشية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الاستقلال البنغلاديشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="বাংলাদেশৰ মুক্তিযুদ্ধ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাংলাদেশৰ মুক্তিযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Lliberaci%C3%B3n_de_Banglad%C3%A9s" title="Guerra de Lliberación de Bangladés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra de Lliberación de Bangladés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqlade%C5%9F_istiqlal_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Banqladeş istiqlal müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Banqladeş istiqlal müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بنقلادش باغیمسیزلیق ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنقلادش باغیمسیزلیق ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%88" title="Вайна за незалежнасць Бангладэш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна за незалежнасць Бангладэш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Война за независимост на Бангладеш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Война за независимост на Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Alliberament_de_Bangladesh" title="Guerra d'Alliberament de Bangladesh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra d'Alliberament de Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A9%C5%A1sk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_za_nez%C3%A1vislost" title="Bangladéšská válka za nezávislost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bangladéšská válka za nezávislost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshkrigen" title="Bangladeshkrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bangladeshkrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch-Krieg" title="Bangladesch-Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bangladesch-Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_vabaduss%C3%B5da" title="Bangladeshi vabadussõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bangladeshi vabadussõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Πόλεμος Απελευθέρωσης του Μπανγκλαντές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος Απελευθέρωσης του Μπανγκλαντές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_liberaci%C3%B3n_de_Banglad%C3%A9s" title="Guerra de liberación de Bangladés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de liberación de Bangladés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9Da_Liberigo-Milito" title="Bangladeŝa Liberigo-Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bangladeŝa Liberigo-Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshko_Askapen_Gerra" title="Bangladeshko Askapen Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bangladeshko Askapen Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="جنگ آزادی‌بخش بنگلادش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ آزادی‌بخش بنگلادش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Bangladesh" title="Guerre de libération du Bangladesh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de libération du Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EA%B8%80%EB%9D%BC%EB%8D%B0%EC%8B%9C_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="방글라데시 독립 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방글라데시 독립 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="बांग्लादेश मुक्ति युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बांग्लादेश मुक्ति युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="বাংলাদেশর ৱাইসাঙনির লালফাম – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বাংলাদেশর ৱাইসাঙনির লালফাম" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kemerdekaan_Bangladesh" title="Perang Kemerdekaan Bangladesh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Kemerdekaan Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_di_liberazione_bengalese" title="Guerra di liberazione bengalese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra di liberazione bengalese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A9" title="מלחמת העצמאות של בנגלדש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת העצמאות של בנגלדש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1" title="ომი ბანგლადეშის დამოუკიდებლობისათვის – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ომი ბანგლადეშის დამოუკიდებლობისათვის" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1as_atbr%C4%ABvo%C5%A1anas_kar%C5%A1" title="Bangladešas atbrīvošanas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bangladešas atbrīvošanas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1o_i%C5%A1sivadavimo_karas" title="Bangladešo išsivadavimo karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bangladešo išsivadavimo karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Ослободителна војна на Бангладеш – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ослободителна војна на Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ബംഗ്ലാദേശ് വിമോചനയുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബംഗ്ലാദേശ് വിമോചനയുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="बांगलादेशचे स्वातंत्र्ययुद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बांगलादेशचे स्वातंत्र्ययुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Pembebasan_Bangladesh" title="Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="バングラデシュ独立戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バングラデシュ独立戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_bangladeshiske_frigj%C3%B8ringskrigen" title="Den bangladeshiske frigjøringskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den bangladeshiske frigjøringskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7" title="ବଙ୍ଗଳାଦେଶ ମୁକ୍ତିଯୁଦ୍ଧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବଙ୍ଗଳାଦେଶ ମୁକ୍ତିଯୁଦ୍ଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_ozodlik_urushi" title="Bangladesh ozodlik urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bangladesh ozodlik urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਸੰਗਰਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਸੰਗਰਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="جنگ آزادی بنگلا دیش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگ آزادی بنگلا دیش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%B4_%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د بنګلدېش د خپلواکۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بنګلدېش د خپلواکۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_o_niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87_Bangladeszu" title="Wojna o niepodległość Bangladeszu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna o niepodległość Bangladeszu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independ%C3%AAncia_de_Bangladesh" title="Guerra de Independência de Bangladesh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de Independência de Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_eliberare_din_Bangladesh" title="Războiul de eliberare din Bangladesh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul de eliberare din Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Война за независимость Бангладеш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война за независимость Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a 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English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Бангладешки ослободилачки рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бангладешки ослободилачки рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1ki_oslobodila%C4%8Dki_rat" title="Bangladeški oslobodilački rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bangladeški oslobodilački rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kamerdikaan_Banglad%C3%A9s" title="Perang Kamerdikaan Bangladés – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Perang Kamerdikaan Bangladés" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshin_itsen%C3%A4isyyssota" title="Bangladeshin itsenäisyyssota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bangladeshin itsenäisyyssota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshs_befrielsekrig" title="Bangladeshs befrielsekrig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bangladeshs befrielsekrig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="வங்காளதேச விடுதலைப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்காளதேச விடுதலைப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82" title="బంగ్లాదేశ్ విమోచన యుద్ధం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బంగ్లాదేశ్ విమోచన యుద్ధం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="สงครามปลดปล่อยบังกลาเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามปลดปล่อยบังกลาเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9F_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Bangladeş Kurtuluş Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bangladeş Kurtuluş Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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style="display:none">1971 Bangladesh–Pakistan armed conflict</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Bangladesh Liberation War<br />মুক্তিযুদ্ধ<br />Muktijuddhô</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Bangladesh" title="Independence of Bangladesh">independence of Bangladesh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BangladeshLiberationWarMontage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BangladeshLiberationWarMontage.jpg/280px-BangladeshLiberationWarMontage.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BangladeshLiberationWarMontage.jpg/420px-BangladeshLiberationWarMontage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BangladeshLiberationWarMontage.jpg/560px-BangladeshLiberationWarMontage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="802" /></a></span><br /><b>Clockwise from top left</b>: <a href="/wiki/Martyred_Intellectuals_Memorial" title="Martyred Intellectuals Memorial">Martyred Intellectuals Memorial</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Bangladesh Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_mountain_howitzer" title="QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer">howitzer</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._A._K._Niazi" title="A. A. K. Niazi">A. A. K. Niazi</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a> to the joint forces in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/PNS_Ghazi" title="PNS Ghazi">PNS <i>Ghazi</i></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>26 March – 16 December 1971<br />(8 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_after_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bangladesh after independence">present-day</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>)<br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Spillovers:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Eastern Front:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border" title="Bangladesh–India border">India–East Pakistan border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Bangladesh_enclaves" title="India–Bangladesh enclaves">India–East Pakistan enclaves</a></li> <li>parts of <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Western Front:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani border">India–West Pakistan border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Point_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero Point railway station">Zero Point</a></li></ul></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Indian Ocean:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> (Eastern Front)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> (Western Front)</li></ul> </li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Bangladeshi–Indian victory<sup id="cite_ref-Shamshad2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shamshad2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lu2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KaulJha2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaulJha2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Surrender of Pakistani forces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Bangladesh" title="Independence of Bangladesh">Independence of Bangladesh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> East Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secedes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Bangladesh">People's Republic of Bangladesh</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></b></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Political:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh"><img alt="Provisional Government of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh"><img alt="Provisional Government of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh_%281971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmad" title="Tajuddin Ahmad">Tajuddin Ahmad</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a><br /><br /><b>Military:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh"><img alt="Provisional Government of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M._A._G._Osmani" title="M. A. G. Osmani">M. A. G. Osmani</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh"><img alt="Provisional Government of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/A._K._Khandker" title="A. K. Khandker">A. K. Khandker</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh"><img alt="Provisional Government of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh"><img alt="Provisional Government of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/K._M._Shafiullah" title="K. M. Shafiullah">K. M. Shafiullah</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh"><img alt="Provisional Government of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mosharraf" title="Khaled Mosharraf">Khaled Mosharraf</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/23px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/35px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/45px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/23px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/35px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/45px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Arora" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagjit Singh Arora">Jagjit Singh Arora</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b>Political:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Motaleb_Malik" title="Abdul Motaleb Malik">Abdul Motaleb Malik</a><br /><br /><b>Military:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/23px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/35px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/45px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/A._A._K._Niazi" title="A. A. K. Niazi">A. A. K. Niazi</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/23px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/35px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/45px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rao_Farman_Ali" title="Rao Farman Ali">Rao Farman Ali</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/23px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/35px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/45px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khadim_Hussain_Raja" title="Khadim Hussain Raja">Khadim Hussain Raja</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Militias:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/23px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/35px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/45px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Azam" title="Ghulam Azam">Ghulam Azam</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Khairuddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Khairuddin">Syed Khwaja Khairuddin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Motiur_Rahman_Nizami" title="Motiur Rahman Nizami">Motiur Rahman Nizami</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fazlul_Qadir_Chaudhry" title="Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry">Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="302" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/23px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/35px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/46px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a> (3–16 Dec.)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/23px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/35px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/46px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> </p> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Paramilitary forces, political parties and militias:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/23px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/35px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/45px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Central_Peace_Committee" title="East Pakistan Central Peace Committee">East Pakistan Central Peace Committee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Razakars_(Pakistan)" title="Razakars (Pakistan)">Razakars</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Badr (East Pakistan)">Al-Badr</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shams_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Shams (East Pakistan)">Al-Shams</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mujahid_Bahini_(East_Pakistan)" title="Mujahid Bahini (East Pakistan)">Mujahid Bahini</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Democratic_Party" title="Pakistan Democratic Party">Pakistan Democratic Party</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh"><img alt="Provisional Government of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></span> 175,000<sup id="cite_ref-ACIG_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/23px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/35px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/45px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 250,000<sup id="cite_ref-ACIG_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/23px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/35px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/45px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span></span> ~91,000 regular troops<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 280,000 Paramilitary forces<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> ~25,000 militiamen<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh"><img alt="Provisional Government of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mukti_Bahini-DeFacto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></span> ~30,000 killed<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/23px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/35px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/45px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 1,426–1,525 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FallOfDacca_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FallOfDacca-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> 3,611–4,061 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FallOfDacca_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FallOfDacca-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/23px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/35px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/45px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span></span> ~8,000 killed<br />~10,000 wounded<br />90,000—93,000 captured<sup id="cite_ref-dailytimes1912005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailytimes1912005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (including 79,676 troops and 10,324—12,192 local militiamen)<sup id="cite_ref-FallOfDacca_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FallOfDacca-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Civilian deaths</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates range between 300,000 and 3,000,000.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Bangladesh Liberation War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bangladesh_Liberation_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Bangladesh Liberation War</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/NAP-Communist_Party-Students_Union_Special_Guerrilla_Forces" title="NAP-Communist Party-Students Union Special Guerrilla Forces">CPB-NAP-BSU resistance</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini resistance</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Searchlight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot" title="Operation Jackpot">Jackpot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barisal" title="Operation Barisal">Barisal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kamalpur" title="Battle of Kamalpur">1st Kamalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Kamalpur" title="Defence of Kamalpur">2nd Kamalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Daruin" title="Battle of Daruin">Daruin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Force_(Bangladesh)" title="Z Force (Bangladesh)">Nakshi Border Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rangamati-Mahalchari_waterway" title="Battle of Rangamati-Mahalchari waterway">Rangamati-Mahalchari waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goalhati" title="Battle of Goalhati">Goalhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhalai_Outpost" title="Battle of Dhalai Outpost">Dhalai Border Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garibpur" title="Battle of Garibpur">Garibpur</a><sup><small>§</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazipur" title="Battle of Gazipur">Gazipur</a><sup><small>§</small></sup></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sylhet" title="Battle of Sylhet">Sylhet</a><sup><small>§</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kushtia" title="Battle of Kushtia">Kushtia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Force_(Bangladesh)" title="Z Force (Bangladesh)">Ghasipur</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiromoni" title="Battle of Shiromoni">Shiromoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hilli" title="Battle of Hilli">Bogra</a><sup><small>§</small></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indian intervention</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus-Lilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus-Lilly"><i>Cactus-Lilly</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan"><i>Chengiz Khan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot" title="Operation Jackpot"><i>Jackpot</i></a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_PNS_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinking of PNS Ghazi">PNS <i>Ghazi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)"><i>Trident</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Python" title="Operation Python"><i>Python</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Kamalpur" title="Defence of Kamalpur">Kamalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basantar" title="Battle of Basantar">Basantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyra" title="Battle of Boyra">Boyra</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamb">Chamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhalai" title="Battle of Dhalai">Dhalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hilli" title="Battle of Hilli">Hilli</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Longewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sylhet" title="Battle of Sylhet">Sylhet</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghna_Heli_Bridge" title="Meghna Heli Bridge">Meghna Heli Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Airdrop" title="Tangail Airdrop">Tangail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations_(1971)" title="East Pakistan Air Operations (1971)">Air War</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Naval War</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Dhaka_University_massacre" title="1971 Dhaka University massacre">Dhaka University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankharipara_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Shankharipara massacre">Shankharipara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinjira_massacre" title="Jinjira massacre">Jinjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhira_massacre" title="Akhira massacre">Akhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathibhanga_massacre" title="Jathibhanga massacre">Jathibhanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demra_massacre" title="Demra massacre">Demra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuknagar_massacre" title="Chuknagar massacre">Chuknagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyapara_massacre" title="Madhyapara massacre">Madhyapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhrabad_massacre" title="Bakhrabad massacre">Bakhrabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burunga_massacre" title="Burunga massacre">Burunga</a></li></ul> <p><b>Systematic events</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala_Conspiracy_Case" title="Agartala Conspiracy Case">Agartala Conspiracy Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals" title="1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals">Killing of intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees#1970s" title="East Bengali refugees">Refugees in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><small>§ indicates events in the internal resistance movement linked to the Indo-Pakistani War.</small><br /><small><b>‡</b> indicates events in the Indo-Pakistani War linked to the internal resistance movement in Bangladesh.</small> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:History of Bangladesh">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Bangladesh" title="Independence of Bangladesh">Independence of Bangladesh</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of Bangladesh"><img alt="National emblem of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg/50px-National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg/75px-National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg/100px-National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agartala_Conspiracy_Case" title="Agartala Conspiracy Case">Agartala Conspiracy Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_Points_Programme" title="Eleven Points Programme">Eleven Points Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_East_Pakistan_mass_uprising" title="1969 East Pakistan mass uprising">East Pakistan mass uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">Pakistani general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_March_Speech_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="7 March Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">7 March Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Independence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Organisations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Renaissance_Society" title="East Pakistan Renaissance Society">East Pakistan Renaissance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awami_League_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awami League (Pakistan)">Awami League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_(East_Pakistan)" title="United Front (East Pakistan)">United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladesh" title="Communist Party of Bangladesh">East Pakistan Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbadaliya_Chhatra_Sangram_Parishad" title="Sarbadaliya Chhatra Sangram Parishad">Sarbadaliya Chhatra Sangram Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhin_Bangla_Biplobi_Parishad" title="Swadhin Bangla Biplobi Parishad">Swadhin Bangla Biplobi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhin_Bangla_Betar_Kendra" title="Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra">Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Key persons</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Shamsuddin" title="Abul Kalam Shamsuddin">Abul Kalam Shamsuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Bahar_Chowdhury" title="Habibullah Bahar Chowdhury">Habibullah Bahar Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujibur_Rahman_Khan" title="Mujibur Rahman Khan">Mujibur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serajul_Alam_Khan" title="Serajul Alam Khan">Serajul Alam Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_Bhashani" title="Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani">Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataur_Rahman_Khan" title="Ataur Rahman Khan">Ataur Rahman Khan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Bangladesh" title="International recognition of Bangladesh">International recognition</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/16px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/24px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Bangladesh portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Independence_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Independence of Bangladesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Independence_of_Bangladesh" title="Template talk:Independence of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Independence_of_Bangladesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Independence of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:History of Bangladesh">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History of <span class="fn org label">Bangladesh</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal,_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1776 Map of Bengal Subah"><img alt="1776 Map of Bengal Subah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg/250px-1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg/375px-1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg/500px-1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9106" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:smaller;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Urheimat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age</a>, c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapada</a>, c. 1200 – c. 600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a>, c. 700 – c. 200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundra kingdom</a>, c. 700 – c. 200 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Bengal in Mahabharata</a>, c. 400 – c. 325 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai kingdom</a>, c. 350 – c. 325 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>, c. 325 – c. 185 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata kingdom</a>, c. 232 BCE – c. 800 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> Period, c. 185 BCE – c. 75 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Southwestern Silk Road</a>, c. 114 BCE – c. 1450 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a>, c. 30 BCE – c. 600 AD</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Classical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, c. 240 – c. 550 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela kingdom</a>, c. 600 - c. 650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a>, c. 590 – c. 626</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gour_Kingdom" title="Gour Kingdom">Gour (Sylhet)</a>, c. 600 – c. 1303</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadga_dynasty" title="Khadga dynasty">Khadga dynasty</a>, c. 650 – c. 750</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, c. 750 – c. 1100</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Arrival of Islam</a>, c. 800 – c. 1050 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candra_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Candra dynasty">Candra dynasty</a>, c. 900 – c. 1050</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a>, c. 1070 – c. 1320</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva dynasty</a>, c. 1100 – c. 1250</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Mediaeval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhulua_Kingdom" title="Bhulua Kingdom">Bhulua (Noakhali)</a>, c. 1203 – c. 1600s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, c. 1204 – c. 1338 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon Sultanate</a>, c. 1338 – c. 1352</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, c. 1352 – c. 1576 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a>, c. 1540 – c. 1556</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Twelve Bhuyans</a>, c. 1550 – c. 1620</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Grande_de_Bengala" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Grande de Bengala">Porto Grande de Bengala</a>, c. 1528 – c. 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Chittagong-Arakan Kingdom</a>, c. 1530 – c. 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, c. 1576 – c. 1717 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>, c. 1717 – c. 1757</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a>, c. 1757 – c. 1858 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">Bengal famine of 1770</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraizi_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraizi Movement">Faraizi Movement</a>, c. 1818 – c. 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a>, c. 1857 – c. 1858</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, c. 1858 – c. 1947 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, c. 1947 – c. 1955 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, c. 1955 – c. 1971 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1964 East Pakistan riots">1964 East Pakistan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Point_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Point Movement">Six Point Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 uprising in East Pakistan">1969 uprising in East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 1970">Pakistani general election, 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">Non-cooperation movement, 1971</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>, c. 1971 <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh Genocide">1971 Bangladesh Genocide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Forces">Bangladesh Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Pakistan">Surrender of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_(1971%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Bangladesh (1971–present)">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Post-independence years, 1972 – 1975 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">Bangladesh famine of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Krishak_Sramik_Awami_League" title="Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League">Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jail_Killing_Day" title="Jail Killing Day">Jail Killing Day</a></li></ul></li> <li>Military rule, 1975 – 1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">Military coups in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh" title="1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh">1990 Mass Uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Transition to democracy, 1991 – 2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Bangladesh" title="Caretaker government of Bangladesh">Caretaker government of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Peace_Accord" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord">Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hasina era, 2009–2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_2021" title="Vision 2021">Vision 2021 and Digital Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rifles_revolt" title="Bangladesh Rifles revolt">Bangladesh Rifles revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Shapla_Square_protests" title="2013 Shapla Square protests">2013 Shapla Square protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" title="2015 Bangladeshi political crisis">2015 Bangladeshi political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_road-safety_protests" title="2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests">2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Bangladesh_Communal_Violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Bangladesh Communal Violence">2021 Bangladesh Communal Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Bangladesh" title="Smart Bangladesh">Smart Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_protests_(2022%E2%80%932024)" title="Bangladesh protests (2022–2024)">Bangladesh protests (2022–2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" title="Student–People's uprising">Student–People's uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Interim Government era, 2024–present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_ministry" title="Yunus ministry">Yunus ministry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline of Bangladeshi history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/16px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/24px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Bangladesh portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:History of Bangladesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Template talk:History of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bangladesh Liberation War</b><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">মুক্তিযুদ্ধ</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[mukt̪iɟud̪d̪ʱo]</a></span>), also known as the <b>Bangladesh War of Independence</b> and known as the <b>Liberation War</b> in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, was an <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">armed conflict</a> sparked by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, which resulted in the independence of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. The war began when the Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military junta</a> based in <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>—under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a>—launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a> against East Pakistanis on the night of 25 March 1971, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the violence, members of the <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a> formed by Bengali military, paramilitary and civilians—launched a mass guerrilla war against the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistani military</a>, liberating numerous towns and cities in the war's initial months. At first, the Pakistan Army regained momentum during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>, but Bengali <a href="/wiki/Guerrillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrillas">guerrillas</a> counterattacked by carrying out widespread sabotage, including through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot" title="Operation Jackpot">Operation Jackpot</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan Navy</a>, while the nascent <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Bangladesh Air Force</a> flew <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sorties</a> against Pakistani military bases.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India joined the war on 3 December 1971, after Pakistan launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan">preemptive air strikes</a> on northern India. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War</a> involved fighting on two fronts; with <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air supremacy</a> achieved in the eastern theatre and the rapid advance of the <a href="/wiki/Mitro_Bahini_order_of_battle" title="Mitro Bahini order of battle">Allied Forces of Mukti Bahini and the Indian military</a>, Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">surrendered</a> in Dhaka on 16 December 1971, in what remains to date the largest surrender of armed personnel since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rural and urban areas across East Pakistan saw extensive military operations and air strikes to suppress the tide of <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">civil disobedience</a> that formed after the <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">1970 election stalemate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>, backed by Islamists, created radical religious militias—the <a href="/wiki/Razakar_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razakar (Pakistan)">Razakars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Badr (East Pakistan)">Al-Badr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Shams_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Shams (East Pakistan)">Al-Shams</a>—to assist it during raids on the local populace.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the Pakistani military and supporting militias engaged in mass murder, deportation and <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">genocidal rape</a>, pursuing a systematic campaign of annihilation against nationalist Bengali civilians, students, <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>, religious minorities and armed personnel. The capital, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, was the scene of numerous massacres, including the <a href="/wiki/1971_Dhaka_University_massacre" title="1971 Dhaka University massacre">Dhaka University massacre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a> also broke out between Bengalis and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Biharis_in_Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh">Urdu-speaking Biharis</a>. An estimated 10 million Bengali <a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees#1970s" title="East Bengali refugees">refugees</a> fled to neighbouring India, while 30 million were internally displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war changed the geopolitical landscape of South Asia, with the emergence of Bangladesh as the world's seventh-most populous country. Due to complex regional alliances, the war was a major episode in <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> tensions involving the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and China. The majority of member states in the United Nations recognised Bangladesh as a sovereign nation in 1972. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_religion_map_1909_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/India_religion_map_1909_en.jpg/290px-India_religion_map_1909_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/India_religion_map_1909_en.jpg/435px-India_religion_map_1909_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/India_religion_map_1909_en.jpg/580px-India_religion_map_1909_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in 1909 showing <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> majority areas in green, including modern-day Bangladesh in the east and Pakistan in the west</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of British India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> initially envisaged separate <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>-majority states in British India's eastern and northwestern zones. A proposal for an independent <a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a> was mooted by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a> in 1946 but opposed by the colonial authorities. The <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Renaissance_Society" title="East Pakistan Renaissance Society">East Pakistan Renaissance Society</a> advocated the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> in eastern British India.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political negotiations led, in August 1947, to the official birth of two states, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and India,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving presumably permanent homes for Muslims and Hindus, respectively, after the British departed. The <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> comprised two geographically and culturally separate areas to the east and the west, with India in between.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The western zone was popularly (and, for a period, also officially) termed West Pakistan and the eastern zone (modern-day Bangladesh) was initially termed <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> and later East Pakistan. Although the two zones' population was close to equal, political power was concentrated in West Pakistan, and it was widely perceived that East Pakistan was being exploited economically, leading to many grievances. Administration of two discontinuous territories was also seen as a challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 March 1971, after an election won by an East Pakistani political party (the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Awami League</a>) was ignored by the ruling (West Pakistani) establishment, rising political discontent and <a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism#Cultural_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">cultural nationalism</a> in East Pakistan was met by brutal<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suppressive force from the ruling elite of the West Pakistan establishment, in what came to be termed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epw_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epw-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pakistan Army's violent crackdown<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to Awami League leader <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">declaring East Pakistan's independence as the state of Bangladesh on 26 March 1971</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Bengalis supported this move, although some <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a> and Biharis opposed it and sided with the Pakistan Army instead.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pakistani President <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan</a> ordered the Pakistani military to restore the Pakistani government's authority, beginning the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war led a substantial number of refugees (estimated at the time to be about 10 million)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to flood <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">India's eastern provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-report_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing a mounting humanitarian and economic crisis, India actively aided and organised the Bangladeshi resistance army, the <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_controversy">Language controversy</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a></div> <p>In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> declared that "<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, and only Urdu" would be Pakistan's federal language.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Urdu was historically prevalent only in the north, central, and western <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">subcontinent</a>; in East Bengal, the native language was <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, one of the two most easterly branches of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengali speakers constituted over 56% of Pakistan's population.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government stand was widely viewed as an attempt to suppress the culture of the eastern wing. The people of East Bengal demanded that their language be given federal status alongside Urdu and English. The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Language Movement</a> began in 1948, as civil society protested the removal of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali script</a> from currency and stamps, which were in place since the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Mother_Language_Day_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Mother_Language_Day-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement reached its climax in 1952, when on 21 February, the police fired on protesting students and civilians, causing several deaths. The day is revered in Bangladesh as the <a href="/wiki/Language_Movement_Day" title="Language Movement Day">Language Movement Day</a>. In memory of the deaths, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> declared 21 February <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a> in November 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Mother_Language_Day_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Mother_Language_Day-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disparities">Disparities</h3></div> <p>Although, East Pakistan had the larger population, West Pakistan dominated the divided country politically and received more money from the common budget.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto; width:550px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="16%">Year </th> <th width="28%">Spending on West Pakistan (in millions of <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Pakistani rupees</a>) </th> <th width="28%">Spending on East Pakistan (in millions of Pakistani rupees) </th> <th width="28%">Amount spent on East as percentage of West </th></tr> <tr> <td>1950–55</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,290</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,240</td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955–60</td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,550</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,240</td> <td style="text-align:right;">31.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960–65</td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,550</td> <td align="right">14,040</td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965–70</td> <td align="right">51,950</td> <td align="right">21,410</td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td align="right"><b>113,340</b></td> <td align="right"><b>45,930</b></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>40.5</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><small><i>Source: Reports of the Advisory Panels for the Fourth Five Year Plan 1970–75, Vol. I,<br /> published by the planning commission of Pakistan.</i></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>East Pakistan was already economically disadvantaged at the time of Pakistan's creation yet this economic disparity only increased under Pakistani rule. Factors included not only the deliberate state discrimination in developmental policies but also the fact that the presence of the country's capital and more immigrant businessmen in the Western Wing directed greater government allocations there. Due to low numbers of native businessmen in East Pakistan, substantial labour unrest and a tense political environment, there were also much lower foreign investments in the eastern wing. The Pakistani state's economic outlook was geared towards urban industry, which was not compatible with East Pakistan's mainly agrarian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Willem_van_Schendel_136_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willem_van_Schendel_136-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, Bengalis were underrepresented in the Pakistani military. Officers of Bengali origin in the different wings of the armed forces made up just 5% of the overall force by 1965; of these, only a few were in command positions, with the majority in technical or administrative posts.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Pakistanis believed that Bengalis were not "martially inclined", unlike <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>; Bengalis dismissed the "<a href="/wiki/Martial_race" title="Martial race">martial races</a>" notion as ridiculous and humiliating.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, despite huge defence spending, East Pakistan received none of the benefits, such as contracts, purchasing and military support jobs. The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a> over <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> also highlighted the sense of military insecurity among Bengalis, as only an under-strength <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> division and 15 <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft#Combat_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">combat aircraft</a> without tank support were in East Pakistan to repulse any Indian retaliations during the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_and_cultural_differences">Ideological and cultural differences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg/220px-Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg/330px-Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg/440px-Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Language movement memorial</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1947, the Bengali Muslims had identified themselves with Pakistan's Islamic project, but by the 1970s, the people of East Pakistan had given priority to their Bengali ethnicity over their religious identity, desiring a society in accordance with Western principles such as <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, democracy and socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Willem_van_Schendel_183_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willem_van_Schendel_183-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Bengali Muslims strongly objected to the Islamist paradigm the Pakistani state imposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Haqqani2010_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haqqani2010-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most members of West Pakistan's ruling elite shared a vision of a liberal society, but nevertheless viewed a common faith as an essential mobilising factor behind Pakistan's creation and the subsuming of Pakistan's multiple regional identities into one national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Haqqani2010_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haqqani2010-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Pakistanis were substantially more supportive than East Pakistanis of an Islamic state, a tendency that persisted after 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Baxter_1997_70_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baxter_1997_70-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural and linguistic differences between the two wings gradually outweighed any sense of religious unity. The Bengalis took great pride in their culture and language which, with its <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_vocabulary" title="Bengali vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, was unacceptable to the West Pakistani elite, who believed that it had assimilated considerable Hindu cultural influences.<sup id="cite_ref-Willem_van_Schendel_183_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willem_van_Schendel_183-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Pakistanis, in an attempt to "Islamise" the East, wanted the Bengalis to adopt Urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-Willem_van_Schendel_183_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willem_van_Schendel_183-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activities of the language movement nurtured a sentiment among Bengalis in favour of discarding Pakistan's communalism in favour of secular politics.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Awami League began propagating its secular message through its newspaper to the Bengali readership.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Awami League's emphasis on secularism differentiated it from the Muslim League.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, the Bangladeshi liberation struggle against Pakistan was led by secular leaders<sup id="cite_ref-:0_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and secularists hailed the Bangladeshi victory as the triumph of secular Bengali nationalism over religion-centred Pakistani nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-RiazRahman2016_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiazRahman2016-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Pakistan's government strives for an Islamic state, Bangladesh was established secular.<sup id="cite_ref-Baxter_1997_70_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baxter_1997_70-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the liberation victory, the Awami League attempted to build a secular order<sup id="cite_ref-Baxter2018_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baxter2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the pro-Pakistan Islamist parties were barred from political participation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of East Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> had either remained neutral or supported the Pakistani state, since they felt that the break-up of Pakistan would be detrimental for Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed1998_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed1998-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_differences">Political differences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg/170px-Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg/255px-Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg/340px-Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, the leader of East Pakistan, and later Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <p>Although East Pakistan accounted for a slight majority of the country's population,<sup id="cite_ref-pop_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> political power remained in the hands of West Pakistanis. Since a straightforward system of representation based on population would have concentrated political power in East Pakistan, the West Pakistani establishment came up with the "<a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One Unit</a>" scheme, whereby all of West Pakistan was considered one province. This was solely to counterbalance the East wing's votes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the 1951 assassination of <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>, Pakistan's first prime minister, political power began to devolve to the new position of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>, which replaced the office of <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor General</a> when Pakistan became a republic, and, eventually, the military. The nominal elected chief executive, the Prime Minister, was frequently sacked by the establishment, acting through the President.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The East Pakistanis observed that the West Pakistani establishment swiftly deposed any East Pakistanis elected leader of Pakistan, such as <a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali Bogra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a>. Their suspicions were further aggravated by the military dictatorships of <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Ayub Khan</a> (27 October 1958 – 25 March 1969) and <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> (25 March 1969 – 20 December 1971), both West Pakistanis. The situation reached a climax in 1970, when the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Bangladesh Awami League</a>, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, won a landslide victory in the national elections. The party won 167 of the 169 seats allotted to East Pakistan, and thus a majority of the 313 seats in the National Assembly. This gave the Awami League the constitutional right to form a government. However, <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> (a former Foreign Minister), the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">Pakistan People's Party</a>, refused to allow Rahman to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan_2000_p._393-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead, he proposed the idea of having two Prime Ministers, one for each wing. The proposal elicited outrage in the east wing, already chafing under the other constitutional innovation, the "One Unit scheme". Bhutto also refused to accept Rahman's <a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six Points</a>. On 3 March 1971, the two leaders of the two wings along with the President General Yahya Khan met in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dacca</a> to decide the fate of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan_2000_p._393-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After their discussions yielded no satisfactory results, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for a <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">nationwide strike</a>. Bhutto feared a civil war, therefore, he sent his trusted companion, <a href="/wiki/Mubashir_Hassan" title="Mubashir Hassan">Mubashir Hassan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan_2000_p._393-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A message was conveyed, and Rahman decided to meet Bhutto.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan_2000_p._393-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his arrival, Rahman met with Bhutto and both agreed to form a coalition government with Rahman as premier and Bhutto as president,<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan_2000_p._393-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Sheikh Mujib later ruled out such a possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the military was unaware of these developments, and Bhutto increased his pressure on Rahman to reach a decision.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan_2000_p._393-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 March 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (soon to be prime minister) <a href="/wiki/7_March_Speech_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="7 March Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">delivered a speech</a> at the Racecourse Ground (now the <a href="/wiki/Suhrawardy_Udyan" title="Suhrawardy Udyan">Suhrawardy Udyan</a>). In this speech he mentioned a further four-point condition to consider at the National Assembly Meeting on 25 March:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>The immediate lifting of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.</li> <li>Immediate withdrawal of all military personnel to their barracks.</li> <li>An inquiry into the loss of life.</li> <li>Immediate transfer of power to the elected representative of the people before the assembly meeting 25 March.</li></ul> <p>He urged his people to turn every house into a fort of resistance. He closed his speech saying, "Our struggle is for our freedom. Our struggle is for our independence." This speech is considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> the main event that inspired the nation to fight for its independence. General <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a> was flown into Dacca to become Governor of East Bengal. East-Pakistani judges, including Justice Siddique, refused to swear him in.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between 10 and 13 March, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airlines</a> cancelled all its international routes to urgently fly "government passengers" to Dacca. These "government passengers" were almost all Pakistani soldiers in civilian dress. MV <i>Swat</i>, a ship of the Pakistan Navy carrying ammunition and soldiers, was harboured in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> Port, but the Bengali workers and sailors at the port refused to unload the ship. A unit of <a href="/wiki/Border_Guards_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guards Bangladesh">East Pakistan Rifles</a> refused to obey commands to fire on the Bengali demonstrators, beginning a mutiny among the Bengali soldiers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_the_1970_cyclone">Response to the 1970 cyclone</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">1970 Bhola cyclone</a></div> <p>The 1970 Bhola cyclone made <a href="/wiki/Landfall" title="Landfall">landfall</a> on the East Pakistan coastline during the evening of 12 November, around the same time as a local <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">high tide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IMD_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMD-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killing an estimated 300,000 people. A 2017 <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> panel considers it the deadliest <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> since at least 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week after the landfall, President Khan conceded that his government had made "slips" and "mistakes" in its handling of the relief efforts due to a lack of understanding of the magnitude of the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-6_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A statement released by eleven political leaders in East Pakistan ten days after the cyclone hit charged the government with "gross neglect, callous and utter indifference". They also accused the president of playing down the magnitude of the problem in news coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-10_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-10-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 November, students held a march in Dacca protesting the slowness of the government's response.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-13_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_Bhashani" title="Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani">Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani</a> addressed a rally of 50,000 people on 24 November, where he accused the president of inefficiency and demanded his resignation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the conflict between East and West Pakistan developed in March, the Dacca offices of the two government organisations directly involved in relief efforts were closed for at least two weeks, first by a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> and then by a ban on government work in East Pakistan by the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Awami League</a>. With this increase in tension, foreign personnel were evacuated over fears of violence. Relief work continued in the field, but long-term planning was curtailed.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-12_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-12-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conflict widened into the Bangladesh Liberation War in December and concluded with the creation of Bangladesh. This was one of the first times that a natural event helped trigger a civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-USAID_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March71.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/March71.PNG/220px-March71.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/March71.PNG/330px-March71.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/March71.PNG/440px-March71.PNG 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>The location of Bengali and Pakistani military units during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a>, March 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>A planned military pacification carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>—codenamed <i>Operation Searchlight</i>—started on 25 March 1971 to curb the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> independence movement<sup id="cite_ref-epw_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epw-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by taking control of the major cities on 26 March, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within one month. The Pakistani state used <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Biharis_in_Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh">anti-Bihari violence</a> by Bengalis in early March to justify Operation Searchlight.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the beginning of the operation, all foreign journalists were systematically deported from East Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid-May. The operation also began the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a>. These systematic killings served only to enrage the Bengalis, resulting in East Pakistan's secession later that year. Bangladeshi media and reference books in English have published casualty figures that vary greatly, from 5,000 to 35,000 in Dacca, and 300,000 to 3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent researchers, including the <a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">British Medical Journal</a>, have put forward figures ranging from 125,000 to 505,000.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> puts total deaths at 1.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atrocities have been called acts of <a href="/wiki/Genocide#International_law" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Asia Times:</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At a meeting of the military top brass, Yahya Khan declared: "Kill 3 million of them and the rest will eat out of our hands". Accordingly, on the night of 25 March, the Pakistani Army launched <i>Operation Searchlight</i> to "crush" Bengali resistance in which Bengali members of military services were disarmed and killed, students and the intelligentsia systematically liquidated and able-bodied Bengali males just picked up and gunned down.</p></blockquote> <p>Although the violence focused on the provincial capital, Dacca, it also affected all parts of East Pakistan. Residential halls of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dacca</a> were particularly targeted. The only Hindu residential hall—<a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Hall" title="Jagannath Hall">Jagannath Hall</a>—was destroyed by the Pakistani armed forces, and an estimated 600 to 700 of its residents were murdered. The Pakistani army denied any cold-blooded killings at the university, but the <a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission">Hamoodur Rahman Commission</a> in Pakistan concluded that overwhelming force was used. This fact, and the massacre at Jagannath Hall and nearby student dormitories of Dacca University, are corroborated by a videotape secretly filmed by Professor Nurul Ula of the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology">East Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology</a>, whose residence was directly opposite the student dormitories.<sup id="cite_ref-nurullah_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nurullah-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scale of the atrocities was first made clear in the West, when <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mascarenhas" title="Anthony Mascarenhas">Anthony Mascarenhas</a>, a Pakistani journalist who had been sent to the province by the military authorities to write a story favourable to Pakistan, instead fled to the United Kingdom and, on 13 June 1971, published an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> describing the systematic killings by the military. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> wrote: "There is little doubt that Mascarenhas' reportage played its part in ending the war. It helped turn world opinion against Pakistan and encouraged India to play a decisive role", with Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> saying that Mascarenhas' article led her "to prepare the ground for India's armed intervention".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested by the Pakistani Army. Yahya Khan appointed Brigadier (later General) <a href="/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan" title="Rahimuddin Khan">Rahimuddin Khan</a> to preside over a special tribunal prosecuting Rahman with multiple charges. The tribunal's sentence was never made public, but Yahya caused the verdict to be held in abeyance in any case. Other Awami League leaders were arrested as well, while a few fled Dacca to avoid arrest. The Awami League was banned by General Yahya Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_independence">Declaration of independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/7_March_Speech_of_Bangabandhu" class="mw-redirect" title="7 March Speech of Bangabandhu">7 March Speech of Bangabandhu</a></div> <p>The violence unleashed by the Pakistani forces on 25 March 1971 proved the last straw to the efforts to negotiate a settlement. Following these incidents, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed an official declaration that read:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Today, Bangladesh is a sovereign and independent country. On Thursday night, West Pakistani armed forces suddenly attacked the police barracks at Razarbagh and the EPR headquarters at Pilkhana in Dacca. Many innocent and unarmed have been killed in Dhaka city and other places of Bangladesh. Violent clashes between E.P.R. and Police on the one hand and the armed forces of Pakistan on the other, are going on. The Bengalis are fighting the enemy with great courage for an independent Bangladesh. May Allah aid us in our fight for freedom. Joy Bangla [May Bangladesh be victorious].</p></blockquote> <p>Sheikh Mujib also called upon the people to resist the occupation forces through a radio message. Rahman was arrested on the night of 25–26 March 1971 at about 1:30 am (as per Radio Pakistan's news on 29 March 1971).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1971_BDLib_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/1971_BDLib_poster.jpg/170px-1971_BDLib_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8f/1971_BDLib_poster.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>An iconic <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalist</a> propaganda poster by <a href="/wiki/Quamrul_Hassan" title="Quamrul Hassan">Quamrul Hassan</a> on <a href="/wiki/General_Yahya_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="General Yahya Khan">General Yahya Khan</a>, representing the Pakistani military junta as demons<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A telegram containing the text of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's declaration reached some students in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>. The message was translated into Bengali by Manjula Anwar. The students failed to secure permission from higher authorities to broadcast the message from the nearby Agrabad Station of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation">Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation</a>, but the message was read several times by the independent Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendro Radio established by rebel Bangali Radio workers in Kalurghat. Major <a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a> was requested to provide security for the station and also read the Declaration on 27 March 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He broadcast the announcement of the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra. I, Major Ziaur Rahman, at the direction of Bangobondhu Mujibur Rahman, hereby declare that Independent People's Republic of Bangladesh has been established. At his direction, I have taken the command as the temporary Head of the Republic. In the name of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, I call upon all Bengalees to rise against the attack by the West Pakistani Army. We shall fight to the last to free our motherland. Victory is, by the Grace of Allah, ours. Joy Bangla.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kalurghat" title="Kalurghat">Kalurghat</a> Radio Station's transmission capability was limited, but the message was picked up by a Japanese ship in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. It was then re-transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Radio_Australia" title="Radio Australia">Radio Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later by the BBC. </p><p><a href="/wiki/M._A._Hannan" title="M. A. Hannan">M. A. Hannan</a>, an Awami League leader from Chittagong, is said to have made the first announcement of the declaration of independence over the radio on 26 March 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>26 March 1971 is considered the official <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Bangladesh)" title="Independence Day (Bangladesh)">Independence Day of Bangladesh</a>, and the name Bangladesh was in effect henceforth. In July 1971, Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> openly referred to the former East Pakistan as Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Pakistani and Indian officials continued to use the name "East Pakistan" until 16 December 1971.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberation_War">Liberation War</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March–June"><span id="March.E2.80.93June"></span>March–June</h3></div> <p>At first, resistance was spontaneous and disorganised, and was not expected to be prolonged.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But when the Pakistani Army cracked down upon the population, resistance grew. The <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a> became increasingly active. The Pakistani military sought to quell them, but increasingly many Bengali soldiers defected to this underground "Bangladesh army". These Bengali units slowly merged into the Mukti Bahini and bolstered their weaponry with supplies from India. Pakistan responded by airlifting in two infantry divisions and reorganising their forces. They also raised paramilitary forces of <a href="/wiki/Razakar_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razakar (Pakistan)">Razakars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Badr (East Pakistan)">Al-Badrs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Shams_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Shams (East Pakistan)">Al-Shams</a> (mostly members of the Muslim League and other Islamist groups), as well as other Bengalis who opposed independence, and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihari</a> Muslims who had settled during the time of <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 17 April 1971, a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">provisional government</a> was formed in <a href="/wiki/Meherpur_District" title="Meherpur District">Meherpur District</a> in western Bangladesh bordering India with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who was in prison in Pakistan, as president, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazrul_Islam" title="Syed Nazrul Islam">Syed Nazrul Islam</a> as acting president, <a href="/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmad" title="Tajuddin Ahmad">Tajuddin Ahmad</a> as prime minister, and General <a href="/wiki/M._A._G._Osmani" title="M. A. G. Osmani">Muhammad Ataul Ghani Osmani</a> as Commander-in-Chief, Bangladesh Forces. As fighting grew between the occupation army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini, an estimated 10 million Bengalis sought refuge in the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June–September"><span id="June.E2.80.93September"></span>June–September</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sectors_in_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War">List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_plans_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sectors_of_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sectors_of_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.svg/220px-Sectors_of_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sectors_of_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.svg/330px-Sectors_of_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sectors_of_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.svg/440px-Sectors_of_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_sectors_in_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War">The eleven sectors</a> during the Bangladesh Liberation War</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Harrison_-_Bangla_Desh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/George_Harrison_-_Bangla_Desh.png/220px-George_Harrison_-_Bangla_Desh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/George_Harrison_-_Bangla_Desh.png/330px-George_Harrison_-_Bangla_Desh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/George_Harrison_-_Bangla_Desh.png/440px-George_Harrison_-_Bangla_Desh.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>An advertisement for former <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatle</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Bangla_Desh_(song)" title="Bangla Desh (song)">Bangla Desh</a>" single, released in July 1971 to raise international awareness and funds for the millions of Bangladeshi refugees</figcaption></figure> <p>Bangladesh forces command was set up on 11 July, with Col. <a href="/wiki/M._A._G._Osmani" title="M. A. G. Osmani">M. A. G. Osmani</a> as commander-in-chief (C-in-C) with the status of Cabinet Minister, Lt. Col. Abdur Rabb as chief of Staff (COS), Group Captain A. K. Khandker as Deputy Chief of Staff (DCOS) and Major A. R. Chowdhury as Assistant Chief of Staff (ACOS).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Osmani had differences of opinion with the Indian leadership about the role of the Mukti Bahini in the conflict. Indian leadership initially envisioned a well trained force of 8,000 guerrillas, operating in small cells around Bangladesh to facilitate eventual conventional combat.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Bangladesh government in exile, Osmani favoured a different strategy:<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bengali conventional forces would occupy lodgments inside Bangladesh and the Bangladesh government would request international <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> and intervention. Initially <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a> was picked for this operation, but Osmani later settled on Sylhet.</li> <li>Sending the maximum number of guerrillas into Bangladesh as soon as possible with the following objectives:<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Increasing Pakistani casualties through raids and ambush.</li> <li>Cripple economic activity by hitting power stations, railway lines, storage depots and communication networks.</li> <li>Destroy Pakistan Army mobility by blowing up bridges/culverts, fuel depots, trains and river crafts.</li> <li>The strategic objective was to make the Pakistanis spread their forces inside the province, so attacks could be made on isolated Pakistani detachments.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Bangladesh was divided into <a href="/wiki/List_of_sectors_in_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War">eleven sectors</a> in July,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each with a commander chosen from defected officers of the Pakistani army who joined the Mukti Bahini to lead guerrilla operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Mukti Bahini forces were given two to five weeks of training by the Indian army on guerilla warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of their training camps were near the border area and operated with assistance from India. The 10th Sector was placed under Osmani's command and included the Naval Commandos and C-in-C's special force.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three brigades (eventually 8 battalions) were raised for conventional warfare; a large guerrilla force (estimated at 100,000) was trained.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five infantry battalions were reformed and positioned along the northern and eastern borders of Bangladesh. Three more battalions were raised, and artillery batteries were formed.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During June and July, Mukti Bahini regrouped across the border with Indian aid through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot" title="Operation Jackpot">Operation Jackpot</a> and began sending 2,000–5,000 guerrillas across the border,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the so-called Monsoon Offensive, which for various reasons (lack of proper training, supply shortage, lack of a proper support network inside Bangladesh) failed to achieve its objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengali regular forces also attacked border outposts in <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comilla" title="Comilla">Comilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, but the results were mixed. Pakistani authorities concluded that they had successfully contained the Monsoon Offensive, which proved a near-accurate observation.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guerrilla operations, which slackened during the training phase, picked up after August. Economic and military targets in Dacca were attacked. The major success story was Operation Jackpot, in which naval commandos mined and blew up berthed ships in Chittagong, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mongla" title="Port of Mongla">Mongla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayanganj" title="Narayanganj">Narayanganj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandpur_District" title="Chandpur District">Chandpur</a> on 15 August 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Untold_heroism_of_Muktibahini_Frogmen_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Untold_heroism_of_Muktibahini_Frogmen-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-On_the_water_front_spectacular_achievement_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_the_water_front_spectacular_achievement-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December"><span id="October.E2.80.93December"></span>October–December</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mitro_Bahini_Order_of_Battle_December_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971">Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_order_of_battle,_December_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971">Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971</a>; <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Pakistan_Eastern_Command_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan">Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot" title="Operation Jackpot">Operation Jackpot</a></div> <table style="float:right; font-size:80%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>Major battles</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyra" title="Battle of Boyra">Battle of Boyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garibpur" title="Battle of Garibpur">Battle of Garibpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhalai" title="Battle of Dhalai">Battle of Dhalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hilli" title="Battle of Hilli">Battle of Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kushtia" title="Battle of Kushtia">Battle of Kushtia</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bangladeshi conventional forces attacked border outposts. Kamalpur, Belonia and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyra" title="Battle of Boyra">Battle of Boyra</a> are a few examples. 90 out of 370 border outposts fell to Bengali forces. Guerrilla attacks intensified, as did Pakistani and Razakar reprisals on civilian populations. Pakistani forces were reinforced by eight battalions from West Pakistan. The Bangladeshi independence fighters even managed to temporarily capture <a href="/wiki/Aerodrome#Airstrip" title="Aerodrome">airstrips</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lalmonirhat_District" title="Lalmonirhat District">Lalmonirhat</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shalutikar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shalutikar (page does not exist)">Shalutikar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACIG_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these were used for flying in supplies and arms from India. Pakistan sent another five battalions from West Pakistan as reinforcements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_involvement">Indian involvement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_1971_Liberation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bangladesh_1971_Liberation.jpg/260px-Bangladesh_1971_Liberation.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bangladesh_1971_Liberation.jpg/390px-Bangladesh_1971_Liberation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bangladesh_1971_Liberation.jpg/520px-Bangladesh_1971_Liberation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Illustration showing military units and troop movements during the war</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All unprejudiced persons objectively surveying the grim events in Bangladesh since March 25 have recognised the revolt of 75 million people, a people who were forced to the conclusion that neither their life, nor their liberty, to say nothing of the possibility of the pursuit of happiness, was available to them.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, Letter to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, 15 December 1971<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg/170px-Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg/255px-Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg/340px-Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees, India would be economically better off going to war against Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-MSN_Encarta_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSN_Encarta-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 28 April 1971, the Indian Cabinet had asked General <a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Manekshaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee</a>) to "Go into East Pakistan".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hostile relations in the past between India and Pakistan added to India's decision to intervene in Pakistan's civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-MSN_Encarta_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSN_Encarta-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, the Indian government decided to support the creation of a separate state for ethnic Bengalis by supporting the <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a> helped to organise, train and arm these insurgents. Consequently, the Mukti Bahini succeeded in harassing Pakistani military in East Pakistan, creating conditions conducive to a full-scale Indian military intervention in early December.<sup id="cite_ref-MSN_Encarta_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSN_Encarta-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a> (PAF) launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan">a preemptive strike on Indian Air Force bases</a> on 3 December 1971. The attack was modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Operation_Focus" title="Operation Focus">Operation Focus</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> and intended to neutralise the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> planes on the ground. India saw the strike as an open act of unprovoked aggression, which marked the official start of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War</a>. In response to the attack, both India and Pakistan formally acknowledged the "existence of a state of war between the two countries" even though neither government had formally issued a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-time-edge_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-edge-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-55_tanks_in_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/T-55_tanks_in_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.jpg/170px-T-55_tanks_in_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/T-55_tanks_in_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.jpg/255px-T-55_tanks_in_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/11/T-55_tanks_in_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Allied Indian <a href="/wiki/T-54/55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54/55">T-55</a> tanks on their way to Dacca</figcaption></figure> <p>Three Indian <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a> were involved in the liberation of East Pakistan. They were supported by nearly three <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> of Mukti Bahini fighting alongside them, and many more who were fighting irregularly. That was far superior to the Pakistani army of three <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indians quickly overran the country, selectively engaging or bypassing heavily defended strongholds. Pakistani forces were unable to effectively counter the Indian attack, as they had been deployed in small units around the border to counter the guerrilla attacks by the Mukti Bahini.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to defend Dacca, the Pakistanis surrendered on 16 December 1971.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_and_naval_war">Air and naval war</h3></div> <p>The Indian Air Force carried out several sorties against Pakistan, and within a week, IAF aircraft dominated the skies of East Pakistan. It <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations,_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971">achieved</a> near-total <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air supremacy</a> by the end of the first week, as the entire Pakistani air contingent in the east, PAF No.14 Squadron, was grounded because of Indian and Bangladeshi airstrikes at Tejgaon, Kurmitola, Lalmonirhat and Shamsher Nagar. <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Hawk" title="Hawker Sea Hawk">Sea Hawks</a> from the carrier <a href="/wiki/INS_Vikrant_(1961)" title="INS Vikrant (1961)">INS <i>Vikrant</i></a> also struck Chittagong, <a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar" title="Cox's Bazar">Cox's Bazar</a>, destroying the eastern wing of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan Navy</a> and effectively blockading the East Pakistan ports, cutting off any escape routes for the stranded Pakistani soldiers. The nascent <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Bangladesh Navy</a> (comprising officers and sailors who defected from the Pakistani Navy) aided the Indians in the marine warfare, carrying out attacks, most notably <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot" title="Operation Jackpot">Operation Jackpot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrender_and_aftermath">Surrender and aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender_1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender_1971.jpg/220px-Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender_1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender_1971.jpg/330px-Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender_1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender_1971.jpg/440px-Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender_1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/220px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/330px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/440px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Signing of <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a> by Pakistan's Lt.Gen. <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">A. A. K. Niazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a> on behalf of Indian and <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Bangladesh Forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> on 16 Dec. 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrator</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> and Commander of Pakistan Army forces in East Pakistan signed the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Instrument of Surrender</a>. At the time of surrender only a few countries had provided <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Bangladesh" title="International recognition of Bangladesh">diplomatic recognition</a> to the new nation. Over 93,000 Pakistani troops surrendered to the Indian forces and Bangladesh Liberation forces, making it the largest surrender since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dailytimes1912005_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailytimes1912005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC1971_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC1971-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bangladesh sought admission to the UN with most voting in its favour. China vetoed this as Pakistan was its key ally.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States, also a key ally of Pakistan, was one of the last nations to accord Bangladesh recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure a smooth transition, in 1972 the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a> was signed between India and Pakistan. The treaty ensured that Pakistan recognised the independence of Bangladesh in exchange for the return of the Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">PoWs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India treated all the PoWs in strict accordance with the Geneva Convention, rule 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It released more than 93,000 Pakistani PoWs in five months.<sup id="cite_ref-dailytimes1912005_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailytimes1912005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, as a gesture of goodwill, nearly 200 soldiers who were sought for war crimes by Bengalis were pardoned by India.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accord also gave back 13,000 km<sup>2</sup> (5,019 sq mi) of land that Indian troops had seized in West Pakistan during the war, though India retained a few strategic areas,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most notably <a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil</a> (which was in turn the focal point of <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">a war</a> between the two nations in 1999). This was done as a measure of promoting "lasting peace" and acknowledged by many observers as a sign of maturity by India. But some in India<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> felt the treaty had been too lenient to Bhutto, who had pleaded for leniency, arguing that the fragile democracy in Pakistan would crumble if Pakistanis perceived the accord as overly harsh.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_in_West_Pakistan_to_the_war">Reaction in West Pakistan to the war</h3></div> <p>Reaction to the defeat and dismemberment of half the nation was a shocking loss to top military and civilians alike. Few had expected that they would lose the formal war in under a fortnight, and there was also unsettlement over what was perceived as a meek surrender of the army in East Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a>'s dictatorship collapsed and gave way to Bhutto, who took the opportunity to rise to power.<sup id="cite_ref-Defencejournal_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defencejournal-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ghazali.net_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghazali.net-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">General Niazi</a>, who surrendered along with 93,000 troops, was viewed with suspicion and contempt upon his return to Pakistan. He was shunned and branded a traitor. The war also exposed the shortcomings of Pakistan's declared strategic doctrine that the "defence of East Pakistan lay in West Pakistan".<sup id="cite_ref-Defencejournal_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defencejournal-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ghazali.net_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghazali.net-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atrocities">Atrocities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">1971 Bangladesh genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals" title="1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals">1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_bodies_of_Bengali_intellectuals,_14_December_1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2e/Dead_bodies_of_Bengali_intellectuals%2C_14_December_1971.jpg/220px-Dead_bodies_of_Bengali_intellectuals%2C_14_December_1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2e/Dead_bodies_of_Bengali_intellectuals%2C_14_December_1971.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Rayerbazar killing field photographed immediately after the war, showing dead bodies of intellectuals (image courtesy: <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Talukder" title="Rashid Talukder">Rashid Talukder</a>, 1971)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the war, there were widespread killings and other atrocities—including the displacement of civilians in Bangladesh (East Pakistan at the time) and widespread violations of human rights beginning with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a> on 25 March 1971. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistani military</a> and supporting paramilitary forces killed an estimated 300,000<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 3,000,000 people<sup id="cite_ref-MathewWhite_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MathewWhite-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> women in a systematic campaign of <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">genocidal rape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach200092–93_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach200092–93-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjad2012225_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjad2012225-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan's religious leaders openly supported the crime by labelling <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Bengali freedom fighters</a> "Hindus" and Bengali women "the booty of war".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, more than 80 percent of the Bengali people were Muslims at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large section of the intellectual community of Bangladesh were murdered, mostly by the <a href="/wiki/Al-Shams_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Shams (East Pakistan)">Al-Shams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Badr (East Pakistan)">Al-Badr</a> forces,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the instruction of the Pakistani Army.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just two days before the surrender, on 14 December 1971, Pakistan Army and the Razakar militia (local collaborators) picked up at least 100 physicians, professors, writers and engineers in Dacca, and murdered them, leaving the dead bodies in a mass grave.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sriti_shoud.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sriti_shoud.jpeg/220px-Sriti_shoud.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sriti_shoud.jpeg/330px-Sriti_shoud.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sriti_shoud.jpeg/440px-Sriti_shoud.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Memorial for freedom fighters</figcaption></figure> <p>Many mass graves have been discovered in Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first night of war on Bengalis, which is documented in telegrams from the American Consulate in Dacca to the U.S. State Department, saw indiscriminate killings of students of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">Dacca University</a> and other civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous women were tortured, raped, and killed during the war; the exact numbers are not known and are debated. The widespread rape of Bangladeshi women led to birth of thousands of <a href="/wiki/War_children" title="War children">war babies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pakistan Army also kept numerous Bengali women as sex slaves inside the Dacca Cantonment. Most were captured from Dacca University and private homes.<sup id="cite_ref-time.oct25-1971_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time.oct25-1971-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was significant sectarian violence not only perpetrated and encouraged by the Pakistani army,<sup id="cite_ref-usconsulate_cable_march31_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usconsulate_cable_march31-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also by Bengali nationalists against non-Bengali minorities, especially <a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Biharis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bihari_Refugees_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bihari_Refugees-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1971, Bihari representatives said that 500,000 Biharis were killed by Bengalis.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerlach2010_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerlach2010-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R. J. Rummel gives a prudent estimate of 150,000 killed.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 December 2002, the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> published a collection of declassified documents, consisting mostly of communications between U.S. embassy officials and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Service</a> centres in Dacca and India, and officials in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These documents show that U.S. officials working in diplomatic institutions within Bangladesh used the terms "selective genocide"<sup id="cite_ref-SelectiveGenocide_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelectiveGenocide-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "genocide" (see <a href="/wiki/Archer_Blood#The_Blood_telegram" title="Archer Blood">The Blood Telegram</a>) for information on events they had knowledge of at the time. <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></i> is the term still used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper in Bangladesh,<sup id="cite_ref-bangladeshobserver_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bangladeshobserver-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in Pakistan, the accusations against Pakistani forces continue to be disputed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9_Malraux,_Pic,_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux%2C_Pic%2C_22.jpg/220px-Andr%C3%A9_Malraux%2C_Pic%2C_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux%2C_Pic%2C_22.jpg/330px-Andr%C3%A9_Malraux%2C_Pic%2C_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux%2C_Pic%2C_22.jpg/440px-Andr%C3%A9_Malraux%2C_Pic%2C_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3552" /></a><figcaption>Former French minister <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> vowed to fight alongside the Mukti Bahini in the Liberation War.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Following Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's declaration of independence in March 1971, a worldwide campaign was undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government of Bangladesh</a> to drum up political support for the independence of East Pakistan as well as humanitarian support for the Bengali people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi provided extensive diplomatic and political support to the Bangladesh movement. She toured many countries in a bid to create awareness of the Pakistani atrocities against Bengalis. This effort was to prove vital later during the war, in framing the world's context of the war and to justify military action by India.<sup id="cite_ref-recog-story_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recog-story-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, following Pakistan's defeat, it ensured prompt recognition of the newly independent state of Bangladesh.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3></div> <p>Though the United Nations condemned the human rights violations during and following Operation Searchlight, it failed to defuse the situation politically before the start of the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After India entered the war, Pakistan, fearing certain defeat, made urgent appeals to the United Nations to intervene and force India to agree to a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> assembled on 4 December 1971 to discuss the hostilities in South Asia. After lengthy discussions on 7 December, the United States made a resolution for "immediate cease-fire and withdrawal of troops". While supported by the majority, the USSR vetoed the resolution twice. In light of the Pakistani atrocities against Bengalis, the United Kingdom and France abstained on the resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-time-edge_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-edge-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 December, with Pakistan facing imminent defeat, the United States requested that the Security Council be reconvened. Pakistan's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was rushed to New York City to make the case for a resolution on the ceasefire. The council continued deliberations for four days. By the time proposals were finalised, Pakistan's forces in the East had surrendered and the war had ended, making the measures merely academic. Bhutto, frustrated by the failure of the resolution and the inaction of the United Nations, ripped up his speech and left the council.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most UN member nations were quick to recognise Bangladesh within months of its independence.<sup id="cite_ref-recog-story_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recog-story-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h3></div> <p>As the Bangladesh Liberation War approached the defeat of the Pakistan Army, the Himalayan kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> became the first state in the world to recognise the newly independent country on 6 December 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President of Bangladesh</a>, visited Bhutan to attend the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck">Jigme Singye Wangchuck</a>, the fourth King of Bhutan in June 1974.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_and_USSR">US and USSR</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ted_Kennedy,_1967_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ted_Kennedy%2C_1967_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_1967_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ted_Kennedy%2C_1967_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_1967_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ted_Kennedy%2C_1967_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_1967_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Senator Ted Kennedy</a> led US congressional support for Bangladeshi independence.</figcaption></figure> <p>The US government stood by its old ally Pakistan in terms of diplomacy and military threats.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and his National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> feared Soviet expansion into South and Southeast Asia. Pakistan was a close ally of the People's Republic of China, with which Nixon had been negotiating a <i><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Rapprochement" title="China–United States relations">rapprochement</a></i> and which he <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">intended to visit</a> in February 1972. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> would mean total Soviet domination of the region, and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China.<sup id="cite_ref-Shalom_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalom-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thedailystar.net_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar.net-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To demonstrate to China the <i>bona fides</i> of the United States as an ally, and in direct violation of the US Congress-imposed sanctions on Pakistan, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan and routed them through Jordan and Iran,<sup id="cite_ref-Shalom_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalom-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan. The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the genocidal activities of the Pakistani Army in East Pakistan, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Archer_Blood#The_Blood_telegram" title="Archer Blood">Blood telegram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thedailystar.net_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar.net-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg/220px-Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg/330px-Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg/440px-Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nixon_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon administration">Nixon administration</a> was widely criticised for its close ties with the military junta led by General <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a>. American diplomats in East Pakistan expressed profound dissent in the <a href="/wiki/Blood_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Telegram">Blood Telegram</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon denied getting involved in the situation, saying that it was an internal matter of Pakistan, but when Pakistan's defeat seemed certain, he sent the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)" title="USS Enterprise (CVN-65)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a move the Indians deemed a nuclear threat. <i>Enterprise</i> arrived on station on 11 December 1971. On 6 and 13 December, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> dispatched two groups of ships, armed with nuclear missiles, from <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>; they trailed US <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_74" title="Task Force 74">Task Force 74</a> in the Indian Ocean from 18 December until 7 January 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-White2011_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2011-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union supported Bangladesh and Indian armies, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a> during the war, recognising that the independence of Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals—the United States and the People's Republic of China. It gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the U.S. or China developed, the USSR would take countermeasures. This was enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Cooperation" title="Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation">Indo-Soviet friendship treaty</a> signed in August 1971. The Soviets also sent a nuclear submarine to ward off the threat posed by USS <i>Enterprise</i> in the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries were among the first to recognise Bangladesh. The Soviet Union accorded recognition to Bangladesh on 25 January 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States delayed recognition for some months, before according it on 8 April 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <p>As a long-standing ally of Pakistan, the People's Republic of China reacted with alarm to the evolving situation in East Pakistan and the prospect of India invading West Pakistan and Pakistani-controlled <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. On 10 December 1971, Nixon instructed Kissinger to ask the Chinese to move some forces toward the frontier with India. Nixon said, "Threaten to move forces or move them, Henry, that's what they must do now". Kissinger met with <a href="/wiki/Huang_Hua" title="Huang Hua">Huang Hua</a>, China's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, later that evening.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese did not respond to this encouragement, because unlike the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">1962 Sino-Indian War</a>, when India was caught entirely unaware, this time the Indian Army was prepared and had deployed eight mountain divisions to the Sino-Indian border to guard against such an eventuality.<sup id="cite_ref-time-edge_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-edge-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China instead threw its weight behind demands for an immediate ceasefire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Bangladesh applied for membership to the United Nations in 1972, China vetoed its application<sup id="cite_ref-oxnard_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxnard-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because two U.N. resolutions about the repatriation of Pakistani prisoners of war and civilians had not yet been implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China was also among the last countries to recognise independent Bangladesh, refusing to do so until 31 August 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-recog-story_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recog-story-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxnard_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxnard-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3></div> <p>Sri Lanka (then called <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a>) saw the partition of Pakistan as an example for itself and feared India might use its enhanced power against it in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Despite the left-wing government of <a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a> following a neutral non-aligned foreign policy, Sri Lanka decided to help Pakistan in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Pakistani aircraft could not fly over Indian territory, they would have to take a longer route around India and so they stopped at <a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandaranaike Airport">Bandaranaike Airport</a> in Sri Lanka where they were refuelled before flying to <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_world">Arab world</h3></div> <p>As many <a href="/wiki/Arab_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab countries">Arab countries</a> were allied with both the United States and Pakistan, it was easy for Kissinger to encourage them to participate. He sent letters to both, the <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">King of Jordan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Faisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Faisal">King of Saudi Arabia</a>. Nixon gave permission for Jordan to send ten <a href="/wiki/F-104" class="mw-redirect" title="F-104">F-104s</a> and promised to provide replacements.<sup id="cite_ref-Shalom_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalom-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to author Martin Bowman, "Libyan <a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">F-5s</a> were reportedly deployed to <a href="/wiki/Sargodha_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargodha Airbase">Sargodha AFB</a>, perhaps as a potential training unit to prepare Pakistani pilots for an influx of more F-5s from Saudi Arabia."<sup id="cite_ref-Pen_and_Sword,_Bowman_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pen_and_Sword,_Bowman-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Libyan_Arab_Republic_(1969–1977)" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libyan</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a> also personally directed a strongly worded letter to Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi accusing her of aggression against Pakistan, which endeared him to all Pakistanis.<sup id="cite_ref-THe_News_International_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THe_News_International-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these three countries, an unidentified Middle Eastern ally also supplied Pakistan with <a href="/wiki/Mirage_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirage III">Mirage IIIs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artistic_depictions_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Artistic depictions of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Artistic depictions of the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/48px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/64px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Bangladesh portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War_and_Islam" title="Bangladesh Liberation War and Islam">Bangladesh Liberation War and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_War_Museum" title="Liberation War Museum">Liberation War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_demanding_trial_of_war_criminals_(Bangladesh)" title="Movement demanding trial of war criminals (Bangladesh)">Movement demanding trial of war criminals (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAP-Communist_Party-Students_Union_Special_Guerrilla_Forces" title="NAP-Communist Party-Students Union Special Guerrilla Forces">NAP-Communist Party-Students Union Special Guerrilla Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kader_Bahini" title="Kader Bahini">Kader Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular military</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper and Ali's figures of 365,000 Pakistan Army and 280,000 paramilitary are for the entire Pakistan force, on the west and east fronts combined, when the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a> broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-ACIG_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloughley clarifies that only a quarter of the 365,000 Pakistan Army, roughly 91,000, was in East Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This war is known in Bangla as <i>Muktijuddho</i> or <i>Shwadhinota Juddho</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This war is also called the Civil War in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_2005_p93_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_2005_p93-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F5312%2FInstrument+of+Surrender+of+Pakistan+forces+in+Dacca">"Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan forces in Dacca"</a>. <i>mea.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927005435/http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F5312%2FInstrument+of+Surrender+of+Pakistan+forces+in+Dacca">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>. <q>The Pakistan Eastern Command agree to surrender all Pakistan Armed Forces in Bangladesh to Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, General Officer Commanding-in –chief of the Indian and Bangladesh forces in the eastern theatre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mea.gov.in&rft.atitle=Instrument+of+Surrender+of+Pakistan+forces+in+Dacca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mea.gov.in%2Fbilateral-documents.htm%3Fdtl%252F5312%252FInstrument%2Bof%2BSurrender%2Bof%2BPakistan%2Bforces%2Bin%2BDacca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shamshad2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shamshad2017_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizwana_Shamshad2017" class="citation book cs1">Rizwana Shamshad (3 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9789DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119"><i>Bangladeshi Migrants in India: Foreigners, Refugees, or Infiltrators?</i></a>. OUP India. pp. 119–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909159-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909159-1"><bdi>978-0-19-909159-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214830/https://books.google.com/books?id=9789DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladeshi+Migrants+in+India%3A+Foreigners%2C+Refugees%2C+or+Infiltrators%3F&rft.pages=119-&rft.pub=OUP+India&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-909159-1&rft.au=Rizwana+Shamshad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9789DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lu2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lu2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJing_Lu2018" class="citation book cs1">Jing Lu (30 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211"><i>On State Secession from International Law Perspectives</i></a>. Springer. pp. 211–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97448-4"><bdi>978-3-319-97448-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214833/https://books.google.com/books?id=4MJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+State+Secession+from+International+Law+Perspectives&rft.pages=211-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft.isbn=978-3-319-97448-4&rft.au=Jing+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MJ1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KaulJha2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KaulJha2018_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.L._KaulAnupam_Jha2018" class="citation book cs1">J.L. Kaul; Anupam Jha (8 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2e5FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241"><i>Shifting Horizons of Public International Law: A South Asian Perspective</i></a>. Springer. pp. 241–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-322-3724-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-322-3724-2"><bdi>978-81-322-3724-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214803/https://books.google.com/books?id=2e5FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shifting+Horizons+of+Public+International+Law%3A+A+South+Asian+Perspective&rft.pages=241-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-01-08&rft.isbn=978-81-322-3724-2&rft.au=J.L.+Kaul&rft.au=Anupam+Jha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2e5FDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACIG-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACIG_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIG_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIG_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIG_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606195040/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_326.shtml">"India – Pakistan War, 1971; Introduction By Tom Cooper, with Khan Syed Shaiz Ali"</a>. Acig.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_326.shtml">the original</a> on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+%E2%80%93+Pakistan+War%2C+1971%3B+Introduction+By+Tom+Cooper%2C+with+Khan+Syed+Shaiz+Ali&rft.pub=Acig.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acig.org%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2Farticle_326.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway By Owen Bennett-Jones, Lindsay Brown, John Mock, Sarina Singh, Pg 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloughley2016" class="citation book cs1">Cloughley, Brian (2016) [First published 1999]. <i>A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. pp. 149, 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63144-039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63144-039-7"><bdi>978-1-63144-039-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Pakistan+Army%3A+Wars+and+Insurrections&rft.pages=149%2C+222&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-63144-039-7&rft.aulast=Cloughley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraval1987" class="citation book cs1">Praval, K. C. (1987). <i>Indian Army after Independence</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancer_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lancer International (page does not exist)">Lancer International</a>. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7062-014-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7062-014-7"><bdi>81-7062-014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Army+after+Independence&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Lancer+International&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=81-7062-014-7&rft.aulast=Praval&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiranagamaKelly2012" class="citation book cs1">Thiranagama, Sharika; Kelly, Tobias, eds. (2012). <i>Traitors : suspicion, intimacy, and the ethics of state-building</i>. Philadelphia, Pa.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812222371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812222371"><bdi>978-0812222371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traitors+%3A+suspicion%2C+intimacy%2C+and+the+ethics+of+state-building&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0812222371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FallOfDacca-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FallOfDacca_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FallOfDacca_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FallOfDacca_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Figures from <i>The Fall of Dacca</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a> in <i>The Illustrated Weekly of India</i> dated 23 December 1973 quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraval1987" class="citation book cs1">Praval, K. C. (1987). <i>Indian Army after Independence</i>. Lancer International. p. 486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7062-014-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7062-014-7"><bdi>81-7062-014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Army+after+Independence&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Lancer+International&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=81-7062-014-7&rft.aulast=Praval&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailytimes1912005-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dailytimes1912005_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dailytimes1912005_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dailytimes1912005_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2005" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Shahnawaz (19 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919100557/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/19-Jan-2005/54-indian-pows-of-1971-war-still-in-pakistan">"54 Indian PoWs of 1971 war still in Pakistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times (Pakistan)</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/19-Jan-2005/54-indian-pows-of-1971-war-still-in-pakistan">the original</a> on 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times+%28Pakistan%29&rft.atitle=54+Indian+PoWs+of+1971+war+still+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2005-01-19&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Shahnawaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fnational%2F19-Jan-2005%2F54-indian-pows-of-1971-war-still-in-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figure from <i>Pakistani Prisoners of War in India</i> by Col S. P. Salunke p. 10 quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraval1987" class="citation book cs1">Praval, K. C. (1987). <i>Indian Army after Independence</i>. Lancer International. p. 485. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7062-014-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7062-014-7"><bdi>81-7062-014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Army+after+Independence&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=Lancer+International&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=81-7062-014-7&rft.aulast=Praval&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18049515">"Bangladesh Islamist leader Ghulam Azam charged"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 13 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215152004/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18049515">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+Islamist+leader+Ghulam+Azam+charged&rft.date=2012-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-18049515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&q=+Muktijuddho&pg=PA289"><i>Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh</i></a>, Page 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Social_2005_p93-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Social_2005_p93_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2005" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Peter (2005). <i>Secondary Social Studies For Pakistan</i>. Karachi: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195977042" title="Special:BookSources/9780195977042"><bdi>9780195977042</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/651126824">651126824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secondary+Social+Studies+For+Pakistan&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F651126824&rft.isbn=9780195977042&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2024" class="citation news cs1">Paul, Priyam Pritim (26 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/independence-day-special-2024/news/administrative-dynamics-1971s-war-liberation-3575151">"Administrative dynamics in 1971's War of Liberation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Administrative+dynamics+in+1971%27s+War+of+Liberation&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Priyam+Pritim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fsupplements%2Findependence-day-special-2024%2Fnews%2Fadministrative-dynamics-1971s-war-liberation-3575151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamal2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jamal, Ahmed (5–17 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103014904/http://www.cdrb.org/journal/2008/4/1.pdf">"Mukti Bahini and the liberation war of Bangladesh: A review of conflicting views"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Affairs</i>. <b>30</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdrb.org/journal/2008/4/1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Mukti+Bahini+and+the+liberation+war+of+Bangladesh%3A+A+review+of+conflicting+views&rft.volume=30&rft.date=2008-10-05%2F2008-10-17&rft.aulast=Jamal&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdrb.org%2Fjournal%2F2008%2F4%2F1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasaraju2021" class="citation web cs1">Srinivasaraju, Sugata (21 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/the-bangladeshi-liberation-has-lessons-for-india-today/articleshow/88412623.cms">"The Bangladeshi liberation has lessons for India today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222204349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/the-bangladeshi-liberation-has-lessons-for-india-today/articleshow/88412623.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=The+Bangladeshi+liberation+has+lessons+for+India+today&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft.aulast=Srinivasaraju&rft.aufirst=Sugata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fsouth-asia%2Fthe-bangladeshi-liberation-has-lessons-for-india-today%2Farticleshow%2F88412623.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderPostKindt2009" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, B.; Post, J.; Kindt, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQHIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57"><i>The World's Most Threatening Terrorist Networks and Criminal Gangs</i></a>. Springer. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230623293" title="Special:BookSources/9780230623293"><bdi>9780230623293</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214803/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQHIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Most+Threatening+Terrorist+Networks+and+Criminal+Gangs&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780230623293&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Post%2C+J.&rft.au=Kindt%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQHIAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrare2012" class="citation book cs1">Grare, Frederic (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">"Pakistan's Pursuit of Democracy"</a>. In Kalia, Ravi (ed.). <i>Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67040-1"><bdi>978-0-415-67040-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214843/https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+Pursuit+of+Democracy&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+From+the+Rhetoric+of+Democracy+to+the+Rise+of+Militancy&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67040-1&rft.aulast=Grare&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsrfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pg 600. Schmid, Alex, ed. (2011). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41157-8">978-0-415-41157-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pg. 240 Tomsen, Peter (2011). <i>The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers</i>. Public Affairs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-763-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-763-8">978-1-58648-763-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyGates2014" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik; Gates, Professor Scott (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PdrcAgAAQBAJ"><i>Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472405791" title="Special:BookSources/9781472405791"><bdi>9781472405791</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214838/https://books.google.com/books?id=PdrcAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unconventional+Warfare+in+South+Asia%3A+Shadow+Warriors+and+Counterinsurgency&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781472405791&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft.au=Gates%2C+Professor+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPdrcAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenBartrop2008" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C&pg=PA34"><i>Dictionary of Genocide: A-L</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313346422" title="Special:BookSources/9780313346422"><bdi>9780313346422</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111192649/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Genocide%3A+A-L&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780313346422&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Bartrop%2C+Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrgGA91skoP4C%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VbYqAAAAIBAJ&pg=1342,6305096">"India Partition with Present Many Problems"</a>. <i>Sarasota Herald-Tribune</i>. 8 June 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602154917/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VbYqAAAAIBAJ&pg=1342,6305096">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarasota+Herald-Tribune&rft.atitle=India+Partition+with+Present+Many+Problems&rft.date=1947-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DVbYqAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1342%2C6305096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=78xTAAAAIBAJ&pg=1738,3655">"Britain Proposes Indian Partition"</a>. <i>The Leader-Post</i>. 2 June 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602154915/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=78xTAAAAIBAJ&pg=1738,3655">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leader-Post&rft.atitle=Britain+Proposes+Indian+Partition&rft.date=1947-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D78xTAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1738%2C3655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WPdUAAAAIBAJ&pg=7167,1795176">"Problems of Partition"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 14 June 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602154916/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WPdUAAAAIBAJ&pg=7167,1795176">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Problems+of+Partition&rft.date=1947-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DWPdUAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7167%2C1795176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721230201/http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html">"Gendercide Watch: Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971"</a>. <i>gendercide.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gendercide.org&rft.atitle=Gendercide+Watch%3A+Genocide+in+Bangladesh%2C+1971&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gendercide.org%2Fcase_bangladesh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epw-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epw_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epw_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBose2005">Bose 2005</a>, p. 4465</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBass2013" class="citation news cs1">Bass, Gary J. (29 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/opinion/nixon-and-kissingers-forgotten-shame.html">"Nixon and Kissinger's Forgotten Shame"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321044356/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/opinion/nixon-and-kissingers-forgotten-shame.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nixon+and+Kissinger%27s+Forgotten+Shame&rft.date=2013-09-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F30%2Fopinion%2Fnixon-and-kissingers-forgotten-shame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Rk4fAAAAIBAJ&pg=2676,6420028">"Civil War Rocks East Pakistan"</a>. <i>Daytona Beach Morning Journal</i>. 27 March 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602154917/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Rk4fAAAAIBAJ&pg=2676,6420028">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daytona+Beach+Morning+Journal&rft.atitle=Civil+War+Rocks+East+Pakistan&rft.date=1971-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DRk4fAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2676%2C6420028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBose2005">Bose 2005</a>, p. 4463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/research/refugees-in-india-partition-bangladesh-war-tibet-occupation-sri-lankan-tamils-rohingyas-mynamar-world-refugee-day-five-human-influxes-that-have-shaped-india-2864449/">"World Refugee Day: Five human influxes that have shaped India"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 20 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321044430/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/refugees-in-india-partition-bangladesh-war-tibet-occupation-sri-lankan-tamils-rohingyas-mynamar-world-refugee-day-five-human-influxes-that-have-shaped-india-2864449/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=World+Refugee+Day%3A+Five+human+influxes+that+have+shaped+India&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Frefugees-in-india-partition-bangladesh-war-tibet-occupation-sri-lankan-tamils-rohingyas-mynamar-world-refugee-day-five-human-influxes-that-have-shaped-india-2864449%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523003701/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C910155-2%2C00.html">"The World: India and Pakistan: Over the Edge"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 13 December 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-2,00.html">the original</a> on 23 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+World%3A+India+and+Pakistan%3A+Over+the+Edge&rft.date=1971-12-13&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C910155-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-report_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Crisis in South Asia – A report</i> by Senator Edward Kennedy to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press.pp6-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashir_Al_Helal2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bashir Al Helal (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh">"Bangladesh"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bangladesh&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Bashir+Al+Helal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornbergerMcKay2010" class="citation book cs1">Hornberger, Nancy H.; McKay, Sandra Lee (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2BKzbHnFTfEC&pg=PA158"><i>Sociolinguistics and Language Education</i></a>. Multilingual Matters. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847694010" title="Special:BookSources/9781847694010"><bdi>9781847694010</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214842/https://books.google.com/books?id=2BKzbHnFTfEC&pg=PA158">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics+and+Language+Education&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781847694010&rft.aulast=Hornberger&rft.aufirst=Nancy+H.&rft.au=McKay%2C+Sandra+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2BKzbHnFTfEC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soas.ac.uk/languagecentre/languages/bengali/">"SOAS Language Centre – Bengali Language Courses"</a>. <i>soas.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321044427/https://www.soas.ac.uk/languagecentre/languages/bengali/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=soas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=SOAS+Language+Centre+%E2%80%93+Bengali+Language+Courses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soas.ac.uk%2Flanguagecentre%2Flanguages%2Fbengali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321044430/https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/bangladesh/1861277">"Language Movement paved way for independence: Hasina"</a>. <i>bdnews24</i>. 20 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/bangladesh/1861277">the original</a> on 21 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bdnews24&rft.atitle=Language+Movement+paved+way+for+independence%3A+Hasina&rft.date=2021-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.bdnews24.com%2Fen%2Fdetail%2Fbangladesh%2F1861277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2018" class="citation news cs1">Hasan, Wajid Shamsul (15 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/405968-from-dhaka-to-fall-of-dhaka">"From Dhaka to fall of Dhaka"</a>. <i>The News (Pakistan)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321044402/https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/405968-from-dhaka-to-fall-of-dhaka">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+%28Pakistan%29&rft.atitle=From+Dhaka+to+fall+of+Dhaka&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Wajid+Shamsul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Famp%2F405968-from-dhaka-to-fall-of-dhaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Mother_Language_Day-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_Mother_Language_Day_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Mother_Language_Day_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/events/motherlanguageday/">"International Mother Language Day"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517175429/https://www.un.org/en/events/motherlanguageday/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=International+Mother+Language+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fmotherlanguageday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willem_van_Schendel_136-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willem_van_Schendel_136_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schendel2009">van Schendel 2009</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Library_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bd0139%29">"Library of Congress studies"</a>. Memory.loc.gov. 1 July 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705131255/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r%3Ffrd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbd0139)">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+studies&rft.pub=Memory.loc.gov&rft.date=1947-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%2Bbd0139%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/dec/demons.htm">"Demons of December – Road from East Pakistan to Bangladesh"</a>. <i>Defencejournal.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609122558/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/dec/demons.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defencejournal.com&rft.atitle=Demons+of+December+%E2%80%93+Road+from+East+Pakistan+to+Bangladesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencejournal.com%2F2002%2Fdec%2Fdemons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRounaq_Jahan1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rounaq_Jahan" title="Rounaq Jahan">Rounaq Jahan</a> (1972). <i>Pakistan: Failure in National Integration</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. 166–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03625-2"><bdi>978-0-231-03625-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Failure+in+National+Integration&rft.pages=166-167&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-231-03625-2&rft.au=Rounaq+Jahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willem_van_Schendel_183-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willem_van_Schendel_183_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willem_van_Schendel_183_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willem_van_Schendel_183_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schendel2009">van Schendel 2009</a>, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haqqani2010-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haqqani2010_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haqqani2010_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusain_Haqqani2010" class="citation book cs1">Husain Haqqani (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA19"><i>Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military</i></a>. Carnegie Endowment. pp. 19–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-285-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-285-1"><bdi>978-0-87003-285-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Between+Mosque+and+Military&rft.pages=19-&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-285-1&rft.au=Husain+Haqqani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYppZ_dEjdIC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baxter_1997_70-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baxter_1997_70_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baxter_1997_70_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1997">Baxter 1997</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Noronha_dos_Santos2007" class="citation book cs1">Anne Noronha dos Santos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gK3d627xESAC&pg=PA24"><i>Military Intervention and Secession in South Asia: The Cases of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Kashmir, and Punjab</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275999490" title="Special:BookSources/9780275999490"><bdi>9780275999490</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214807/https://books.google.com/books?id=gK3d627xESAC&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Intervention+and+Secession+in+South+Asia%3A+The+Cases+of+Bangladesh%2C+Sri+Lanka%2C+Kashmir%2C+and+Punjab&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780275999490&rft.au=Anne+Noronha+dos+Santos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgK3d627xESAC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schendel2009">van Schendel 2009</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schendel2009">van Schendel 2009</a>, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1997">Baxter 1997</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168"><i>Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy</i></a>. Routledge. 2012. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136516412" title="Special:BookSources/9781136516412"><bdi>9781136516412</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214843/https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+From+the+Rhetoric+of+Democracy+to+the+Rise+of+Militancy&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136516412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsrfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RiazRahman2016-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RiazRahman2016_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_RiazMohammad_Sajjadur_Rahman2016" class="citation book cs1">Ali Riaz; Mohammad Sajjadur Rahman (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nC9-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46"><i>Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 46–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30877-5"><bdi>978-1-317-30877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Contemporary+Bangladesh&rft.pages=46-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-30877-5&rft.au=Ali+Riaz&rft.au=Mohammad+Sajjadur+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnC9-CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baxter2018-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baxter2018_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1997">Baxter 1997</a>, p. xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schendel2009">van Schendel 2009</a>, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed1998-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed1998_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshtiaq_Ahmed1998" class="citation book cs1">Ishtiaq Ahmed (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C&pg=PA223"><i>State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 223–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85567-578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85567-578-0"><bdi>978-1-85567-578-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214856/https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C&pg=PA223">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State%2C+Nation+and+Ethnicity+in+Contemporary+South+Asia&rft.pages=223-&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85567-578-0&rft.au=Ishtiaq+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczSm7cmhgA0C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pop_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayeed1967" class="citation book cs1">Sayeed, Khalid B. (1967). <i>The Political System of Pakistan</i>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+System+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Sayeed&rft.aufirst=Khalid+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan_2000_p._393-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_2000_p._393_61-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan,_Doctor_of_Philosophy_(PhD)2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mubashir_Hassan" title="Mubashir Hassan">Hassan, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Mubashir</a> (2000). "§Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: All Power to People! Democracy and Socialism to People!". <i>The Mirage of Power</i>. Oxford University, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 50–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579300-0"><bdi>978-0-19-579300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A7Zulfikar+Ali+Bhutto%3A+All+Power+to+People%21+Democracy+and+Socialism+to+People%21&rft.btitle=The+Mirage+of+Power&rft.place=Oxford+University%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=50-90&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579300-0&rft.aulast=Hassan%2C+Doctor+of+Philosophy+%28PhD%29&rft.aufirst=Mubashir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prothomalo.com/diary-1971/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD"><bdi lang="bn">টানা আন্দোলনের চতুর্থ দিন, মৃত্যু ছাপিয়ে ক্ষোভ</bdi></a>. <i>Prothom Alo</i>. 5 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114105154/https://www.prothomalo.com/diary-1971/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prothom+Alo&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%2C+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81+%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prothomalo.com%2Fdiary-1971%2F%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BE-%25E0%25A6%2586%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A5-%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A8-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A7%2581-%25E0%25A6%259B%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A7%259F%25E0%25A7%2587-%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMD-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMD_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Meteorological_Department1970" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006111905/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED281.pdf#page=10">"Annual Summary – Storms & Depressions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>India Weather Review 1970</i>. pp. 10–11. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Weather+Review+1970&rft.atitle=Annual+Summary+%E2%80%93+Storms+%26+Depressions&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=1970&rft.au=India+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.noaa.gov%2Frescue%2Fcd024_pdf%2F005ED281.pdf%23page%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCervenyBessemoulinBurtCooper2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cerveny, Randall S.; Bessemoulin, Pierre; Burt, Christopher C.; Cooper, Mary Ann; Cunjie, Zhang; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Juncture+Analysis%2C+1964%E2%80%932003&rft.pub=USAID&rft.date=2005-02-21&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Four_work%2Fhumanitarian_assistance%2Fdisaster_assistance%2Fpublications%2Fofda_cjanalysis_02_21-2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalik1997">Salik 1997</a>, pp. 63, 228–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Costa2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bina_D%27Costa" title="Bina D'Costa">D'Costa, Bina</a> (2011). <i>Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56566-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56566-0"><bdi>978-0-415-56566-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationbuilding%2C+Gender+and+War+Crimes+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56566-0&rft.aulast=D%27Costa&rft.aufirst=Bina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui1997" class="citation journal cs1">Siddiqui, Asif (December 1997). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=necrometrics.com&rft.atitle=Twentieth+Century+Atlas+%E2%80%93+Death+Tolls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2F20c1m.htm%23Bangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2014" class="citation news cs1">Bergman, David (24 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/questioning-an-iconic-number/article5940833.ece">"Questioning an iconic number"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012642/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/questioning-an-iconic-number/article5940833.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Questioning+an+iconic+number&rft.date=2014-04-24&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Flead%2Fquestioning-an-iconic-number%2Farticle5940833.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rummel, Rudolph</a> (1998). "Chapter 8: Statistics of Pakistan's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". <i>Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4010-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4010-5"><bdi>978-3-8258-4010-5</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"...They also planned to indiscriminately murder hundreds of thousands of its Hindus and drive the rest into India. ... This despicable and cutthroat plan was outright genocide'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+Statistics+of+Pakistan%27s+Democide+Estimates%2C+Calculations%2C+And+Sources&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Democide%3A+Genocide+and+Mass+Murder+since+1900&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-4010-5&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZunaid_Kazi" class="citation web cs1">Zunaid Kazi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723203401/http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/holocaust.html">"History : The Bangali Genocide, 1971"</a>. Virtual Bangladesh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/holocaust.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%3A+The+Bangali+Genocide%2C+1971&rft.pub=Virtual+Bangladesh&rft.au=Zunaid+Kazi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualbangladesh.com%2Fhistory%2Fholocaust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebasish_Roy_Chowdhury2005" class="citation news cs1">Debasish Roy Chowdhury (23 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050624014444/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GF23Df04.html">"Indians are bastards anyway"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a></i>. Archived from the original on 24 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Indians+are+bastards+anyway&rft.date=2005-06-23&rft.au=Debasish+Roy+Chowdhury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSouth_Asia%2FGF23Df04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nurullah-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nurullah_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amita_Malik" title="Amita Malik">Malik, Amita</a> (1972). <i>The Year of the Vulture</i>. New Delhi: Orient Longmans. pp. 79–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8046-8817-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8046-8817-8"><bdi>978-0-8046-8817-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+of+the+Vulture&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=79-83&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8046-8817-8&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Amita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201">"Bangladesh war: The article that changed history – Asia"</a>. BBC. 16 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508091712/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+war%3A+The+article+that+changed+history+%E2%80%93+Asia&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16207201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/651231/Agha-Mohammad-Yahya-Khan">"Encyclopædia Britannica Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604051235/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/651231/Agha-Mohammad-Yahya-Khan">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Agha+Mohammad+Yahya+Khan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F651231%2FAgha-Mohammad-Yahya-Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfreen_Mallick2009" class="citation news cs1">Afreen Mallick, Sadya (25 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119256">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Potua' and freedom's colours"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224034828/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119256">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=%27Potua%27+and+freedom%27s+colours&rft.date=2009-12-25&rft.aulast=Afreen+Mallick&rft.aufirst=Sadya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2FnewDesign%2Fnews-details.php%3Fnid%3D119256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.bdnews24.com/?p=2769"><bdi lang="bn">সংযোজনস্বাধীনতার ঘোষণা: বেলাল মোহাম্মদের সাক্ষাৎকার</bdi></a> [Declaration of Independence: Bilal Mohammad interview]. <i>bdnews24.com</i> (in Bengali). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329134219/http://arts.bdnews24.com/?p=2769">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bdnews24.com&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%3A+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.bdnews24.com%2F%3Fp%3D2769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen_Gupta1974" class="citation book cs1">Sen Gupta, Jyoti (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DedtAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of freedom movement in Bangladesh, 1943–1973: some involvement</i></a>. Calcutta: Naya Prokash. pp. 325–326<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+freedom+movement+in+Bangladesh%2C+1943%E2%80%931973%3A+some+involvement&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=325-326&rft.pub=Naya+Prokash&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Sen+Gupta&rft.aufirst=Jyoti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDedtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901035519/http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/declaration.html">"History : The Declaration of Independence"</a>. <i>Virtual Bangladesh</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/declaration.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=History+%3A+The+Declaration+of+Independence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualbangladesh.com%2Fhistory%2Fdeclaration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srCLD-PXl-gC&pg=PA143">M1 India, Pakistan, and the United States: Breaking with the Past By Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129164149/https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0876091990&id=srCLD-PXl-gC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143#PPA37,">Archived</a> 29 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87609-199-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87609-199-0">0-87609-199-0</a>, 1997, Council on Foreign Relations. pp 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob1997">Jacob 1997</a>, pp. 90–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob1997">Jacob 1997</a>, pp. 42–44, 90–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasan2004">Hasan 2004</a>, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIslam1981">Islam 1981</a>, pp. 227, 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSafiullah1989">Safiullah 1989</a>, pp. 161–163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIslam1981">Islam 1981</a>, pp. 226–231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowlah2016" class="citation book cs1">Dowlah, Caf (2016). <i>The Bangladesh Liberation War, the Sheikh Mujib Regime, and Contemporary Controversies</i>. Lexington Books. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3418-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3418-5"><bdi>978-1-4985-3418-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bangladesh+Liberation+War%2C+the+Sheikh+Mujib+Regime%2C+and+Contemporary+Controversies&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-3418-5&rft.aulast=Dowlah&rft.aufirst=Caf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberationwarmuseumbd.org/history/#blaf">"Bangladesh Liberation Armed Force"</a>. <i>Liberation War Museum, Bangladesh</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906143409/http://www.liberationwarmuseumbd.org/history/#blaf">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberation+War+Museum%2C+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+Liberation+Armed+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberationwarmuseumbd.org%2Fhistory%2F%23blaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaja2010" class="citation book cs1">Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar (2010). <i>O General My General</i>. Osmany Memorial Trust. pp. 72, 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-8866-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-8866-18-4"><bdi>978-984-8866-18-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+General+My+General&rft.pages=72%2C+74-75&rft.pub=Osmany+Memorial+Trust&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-984-8866-18-4&rft.aulast=Raja&rft.aufirst=Dewan+Mohammad+Tasawwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob1997">Jacob 1997</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasan2004">Hasan 2004</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasan2004">Hasan 2004</a>, pp. 64–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan1973">Khan 1973</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAli1992">Ali 1992</a>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Untold_heroism_of_Muktibahini_Frogmen-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Untold_heroism_of_Muktibahini_Frogmen_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1995" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Mihir K. 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New Delhi: Lancer Publisher & Distributor. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897829-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897829-11-0"><bdi>978-1-897829-11-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Lancer+Publisher+%26+Distributor&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-897829-11-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Mihir+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-On_the_water_front_spectacular_achievement-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-On_the_water_front_spectacular_achievement_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobi2008" class="citation book cs1">Robi, Mir Mustak Ahmed (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.iub.edu.bd/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=15244&query_desc=%28su%3A{Bangladesh}%29"><i>Chetonai Ekattor</i></a>. Dhaka: Zonaki Publisher. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chetonai+Ekattor&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Zonaki+Publisher&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Robi&rft.aufirst=Mir+Mustak+Ahmed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.iub.edu.bd%2Fcgi-bin%2Fkoha%2Fopac-detail.pl%3Fbiblionumber%3D15244%26query_desc%3D%2528su%253A%7BBangladesh%7D%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSN_Encarta-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSN_Encarta_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSN_Encarta_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSN_Encarta_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5kwrHv6ph?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588350_3/Indo-Pakistani_Wars.html">"Indo-Pakistani Wars"</a>. <i>MSN Encarta</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588350_3/Indo-Pakistani_Wars.html">the original</a> on 1 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-Pakistani+Wars&rft.btitle=MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761588350_3%2FIndo-Pakistani_Wars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/1971-making-bangladesh-a-reality-i/">"1971: Making Bangladesh a reality – I"</a>. <i>Indian Defence Review</i>. 16 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034413/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/1971-making-bangladesh-a-reality-i/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Defence+Review&rft.atitle=1971%3A+Making+Bangladesh+a+reality+%E2%80%93+I&rft.date=2012-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiandefencereview.com%2Fnews%2F1971-making-bangladesh-a-reality-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="bn">বাংলাদেশ ও অনুপ্রেরণার গল্প</bdi> [<i>Bangladesh and Story of Inspiration</i>] (in Bengali). Inspiring Bangladesh. 2022. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-35-0351-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-35-0351-0"><bdi>978-984-35-0351-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6+%E0%A6%93+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Inspiring+Bangladesh&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-984-35-0351-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-edge-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time-edge_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time-edge_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time-edge_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155,00.html">"India and Pakistan: Over the Edge"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 13 December 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008221847/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=India+and+Pakistan%3A+Over+the+Edge&rft.date=1971-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C910155%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103235823/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878969-4,00.html">"Bangladesh: Out of War, a Nation Is Born"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 20 December 1971. 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Lancer International. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7062-014-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7062-014-7"><bdi>81-7062-014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Army+after+Independence&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Lancer+International&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=81-7062-014-7&rft.aulast=Praval&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/independence-day-special-2015/submariners-heroism-and-the-first-military-response-france">"Naval Commandos in Operation Jackpot"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 26 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327073557/http://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/independence-day-special-2015/submariners-heroism-and-the-first-military-response-france">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Naval+Commandos+in+Operation+Jackpot&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fsupplements%2Findependence-day-special-2015%2Fsubmariners-heroism-and-the-first-military-response-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC1971-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC1971_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1971.stm">"The 1971 war"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113173555/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1971.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+1971+war&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fin_depth%2Fsouth_asia%2F2002%2Findia_pakistan%2Ftimeline%2F1971.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1972/1972-1-9.htm">"Situation in the Indian Subcontinent"</a>. <i>mofa.go.jp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420223314/http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1972/1972-1-9.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mofa.go.jp&rft.atitle=Situation+in+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.jp%2Fpolicy%2Fother%2Fbluebook%2F1972%2F1972-1-9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newint.org/issue332/guess.htm">Guess who's coming to dinner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224195916/http://www.newint.org/issue332/guess.htm">Archived</a> 24 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Naeem Bangali</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2009" class="citation web cs1">Ahmad, Fayazuddin (17 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/law/2009/01/03/index.htm">"Law and Our Rights"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Law+and+Our+Rights&rft.date=2009-01-17&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Fayazuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Flaw%2F2009%2F01%2F03%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/bangladesh%E2%80%99s-genocide-debate;-a-conscientious-research/">"Bangladesh's genocide debate; A conscientious research"</a>. EFSAS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926032926/https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/bangladesh%E2%80%99s-genocide-debate;-a-conscientious-research/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%27s+genocide+debate%3B+A+conscientious+research&rft.pub=EFSAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efsas.org%2Fpublications%2Fstudy-papers%2Fbangladesh%25E2%2580%2599s-genocide-debate%3B-a-conscientious-research%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614014904/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A109&Pg=6">"The Simla Agreement 1972 – Story of Pakistan"</a>. <i>Story of Pakistan</i>. 1 June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A109&Pg=6">the original</a> on 14 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=The+Simla+Agreement+1972+%E2%80%93+Story+of+Pakistan&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storyofpakistan.com%2Farticletext.asp%3Fartid%3DA109%26Pg%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-three-indian-blunders-in-the-1971-war/20111212.htm">"India's Strategic Blunders in the 1971 War"</a>. <i>Rediff.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123073209/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-three-indian-blunders-in-the-1971-war/20111212.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=India%27s+Strategic+Blunders+in+the+1971+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2Fslide-show%2Fslide-show-1-three-indian-blunders-in-the-1971-war%2F20111212.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Defencejournal-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Defencejournal_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Defencejournal_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018222302/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/oct/yaqub.htm">"Defencejournal"</a>. Defencejournal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/oct/yaqub.htm">the original</a> on 18 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defencejournal&rft.pub=Defencejournal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencejournal.com%2F2000%2Foct%2Fyaqub.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghazali.net-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghazali.net_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghazali.net_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghazali.net/book8/Chapter_5/body_chapter_5.html">"General Niazi's Failure in High Command"</a>. <i>Ghazali.net</i>. 21 August 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219015252/http://www.ghazali.net/book8/Chapter_5/body_chapter_5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ghazali.net&rft.atitle=General+Niazi%27s+Failure+in+High+Command&rft.date=2000-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghazali.net%2Fbook8%2FChapter_5%2Fbody_chapter_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MathewWhite-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MathewWhite_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Matthew, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh">Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305175626/http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh">Archived</a> 5 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach200092–93-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach200092–93_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharlach2000">Sharlach 2000</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjad2012225-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjad2012225_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSajjad2012">Sajjad 2012</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi1998" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Dina M. (1998). "Taslima Nasreen and Others: The Contest over Gender in Bangladesh". In Bodman, Herbert L.; Tohidi, Nayereh Esfahlani (eds.). <i>Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity Within Unity</i>. Lynne Rienner. pp. 208–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-578-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-578-7"><bdi>978-1-55587-578-7</bdi></a>. <q>Sometime during the war, a fatwa originating in West Pakistan labeled Bengali freedom fighters 'Hindus' and declared that 'the wealth and women' to be secured by warfare with them could be treated as the booty of war. [Footnote, on p. 225:] S. A. Hossain, "Fatwa in Islam: Bangladesh Perspective," <i>Daily Star</i> (Dhaka), 28 December 1994, 7.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taslima+Nasreen+and+Others%3A+The+Contest+over+Gender+in+Bangladesh&rft.btitle=Women+in+Muslim+Societies%3A+Diversity+Within+Unity&rft.pages=208-209&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-578-7&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Dina+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Population">"Population"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401041939/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Population">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FPopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many of the eyewitness accounts of relations that were picked up by "Al Badr" forces describe them as Bengali men. The only survivor of the Rayerbazar killings describes the captors and killers of Bengali professionals as fellow Bengalis. See 57 Dilawar Hossain, account reproduced in <i>Ekattorer Ghatok-dalalera ke Kothay</i> (Muktijuddha Chetona Bikash Kendro, Dacca, 1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2005" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Md. Asadullah (14 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d512141501115.htm">"The loss continues to haunt us"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i> (Editorial). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305011706/http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d512141501115.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+loss+continues+to+haunt+us&rft.date=2005-12-14&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Md.+Asadullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2F2005%2F12%2F14%2Fd512141501115.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/19/archives/125-slain-in-dacca-area-believed-elite-of-bengal-125-found-slain.html">"125 Slain in Dacca Area Believed Elite of Bengal"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 19 December 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328143516/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>. <q>At least 125 persons, believed to be physicians, professors, writers and teachers, were found murdered today in a field outside Dacca. All the victims' hands were tied behind their backs and they had been bayoneted, garroted or shot. They were among an estimated 300 Bengali intellectuals who had been seized by West Pakistani soldiers and locally recruited supporters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=125+Slain+in+Dacca+Area+Believed+Elite+of+Bengal&rft.date=1971-12-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F12%2F19%2Farchives%2F125-slain-in-dacca-area-believed-elite-of-bengal-125-found-slain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug08/world.htm#7">"Mass grave found in Bangladesh"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012627/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug08/world.htm#7">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Mass+grave+found+in+Bangladesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F1999%2F99aug08%2Fworld.htm%237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/">"The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971"</a>. <i>nsarchive.gwu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612151003/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Tilt%3A+The+U.S.+and+the+South+Asian+Crisis+of+1971&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB79%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19720118_nyt_bengali_wives_raped_in_war_are_said_to_face_ostracism.pdf">"Bengali Wives Raped in War Are Said to Face Ostracism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 8 January 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221082405/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19720118_nyt_bengali_wives_raped_in_war_are_said_to_face_ostracism.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bengali+Wives+Raped+in+War+Are+Said+to+Face+Ostracism&rft.date=1972-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstrangelove.com%2Fuploads%2F1971%2Fforeign%2F19720118_nyt_bengali_wives_raped_in_war_are_said_to_face_ostracism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenen1972" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Menen" title="Aubrey Menen">Menen, Aubrey</a> (23 July 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19720723_nyt_the_rapes_of_bangladesh.pdf">"The Rapes of Bangladesh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221082430/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19720723_nyt_the_rapes_of_bangladesh.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Rapes+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=1972-07-23&rft.aulast=Menen&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstrangelove.com%2Fuploads%2F1971%2Fforeign%2F19720723_nyt_the_rapes_of_bangladesh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstrachan1972" class="citation news cs1">Astrachan, Anthony (22 March 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19720322_wp_un_asked_to_aid_bengali_abortions.pdf">"U.N. Asked to Aid Bengali Abortions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221082448/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19720322_wp_un_asked_to_aid_bengali_abortions.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.N.+Asked+to+Aid+Bengali+Abortions&rft.date=1972-03-22&rft.aulast=Astrachan&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstrangelove.com%2Fuploads%2F1971%2Fforeign%2F19720322_wp_un_asked_to_aid_bengali_abortions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time.oct25-1971-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time.oct25-1971_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071104001659/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html">"East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 25 October 1971. p. 43. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html">the original</a></span> on 4 November 2007. <q>Refugees are still trekking into India ... telling of villages burned, residents shot, and prominent figures carried off and never heard from again. One of the more horrible revelations concerns 563 young Bengali women, some only 18, who have been held captive inside Dacca's dingy military cantonment since the first days of the fighting. Seized from Dacca University and private homes and forced into military brothels, the girls are all three to five months pregnant. The army is reported to have enlisted Bengali gynecologists to abort girls held at military installations. But for those at the Dacca cantonment it is too late for abortion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=East+Pakistan%3A+Even+the+Skies+Weep&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1971-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C877316%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usconsulate_cable_march31-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usconsulate_cable_march31_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB6.pdf">Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221082405/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB6.pdf">Archived</a> 21 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bihari_Refugees-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bihari_Refugees_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Sumit (1999). "Stateless Refugees and the Right to Return: the Bihari Refugees of South Asia, Part 1". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Refugee_Law" title="International Journal of Refugee Law">International Journal of Refugee Law</a></i>. <b>11</b> (4): 625–645. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fijrl%2F11.4.625">10.1093/ijrl/11.4.625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Refugee+Law&rft.atitle=Stateless+Refugees+and+the+Right+to+Return%3A+the+Bihari+Refugees+of+South+Asia%2C+Part+1&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=625-645&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fijrl%2F11.4.625&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerlach2010-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gerlach2010_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2010" class="citation book cs1">Gerlach, Christian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148"><i>Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139493512" title="Special:BookSources/9781139493512"><bdi>9781139493512</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214806/https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremely+Violent+Societies%3A+Mass+Violence+in+the+Twentieth-Century+World&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139493512&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48N-XbOltMEC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1997" class="citation book cs1">Rummel, R. J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334"><i>Death by Government</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560009276" title="Special:BookSources/9781560009276"><bdi>9781560009276</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214903/https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+by+Government&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781560009276&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaYBrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SelectiveGenocide-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SelectiveGenocide_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Consulate in Dacca (27 March 1971), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB1.pdf">Selective genocide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612052659/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/">Archived</a> 12 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Cable (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bangladeshobserver-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bangladeshobserver_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070123033307/http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com/new/2005/12/30/editorial.htm">"The Jamaat Talks Back"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bangladesh_Observer" title="The Bangladesh Observer">The Bangladesh Observer</a></i> (Editorial). 30 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com/new/2005/12/30/editorial.htm">the original</a> on 23 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bangladesh+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Jamaat+Talks+Back&rft.date=2005-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangladeshobserveronline.com%2Fnew%2F2005%2F12%2F30%2Feditorial.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/12/03/remembrance.htm">"Remembering a Martyr"</a>. <i>Star Weekend Magazine</i>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027095320/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/12/03/remembrance.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Weekend+Magazine&rft.atitle=Remembering+a+Martyr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2Fmagazine%2F2005%2F12%2F03%2Fremembrance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévy2014" class="citation news cs1">Lévy, Bernard-Henri (28 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/28/bernard-henri-levy-andre-malraux-s-bangladesh-before-the-radicals.html">"Bernard-Henri Levy: Andre Malraux's Bangladesh, Before the Radicals"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407100546/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/28/bernard-henri-levy-andre-malraux-s-bangladesh-before-the-radicals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Bernard-Henri+Levy%3A+Andre+Malraux%27s+Bangladesh%2C+Before+the+Radicals&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vy&rft.aufirst=Bernard-Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F04%2F28%2Fbernard-henri-levy-andre-malraux-s-bangladesh-before-the-radicals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411040048/http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=212838:andre-malraux-a-true-friend-of-bangladesh&catid=182:city-life&Itemid=220">"André Malraux: A true friend of Bangladesh"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Dhaka. 25 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=212838:andre-malraux-a-true-friend-of-bangladesh&catid=182:city-life&Itemid=220">the original</a> on 11 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Andr%C3%A9+Malraux%3A+A+true+friend+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindependentbd.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D212838%3Aandre-malraux-a-true-friend-of-bangladesh%26catid%3D182%3Acity-life%26Itemid%3D220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recog-story-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-recog-story_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recog-story_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recog-story_142-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725050939/http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=3072">"The Recognition Story"</a>. Bangladesh Strategic and Development Forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=3072">the original</a> on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Recognition+Story&rft.pub=Bangladesh+Strategic+and+Development+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdsdf.org%2Fforum%2Findex.php%3Fshowtopic%3D3072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhutto" class="citation book cs1">Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto%27s_farewell_speech_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council"><i>Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's farewell speech to the United Nations Security Council</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428162858/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto%27s_farewell_speech_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zulfiqar+Ali+Bhutto%27s+farewell+speech+to+the+United+Nations+Security+Council&rft.aulast=Bhutto&rft.aufirst=Zulfiqar+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FZulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto%2527s_farewell_speech_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/dec/08/bhutan-recognised-bangladesh-first">"Bhutan recognised Bangladesh first"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a></i>. 8 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108132617/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/dec/08/bhutan-recognised-bangladesh-first">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bhutan+recognised+Bangladesh+first&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fbangladesh%2F2014%2Fdec%2F08%2Fbhutan-recognised-bangladesh-first&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarrod_Hayes2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jarrod Hayes (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241754960">"Securitization, social identity, and democratic security: Nixon, India, and the ties that bind"</a>. <i>International Organization</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 63–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818311000324">10.1017/S0020818311000324</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41428946">41428946</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145504278">145504278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Securitization%2C+social+identity%2C+and+democratic+security%3A+Nixon%2C+India%2C+and+the+ties+that+bind&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-93&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145504278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41428946%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818311000324&rft.au=Jarrod+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F241754960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shalom-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shalom_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shalom_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shalom_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shalom, Stephen R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm">The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823000531/http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm">Archived</a> 23 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thedailystar.net-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar.net_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar.net_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/perspective/the-triumvirate-the-diplomat-the-journalist-and-the-artist-1330978">"The triumvirate of the Diplomat, the Journalist and the Artist"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 17 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113110423/http://www.thedailystar.net/perspective/the-triumvirate-the-diplomat-the-journalist-and-the-artist-1330978">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+triumvirate+of+the+Diplomat%2C+the+Journalist+and+the+Artist&rft.date=2016-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fperspective%2Fthe-triumvirate-the-diplomat-the-journalist-and-the-artist-1330978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1971" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Paul (21 December 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HUU0AAAAIBAJ&pg=5099,2016461">"Naval 'Show of Force' By Nixon Meant as Blunt Warning to India"</a>. <i>Bangor Daily News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602154916/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HUU0AAAAIBAJ&pg=5099,2016461">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Naval+%27Show+of+Force%27+By+Nixon+Meant+as+Blunt+Warning+to+India&rft.date=1971-12-21&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DHUU0AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5099%2C2016461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2011-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White2011_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_White2011" class="citation book cs1">Matthew White (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5w9qmd1UeMC&q=pakistani+dictator+yahya+khan&pg=PR45"><i>Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements</i></a>. Canongate Books. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85786-125-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85786-125-2"><bdi>978-0-85786-125-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214807/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5w9qmd1UeMC&q=pakistani+dictator+yahya+khan&pg=PR45">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atrocitology%3A+Humanity%27s+100+Deadliest+Achievements&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Canongate+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85786-125-2&rft.au=Matthew+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5w9qmd1UeMC%26q%3Dpakistani%2Bdictator%2Byahya%2Bkhan%26pg%3DPR45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDexter_Filkins2013" class="citation news cs1">Dexter Filkins (27 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/books/review/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass.html">"Collateral Damage:'The Blood Telegram,' by Gary J. Bass"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611054151/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/books/review/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Collateral+Damage%3A%27The+Blood+Telegram%2C%27+by+Gary+J.+Bass&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft.au=Dexter+Filkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F29%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fthe-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113063248/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1161217/jsp/frontpage/story_125276.jsp">"That same fleet but new face"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/1161217/jsp/frontpage/story_125276.jsp">the original</a> on 13 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=That+same+fleet+but+new+face&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1161217%2Fjsp%2Ffrontpage%2Fstory_125276.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0dIoAAAAIBAJ&pg=2219,2272476">"USSR, Czechoslovakia Recognize Bangladesh"</a>. Sumter, South Carolina, US. Associated Press. 25 January 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602154918/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0dIoAAAAIBAJ&pg=2219,2272476">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=USSR%2C+Czechoslovakia+Recognize+Bangladesh&rft.date=1972-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D0dIoAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2219%2C2272476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5TMsAAAAIBAJ&pg=3505,1398456">"Nixon Hopes for Subcontinent Peace"</a>. Spartanburg, South Carolina, US. Associated Press. 9 April 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602154918/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5TMsAAAAIBAJ&pg=3505,1398456">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nixon+Hopes+for+Subcontinent+Peace&rft.date=1972-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D5TMsAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3505%2C1398456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/xi/45650.htm">"Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235955/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/xi/45650.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations%2C+1969%E2%80%931976%2C+Volume+XI%2C+South+Asia+Crisis%2C+1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ffrus%2Fnixon%2Fxi%2F45650.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinath_Raghavan2013" class="citation book cs1">Srinath Raghavan (12 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2S-wAQAAQBAJ"><i>1971</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 101–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674731295" title="Special:BookSources/9780674731295"><bdi>9780674731295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1971&rft.pages=101-105&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.isbn=9780674731295&rft.au=Srinath+Raghavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2S-wAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoah_Berlatsky2012" class="citation book cs1">Noah Berlatsky (26 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1IRmDwAAQBAJ"><i>East Pakistan</i></a>. Greenhaven Publishing. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780737762563" title="Special:BookSources/9780737762563"><bdi>9780737762563</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214855/https://books.google.com/books?id=1IRmDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Pakistan&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Publishing&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft.isbn=9780737762563&rft.au=Noah+Berlatsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1IRmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxnard-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxnard_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxnard_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rnVKAAAAIBAJ&pg=4237,20391">"China Recognizes Bangladesh"</a>. Oxnard, California, US. Associated Press. 1 September 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213206/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rnVKAAAAIBAJ&pg=4237,20391">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+Recognizes+Bangladesh&rft.date=1975-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DrnVKAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4237%2C20391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GQsyAAAAIBAJ&pg=4712,6055847">"China Veto Downs Bangladesh UN Entry"</a>. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. United Press International. 26 August 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414025755/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GQsyAAAAIBAJ&pg=4712,6055847">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+Veto+Downs+Bangladesh+UN+Entry&rft.date=1972-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DGQsyAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4712%2C6055847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Near_East-South_Asia_Analysis2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Near_East_South_Asia_Center_for_Strategic_Studies" title="Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies">Office of Near East-South Asia Analysis</a> (19 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115114828/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP83S00854R000200130001-0.pdf">"India and Its Neighbors: Cooperation of Confrontation?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP83S00854R000200130001-0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2021</span>. p. 7: <q>Nepal and Sri Lanka saw the partition of Pakistan as an example for themselves and feared that India might use its enhanced power against them at some future date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=India+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+Cooperation+of+Confrontation%3F&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2011-01-19&rft.au=Office+of+Near+East-South+Asia+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP83S00854R000200130001-0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213125733/http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=13217">"The Foreign Policy of Sirimavo Bandaranaike"</a>. <i>The Island</i>. 11 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=13217">the original</a> on 13 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Island&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Sirimavo+Bandaranaike&rft.date=2010-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.island.lk%2Findex.php%3Fpage_cat%3Darticle-details%26page%3Darticle-details%26code_title%3D13217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.lk/brief-overview-of-sri-lankas-foreign-relations-to-post-independence/">"You are being redirected..."</a> <i>mfa.gov.lk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408011417/https://www.mfa.gov.lk/brief-overview-of-sri-lankas-foreign-relations-to-post-independence/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mfa.gov.lk&rft.atitle=You+are+being+redirected...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.lk%2Fbrief-overview-of-sri-lankas-foreign-relations-to-post-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/pak-thanks-lanka-for-help-in-1971-war/story-UpZWXd0fFX5eDPac0KMIYL.html">"Pak thanks Lanka for help in 1971 war"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 11 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321063210/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/pak-thanks-lanka-for-help-in-1971-war/story-UpZWXd0fFX5eDPac0KMIYL.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Pak+thanks+Lanka+for+help+in+1971+war&rft.date=2011-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld%2Fpak-thanks-lanka-for-help-in-1971-war%2Fstory-UpZWXd0fFX5eDPac0KMIYL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pen_and_Sword,_Bowman-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pen_and_Sword,_Bowman_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2016" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Martin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QleqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112"><i>Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations 1950–1972</i></a>. Pen and Sword. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7463-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7463-3"><bdi>978-1-4738-7463-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214845/https://books.google.com/books?id=QleqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War+Jet+Combat%3A+Air-to-Air+Jet+Fighter+Operations+1950%E2%80%931972&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-7463-3&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQleqCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THe_News_International-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THe_News_International_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazar_Abbas2011" class="citation news cs1">Nazar Abbas (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809005813/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-64753-Gaddafi-is-gone-long-live-Libya">"Gaddafi is gone, long live Libya"</a>. <i>The News International</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com/Todays-News-2-64753-Gaddafi-is-gone-long-live-Libya">the original</a> on 9 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=Gaddafi+is+gone%2C+long+live+Libya&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.au=Nazar+Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com%2FTodays-News-2-64753-Gaddafi-is-gone-long-live-Libya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rao_Farman_Ali" title="Rao Farman Ali">Ali, Rao Farman</a> (1992). <i>How Pakistan Got Divided</i>. 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University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-05-0121-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-05-0121-2"><bdi>978-984-05-0121-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muldhara%2C+71&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-984-05-0121-2&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Moyeedul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam1981" class="citation book cs1">Islam, Rafiqul (1981). <i>A Tale of Millions</i>. Bangladesh Books International. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/499426590">499426590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+Millions&rft.pub=Bangladesh+Books+International&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F499426590&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Rafiqul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._F._R._Jacob" title="J. F. R. Jacob">Jacob, JFR</a> (1997). <i>Surrender at Dacca: Birth of A Nation</i>. Manohar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7304-189-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7304-189-X"><bdi>81-7304-189-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surrender+at+Dacca%3A+Birth+of+A+Nation&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-7304-189-X&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=JFR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1973" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Fazal Mukeem (1973). <i>Pakistan's Crisis in Leadership</i>. National Book Foundation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/976643179">976643179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Crisis+in+Leadership&rft.pub=National+Book+Foundation&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F976643179&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Fazal+Mukeem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafiullah1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._M._Shafiullah" title="K. M. Shafiullah">Safiullah, K. M.</a> (1989). <i>Bangladesh at War</i>. Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24300969">24300969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+at+War&rft.pub=Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24300969&rft.aulast=Safiullah&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSajjad2012" class="citation book cs1">Sajjad, Tazreena (2012). "The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women". In Samuel Totten (ed.). <i>Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide</i> (Reprint ed.). Transaction. pp. 219–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412847599" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412847599"><bdi>978-1412847599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Post-Genocidal+Period+and+its+Impact+on+Women&rft.btitle=Plight+and+Fate+of+Women+During+and+Following+Genocide&rft.pages=219-248&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1412847599&rft.aulast=Sajjad&rft.aufirst=Tazreena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalik1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Siddique_Salik" title="Siddique Salik">Salik, Siddiq</a> (1997) [First published 1977]. <i>Witness to Surrender</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-577761-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-577761-1"><bdi>0-19-577761-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness+to+Surrender&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-577761-1&rft.aulast=Salik&rft.aufirst=Siddiq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharlach2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sharlach, Lisa (2000). "Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda". <i>New Political Science</i>. <b>1</b> (22): 89–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713687893">10.1080/713687893</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144966485">144966485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Rape+as+Genocide%3A+Bangladesh%2C+the+Former+Yugoslavia%2C+and+Rwanda&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=89-102&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713687893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144966485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharlach&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Schendel2009" class="citation book cs1">van Schendel, Willem (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Bangladesh</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-99741-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-99741-9"><bdi>978-0-511-99741-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214523/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-511-99741-9&rft.aulast=van+Schendel&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Y2bBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_on_Liberation_War_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books on Liberation War of Bangladesh">List of books on Liberation War of Bangladesh</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ayoob, Mohammed and <a href="/wiki/K._Subrahmanyam" title="K. Subrahmanyam">Subrahmanyam, K.</a>, <i>The Liberation War</i>, S. Chand and Co. pvt Ltd. New Delhi, 1972.</li> <li>Bass, Gary J. <i>The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide.</i> Vintage, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307744620" title="Special:BookSources/0307744620">0307744620</a></li> <li>Bhargava, G.S., <i>Crush India or Pakistan's Death Wish</i>, ISSD, New Delhi, 1972.</li> <li>Bhattacharyya, S. K., <i>Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh: A Horror Story</i>, A. Ghosh Publishers, 1988.</li> <li>Blood, A. K. (2005). The cruel birth of Bangladesh: Memoirs of an American diplomat. Dhaka: University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Brownmiller, Susan</a>: <i>Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape</i>, Ballantine Books, 1993.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhury1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Choudhury" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. Choudhury">Choudhury, G. W.</a> (April 1972). "Bangladesh: Why It Happened". <i>International Affairs</i>. <b>48</b> (2). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 242–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2613440">10.2307/2613440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5850">0020-5850</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2613440">2613440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Bangladesh%3A+Why+It+Happened&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-249&rft.date=1972-04&rft.issn=0020-5850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2613440%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2613440&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhury1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Choudhury" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. Choudhury">Choudhury, G. W.</a> (1994) [First published 1974]. <i>The Last Days of United Pakistan</i>. Dhaka: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-05-1242-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-05-1242-3"><bdi>978-984-05-1242-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+United+Pakistan&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-984-05-1242-3&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Govt. of Bangladesh, <i>Documents of the war of Independence</i>, Vol 01–16, Ministry of Information.</li> <li>Hitchens, Christopher, <i>The Trials of Henry Kissinger</i>, Verso (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-631-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-631-9">1-85984-631-9</a></li> <li>Kanjilal, Kalidas, <i>The Perishing Humanity</i>, Sahitya Loke, Calcutta, 1976</li> <li>Johnson, Rob, 'A Region in Turmoil' (New York and London, 2005)</li> <li>Malik, Amita, <i>The Year of the Vulture</i>, Orient Longmans, New Delhi, 1972.</li> <li>Matinuddin, General Kamal, <i>Tragedy of Errors: East Pakistan Crisis, 1968–1971</i>, Wajidalis, Lahore, Pakistan, 1994.</li> <li>Mookherjee, Nayanika, <i>A Lot of History: Sexual Violence, Public Memories and the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971</i>, D.Phil. thesis in Social Anthropology, SOAS, University of London, 2002.</li> <li>National Security Archive, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79">The Tilt: the U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050420033838/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/">Archived</a> 20 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Quereshi, Major General Hakeem Arshad, <i>The 1971 Indo-Pak War, A Soldiers Narrative</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Raghavan, Srinath, <i>1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh,</i> Harvard Univ. Press, 2013.</li> <li>Sisson, Richard & Rose, Leo, <i>War and secession: Pakistan, India, and the creation of Bangladesh</i>, University of California Press (Berkeley), 1990.</li> <li>Stephen, Pierre, and Payne, Robert, <i>Massacre</i>, Macmillan, New York, (1973). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-595240-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-595240-4">0-02-595240-4</a></li> <li>Totten, Samuel et al., eds., <i>Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views</i>, Garland Reference Library, 1997</li> <li>US Department of State Office of the Historian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v11"><i>Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120320/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v11">Archived</a> 22 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Zaheer, Hasan: <i>The separation of East Pakistan: The rise and realisation of Bengali Muslim nationalism</i>, Oxford University Press, 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaja,_Dewan_Mohammad_Tasawwar2010" class="citation book cs1">Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar (2010). <i>O General My General (Life and Works of General M. A. G. Osmani)</i>. The Osmani Memorial Trust, Dacca, Bangladesh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-8866-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-8866-18-4"><bdi>978-984-8866-18-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+General+My+General+%28Life+and+Works+of+General+M.+A.+G.+Osmani%29&rft.pub=The+Osmani+Memorial+Trust%2C+Dacca%2C+Bangladesh&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-984-8866-18-4&rft.au=Raja%2C+Dewan+Mohammad+Tasawwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+Liberation+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Tales of abuse and rape by the Pakistan Army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030501230820/http://www.bangladeshmariners.com/HmdrRprt/71mass.html">1971 Massacre in Bangladesh and the Fallacy in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report, Dr. M.A. Hasan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223123938/http://www.adhunika.com/issues/wpawc71.html">Women of Pakistan Apologize for War Crimes, 1996</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/146732/sheikh-mujib-wanted-a-confederation-us-papers">Sheikh Mujib wanted a confederation: US papers, by Anwar Iqbal, Dawn, 7 July 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041013132951/http://muktadhara.net/page11.html">Page containing copies of the surrender documents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banglagallery.com/gallery/categories.php?cat_id=5">Bangladesh Liberation War Picture Gallery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926052212/http://www.banglagallery.com/gallery/categories.php?cat_id=5">Archived</a> 26 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sub>Graphic images, viewer discretion advised</sub></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2010/12/victory_day/facts.html">Rashid Askari:Liberation War facts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192438/http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2010/12/victory_day/facts.html">Archived</a> 2 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041">1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/81841/2017-02-21">PM reiterated her vow to declare March 25 as Genocide Day</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113441/http://gbnews24.com/breaking-news/article/call-for-international-recognitio/">Call for international recognition and observance of genocide day</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=63378">Genocide Day: As it was in March 1971</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033855/http://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=63378">Archived</a> 25 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/the-case-for-un-recognition-of-bangladesh-genocide">The case for UN recognition of Bangladesh genocide</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bangladesh&#124;link=Bangladesh_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Template:Bangladesh Liberation War"><abbr title="View this template" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg/20px-Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Liberation_War_Affairs_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Liberation War Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_Bangladeshi_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the Bangladeshi Revolution</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_studies" title="Bengal studies">Bengal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Bangla" title="Joy Bangla">Joy Bangla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pakistan Movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim National Guard">Muslim National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">East Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Pakistan Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Awami_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All Pakistan Awami Muslim League">All Pakistan Awami Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Awami League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_(East_Pakistan)" title="United Front (East Pakistan)">United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">Constitution of Pakistan of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">1958 Pakistani coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1962" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1962">Constitution of Pakistan of 1962</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Bengali self-determination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swadhin_Bangla_Biplobi_Parishad" title="Swadhin Bangla Biplobi Parishad">Swadhin Bangla Biplobi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agartala_Conspiracy_Case" title="Agartala Conspiracy Case">Agartala Conspiracy Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Mass_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan">1969 uprising in East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">1970 Bhola cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">1970 Pakistani general election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Declaration of war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_March_Speech_of_Bangabandhu" class="mw-redirect" title="7 March Speech of Bangabandhu">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's speech of 7 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_A._Rodionov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksei A. Rodionov">Rodionov message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Ahsan_Mission" title="Admiral Ahsan Mission">Admiral Ahsan Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Massacres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Massacres</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Bangladesh Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K_Force_(Bangladesh)" title="K Force (Bangladesh)">K Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Force_(Bangladesh)" title="S Force (Bangladesh)">S Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Force_(Bangladesh)" title="Z Force (Bangladesh)">Z Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Bangladesh Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Bangladesh Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guards_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guards Bangladesh">Bangladesh Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Bangladesh Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police" title="Bangladesh Police">Bangladesh Police</a><br /></li> <li>Special Guerrilla Forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonobahini_(Mukti_Bahini)" title="Gonobahini (Mukti Bahini)">Gono Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujib_Bahini" title="Mujib Bahini">Mujib Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kader_Bahini" title="Kader Bahini">Kader Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baten_Bahini" title="Baten Bahini">Baten Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsar_Bahini" title="Afsar Bahini">Afsar Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemayet_Bahini" title="Hemayet Bahini">Hemayet Bahini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_Platoon" title="Crack Platoon">Crack Platoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Central_Peace_Committee" title="East Pakistan Central Peace Committee">Central Peace Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razakar_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razakar (Pakistan)">Razakars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Badr (East Pakistan)">Al-Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shams_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Shams (East Pakistan)">Al-Shams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Indian allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitro_Bahini_Order_of_Battle_December_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971">Mitro Bahini</a> (Indo-Bangali group)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Eastern_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command">Pakistan Eastern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight_order_of_battle:_Pakistan" title="Operation Searchlight order of battle: Pakistan">Order of Battle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barisal" title="Operation Barisal">Operation Barisal</a></li> <li>Cable 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sectors_in_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War">Sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_plans_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghna_Heli_Bridge" title="Meghna Heli Bridge">Meghna Heli Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot" title="Operation Jackpot">Operation Jackpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNS_Mangro_(S133)" title="PNS Mangro (S133)">Mutiny on PNS Mangro in Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Python" title="Operation Python">Operation Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)">Operation Trident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_order_of_battle,_December_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971">Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitro_Bahini_Order_of_Battle_December_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971">Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_PNS_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinking of PNS Ghazi">Sinking of PNS Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations,_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971">East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan">Operation Chengiz Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus-Lilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus-Lilly">Operation Cactus-Lilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Daruin" title="Battle of Daruin">Battle of Daruin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rangamati-Mahalchari_waterway" title="Battle of Rangamati-Mahalchari waterway">Battle of Rangamati-Mahalchari waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goalhati" title="Battle of Goalhati">Battle of Goalhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidur_Rahman" title="Hamidur Rahman">Battle of Dhalai Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhalai" title="Battle of Dhalai">Battle of Dhalai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ajmiriganj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ajmiriganj (page does not exist)">Battle of Ajmiriganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garibpur" title="Battle of Garibpur">Battle of Garibpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hilli" title="Battle of Hilli">Battle of Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Battle of Longewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basantar" title="Battle of Basantar">Battle of Basantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kushtia" title="Battle of Kushtia">Battle of Kushtia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyra" title="Battle of Boyra">Battle of Boyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atgram" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Atgram">Battle of Atgram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Telegram">Blood Telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals" title="1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals">1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees#1970s" title="East Bengali refugees">Refugees in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhin_Bangla_Betar_Kendra" title="Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra">Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhin_Bangla_football_team" title="Shadhin Bangla football team">Shadhin Bangla Football Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh" title="The Concert for Bangladesh">The Concert for Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh_(album)" title="The Concert for Bangladesh (album)">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh_(film)" title="The Concert for Bangladesh (film)">Film</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bangladesh" title="List of massacres in Bangladesh">List of massacres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Dhaka_University_massacre" title="1971 Dhaka University massacre">1971 Dhaka University massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankharibazar_massacre" title="Shankharibazar massacre">Shankharibazar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramna_massacre" title="Ramna massacre">Ramna massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutrapur_massacre" title="Sutrapur massacre">Sutrapur massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinjira_massacre" title="Jinjira massacre">Jinjira massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhira_massacre" title="Akhira massacre">Akhira massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathibhanga_massacre" title="Jathibhanga massacre">Jathibhanga massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demra_massacre" title="Demra massacre">Demra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuknagar_massacre" title="Chuknagar massacre">Chuknagar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyapara_massacre" title="Madhyapara massacre">Madhyapara massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhrabad_massacre" title="Bakhrabad massacre">Bakhrabad massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burunga_massacre" title="Burunga massacre">Burunga massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohagpur_massacre" title="Sohagpur massacre">Sohagpur massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Massacres in Bangladesh"><b>more</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Bangladesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._A._G._Osmani" title="M. A. G. Osmani">M. A. G. Osmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mosharraf" title="Khaled Mosharraf">Khaled Mosharraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_M_Shafiullah" class="mw-redirect" title="K M Shafiullah">K M Shafiullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafaat_Jamil" title="Shafaat Jamil">Shafaat Jamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Khandker" title="A. K. Khandker">A. K. Khandker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hamidullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Hamidullah Khan">Muhammad Hamidullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiur_Rahman_(military_pilot)" title="Matiur Rahman (military pilot)">Matiur Rahman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazrul_Islam" title="Syed Nazrul Islam">Syed Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmad" title="Tajuddin Ahmad">Tajuddin Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasnat_Muhammad_Qamaruzzaman" title="Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman">AHM Qamaruzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hamidullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Hamidullah Khan">Muhammad Hamidullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serajul_Alam_Khan" title="Serajul Alam Khan">Serajul Alam Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhirendranath_Datta" title="Dhirendranath Datta">Dhirendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nuruzzaman" title="Kazi Nuruzzaman">Kazi Nuruzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitta_Ranjan_Dutta" title="Chitta Ranjan Dutta">Chitta Ranjan Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mansur_Ali" title="Muhammad Mansur Ali">Muhammad Mansur Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khondaker_Mostaq_Ahmad" title="Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad">Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._A._Hannan" title="M. A. Hannan">M. A. Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayeed_Chowdhury" title="Abu Sayeed Chowdhury">Abu Sayeed Chowdhury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Mohammad_Ahsan" title="Syed Mohammad Ahsan">S.M. Ahsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._A._K._Niazi" title="A. A. K. Niazi">A.K. Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Yaqub Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shariff" title="Mohammad Shariff">Mohammad Shariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Farman_Ali" title="Rao Farman Ali">Rao Farman Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboobaker_Osman_Mitha" title="Aboobaker Osman Mitha">A.O. Mitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadim_Hussain_Raja" title="Khadim Hussain Raja">Khadim Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Masud" title="Zafar Masud">Mitty Masud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zamir" title="Ahmad Zamir">Ahmad Zamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inamul_Haque_Khan" title="Inamul Haque Khan">Inamul Haque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddique_Salik" title="Siddique Salik">Siddique Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">K.M. Arif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Motaleb_Malik" title="Abdul Motaleb Malik">Dr. Abdul Motaleb Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Azizur_Rahman" title="Shah Azizur Rahman">Shah Azizur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Azam" title="Ghulam Azam">Ghulam Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motiur_Rahman_Nizami" title="Motiur Rahman Nizami">Motiur Rahman Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaludin_Abdur_Rahim" title="Jalaludin Abdur Rahim">J.A. Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridev_Roy" title="Tridev Roy">Tridev Roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Indian allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">S. M. Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">P. C. Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunhiraman_Palat_Candeth" title="Kunhiraman Palat Candeth">K. P. Candeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Gurunath_Bewoor" title="Gopal Gurunath Bewoor">Gopal Gurunath Bewoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sourendra_Nath_Kohli" title="Sourendra Nath Kohli">Sourendra Nath Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_Krishnan" title="Nilakanta Krishnan">Nilakanta Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoo_Merwan_Engineer" title="Minoo Merwan Engineer">Minoo Merwan Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Chand_Dewan" title="Hari Chand Dewan">Hari Chand Dewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagat_Singh" title="Sagat Singh">Sagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapishwar_Narain_Raina" title="Tapishwar Narain Raina">T. N. Raina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khem_Karan_Singh" title="Khem Karan Singh">Khem Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaj_Singh_(general)" title="Sartaj Singh (general)">Sartaj Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inderjit_Singh_Gill" title="Inderjit Singh Gill">Inderjit Singh Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._R._Jacob" title="J. F. R. Jacob">J. F. R. Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elenjikal_Chandy_Kuruvila" title="Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila">E. C. Kuruvila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Sarma" title="S. H. Sarma">S. H. Sarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Swarup_Pathak" title="Gopal Swarup Pathak">Gopal Swarup Pathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._N._Kao" title="R. N. Kao">Rameshwar Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Mahalanabis" title="Dilip Mahalanabis">Dilip Mahalanabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Bangladesh" title="International recognition of Bangladesh">International recognition of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission">Hamoodur Rahman Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission_Report" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report">War Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_during_the_Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 Prisoners of War Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bangladesh–India relations">Bangladesh–India relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Bangla_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Cooperation_and_Peace" title="Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace">Indira-Mujib Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border_clashes" title="2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes">2001 Indo-Bangla skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaths_along_the_Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border" title="Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border">Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Bangladesh–Pakistan relations">Bangladesh–Pakistan relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_siege_of_the_Pakistani_embassy_in_Dhaka" title="2013 siege of the Pakistani embassy in Dhaka">2013 Pakistan Embassy siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#2015_incidents:_Diplomatic_Rifts" title="Bangladesh–Pakistan relations">2015 Expulsion of Pakistani diplomats from Dhaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics_*_Categories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li> <li>Categories</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyred_Intellectuals_Memorial" title="Martyred Intellectuals Memorial">Martyred Intellectuals Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhinata_Stambha" title="Swadhinata Stambha">Swadhinata Stambha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_War_Memorial_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation War Memorial Trust (page does not exist)">Liberation War Memorial Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_War_Museum" title="Liberation War Museum">Liberation War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police_Liberation_War_Museum" title="Bangladesh Police Liberation War Museum">Bangladesh Police Liberation War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparajeyo_Bangla" title="Aparajeyo Bangla">Aparajeyo Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabash_Bangladesh" title="Shabash Bangladesh">Shabash Bangladesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Anniversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Genocide_Remembrance_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Genocide Remembrance Day">Bengali Genocide Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Bangladesh)" title="Independence Day (Bangladesh)">Independence Day (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day_(Bangladesh)" title="Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh)">Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyred_Intellectuals_Day" title="Martyred Intellectuals Day">Martyred Intellectuals Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_day_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory day of Bangladesh">Victory day of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Diwas_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijay Diwas (India)">Vijay Diwas (India)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Decorations and depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktijuddho_e-Archive" title="Muktijuddho e-Archive">Muktijuddho e-Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_depictions_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Artistic depictions of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Artistic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Awards and decorations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Shahbag_protests" title="2013 Shahbag protests">2013 Shahbag protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_demanding_trial_of_war_criminals_(Bangladesh)" title="Movement demanding trial of war criminals (Bangladesh)">Movement demanding trial of war criminals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="Timeline of the International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Crimes_Fact_Finding_Committee" title="War Crimes Fact Finding Committee">War Crimes Fact Finding Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Bangladesh Liberation War">Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1971_Bangladesh_genocide" title="Category:1971 Bangladesh genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_based_on_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Films based on the Bangladesh Liberation War">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Causes_and_prelude_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Causes and prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Battles of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Military personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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/></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Bangladesh,_Islamabad" title="High Commission of Bangladesh, Islamabad">High Commission of Bangladesh, Islamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_Bangladesh_to_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of Bangladesh to Pakistan">High Commissioners of Bangladesh to Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_High_Commission_of_Bangladesh,_Karachi" title="Deputy High Commission of Bangladesh, Karachi">Deputy High Commission of Bangladesh, Karachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">1971 Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Biharis_in_Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh">Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_during_the_Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Ahsan_Mission" title="Admiral Ahsan Mission">Admiral Ahsan Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_siege_of_the_Pakistani_embassy_in_Dhaka" title="2013 siege of the Pakistani embassy in Dhaka">2013 siege of the Pakistani embassy in Dhaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">Bengalis in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reunification" title="Indian reunification">Indian reunification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations">Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Bangladesh_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bangladesh_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Bangladesh_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bangladesh_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Bangladesh_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bangladesh_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Bangladesh Army</a> <span class="nowrap">  </span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Naval_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Naval_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Naval_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Bangladesh Navy</a> <span class="nowrap">  </span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Bangladesh Air Force</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Division" title="Armed Forces Division">Armed Forces Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Bangladesh Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">Directorate General of Forces Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Service_Public_Relations_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Service Public Relations (Bangladesh)">Inter-Service Public Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formations_of_the_Bangladesh_Army" title="List of formations of the Bangladesh Army">Army formations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_installations_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Military installations of Bangladesh">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Regiment" title="East Bengal Regiment">East Bengal Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Tigers">Senior Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Infantry_Regiment" title="Bangladesh Infantry Regiment">Bangladesh Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_UN_Peacekeeping_Force" title="Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force">UN Peacekeeping Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day_(Bangladesh)" title="Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh)">Armed Forces Day</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em 0 1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tri-service Logo of Bangladesh Armed Forces"><img alt="Tri-service Logo of Bangladesh Armed Forces" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95.svg/150px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95.svg/200px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief#Bangladesh" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Bangladesh)" title="Chief of Air Staff (Bangladesh)">Chief of Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Bangladesh)" title="Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Bangladesh)" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Bangladesh)">Chief of Naval Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Staff_Officer_(Bangladesh)" title="Principal Staff Officer (Bangladesh)">Principal Staff Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Bangladesh_Army" title="List of serving generals of the Bangladesh Army">serving Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_marshals_of_the_Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="List of serving marshals of the Bangladesh Air Force">serving Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_admirals_of_the_Bangladesh_Navy" title="List of serving admirals of the Bangladesh Navy">serving Admirals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">History</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Bangladesh" title="List of wars involving Bangladesh">wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Native_Infantry" title="Bengal Native Infantry">Bengal Regiment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattogram_Hill_Tracts_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattogram Hill Tracts conflict">Chattogram Hill Tracts conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border_clashes" title="2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes">2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bangladesh%E2%80%93Arakan_Army_border_clash" title="2015 Bangladesh–Arakan Army border clash">2015 Bangladesh–Arakan Army border clash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._A._G._Osmani" title="M. A. G. Osmani">M.A.G. Osmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mosharraf" title="Khaled Mosharraf">Khaled Mosharraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khademul_Bashar" title="Khademul Bashar">Khademul Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Abul_Manzur" title="Muhammed Abul Manzur">Muhammed Abul Manzur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafaat_Jamil" title="Shafaat Jamil">Shafaat Jamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nuruzzaman" title="Kazi Nuruzzaman">Kazi Nuruzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Osman_Chowdhury" title="Abu Osman Chowdhury">Abu Osman Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hamidullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Hamidullah Khan">Muhammad Hamidullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Taher" title="Abu Taher">Abu Taher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Jalil" title="Mohammad Abdul Jalil">Mohammad Abdul Jalil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Armed Forces">Decorations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Shreshtho" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir Shreshtho">Bir Shreshtho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Uttom" title="Bir Uttom">Bir Uttom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Bikrom" title="Bir Bikrom">Bir Bikrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Protik" title="Bir Protik">Bir Protik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel and <br /> equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_ranks_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Military ranks of Bangladesh">Ranks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Bangladesh" title="Military ranks of Bangladesh">Military ranks of Bangladesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh_Armed_Forces_education_and_training_establishments" title="Category:Bangladesh Armed Forces education and training establishments">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARTDOC" title="ARTDOC">ARTDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_College_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence College Bangladesh">National Defence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Services_Command_and_Staff_College_(Bangladesh)" title="Defence Services Command and Staff College (Bangladesh)">Defence Services Command and Staff College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Infantry_and_Tactics" title="School of Infantry and Tactics">School of Infantry and Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_University_of_Professionals" title="Bangladesh University of Professionals">BUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army_International_University_of_Science_%26_Technology" title="Bangladesh Army International University of Science & Technology">BAIUST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army_University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology" title="Bangladesh Army University of Engineering & Technology">BAUET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology">BAUST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Institute_of_Peace_Support_Operation_Training" title="Bangladesh Institute of Peace Support Operation Training">BIPSOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Military_Academy" title="Bangladesh Military Academy">Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force_Academy" title="Bangladesh Air Force Academy">Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Naval_Academy" title="Bangladesh Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Medical_College_(Bangladesh)" title="Armed Forces Medical College (Bangladesh)">AFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Medical_Institute" title="Armed Forces Medical Institute">AFMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Military Institute of Science and Technology">MIST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_National_Cadet_Corps" title="Bangladesh National Cadet Corps">National Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Colleges_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadet Colleges in Bangladesh">Cadet Colleges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Military equipment of Bangladesh">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_Bangladesh_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the Bangladesh Army">Army equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Bangladesh_military_aircraft" title="List of active Bangladesh military aircraft">Active Military aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Bangladesh_military_aircraft" title="List of historic Bangladesh military aircraft">Historic Military aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ships_of_the_Bangladesh_Navy" title="Category:Ships of the Bangladesh Navy">Navy ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_ships_of_the_Bangladesh_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active ships of the Bangladesh Navy">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_ships_of_the_Bangladesh_Navy" title="List of historic ships of the Bangladesh Navy">historic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_special_operations_forces" title="Bangladesh special operations forces">Special ops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_Guard_Regiment" title="President Guard Regiment">President Guard Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Force" title="Special Security Force">SSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Commando_Brigade_(Bangladesh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Commando Brigade (Bangladesh Army)">Para-Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">SWADS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau">Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Armed_conflict_involving_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Military history of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Military history of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military history of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px_Armed_conflict_involving_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/25px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/38px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/50px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Armed conflict</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_operation_in_Balochistan" title="1970s operation in Balochistan">1970s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">India and Pakistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">1999</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_rebellion_(1948-1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waziristan rebellion (1948-1954)">Waziristan 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_Campaign" title="Bajaur Campaign">Bajaur Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Panjshir_Valley_uprising" title="1975 Panjshir Valley uprising">Panjshir Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">1989-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">1992-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">1996-2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">War with Islamic State (2022–Present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion (Oman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Yemen crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Sudanese civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Somalian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_deployments" title="Pakistan Armed Forces deployments">Foreign deployments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions_involving_Pakistan" title="United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan">UN peacekeeping missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Anti-piracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Template:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Template talk:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Bangladesh" title="Independence of Bangladesh">Independence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Muslim_Students%27_League" title="East Pakistan Muslim Students' League">East Pakistan Muslim Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Pakistan_Awami_League" title="All-Pakistan Awami League">All-Pakistan Awami League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agartala_Conspiracy_Case" title="Agartala Conspiracy Case">Agartala Conspiracy Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">1970 Pakistani general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_March_Speech_of_Bangabandhu" class="mw-redirect" title="7 March Speech of Bangabandhu">7th March Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujib_Bahini" title="Mujib Bahini">Mujib Bahini</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg/80px-Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg/120px-Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg/160px-Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_in_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Bangladesh Awami League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">1st cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sheikh_Mujib_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sheikh Mujib cabinet">2nd cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Bangladeshi_general_election" title="1973 Bangladeshi general election">1973 Bangladeshi general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sheikh_Mujib_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Sheikh Mujib cabinet">3rd cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Premiership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Premiership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Speech_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_at_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at the United Nations">1974 Speech at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Krishak_Sramik_Awami_League" title="Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League">4th cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Krishak_Sramik_Awami_League" title="Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League">Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Bangladesh)" title="Second Revolution (Bangladesh)">Second revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Rakkhi_Bahini" title="Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini">Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="List of international presidential trips made by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">International presidential trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladesh_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sheikh%E2%80%93Wazed_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh–Wazed family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Lutfar_Rahman" title="Sheikh Lutfar Rahman">Sheikh Lutfar Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayera_Khatun" title="Sayera Khatun">Sayera Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Fazilatunnesa_Mujib" title="Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib">Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mosharraf_Hossain" title="Sheikh Mosharraf Hossain">Sheikh Mosharraf Hossain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Kamal" title="Sheikh Kamal">Sheikh Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jamal" title="Sheikh Jamal">Sheikh Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Rehana" title="Sheikh Rehana">Sheikh Rehana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Russel" title="Sheikh Russel">Sheikh Russel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajeeb_Wazed" title="Sajeeb Wazed">Sajeeb Wazed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saima_Wazed" title="Saima Wazed">Saima Wazed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Siddiq" title="Tulip Siddiq">Tulip Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultana_Kamal_(athlete)" title="Sultana Kamal (athlete)">Sultana Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._A._Wazed_Miah" title="M. A. Wazed Miah">M. A. Wazed Miah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafique_Ahmed_Siddique" title="Shafique Ahmed Siddique">Shafique Ahmed Siddique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rab_Serniabat" title="Abdur Rab Serniabat">Abdur Rab Serniabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Fazlul_Haque_Mani" title="Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani">Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Fazlul_Karim_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Fazlul Karim (politician)">Sheikh Fazlul Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazle_Noor_Taposh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazle Noor Taposh">Fazle Noor Taposh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hostel" title="Baker Hostel">Baker Hostel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabandhu_Memorial_Museum" title="Bangabandhu Memorial Museum">Dhanmondi 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Mausoleum of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayeman_Beach_Resort" title="Sayeman Beach Resort">Hotel Sayeman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unfinished_Memoirs" title="The Unfinished Memoirs">The Unfinished Memoirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prison_Diaries" title="The Prison Diaries">The Prison Diaries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amar_Dekha_Noya_Chin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amar Dekha Noya Chin">Amar Dekha Noya Chin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_K_Khandker#Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="A K Khandker">1971: Inside and Outside</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/August_1975_(film)" title="August 1975 (film)">August 1975</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh:_A_Legacy_of_Blood" title="Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood">Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassin_Next_Door_(documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Assassin Next Door (documentary)">The Assassin Next Door (documentary)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhat_De_Haramzada,_Noile_Manchitro_Khabo" title="Bhat De Haramzada, Noile Manchitro Khabo">Bhat De Haramzada, Noile Manchitro Khabo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chironjeeb_Mujib" title="Chironjeeb Mujib">Chironjeeb Mujib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deyal" title="Deyal">Deyal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mujib_Amar_Pita" title="Mujib Amar Pita">Mujib Amar Pita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khoka_Theke_Bangabandhu_Jatir_Pita" title="Khoka Theke Bangabandhu Jatir Pita">Khoka Theke Bangabandhu Jatir Pita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hasina:_A_Daughter%27s_Tale" title="Hasina: A Daughter's Tale">Hasina: A Daughter's Tale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amader_Choto_Russel_Shona" class="mw-redirect" title="Amader Choto Russel Shona">Amader Choto Russel Shona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amar_Fashi_Chai" title="Amar Fashi Chai">Amar Fashi Chai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huliya_(poem)" title="Huliya (poem)">Huliya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jochona_O_Jononir_Golpo" title="Jochona O Jononir Golpo">Jochona O Jononir Golpo</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jodi_Raat_Pohale_Shona_Jeto" title="Jodi Raat Pohale Shona Jeto">Jodi Raat Pohale Shona Jeto</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mujib:_The_Making_of_a_Nation" title="Mujib: The Making of a Nation">Mujib: The Making of a Nation</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shono_Ekti_Mujiborer_Theke" title="Shono Ekti Mujiborer Theke">Shono Ekti Mujiborer Theke</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Coat" title="The Black Coat">The Black Coat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tungiparar_Miya_Bhai" title="Tungiparar Miya Bhai">Tungiparar Miya Bhai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mujib_Bhai" title="Mujib Bhai">Mujib Bhai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Birthday of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabandhu_Memorial_Trust" title="Bangabandhu Memorial Trust">Memorial Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujibism" title="Mujibism">Mujibism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujibnagar" title="Mujibnagar">Mujibnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujib_coat" title="Mujib coat">Mujib coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujib_Year" title="Mujib Year">Mujib Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mritunjoyi_Mujib" title="Mritunjoyi Mujib">Mritunjoyi Mujib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="List of things named after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Namesakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="List of artistic depictions of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Artistic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Electoral history of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's cult of personality">Mujib's personality cult</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Category:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Wikiquotes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a 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Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath 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[\"CITEREFChoudhury1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoudhury1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCloughley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Costa2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebasish_Roy_Chowdhury2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDexter_Filkins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowlah2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurdin1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerlach2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrare2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan,_Doctor_of_Philosophy_(PhD)2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornbergerMcKay2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain_Haqqani2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndia_Meteorological_Department1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshtiaq_Ahmed1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslam1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.L._KaulAnupam_Jha2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamal2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarrod_Hayes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJing_Lu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLévy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_White2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenen1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoss2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNazar_Abbas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoah_Berlatsky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_Near_East-South_Asia_Analysis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPraval1987\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFRaja,_Dewan_Mohammad_Tasawwar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaja2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRizwana_Shamshad2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRounaq_Jahan1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyGates2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafiullah1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSajjad2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalik1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayeed1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchanberg1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneiderPostKindt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen_Gupta1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharlach2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqui1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinath_Raghavan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasaraju2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiranagamaKelly2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTottenBartrop2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZunaid_Kazi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Schendel2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Armed forces\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bangladesh liberation\"] = 1,\n [\"Bangladesh–Pakistan relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Banglapedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite Banglapedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 52,\n [\"Cite encyclopaedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 28,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Country study\"] = 1,\n [\"Executed\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag icon\"] = 19,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 22,\n [\"History of Bangladesh\"] = 1,\n [\"Hr\"] = 2,\n [\"INS\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Independence of Bangladesh\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Military history of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Military of Bangladesh\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pow\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sheikh Mujibur Rahman\"] = 1,\n [\"Ship\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Surrendered\"] = 3,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n [\"West Bengal\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","28.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","17.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","9.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","8.2"],["type","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.4"],["date","40","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.4"],["[others]","340","20.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-w2xpx","timestamp":"20241128015650","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bangladesh Liberation War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangladesh_Liberation_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q371394","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q371394","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-22T19:16:26Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T15:12:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f4\/BangladeshLiberationWarMontage.jpg","headline":"conflict that led to the independence of the majority-Bengali country"}</script> </body> </html>