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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military service</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Career_before_Pakistan's_separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_before_Pakistan's_separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Career before Pakistan's separation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_before_Pakistan's_separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_birth_of_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_birth_of_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>After the birth of Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_birth_of_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_C-in-C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_C-in-C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The C-in-C</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_C-in-C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1969–1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1969–1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Presidency (1969–1971)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1969–1971)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1969–1971) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1969–1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1970 general election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bangladesh War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>US role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_from_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_from_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Fall from power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_from_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yahya Khan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="يحيى خان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يحيى خان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="याहया ख़ान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="याहया ख़ान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99hya_xan" title="Yəhya xan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəhya xan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یحیی خان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یحیی خان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইয়াহিয়া খান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়াহিয়া খান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Muhammad_Yahya_Khan" title="Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Muhammad_Yahya_Khan" title="Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Γιαχία Χαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιαχία Χαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahja_%C4%A4an" title="Jahja Ĥan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jahja Ĥan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یحیی خان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یحیی خان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yahya_Khan" title="Muhammad Yahya Khan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muhammad Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%ED%9E%88%EC%95%84_%EC%B9%B8" title="야히아 칸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야히아 칸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="याह्या ख़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="याह्या ख़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%97%27%D7%90%D7%9F" title="יחיא ח'אן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחיא ח'אן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აღა მუჰამედ იაჰია ხანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღა მუჰამედ იაჰია ხანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8F-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Яхья-хан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Яхья-хан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="യാഹ്യാ ഖാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യാഹ്യാ ഖാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="याह्या खान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="याह्या खान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="يحيى خان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يحيى خان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یحیی خان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یحیی خان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="याह्या खान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="याह्या खान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%92%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ヤヒヤー・ハーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤヒヤー・ハーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahyo_Xon" title="Yahyo Xon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yahyo Xon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਯਹੀਆ ਖਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਹੀਆ ਖਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یحیا خان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یحیا خان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یحیی خان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یحیی خان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Яхья Хан, Ага Мухаммед – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яхья Хан, Ага Мухаммед" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱭᱟᱦᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱭᱟᱦᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%B0_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="يحييٰ خان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يحييٰ خان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јаја Кан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јаја Кан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Muhammad_Yahya_Khan" title="Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="யாக்யா கான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யாக்யா கான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ยาห์ยา ข่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยาห์ยา ข่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%AF%D2%B3%D1%91_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муҳаммад Яҳё Хон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳаммад Яҳё Хон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Han" title="Yahya Han – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahya Han" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%85%27%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ях'я Хан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ях'я Хан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%B0_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یحییٰ خان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یحییٰ خان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Yahya Khan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E6%B1%97" title="叶海亚·汗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="叶海亚·汗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Afghan cricketer, see <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan_(cricketer)" title="Yahya Khan (cricketer)">Yahya Khan (cricketer)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_(Pakistan)" title="General (Pakistan)">General</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Yahya Khan</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Jur%27at" title="Hilal-i-Jur'at">HJ</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ur"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">یحییٰ خان</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Yahya_Khan_portrait,_circa_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/General_Yahya_Khan_portrait%2C_circa_1966.jpg/220px-General_Yahya_Khan_portrait%2C_circa_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/General_Yahya_Khan_portrait%2C_circa_1966.jpg/330px-General_Yahya_Khan_portrait%2C_circa_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/General_Yahya_Khan_portrait%2C_circa_1966.jpg/440px-General_Yahya_Khan_portrait%2C_circa_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 March 1969 – 20 December 1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army">Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 September 1966 – 20 December 1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Ayub Khan<br /><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nurul Amin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa Khan (general)">Muhammad Musa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gul_Hassan_Khan" title="Gul Hassan Khan">Gul Hassan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-02-04</span>)</span>4 February 1917<br /><a href="/wiki/Chakwal" title="Chakwal">Chakwal</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 August 1980<span style="display:none">(1980-08-10)</span> (aged 63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian</a> (until 1947)<br />Pakistani (from 1947)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Pakistan Command and Staff College">Staff College, Quetta</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj"><img alt="British Raj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> (1939–47)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (1947–71)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj"><img alt="British Raj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/23px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/35px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/46px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1939–1971</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_(Pakistan)" title="General (Pakistan)">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/129th_Duke_of_Connaught%27s_Own_Baluchis" title="129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis">4th Battalion</a>/<a href="/wiki/10th_Baluch_Regiment" title="10th Baluch Regiment">10th Baluch Regiment</a> Now <a href="/wiki/Baloch_Regiment" title="Baloch Regiment">11th Baloch Regiment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">S/No.</a> PA–98)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army">C-in-C, Pakistan Army</a></b> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chawinda" title="Battle of Chawinda">Battle of Chawinda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Pakistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilal-e-Jurat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-e-Jurat">Hilal-e-Jurat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hilal-e-Pakistan" title="Hilal-e-Pakistan">Hilal-e-Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitara-e-Pakistan">Sitara-e-Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pahlavi" title="Order of Pahlavi">Order of Pahlavi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (4 February 1917 – 10 August 1980), widely known as <b>Yahya Khan</b>, was a Pakistani army officer, who was the third president of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971. He also served as the fifth <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army">commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army</a> from 1966 to 1971. Along with General <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a>, he was considered the chief architect of the <a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">1971 Bangladesh genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khan was commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> in 1939. He fought in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean theatre</a> and was promoted to major (acting lieutenant-colonel). Following the creation of Pakistan in 1947, he advanced in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second India–Pakistan War">Second India–Pakistan War</a> of 1965, Khan helped in executing the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grand_Slam" title="Operation Grand Slam">covert infiltration</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_held_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian held Kashmir">Indian-administered Kashmir</a>. After being controversially appointed to assume the army command in 1966, Khan succeeded to the presidency from <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)">Ayub Khan</a>, who resigned in March 1969. </p><p>Yahya Khan's presidency oversaw <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial law in Pakistan">martial law</a> by suspending the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1962" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1962">constitution</a> in 1969. Holding the country's first <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">general election</a> in 1970, he blocked the power transition to the victorious <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> from <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. In March 1971, Khan ordered <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a> in an effort to suppress <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a>. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> in March 1971. Yahya Khan was central to the perpetration of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a>, in which around 300,000–3,000,000 Bengalis were killed, and between 200,000 to 400,000 women were raped.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1971, Pakistan carried out <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan">pre-emptive strikes</a> against the Bengali-allied Indian Army, culminating in the start of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Third India–Pakistan War</a>. The wars resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">surrender of the Pakistani armed forces in East Pakistan</a>, and East Pakistan seceded as <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. After the surrender, Khan resigned from the military command and transferred the presidency to <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>. Khan remained under house surveillance prior to 1979 when he was released by <a href="/wiki/Fazle_Haq" title="Fazle Haq">Fazle Haq</a>. Khan died the following year in <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. </p><p>Khan's short regime was regarded as the leading cause of the breakup of Pakistan. He is viewed negatively in both Bangladesh, being considered the chief-architect of the genocide, and in Pakistan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan was born in <a href="/wiki/Chakwal" title="Chakwal">Chakwal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storyofpakistan.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> family on 4 February 1917, according to the references written by Russian sources.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC-CLIOm_2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIOm_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family descended from the elite soldier class of Iranian conqueror <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>. Yahya Khan spoke <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his family were of <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Few Pakistanis knew anything about Yahya Khan when he was vaulted into the presidency two years ago. The stocky, bushy–browed Pathan had been the army chief of staff since 1966...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Editorial, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a>, 2 August 1971<sup id="cite_ref-Time_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to Indian journalist Dewan Barindranath's book <i>Private Life of Yahya Khan</i> (published in 1974), Yahya's father, Saadat Ali Khan, worked in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police" title="Indian Imperial Police">Indian Imperial Police</a>, in the Punjab province. He joined as a head constable and retired as a deputy superintendent. He was posted in Chakwal, Punjab, British India, when Yahya Khan was born. He was rewarded with the title of <a href="/wiki/Khan_Sahib" title="Khan Sahib">Khan Sahib</a> for having removed the bodies of many freedom fighters, including <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhaghat Singh</a>, as they were executed in secrecy and the British needed to get rid of the corpses without attracting much attention, operations Saadat Ali Khan carried out "efficiently and faithfully."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yahya's father was originally from <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yahya studied in the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Brown_Cambridge_School" title="Colonel Brown Cambridge School">Colonel Brown Cambridge School</a> in Dehradun and later enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_University,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab University, Lahore">University of the Punjab</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, from where he graduated with a B.A. degree, finishing first in his class.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_before_Pakistan's_separation"><span id="Career_before_Pakistan.27s_separation"></span>Career before Pakistan's separation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career before Pakistan's separation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yahya Khan was commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a>, Dehradun on 15 July 1939, his date of commission was later antedated to 28 August 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storyofpakistan.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An infantry officer from the 4th/10th Baluch Regiment (<a href="/wiki/129th_Duke_of_Connaught%27s_Own_Baluchis" title="129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis">4th Battalion</a> of <a href="/wiki/10th_Baluch_Regiment" title="10th Baluch Regiment">10th Baluch Regiment</a>, later amalgamated with the modern and current form of <a href="/wiki/Baloch_Regiment" title="Baloch Regiment">Baloch Regiment</a>, 'Baloch' was spelled as 'Baluch' in Yahya's time), Yahya saw action during World War II in North Africa where he was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Forces">Axis Forces</a> in June 1942 and interned in a prisoner of war camp in Italy from where he escaped in the third attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storyofpakistan.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yahya Khan served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as a lieutenant and later captain in the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="4th Infantry Division (India)">4th Infantry Division (India)</a>. He served in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, Italy and North Africa. He was a POW in Italy before returning to India.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_birth_of_Pakistan">After the birth of Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After the birth of Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt._Col._Agha_Mohammad_Yahya_Khan_presents_the_crest_of_the_Baloch_Regiment_to_the_Shah_of_Iran_as_Prime_Minister_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_watches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lt._Col._Agha_Mohammad_Yahya_Khan_presents_the_crest_of_the_Baloch_Regiment_to_the_Shah_of_Iran_as_Prime_Minister_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_watches.jpg/220px-Lt._Col._Agha_Mohammad_Yahya_Khan_presents_the_crest_of_the_Baloch_Regiment_to_the_Shah_of_Iran_as_Prime_Minister_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_watches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lt._Col._Agha_Mohammad_Yahya_Khan_presents_the_crest_of_the_Baloch_Regiment_to_the_Shah_of_Iran_as_Prime_Minister_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_watches.jpg/330px-Lt._Col._Agha_Mohammad_Yahya_Khan_presents_the_crest_of_the_Baloch_Regiment_to_the_Shah_of_Iran_as_Prime_Minister_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_watches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lt._Col._Agha_Mohammad_Yahya_Khan_presents_the_crest_of_the_Baloch_Regiment_to_the_Shah_of_Iran_as_Prime_Minister_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_watches.jpg/440px-Lt._Col._Agha_Mohammad_Yahya_Khan_presents_the_crest_of_the_Baloch_Regiment_to_the_Shah_of_Iran_as_Prime_Minister_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_watches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Lt. Col. Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan presents the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_Regiment" title="Baloch Regiment">Baloch Regiment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> as Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> watches, March 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>, he decided to join the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> in 1947, he had already reached to the rank of major (acting lieutenant-colonel). In this year he was instrumental in not letting the Indian officers shift books from the famous library of the <i>Pakistan Army Staff College</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Pakistan Command and Staff College">Command and Staff College</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Yahya was posted as an instructor at the time of the partition of India. He renamed the 'Command and Staff College' from 'Army Staff College'.<sup id="cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storyofpakistan.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 34, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a>, then the youngest Brigadier of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And then he was appointed as commander of the 105th Independent Brigade that was deployed in <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">LoC</a> ceasefire region in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> in 1951–1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Yahya Khan, as Vice Chief of General Staff, was selected to head of the army's planning board set up by <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Ayub Khan</a> to modernize the Pakistan Army in 1954–57. Yahya also performed the duties of Chief of General Staff from 1958 to 1962 from where he went on to command two infantry divisions from 1962 to 1965. He played a pivotal role in sustaining the support for President Ayub Khan's campaign in the <a href="/wiki/1965_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="1965 Pakistani presidential election">1965 presidential elections</a> against <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC-CLIOm_2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIOm_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was made <a href="/wiki/General_officer_commanding" title="General officer commanding">GOC</a> of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_(Pakistan)" title="7th Infantry Division (Pakistan)">7th Infantry Division</a> of the Pakistan Army, which he commanded during the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 war with India</a> and in the same war he also commanded the <a href="/wiki/12th_Infantry_Division_(Pakistan)" title="12th Infantry Division (Pakistan)">12th Infantry Division</a>. </p><p>During these years, Yahya was also tasked in civil and administrative matters, including being the Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital</a> Project, "the job for major execution" being given to him.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_C-in-C">The C-in-C</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The C-in-C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the '65 war, Maj. Gen. Yahya Khan was appointed in the <a href="/wiki/General_Headquarters_(Pakistan_Army)" title="General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)">GHQ, Pakistan</a> as the chief of staff of the army (at that time this appointment was the deputy to the commander-in-chief of the army) and was promoted to lieutenant general. Soon he was appointed as the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_(Pakistan_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)">commander-in-chief</a> of the Pakistan Army in March 1966<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and took command on the 18th day of September when President Ayub promoted him to full General. At the age of 40, he was the youngest General of Pakistan at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At promotion, Yahya Khan superseded two of his seniors: <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">Lieutenant-General</a> Altaf Qadir and Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiar_Rana" title="Bakhtiar Rana">Bakhtiar Rana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dawn.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After becoming the commander-in-chief of the army, Yahya energetically started reorganizing the Pakistan Army in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post-1965 situation saw major organizational and technical changes in the Pakistan Army. Until 1965, it was thought that army divisions could function effectively while getting orders directly from the army's GHQ. This idea failed miserably in the 1965 war, and the need to have intermediate corps headquarters in between the GHQ and the fighting combat divisions was recognized as a foremost operational necessity after the 1965 war. In the 1965 war, the Pakistan Army had only one corps headquarters (the <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="I Corps (Pakistan)">1 Corps</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-dawn.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the war had started, the United States had imposed an embargo on military aid to both India and Pakistan. This embargo did not affect the Indian Army but produced major changes in the Pakistan Army's technical composition. US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> well summed it up when he said, "Well if you are going to fight, go ahead and fight, but we're not going to pay for it".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pakistan now turned to China for military aid, and the Chinese tank <a href="/wiki/T-59_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="T-59 (tank)">T-59</a> started replacing the US <a href="/wiki/M47_Patton" title="M47 Patton">M-47/48</a> tanks as the Pakistan Army's MBT (Main Battle Tank) from 1966. 80 tanks, the first batch of T-59s, a low-grade version of the Russian <a href="/wiki/T-54/55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54/55">T-54/55</a> series were delivered to Pakistan in 1965–66. The first batch was displayed in the Joint Services Day Parade on 23 March 1966. The 1965 War had proved that Pakistan Army's tank-infantry ratio was lopsided and more infantry was required. Three more infantry divisions (9, 16 and 17 Divisions) largely equipped with Chinese equipment and popularly referred to by the rank and file as "The China Divisions" were raised by the beginning of 1968. Two more corps headquarters: the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">2 Corps</a> Headquarters (Jhelum-Ravi Corridor) and the <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="IV Corps (Pakistan)">4 Corps</a> Headquarters (Ravi-Sutlej Corridor) were raised, also in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> a corps-sized formation (which was titled as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Command (Pakistan)">Eastern Command</a>) was created. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1969–1971)"><span id="Presidency_.281969.E2.80.931971.29"></span>Presidency (1969–1971)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Presidency (1969–1971)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_close-up_shot_of_President_Yahya_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/A_close-up_shot_of_President_Yahya_Khan.jpg/220px-A_close-up_shot_of_President_Yahya_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/A_close-up_shot_of_President_Yahya_Khan.jpg/330px-A_close-up_shot_of_President_Yahya_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/A_close-up_shot_of_President_Yahya_Khan.jpg/440px-A_close-up_shot_of_President_Yahya_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>President Yahya Khan, circa 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>A sustained anti-regime mass movement began in the fall of 1968 in West Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/1969_East_Pakistan_mass_uprising" title="1969 East Pakistan mass uprising">The uprising</a> spread to East Pakistan and gathered strength, adding to a tense political climate that had worsened following President <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)">Ayub Khan</a>'s implementation of the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent Agreement">Tashkent Agreement</a> and sacking of Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittal_Publications_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittal_Publications-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayub Khan tried to quell the revolt by making concessions to opposition groups including the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) and the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> (AL), but demonstrations continued.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than resigning and allowing a constitutional transfer of power, Ayub Khan requested that Yahya Khan, Commander-in-Chief of the Army, utilize the military's supra-constitutional authority to declare <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> and take power.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 March 1969, Ayub directed a letter to Yahya inviting him to deal with the crisis, as it was "beyond the capacity of [civil] government to deal with the... complex situation."<sup id="cite_ref-KLUWER_LAW_INTERNATIONAL_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLUWER_LAW_INTERNATIONAL-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources claim Yahya accepted Ayub's proposal on 25 March.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 March 1969, General Yahya appeared on <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">national television</a> and announced a state of <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">martial law</a> throughout the entirety of the country. The 1962 constitution was abrogated, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">parliament</a> was dissolved, and Ayub's civilian officials were dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-KLUWER_LAW_INTERNATIONAL_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLUWER_LAW_INTERNATIONAL-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his first nationwide address, Yahya maintained, "I will not tolerate disorder. Let everyone remain at his post."<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lancer_Publ._32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancer_Publ.-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yahya Khan's new <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military government</a> featured several active duty military officials: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Yahya Khan administration </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ministers</th> <th>Portrait</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Ministries and departments</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Inter-services</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>General Yahya Khan<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._GN._Kazi_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._GN._Kazi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrator</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Pakistan)">Information and Broadcasting</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Law_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Minister of Pakistan">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)">Justice</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Pakistan">Foreign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of Pakistan">Defence</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_(general)" title="Abdul Hamid Khan (general)">Abdul Hamid Khan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dr._GN._Kazi_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._GN._Kazi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>Deputy <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">CMLA</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">Interior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_States_and_Frontier_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of States and Frontier Regions">Kashmir Affairs</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Syed_Mohammad_Ahsan" title="Syed Mohammad Ahsan">Syed Mohammad Ahsan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dr._GN._Kazi_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._GN._Kazi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>Deputy <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">CMLA</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of Pakistan">Finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Statistics_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Statistics (Pakistan)">Statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Commerce (Pakistan)">Commerce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industry_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry Minister of Pakistan">Industry</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg/20px-Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan Navy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Air-Marshal <a href="/wiki/Nur_Khan" title="Nur Khan">Nur Khan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dr._GN._Kazi_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._GN._Kazi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noor_khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Noor_khan.jpg/50px-Noor_khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Noor_khan.jpg/75px-Noor_khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Noor_khan.jpg/100px-Noor_khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="442" /></a></span></td> <td>Deputy <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">CMLA</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Communications (Pakistan)">Communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health (Pakistan)">Health</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)">Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (Pakistan)">Science and Technology</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When Yahya Khan assumed the office on 25 March, he inherited a two-decade constitutional problem of inter-provincial ethnic rivalry between <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>, which was almost exclusively Muslim and was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-<a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Mohajir</a> peoples, and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, whose population was largely ethnically <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> and approximately three-fourths Muslim (as of the 1961 Census).<sup id="cite_ref-Sanaullah_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanaullah-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Yahya also inherited the challenge of transforming a country essentially ruled by one man into a democratic country, which was the ideological basis of the anti-Ayub movement of 1968–69. Once in office, Yahya Khan was tasked with leading the country, drafting of a provisional constitution, resolving the <a href="/wiki/One_Unit_Scheme" title="One Unit Scheme">One Unit</a> question, and satisfying the frustrations and the sense of exploitation stirring in the "East Wing" (East Pakistan) by government policies since 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American political scientist Lawrence Ziring observed: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yahya Khan has been widely portrayed as a ruthless uncompromising insensitive and grossly inept leader.... While Yahya cannot escape responsibility for these tragic events, it is also on the record that he did not act alone.... All the major actors of the period were creatures of a historic legacy and a psycho-political milieu which did not lend itself to accommodation and compromise, to bargaining and a reasoned settlement. Nurtured on conspiracy theories, they were all conditioned to act in a manner that neglected agreeable solutions and promoted violent judgments.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Yahya Khan attempted to solve Pakistan's constitutional and inter-provincial rivalry problems once he took over power from Ayub Khan in March 1969. His earlier initiatives were directed at establishing the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> (NSC), with Major-General Ghulam Omar as its first advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-PILDT_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PILDT-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was formed to analyse and prepare assessments towards issues of political and national security.<sup id="cite_ref-PILDT_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PILDT-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muzaffar_Ahmad" title="Mirza Muzaffar Ahmad">M.M. Ahmad</a>, then Deputy Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission of Pakistan</a> told <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> that the state "had now realized that it would have to sacrifice some of its economic growth rate for the sake of social reform and of meeting the problem of disparity in the allocation of resources" between the two wings, and noted that the loss of direct US military aid meant "Pakistan had had to cut back resources devoted to the development budget in order to finance the procurement of military equipment."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, Yahya conceded that he had failed to improve the national economy, “I inherited a bad economy, and I am going to pass it on,” he noted. The military government-initiated talks with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> after foreign reserves fell to $160 million.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, President Yahya also promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_1970" title="Legal Framework Order, 1970">Legal Framework Order, 1970</a>, which disestablished the <a href="/wiki/One_Unit_Scheme" title="One Unit Scheme">One Unit Scheme</a> that had formed <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> and returned the provinces of West Pakistan to their pre-1955 configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decree had no effect on <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the dissolution of the One Unit policy did not lead to the positive results that it might have yielded if withdrawn earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yahya also made an attempt to accommodate the East Pakistanis by abolishing the principle of parity, in the hope that a greater share in the assembly would redress their wounded ethnic regional pride and ensure the integrity of Pakistan. Instead of satisfying the <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a>, it intensified their vocalness for separatism, causing a further rise in anti-West Wing sentiment in the East Wing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970_general_election">1970 general election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1970 general election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Yahya_Khan_1970_Bhola_Cyclone_East_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Muhammad_Yahya_Khan_1970_Bhola_Cyclone_East_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Muhammad_Yahya_Khan_1970_Bhola_Cyclone_East_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Muhammad_Yahya_Khan_1970_Bhola_Cyclone_East_Pakistan.jpg/330px-Muhammad_Yahya_Khan_1970_Bhola_Cyclone_East_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Muhammad_Yahya_Khan_1970_Bhola_Cyclone_East_Pakistan.jpg/440px-Muhammad_Yahya_Khan_1970_Bhola_Cyclone_East_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>Gen. Yahya Khan and Gen. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_(general)" title="Abdul Hamid Khan (general)">Abdul Hamid Khan</a> visiting East Pakistan on 20 November 1970 for the <a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">Bhola cyclone</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Yahya_Khan_casting_his_vote_on_the_1970_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/President_Yahya_Khan_casting_his_vote_on_the_1970_election.jpg/220px-President_Yahya_Khan_casting_his_vote_on_the_1970_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/President_Yahya_Khan_casting_his_vote_on_the_1970_election.jpg/330px-President_Yahya_Khan_casting_his_vote_on_the_1970_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/President_Yahya_Khan_casting_his_vote_on_the_1970_election.jpg/440px-President_Yahya_Khan_casting_his_vote_on_the_1970_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>President Yahya Khan casts his vote in the <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 Pakistani general elections">1970 election</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 28 July 1969, President Yahya Khan had set a framework for elections that were to be held in December 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Judge <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Sattar_(president)" title="Abdus Sattar (president)">Abdus Sattar</a> appointed as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan">Chief Election Commissioner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Election Commission of Pakistan">Election Commission of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittal_Publications_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittal_Publications-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 December, the <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">general elections</a> were held all over the country. In East Pakistan, the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, held almost all seats but no seat in any of <a href="/wiki/Four_Provinces_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Provinces (Pakistan)">four provinces</a> of West Pakistan. The socialist <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) had won the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">exclusive mandate</a> in four provinces of West Pakistan but none in East Pakistan. The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League</a> (PML), led by <a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a>, was the only party to have representation from all over the country, but it failed to gain the mandate to run the government. The Awami League had 160 seats in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a>, all won from East Pakistan; the socialist PPP had 81, and the conservative PML had 10. The <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a>'s results reflected the ugly political reality: the Pakistani electorate was deeply polarized along regional lines, particularly between East Pakistan and West Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSA_Gandhi_20021216_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA_Gandhi_20021216-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, Pakistan stood politically divided. A series of bilateral talks between the PPP and Mujibur Rahman produced no results and were unable to come to an agreement regarding any transfer of power from West Pakistan's representatives to East Pakistan's, on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">six-point programme</a>. West Pakistan politicians generally felt that the proposed six-point programme was a step towards East Pakistan's full secession.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh_War">Bangladesh War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bangladesh War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a></div> <p>While the political deadlock continued between the Awami League, the PPP, and the military government after the general elections in 1970, Yahya Khan began coordinating with his military strategists concerning ongoing dissent in East Pakistan. Both Yahya Khan and Bhutto flew to Dhaka and tried negotiations one more time in mid-March 1971, but they ultimately yielded no results.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 March 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storyofpakistan.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yahya initiated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a>, a crackdown by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> to suppress Bengali dissent and the Bengali nationalist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was seen as the sequel to Operation Blitz, which had been launched in November 1970. The Pakistani government's view was that it had to launch a campaign to neutralise a rebellion in East Pakistan to save the unity of Pakistan. </p><p>As a result of Operation Searchlight, agitation turned into full-scale civil war as Bengali members of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan police">police</a> mutinied, forming the <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a> along with members of the general public, with the goal of launching unconventional and hit-and-run operations.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheGuardian_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A government-in-exile formed across the border in India and proclaimed the independent state of Bangladesh, appointing <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> as its head despite him being in a West Pakistan prison at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violent disorder and chaos accompanied the Pakistan Army's systematic and deliberate campaign of killing and raping the populace of East Pakistan. The original plan for Operation Searchlight envisioned taking control of the major cities on 26 March 1971 and then eliminating all opposition, political or military<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within one month. The prolonged Bengali resistance had not been anticipated by Pakistani planners, however.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid-May. </p><p>The total number of people killed in East Pakistan is not known with any degree of accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangladeshi authorities claim that 3 million people were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-MathewWhite_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MathewWhite-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission">Hamoodur Rahman Commission</a>, an official Pakistani Government investigation, put the figure as low as 26,000 civilian casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-deathcount-pakistani_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deathcount-pakistani-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her widely discredited book <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Reckoning:_Memories_of_the_1971_Bangladesh_War" title="Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War">Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmila_Bose" title="Sarmila Bose">Sarmila Bose</a> said between 50,000 and 100,000 combatants and civilians were killed by both sides during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-TheGuardian_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i> study by Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou estimated that up to 269,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict; the authors note that this is far higher than a previous estimate of 58,000 put forward by <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> and the Peace Research Institute in Oslo.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Yahya Khan arrested Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on charges of <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> and appointed Brigadier (later General) <a href="/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan" title="Rahimuddin Khan">Rahimuddin Khan</a> to preside over a special tribunal dealing with Mujib's case. Rahimuddin gave Mujib the <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Death sentence">death sentence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but President Yahya put the verdict into abeyance. Yahya's crackdown, however, had led to the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> within Pakistan. India would eventually be drawn into said war, fighting on behalf of the Bangladeshis against Pakistan; the war would later extend into the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_Gandhi_20021216_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA_Gandhi_20021216-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consequences of the war were mainly that East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, and that India captured approximately 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) of land previously in West Pakistan. However, the captured territory was given back to Pakistan in the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a> signed on 2 July 1972 between <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1971 war led to increased tensions between Pakistan and India, although Pakistan recognised the independence of Bangladesh following severe pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_role">US role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: US role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan–United States relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg/220px-Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg/330px-Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg/440px-Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>President Yahya Khan with United States President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in October 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States had been a major sponsor of President Yahya's military government. American journalist <a href="/wiki/Gary_J._Bass" title="Gary J. Bass">Gary Bass</a> notes in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blood_Telegram:_Nixon,_Kissinger,_and_a_Forgotten_Genocide" title="The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide">The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide</a></i>, "Nixon liked very few people, but he did like General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personal initiatives of President Yahya had helped to establish the communication channel between the United States and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>, which would be used to set up the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_1972_visit_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China">Nixon's trip</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1960, Pakistan was perceived in the United States as an integral bulwark against <a href="/wiki/Global_communist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Global communist revolution">global</a> <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The United States cautiously supported Pakistan during the 1971 conflict, although <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> kept an arms embargo in place.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economy">economically-socialist</a> India entered into a <a href="/wiki/Indo-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Cooperation" title="Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation">formal alliance</a> with the Soviet Union in August 1971. </p><p>Nixon urged President Yahya Khan multiple times to exercise restraint.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His objective was to prevent a war and safeguard Pakistan's interests, though he feared an Indian invasion of Pakistan that would lead to Indian domination of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">the subcontinent</a> and strengthen the position of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_19720117_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_19720117-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, President Yahya feared that an independent Bangladesh could lead to the disintegration of Pakistan, and said publicly in August 1971 that Indian <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot" title="Operation Jackpot">military support</a> for Bengali guerrillas could lead to war between India and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1971, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi met Nixon in Washington. She assured him that she didn't want war with Pakistan, but he did not believe her.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witness accounts presented by Kissinger pointed out that Nixon made specific proposals to Prime Minister Gandhi on a solution for the crisis, some of which she heard for the first time, including a mutual withdrawal of troops from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Bangladeshi_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Bangladeshi barrier">Indo-East Pakistan</a> borders. Nixon also expressed a wish to fix a time limit with Yahya for political accommodation in East Pakistan. Nixon asserted that India could count on US endeavors to ease the crisis within a short time. But, both Kissinger and Gandhi's aide Jayakar maintained, Gandhi did not respond to these proposals. Kissinger noted that she "listened to what was, in fact, one of Nixon's better presentations with aloof indifference" but "took up none of the points." Jayakar pointed out that Gandhi listened to Nixon "without a single comment, creating an impregnable space so that no real contact was possible." She also refrained from assuring Nixon that India would follow Pakistan's suit if it withdrew from India's borders. As a result, the main agenda was "dropped altogether."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 December 1971, Yahya preemptively attacked the Indian Air Force and Gandhi retaliated, pushing into East Pakistan. Nixon issued a statement blaming Pakistan for starting the conflict and blaming India for escalating it.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He favored a cease-fire.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States was secretly encouraging the shipment of military equipment from Iran, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to Pakistan, offering to replenish those countries' weapons stocks later<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite Congressional objections.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_Gandhi_20021216_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA_Gandhi_20021216-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US used the threat of an aid cut-off to force Pakistan to back down, while its continued military aid to Islamabad prevented India from launching incursions deeper into the country. Pakistan forces in East Pakistan surrendered in Dhaka on 16 December 1971, leading to the creation of the independent state of Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_from_power">Fall from power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fall from power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg/220px-Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg/330px-Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg/440px-Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Yahya Khan is handing over power to <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a> is watching, 20 December 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>When the news of Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Pakistan">surrender</a> was broadcast by West Pakistani media, the spontaneous and overwhelming public anger over the nation's defeat by Bangladeshi rebels and the Indian Army, and over the breakup of Pakistan into two parts, boiled into street demonstrations throughout Pakistan. Rumors of an impending coup d'état by junior military officers against President Yahya Khan swept the country. To forestall further unrest, on 20 December 1971, he handed over the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani presidency">presidency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">government</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, the ambitious leader of the (at that time) powerful and popular <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">People's Party</a>. Yahya became the highest-ranking official in what remained of Pakistan to be forced out due to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within hours of Yahya Khan stepping down, President Bhutto reversed the <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_Branch_(Pakistan)" title="Judge Advocate General Branch (Pakistan)">Judge Advocate General Branch</a>'s verdict against Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and instead released him, allowing him to fly to London. President Bhutto also issued orders for the <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> of Yahya, the man who imprisoned Mujib in the first place. Both actions made news headlines around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was nominally a <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was non-practising and was known to have indulged in activities prohibited in Islam such as <a href="/wiki/Womanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Womanizing">womanizing</a> and the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BadrulAhsan2016_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BadrulAhsan2016-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raghavan2013_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raghavan2013-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian journalist Dewan Berindranath argued that Yahya turned to alcohol and womanizing when he gained power, as a coping mechanism to deal with stress, and that when he was a soldier he was known for being morally upright, abstaining from partying unlike other officers and instead preferring to spend time with his family and also practicing <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rituals_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Islamic rituals (disambiguation)">Islamic rituals</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">fast of Ramadan</a>, eventually quoting Ayub Khan who said that "Give me half a dozen officers of the calibre and moral standards of Yahya Khan and I can show you what can Pakistan do as a great nation of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his rule from 1969 to 1971, <a href="/wiki/Mian_Tufail_Mohammad" title="Mian Tufail Mohammad">Mian Tufail Mohammad</a>, a prominent leader of the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a>, the country's main <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> party, hailed Yahya as "the champion of Islam", as there was a general view among Islamists that he would fight <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> elements of the country (the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">Pakistan People's Party</a> in West Pakistan and the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> in what was East Pakistan and now Bangladesh) and also push for the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, Yahya used the intelligence services (the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">IB</a>) "to keep <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> political parties under check", mobilizing the Information Ministry for propaganda and pushing the idea that they put "Islam and Pakistan in danger."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of his life, during and following his imprisonment, Yahya slowly abandoned drinking altogether as he "turned extremely religious."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships">Relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yahya is said to have had a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Akleem_Akhtar" title="Akleem Akhtar">Akleem Akhtar</a>, nicknamed General Rani, but they never married.<sup id="cite_ref-TFT_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFT-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name was linked with the singer and actress <a href="/wiki/Noor_Jehan" title="Noor Jehan">Noor Jehan</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had a brief relationship with a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali</a> woman called Shamim K. Hussain, also known as <i>Black Beauty</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wife of a police officer, Yahya appreciated her company not so much for her looks but mainly because she was fluent in English and could talk about <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, among his favourite poets, and she eventually became influential enough to shape the decisions of the foreign office.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yahya and his wife had a son, Ali Yahya Khan, and a daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yahya remained under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> until 1979, when he was released from custody by <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">martial law</a> administrator General <a href="/wiki/Fazle_Haq" title="Fazle Haq">Fazle Haq</a>. He stayed out from public events and wrote down his memoirs in the form of notes that remain unpublished.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 10 August 1980 in <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> and was interred at Circle road graveyard, Peshawar, Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storyofpakistan.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Pakistan">In Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yahya Khan was awarded <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-i-Pakistan">HPk</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Jur%27at" title="Hilal-i-Jur'at">HJ</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitara-e-Pakistan">SPk</a></span></span>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pahlavi" title="Order of Pahlavi">NePl</a></span> but then stripped of his <a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">service honours</a> by Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storyofpakistan.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan is viewed largely negatively by Pakistani historians and is considered among the worst of the country's leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storyofpakistan.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rule is widely regarded as the leading cause of the breakup of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_University_Press,_Raghavan_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_University_Press,_Raghavan-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, he has been appreciated for facilitating the American opening to China, President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> sending a handwritten letter to him, stating that "without your personal assistance the profound breakthrough in relations between the USA and the [Peoples Republic of China] would never have been accomplished... Those who want a more peaceful world in the generations to come will be forever in your debt."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2023 Indian film <i><a href="/wiki/Sam_Bahadur_(film)" title="Sam Bahadur (film)">Sam Bahadur</a></i>, Khan is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zeeshan_Ayyub" title="Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub">Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book">Book</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Breaking of Pakistan: Yahya Speaks about the Bhutto-Mujib Interaction which Broke Pakistan</i>, Lahore: Liberty Publishers, 1997, 184 p.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">آغا محمد یحیٰی خان</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTottenParsonsCharny2004" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C"><i>Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 295–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4"><bdi>978-0-415-94430-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Pakistani government (the Yahya regime) was primarily responsible for the genocide. Not only did it prevent the Awami League and Rahman from forming the federal government, but it opted for a military solution to a constitutional crisis. In doing so, it decided to unleash a brutal military operation in order to terrorize the Bengalis. Yahya's decision to put General Tikka Khan (who had earned the name of "Butcher of Baluchistan" for his earlier brutal suppression of Baluchi nationals in the 1960s) in charge of the military operation in Bangladesh was an overt signal of the regime's intention to launch a genocide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.pages=295-303&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94430-4&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Parsons%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Charny%2C+Israel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Mishra, Pankaj (16 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/23/unholy-alliances-3">"Unholy Alliances"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>The military junta—led by General Yahya Khan, who had assumed power in 1969—was reluctant to accept the election results, and Khan postponed convening Pakistan's National Assembly... On March 25, 1971, the Pakistani Army launched a full-scale campaign, known as Operation Searchlight. After arresting Mujib and abducting him to West Pakistan and banning his party, it set about massacring his supporters, with American weapons. Firing squads spread out across East Pakistan, sometimes assisted by local collaborators from Islamist groups that had been humiliated in the elections. In the countryside, where the armed resistance was strongest, the Pakistani military burned and strafed villages, killing thousands and turning many more into refugees. Hindus, who composed more than ten per cent of the population, were targeted, their un-Muslimness ascertained by a quick inspection underneath their lungis. Tens of thousands of women were raped in a campaign of terror.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Unholy+Alliances&rft.date=2013-09-16&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2013%2F09%2F23%2Funholy-alliances-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hir.harvard.edu/the-past-has-yet-to-leave-the-present-genocide-in-bangladesh/">"The Past has yet to Leave the Present: Genocide in Bangladesh"</a>. <i>Harvard International Review</i>. 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+International+Review&rft.atitle=The+Past+has+yet+to+Leave+the+Present%3A+Genocide+in+Bangladesh&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhir.harvard.edu%2Fthe-past-has-yet-to-leave-the-present-genocide-in-bangladesh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/1430/text">"House Resolution1430 - Recognizing the Bangladesh Genocide of 1971"</a>. <i>United States Congress</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=House+Resolution1430+-+Recognizing+the+Bangladesh+Genocide+of+1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F117th-congress%2Fhouse-resolution%2F1430%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-storyofpakistan.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-storyofpakistan.com_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/yahya-khan/">"General Yahya Khan | Former Army Chief of Pakistan enforcing Martial Law in 1969"</a>. <i>Story of Pakistan website</i>. 26 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+of+Pakistan+website&rft.atitle=General+Yahya+Khan+%26%23124%3B+Former+Army+Chief+of+Pakistan+enforcing+Martial+Law+in+1969&rft.date=2013-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fyahya-khan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-CLIOm_2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC-CLIOm_2011_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC-CLIOm_2011_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&q=Yahya+Khan&pg=PA955"><i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World a Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIOm 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598843378" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598843378"><bdi>978-1598843378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World+a+Historical+Encyclopedia.&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIOm+2011&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1598843378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBBYD2J2oE4C%26q%3DYahya%2BKhan%26pg%3DPA955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Democracy, security, and development in India. By Raju G. C. Thomas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yahya-Khan">Yahya Khan: president of Pakistan on Encyclopedia Britannica</a> Retrieved 22 July 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowasjee, Areshir <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1072322">General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan</a></i> (Aug 2000) DAWN</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hidayat Khan, Muhammad Iqbal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/710169/past-glory-crumbling-heritage-in-walled-city">Past glory: Crumbling heritage in Walled City</a> Family house of Yahya Khan (May 2014) The Express Tribune</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2013" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, Srinath (2013). <i>1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6"><bdi>978-0-674-72864-6</bdi></a>. <q>The promotion was all the more remarkable given that Yahya was a Shia in the predominantly Sunni officer corps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1971%3A+A+Global+History+of+the+Creation+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72864-6&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinker1990" class="citation book cs1">Tinker, Hugh (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5uU2UteUpEC&q=yahya+khan+punjabi"><i>South Asia: A Short History</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824812874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824812874"><bdi>978-0824812874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0824812874&rft.aulast=Tinker&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5uU2UteUpEC%26q%3Dyahya%2Bkhan%2Bpunjabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolper2010" class="citation book cs1">Wolper, Stanley (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbEvmBKPgBoC&q=yahya+khan+punjabi"><i>India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation?</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520948006" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520948006"><bdi>978-0520948006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Pakistan%3A+Continued+Conflict+or+Cooperation%3F&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0520948006&rft.aulast=Wolper&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsbEvmBKPgBoC%26q%3Dyahya%2Bkhan%2Bpunjabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG226"><i>The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 226–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19023-518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19023-518-5"><bdi>978-0-19023-518-5</bdi></a>. <q>Pashtuns (the community from which hailed the country's first four commanders-in-chief from Ayub Khan to Yahya Khan and Gul Hassan Khan, with the exception of Mohammad Musa)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pakistan+Paradox%3A+Instability+and+Resilience&rft.pages=226-227&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19023-518-5&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5GMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPG226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro2015" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=yahya+khan+pashtun"><i>The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan</i></a>. Nation Books. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568585031" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568585031"><bdi>978-1568585031</bdi></a>. <q>A burly, double chinned, bushy-browed slothful Yahya Khan was, like Ayub Khan, an ethnic Pashtun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+August%3A+The+Unflinching+Rivalry+Between+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1568585031&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpPCBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyahya%2Bkhan%2Bpashtun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Payne_(author)" title="Robert Payne (author)">Payne, Robert</a> (1973). <i>Massacre: The tragedy at Bangla Desh and the phenomenon of mass slaughter throughout history</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780025952409" title="Special:BookSources/9780025952409"><bdi>9780025952409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacre%3A+The+tragedy+at+Bangla+Desh+and+the+phenomenon+of+mass+slaughter+throughout+history&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780025952409&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408151321/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878409,00.html">"Good Soldier Yahya Khan"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 2 August 1971. p. 32. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878409,00.html">the original</a></span> on 8 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Good+Soldier+Yahya+Khan&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1971-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C878409%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerindranath2006" class="citation book cs1">Berindranath, Dewan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5scAAAAMAAJ"><i>Private Life of Yahya Khan</i></a>. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Life+of+Yahya+Khan&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Berindranath&rft.aufirst=Dewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5scAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassim2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kassim, Husain (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gc2NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1745">"Yahya Khan, Aga Muhammad"</a>. In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Developing World</i>. Vol. 3. Routledge. p. 1745. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97664-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97664-0"><bdi>978-0-415-97664-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yahya+Khan%2C+Aga+Muhammad&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pages=1745&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97664-0&rft.aulast=Kassim&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgc2NAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaikh_Aziz2011" class="citation news cs1">Shaikh Aziz (25 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/683072/a-chapter-from-history-yahya-khans-quick-action">"A chapter from history: Yahya Khan's quick action"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=A+chapter+from+history%3A+Yahya+Khan%27s+quick+action&rft.date=2011-12-25&rft.au=Shaikh+Aziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F683072%2Fa-chapter-from-history-yahya-khans-quick-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerindranath2006" class="citation book cs1">Berindranath, Dewan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5scAAAAMAAJ"><i>Private Life of Yahya Khan</i></a>. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. pp. 22–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Life+of+Yahya+Khan&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=22-24&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Berindranath&rft.aufirst=Dewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5scAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Khan,_Aga_Mohammad_Yahya">"Khan, Aga Mohammad Yahya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Khan%2C+Aga+Mohammad+Yahya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FKhan%2C_Aga_Mohammad_Yahya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawn.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dawn.com_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawn.com_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.R._Siddiqi2004" class="citation news cs1">A.R. Siddiqi (25 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1065891/dawn-features-25-april-2004#2">"Army's top slot: the seniority factor (scroll down to read this section and title)"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Army%27s+top+slot%3A+the+seniority+factor+%28scroll+down+to+read+this+section+and+title%29&rft.date=2004-04-25&rft.au=A.R.+Siddiqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1065891%2Fdawn-features-25-april-2004%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis Kux, India and the United States: Estranged Democracies (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1992), 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittal_Publications-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mittal_Publications_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mittal_Publications_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar1997" class="citation book cs1">Akbar, M.K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&q=Yahya+Khan&pg=PA50"><i>Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif</i></a>. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170996743" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170996743"><bdi>978-8170996743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+from+Jinnah+to+Sharif&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8170996743&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcIniHQAHfUC%26q%3DYahya%2BKhan%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSissonRose1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Richard_Sisson" title="John Richard Sisson">Sisson, Richard</a>; Rose, Leo E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warsecessionpaki00siss/page/21/mode/1up"><i>War and secession : Pakistan, India, and the creation of Bangladesh</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07665-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07665-6"><bdi>0-520-07665-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+secession+%3A+Pakistan%2C+India%2C+and+the+creation+of+Bangladesh&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-520-07665-6&rft.aulast=Sisson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Rose%2C+Leo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarsecessionpaki00siss%2Fpage%2F21%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaqqani2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Husain_Haqqani" title="Husain Haqqani">Haqqani, Husain</a> (2005). <i>Between Mosque and Military</i>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08856-0"><bdi>978-0-670-08856-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Mosque+and+Military&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-670-08856-0&rft.aulast=Haqqani&rft.aufirst=Husain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KLUWER_LAW_INTERNATIONAL-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KLUWER_LAW_INTERNATIONAL_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KLUWER_LAW_INTERNATIONAL_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar2002" class="citation book cs1">Omar, Imtiaz (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o6-wZP7Tz8YC&q=Yahya+Khan&pg=PA59"><i>Emergency powers and the courts in India and Pakistan</i></a>. England: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9041117755" title="Special:BookSources/978-9041117755"><bdi>978-9041117755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+powers+and+the+courts+in+India+and+Pakistan&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9041117755&rft.aulast=Omar&rft.aufirst=Imtiaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do6-wZP7Tz8YC%26q%3DYahya%2BKhan%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (2015). <i>The Pakistan paradox : instability and resilience</i>. Translated by Schoch, Cynthia. Oxford University Press. pp. 320–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19023-518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19023-518-5"><bdi>978-0-19023-518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pakistan+paradox+%3A+instability+and+resilience&rft.pages=320-321&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19023-518-5&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1IdAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP19">"Martial Law Proclaimed, President Ayub Resigns"</a>. <i>Pakistan Affairs</i>. <b>22</b> (4). Washington D.C.: Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Affairs&rft.atitle=Martial+Law+Proclaimed%2C+President+Ayub+Resigns&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1IdAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancer_Publ.-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lancer_Publ._32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnaRao1991" class="citation book cs1">KrishnaRao, K.V. (1991). <i>Prepare or perish : a study of national security</i>. New Delhi: Lancer Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172120016" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172120016"><bdi>978-8172120016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prepare+or+perish+%3A+a+study+of+national+security&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Lancer+Publ.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-8172120016&rft.aulast=KrishnaRao&rft.aufirst=K.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dr._GN._Kazi-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dr._GN._Kazi_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dr._GN._Kazi_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dr._GN._Kazi_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dr._GN._Kazi_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._GN._Kazi2008" class="citation web cs1">Dr. GN. Kazi (21 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/2510812824/?rb=1smal">"Pakistan's Smallest Cabinet"</a>. Dr. GN. Kazi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Smallest+Cabinet&rft.pub=Dr.+GN.+Kazi&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.au=Dr.+GN.+Kazi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fpimu%2F2510812824%2F%3Frb%3D1smal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanaullah-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanaullah_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanaullah1962" class="citation journal cs1">Sanaullah, M. (1962). 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Dawson. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7129-0954-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7129-0954-9"><bdi>978-0-7129-0954-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+Enigma+of+Political+Development&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Dawson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7129-0954-9&rft.aulast=Ziring&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PILDT-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PILDT_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PILDT_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPILDT" class="citation web cs1">PILDT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Y3lfJakmBHEJ:www.pildat.org/publications/publication/CMR/NaionalSecurityCouncil-debateonInstitutionsandprocessesfordecisionmakingonsecurityissues.pdf+national+security+council+of+pakistan+abolished&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShggkYLQkSMWbAFmB-4iD6lT1DEaPvelTxBGXYN_kuH8RwqjdggCetmcHTJskvJB2-wd5DLAlSxRAl4hOffUKZk3YYEjP3YPtCx4TZw4NQZttnWDGQc2svqysWcvR4fM-MSe_rD&sig=AHIEtbTpoD1sB-vSB9bx3iBp1XKjssR3aQ">"The Evolution of National Security Council in Pakistan"</a>. <i>Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Institute+of+Legislative+Development+and+Transparency.&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+National+Security+Council+in+Pakistan&rft.au=PILDT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3AY3lfJakmBHEJ%3Awww.pildat.org%2Fpublications%2Fpublication%2FCMR%2FNaionalSecurityCouncil-debateonInstitutionsandprocessesfordecisionmakingonsecurityissues.pdf%2Bnational%2Bsecurity%2Bcouncil%2Bof%2Bpakistan%2Babolished%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEEShggkYLQkSMWbAFmB-4iD6lT1DEaPvelTxBGXYN_kuH8RwqjdggCetmcHTJskvJB2-wd5DLAlSxRAl4hOffUKZk3YYEjP3YPtCx4TZw4NQZttnWDGQc2svqysWcvR4fM-MSe_rD%26sig%3DAHIEtbTpoD1sB-vSB9bx3iBp1XKjssR3aQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_37-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/From-disunion-through-the-Zia-al-Huq-era#ref990469">From disunion through the Zia al-Huq era</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Retrieved 22 July 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithKeefer2005" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Louis J.; Keefer, Edward C., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d20">"20. Memorandum of Conversation (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=20.+Memorandum+of+Conversation+%28Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1969%E2%80%931976%2C+Volume+E%E2%80%937%2C+Documents+on+South+Asia%2C+1969%E2%80%931972%29&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1969-76ve07%2Fd20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYT1971" class="citation web cs1">NYT, UPI (31 January 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/31/archives/yahya-concedes-economic-defeat-pakistani-says-he-will-pass-problem.html">"YAHYA CONCEDES ECONOMIC DEFEAT"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=YAHYA+CONCEDES+ECONOMIC+DEFEAT&rft.date=1971-01-31&rft.aulast=NYT&rft.aufirst=UPI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F01%2F31%2Farchives%2Fyahya-concedes-economic-defeat-pakistani-says-he-will-pass-problem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Newberg, Paula R. (2002). <i>Judging the state : courts and constitutional politics in Pakistan</i> (1st paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521894401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521894401"><bdi>978-0521894401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judging+the+state+%3A+courts+and+constitutional+politics+in+Pakistan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521894401&rft.aulast=Newberg&rft.aufirst=Paula+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSA_Gandhi_20021216-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSA_Gandhi_20021216_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSA_Gandhi_20021216_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSA_Gandhi_20021216_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2002" class="citation web cs1">Gandhi, Sajit (16 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/">"The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971"</a>. <i>The National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79</i>. The National Security Archive (United States)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Security+Archive+Electronic+Briefing+Book+No.+79&rft.atitle=The+Tilt%3A+The+U.S.+and+the+South+Asian+Crisis+of+1971&rft.date=2002-12-16&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Sajit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB79%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bose, Sarmila (8 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070301084941/http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=10&filename=9223&filetype=html">"Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=10&filename=9223&filetype=html">the original</a> on 1 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>The extraordinary restraint of the army under provocation was totally reversed with the launch of military action with "Operation Searchlight" during the night of March 25-26. The operation was aimed at both Dhaka and the rest of the province and included the arrest of political leaders, disarming of potentially disloyal Bengali personnel in the police and army, and crushing the militant rebellion by force.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+Violence%3A+Analysis+of+Civil+War+in+East+Pakistan+in+1971&rft.date=2005-10-08&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sarmila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.org.in%2FshowArticles.php%3Froot%3D2005%26leaf%3D10%26filename%3D9223%26filetype%3Dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Dummett2011" class="citation news cs1">Mark Dummett (16 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201">"Bangladesh war: The article that changed history"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+war%3A+The+article+that+changed+history&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft.au=Mark+Dummett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16207201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheGuardian-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheGuardian_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheGuardian_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Jack2011" class="citation news cs1">Ian Jack (21 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/21/ian-jack-bangladesh-war-genocide">"It's not the arithmetic of genocide that's important. It's that we pay attention"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+the+arithmetic+of+genocide+that%27s+important.+It%27s+that+we+pay+attention&rft.date=2011-05-21&rft.au=Ian+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fmay%2F21%2Fian-jack-bangladesh-war-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalik1997" class="citation book cs1">Salik, Siddiq (1997). <i>Witness to surrender</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=When+Pakistan+put+Bangabandhu+on+trial&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft.aulast=Ahsan&rft.aufirst=Syed+Badrul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Famp%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2F184325%2Fwhen-pakistan-put-bangabandhu-on-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn1_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/751253">"A leaf from history: Simla Agreement, at last"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan. 23 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=A+leaf+from+history%3A+Simla+Agreement%2C+at+last&rft.date=2012-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F751253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBass2013">Bass 2013</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB66/">Kissinger's Secret Trip to China</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosleh_Uddin" class="citation web cs1">Mosleh Uddin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706133004/http://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journals/Dec_2008/contents/ABMMoslehuddin.htm">"Personal Prejudice Makes Foreign Policy"</a>. Asiaticsociety.org.bd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journals/Dec_2008/contents/ABMMoslehuddin.htm">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Personal+Prejudice+Makes+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Asiaticsociety.org.bd&rft.au=Mosleh+Uddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaticsociety.org.bd%2Fjournals%2FDec_2008%2Fcontents%2FABMMoslehuddin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2007">Black 2007</a>, p. 751</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_19720117-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_19720117_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106061724/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877618-2,00.html">"The Kissinger Tilt"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 17 January 1972. p. 17. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877618-2,00.html">the original</a></span> on 6 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Kissinger+Tilt&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1972-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C877618-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141813/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html">"World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 2 August 1971. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=World%3A+Pakistan%3A+The+Ravaging+of+Golden+Bengal&rft.date=1971-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C878408%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2007">Black 2007</a>, pp. 751–752</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jayakar, Indira Gandhi, p. 232; Kissinger, White House Years, pp. 878 & 881–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2007">Black 2007</a>, p. 753</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2007">Black 2007</a>, p. 755</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2007">Black 2007</a>, p. 756</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2007">Black 2007</a>, p. 757</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2013" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, Srinath (2013). <i>1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6"><bdi>978-0-674-72864-6</bdi></a>. <q>The promotion was all the more remarkable given that Yahya was a Shia in the predominantly Sunni officer corps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1971%3A+A+Global+History+of+the+Creation+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72864-6&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BadrulAhsan2016-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BadrulAhsan2016_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadrul_Ahsan2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Badrul_Ahsan" title="Syed Badrul Ahsan">Badrul Ahsan, Syed</a> (15 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.observerbd.com/2016/03/15/141568.php">"The rise and fall of Yahya Khan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Observer_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)">The Daily Observer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>Yahya Khan had a life-long affair with drinking, to a point where he invariably got raucously tipsy. His affairs with women were legion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Observer&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+Yahya+Khan&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.aulast=Badrul+Ahsan&rft.aufirst=Syed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.observerbd.com%2F2016%2F03%2F15%2F141568.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raghavan2013-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raghavan2013_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2013" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, Srinath (2013). <i>1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6"><bdi>978-0-674-72864-6</bdi></a>. <q>Yahya's energies were also sapped by his hectic social routine. He was excessively fond of the bottle, and his pursuit of a string of liaisons was unblemished by concerns about public opprobrium or professional ethics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1971%3A+A+Global+History+of+the+Creation+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72864-6&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berindranath, Dewan (2006). <i>Private Life of Yahya Khan</i>. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaman2020" class="citation book cs1">Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2020). <i>Islam in Pakistan: A History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Pakistan%3A+A+History&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Qasim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narayan (2008). <i>The Military Factor in Pakistan</i>. Lancer Publishers. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Factor+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ravi+Shekhar+Narayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berindranath, Dewan (2006). <i>Private Life of Yahya Khan</i>. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TFT-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TFT_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadeem_F._Paracha2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nadeem_F._Paracha" title="Nadeem F. Paracha">Nadeem F. Paracha</a> (28 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529154914/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/the-fascinating-tale-of-general-rani/">"The fascinating tale of General Rani"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Friday_Times" title="The Friday Times">The Friday Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-fascinating-tale-of-general-rani/">the original</a> on 29 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Friday+Times&rft.atitle=The+fascinating+tale+of+General+Rani&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.au=Nadeem+F.+Paracha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefridaytimes.com%2Ftft%2Fthe-fascinating-tale-of-general-rani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaveed2021" class="citation web cs1">Naveed, Ahmed (14 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefridaytimes.com/14-Dec-2021/lest-we-forget-yahya-khan-was-busy-partying-as-dhaka-fell">"Lest We Forget: Yahya Khan Was Busy Partying As Dhaka Fell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Friday_Times" title="The Friday Times">The Friday Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Friday+Times&rft.atitle=Lest+We+Forget%3A+Yahya+Khan+Was+Busy+Partying+As+Dhaka+Fell&rft.date=2021-12-14&rft.aulast=Naveed&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefridaytimes.com%2F14-Dec-2021%2Flest-we-forget-yahya-khan-was-busy-partying-as-dhaka-fell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nayadaur.tv/2019/12/yahya-khan-was-busy-having-a-good-time-as-dhaka-fell/">"Yahya Khan Was Busy Having a Good Time as Dhaka Fell"</a>. 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yahya+Khan+Was+Busy+Having+a+Good+Time+as+Dhaka+Fell&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnayadaur.tv%2F2019%2F12%2Fyahya-khan-was-busy-having-a-good-time-as-dhaka-fell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berindranath, Dewan (2006). <i>Private Life of Yahya Khan</i>. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1980/08/10/archives/gen-yahya-khan-63-expakistani-ruler-he-was-forced-to-quit-after.html">"Gen. Yahya Khan, 63; Ex-Pakistani Ruler"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 10 August 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gen.+Yahya+Khan%2C+63%3B+Ex-Pakistani+Ruler&rft.date=1980-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F08%2F10%2Farchives%2Fgen-yahya-khan-63-expakistani-ruler-he-was-forced-to-quit-after.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowasjee2000" class="citation news cs1">Cowasjee, Ardeshir (27 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1072322">"General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>. Karachi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=General+Agha+Mohammad+Yahya+Khan&rft.date=2000-08-27&rft.aulast=Cowasjee&rft.aufirst=Ardeshir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1072322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowasjee2020" class="citation web cs1">Cowasjee, Ardeshir (27 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1072322">"General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_News" title="Dawn News">Dawn News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn+News&rft.atitle=General+Agha+Mohammad+Yahya+Khan&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft.aulast=Cowasjee&rft.aufirst=Ardeshir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1072322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1980/08/10/archives/gen-yahya-khan-63-expakistani-ruler-he-was-forced-to-quit-after.html">"Gen. Yahya Khan, 63; Ex-Pakistani Ruler"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 10 August 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gen.+Yahya+Khan%2C+63%3B+Ex-Pakistani+Ruler&rft.date=1980-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F08%2F10%2Farchives%2Fgen-yahya-khan-63-expakistani-ruler-he-was-forced-to-quit-after.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowasjee2000" class="citation news cs1">Cowasjee, Ardeshir (27 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1072322">"General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>. Karachi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=General+Agha+Mohammad+Yahya+Khan&rft.date=2000-08-27&rft.aulast=Cowasjee&rft.aufirst=Ardeshir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1072322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard_University_Press,_Raghavan-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_University_Press,_Raghavan_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2013" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, Srinath (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6gQCgAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+geopolitical+influence+1971&pg=PT110"><i>1971: The Global History of Creation of the Bangladesh</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674731271" title="Special:BookSources/9780674731271"><bdi>9780674731271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1971%3A+The+Global+History+of+Creation+of+the+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780674731271&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du6gQCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpakistan%2Bgeopolitical%2Binfluence%2B1971%26pg%3DPT110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKux2001" class="citation book cs1">Kux, Dennis (2001). <i>The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Pakistan%2C+1947-2000%3A+Disenchanted+Allies&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kux&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukerjee1972" class="citation book cs1">Mukerjee, Dilip (1972). <i>Yahya Khan's "Final War": India Meets Pakistan's Threat</i>. Times of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahya+Khan%27s+%22Final+War%22%3A+India+Meets+Pakistan%27s+Threat&rft.pub=Times+of+India&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Mukerjee&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhargava1972" class="citation book cs1">Bhargava, G.S. (1972). <i>"Crush India"--Gen. Yahya Khan Or, Pakistan's Death Wish</i>. Indian School Supply Depot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Crush+India%22--Gen.+Yahya+Khan+Or%2C+Pakistan%27s+Death+Wish&rft.pub=Indian+School+Supply+Depot&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Bhargava&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerindranath1974" class="citation book cs1">Berindranath, Dewan (1974). <i>Private Life of Yahya Khan</i>. Sterling Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Life+of+Yahya+Khan&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Berindranath&rft.aufirst=Dewan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2007" class="citation book cs1">Black, Conrad (2007). <i>Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full</i>. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586486747" title="Special:BookSources/9781586486747"><bdi>9781586486747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+M.+Nixon%3A+A+Life+in+Full&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781586486747&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBass2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_J._Bass" title="Gary J. Bass">Bass, Gary J.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PnNZTp3BQYC&pg=PT28"><i>The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-70020-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-70020-9"><bdi>978-0-307-70020-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blood+Telegram%3A+Nixon%2C+Kissinger%2C+and+a+Forgotten+Genocide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-307-70020-9&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PnNZTp3BQYC%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2020" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqui, Brig. A. R. (2020). <i>General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan: The Rise & Fall of a Soldier, 1947-1971</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Agha+Mohammad+Yahya+Khan%3A+The+Rise+%26+Fall+of+a+Soldier%2C+1947-1971&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Brig.+A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahya+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yahya_Khan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=148">Official profile at Pakistan Army website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523061749/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=148">Archived</a> 23 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0032)">YAHYA KHAN AND BANGLADESH</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090402114442/http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm">Chronicles Of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB193/HAK%206-20-72.pdf">Henry Kissinger and PM China discussed Yahya Khan and 1971 loss</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan_Pataudi" title="Sher Ali Khan Pataudi">Sher Ali Khan Pataudi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of General Staff</a> </b><br />1957–1962 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Malik Sher Bahadur</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa Khan (general)">Muhammad Musa</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army">C-in-C of the Pakistan Army</a> </b><br />1966–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gul_Hassan_Khan" title="Gul Hassan Khan">Gul Hassan Khan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a> </b><br />1969–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrator</a> </b><br />1969–1971 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mian_Arshad_Hussain" title="Mian Arshad Hussain">Mian Arshad Hussain</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1969–1971 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Afzal_Rahman_Khan" title="Afzal Rahman Khan">Afzal Rahman Khan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of Pakistan">Minister of Defence</a> </b><br />1969–1971 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Presidents of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" title="Iskandar Ali Mirza">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Ilahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Leghari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafiq_Tarar" title="Muhammad Rafiq Tarar">Tarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Soomro" title="Muhammad Mian Soomro">Soomro</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Zardari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamnoon_Hussain" title="Mamnoon Hussain">Mamnoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Alvi" title="Arif Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Zardari</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate acting Presidents</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator#Pakistan" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator#Pakistan" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gen <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Ayub Khan</a></li> <li>Gen <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li>Gen <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li>Gen <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> <small><b>(unstyled)</b></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Attiqur_Rahman" title="Attiqur Rahman">Attiqur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> Ghulam Jilani Khan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Martial_Law_Administrator_of_Balochistan" title="Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan" title="Rahimuddin Khan">Rahimuddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> F.S. Khan Lodhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> K.K. Afridi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Baloch" title="Abdul Qadir Baloch">Abdul Qadir Baloch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sindh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> Rakhman Gul</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> S.M. Abbasi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Mohammad_Azhar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan">Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Fazle_Haq" title="Fazle Haq">Fazle Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> Jahan Dad Khan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Pakistan (former)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Azam_Khan_(general)" title="Azam Khan (general)">Azam Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">MGen</a> Muzaffaruddin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral" title="Vice admiral">VAdm</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral_Syed_Mohammad_Ahsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan">Syed Ahsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Yacob Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">A.A. Khan Nazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Pakistan (former)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Attiqur_Rahman" title="Attiqur Rahman">Attiqur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_marshal" title="Air marshal">Air Mshl</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur_Khan" title="Nur Khan">Nur Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chiefs_of_the_Staff_of_the_Pakistan_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Army_Staff_Chief" title="Template:Pakistan Army Staff Chief"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Army_Staff_Chief" title="Template talk:Pakistan Army Staff Chief"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Army_Staff_Chief" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Army Staff Chief"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chiefs_of_the_Staff_of_the_Pakistan_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chiefs of the Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/C-in-C_of_the_Pakistan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="C-in-C of the Pakistan Army">Commander-in-Chief</a><br />(1947-1972)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Messervy" title="Frank Messervy">Messervy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gracey" title="Douglas Gracey">Gracey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">A. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa Khan (general)">M. Khan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Y. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gul_Hassan_Khan" title="Gul Hassan Khan">G. H. Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/100px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/150px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/200px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chiefs of Army Staff</a><br />(1972-present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">T. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" title="Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Nawaz_Janjua" title="Asif Nawaz Janjua">Janjua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Waheed_Kakar" title="Abdul Waheed Kakar">Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehangir_Karamat" title="Jehangir Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani" title="Ashfaq Parvez Kayani">Kayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raheel_Sharif" title="Raheel Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamar_Javed_Bajwa" title="Qamar Javed Bajwa">Bajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asim_Munir_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asim Munir (general)">Munir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Vice Chief of Army Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_(general)" title="Abdul Hamid Khan (general)">A.H. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawar_Khan" title="Sawar Khan">S. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusaf_Khan_(general)" title="Yusaf Khan (general)">M.Y. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Saleem_Hayat" title="Ahsan Saleem Hayat">Hayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani" title="Ashfaq Parvez Kayani">Kayani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Cane_(Pakistan)" title="Malacca Cane (Pakistan)">Malacca Cane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_ministers_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Foreign Minister of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Foreign Minister of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign Minister of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_ministers_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)">Foreign ministers of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Zafarullah Khan">Zafarullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali Bogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidul_Huq_Choudhury" title="Hamidul Huq Choudhury">Hamidul Huq Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_Noon" title="Feroz Khan Noon">Feroz Khan Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzur_Qadir" title="Manzur Qadir">Manzur Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali Bogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifuddin_Pirzada" title="Sharifuddin Pirzada">Sharifuddin Pirzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Arshad_Hussain" title="Mian Arshad Hussain">Mian Arshad Hussain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Ahmed_(civil_servant)" title="Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)">Aziz Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Shahi" title="Agha Shahi">Agha Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Sahabzada Yaqub Khan</a></li> <li><i>Noorani</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Sahabzada Yaqub Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akram_Zaki" title="Akram Zaki">Akram Zaki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Khan_Kanju" title="Siddiq Khan Kanju">Siddiq Khan Kanju</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_(diplomat)" title="Abdul Sattar (diplomat)">Abdul Sattar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Farooq Leghari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseff_Ahmad_Daula" title="Aseff Ahmad Daula">Aseff Ahmad Daula</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Sahabzada Yaqub Khan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gohar_Ayub_Khan" title="Gohar Ayub Khan">Gohar Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaj_Aziz" title="Sartaj Aziz">Sartaj Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_(diplomat)" title="Abdul Sattar (diplomat)">Abdul Sattar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurshid_Mahmud_Kasuri" title="Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri">Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inam-ul-Haq_(diplomat)" title="Inam-ul-Haq (diplomat)">Inam-ul-Haq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Mahmood_Qureshi" title="Shah Mahmood Qureshi">Shah Mahmood Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hina_Rabbani_Khar" title="Hina Rabbani Khar">Hina Rabbani Khar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir_Hazar_Khan_Khoso" title="Mir Hazar Khan Khoso">Mir Hazar Khan Khoso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Muhammad_Asif" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawaja Muhammad Asif">Khawaja Muhammad Asif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurram_Dastgir_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurram Dastgir Khan">Khurram Dastgir Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Hussain_Haroon" title="Abdullah Hussain Haroon">Abdullah Hussain Haroon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Mahmood_Qureshi" title="Shah Mahmood Qureshi">Shah Mahmood Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilawal_Bhutto_Zardari" title="Bilawal Bhutto Zardari">Bilawal Bhutto Zardari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalil_Abbas_Jilani" title="Jalil Abbas Jilani">Jalil Abbas Jilani</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333981#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333981#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333981#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4245317">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/415903/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4BPQr34P36hHtWryGHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/126726116">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98033106">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36591698">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd126726116.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/252449584">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10574573">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66471bm">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&oldid=1258925444">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Khan&oldid=1258925444</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1917_births" title="Category:1917 births">1917 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980_deaths" title="Category:1980 deaths">1980 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Hindu_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Anti-Hindu violence in Pakistan">Anti-Hindu violence in Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pashtun_people" 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