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<li id="toc-Partition_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Partition and independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Political unrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radcliffe_Line_and_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radcliffe_Line_and_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Radcliffe Line and territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radcliffe_Line_and_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchy_and_the_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchy_and_the_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Monarchy and the Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchy_and_the_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_heads_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_heads_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of heads of state</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_heads_of_state-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of heads of state subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_heads_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Monarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors-General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Governors-General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dominion of Pakistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دومينيون باكستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دومينيون باكستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominiu_de_Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Dominiu de Paquistán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dominiu de Paquistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_dominionu" title="Pakistan dominionu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pakistan dominionu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="পাকিস্তান অধিরাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকিস্তান অধিরাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дамініён Пакістан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дамініён Пакістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Доминион Пакистан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Доминион Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domini_del_Pakistan" title="Domini del Pakistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Domini del Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominium_P%C3%A1kist%C3%A1n" title="Dominium Pákistán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dominium Pákistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominionen_Pakistan" title="Dominionen Pakistan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dominionen Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Ντομίνιον του Πακιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντομίνιον του Πακιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_de_Pakist%C3%A1n" title="Dominio de Pakistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dominio de Pakistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_Pakistano" title="Dominio Pakistano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dominio Pakistano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistango_Agindupeko_Lurra" title="Pakistango Agindupeko Lurra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pakistango Agindupeko Lurra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قلمرو پاکستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلمرو پاکستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_du_Pakistan" title="Dominion du Pakistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dominion du Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84_%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%98%EB%A0%B9" title="파키스탄 자치령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파키스탄 자치령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="पाकिस्तान अधिराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाकिस्तान अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Pakistan" title="Dominion Pakistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dominion Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_del_Pakistan" title="Dominion del Pakistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dominion del Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C4%81nas_Dom%C4%ABnija" title="Pakistānas Domīnija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pakistānas Domīnija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Pakistan" title="Dominion Pakistan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dominion Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3_(%E3%83%89%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3)" title="パキスタン (ドミニオン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パキスタン (ドミニオン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominionen_Pakistan" title="Dominionen Pakistan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dominionen Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokiston_Dominioni" title="Pokiston Dominioni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pokiston Dominioni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominium_Pakistanu" title="Dominium Pakistanu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dominium Pakistanu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%ADnio_do_Paquist%C3%A3o" title="Domínio do Paquistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Domínio do Paquistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Доминион Пакистан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доминион Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dominion of Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanin_dominio" title="Pakistanin dominio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pakistanin dominio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_(dominion)" title="Pakistan (dominion) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pakistan (dominion)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E" title="ประเทศปากีสถานในเครือจักรภพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศปากีสถานในเครือจักรภพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Қаламрави Покистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қаламрави Покистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Домініон Пакистан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Домініон Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڈومنین پاکستان – Urdu" lang="ur" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1947–1956 monarchy in South Asia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Pakistan</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پاکستان</span></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>)</span><br /><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">পাকিস্তান</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1947–1956<sup id="cite_ref-Timothy_C._Winegard_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timothy_C._Winegard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pakistan"><img alt="Flag of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pakistan" title="Flag of Pakistan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Pakistan_(1947-1955).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem (1947–1954) of Pakistan"><img alt="Emblem (1947–1954) of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_Pakistan_%281947-1955%29.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Pakistan_%281947-1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_Pakistan_%281947-1955%29.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Pakistan_%281947-1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_Pakistan_%281947-1955%29.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Pakistan_%281947-1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/State_emblem_of_Pakistan" title="State emblem of Pakistan">Emblem (1947–1954)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Qaumi_Taranah" title="Qaumi Taranah">Qaumi Taranah</a></i> (1954–56)<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="83" data-mwtitle="National-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/National-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/National-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg/National-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg&lang=ur&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ur" label="اردو ‪(ur)‬" data-dir="rtl" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominion_of_Pakistan_%26_Indian_Controlled_Kashmir_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Land controlled by the Dominion of Pakistan shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light green"><img alt="Land controlled by the Dominion of Pakistan shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dominion_of_Pakistan_%26_Indian_Controlled_Kashmir_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Dominion_of_Pakistan_%26_Indian_Controlled_Kashmir_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dominion_of_Pakistan_%26_Indian_Controlled_Kashmir_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Dominion_of_Pakistan_%26_Indian_Controlled_Kashmir_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dominion_of_Pakistan_%26_Indian_Controlled_Kashmir_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Dominion_of_Pakistan_%26_Indian_Controlled_Kashmir_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Land controlled by the Dominion of Pakistan shown in dark green; <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">land claimed but not controlled</a> shown in light green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-OffLang_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffLang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised national languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FirstLang_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstLang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a><sup id="cite_ref-SecondLang_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecondLang-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani people">Pakistani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1952 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1952–1956 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1948–1951 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1951–1955 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Sir Ghulam Muhammad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1955–1956 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1951 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1951–1953 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1953–1955 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali Bogra</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1955–1956 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Mohammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Mohammad Ali">Chaudhry Mohammad Ali</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Constituent Assembly of Pakistan">Constituent Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 August 1947<sup id="cite_ref-Vipul2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vipul2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">Islamic Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 March 1956</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,030,373 km<sup>2</sup> (397,829 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> (1947–1948)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Pakistani rupee</a> (1948–1956)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/20px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/30px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/40px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Islamic Republic of Pakistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-IndBangla_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndBangla-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OffLang-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OffLang_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official Language: 14 August 1947</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FirstLang-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FirstLang_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First National Language: 23 February 1948</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SecondLang-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SecondLang_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Second National Language: 29 February 1956</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Dominion of Pakistan</b>, officially <b>Pakistan</b>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (August 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> was an independent federal <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> in the British <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, which existed from <a href="/wiki/14_August_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="14 August 1947">14 August 1947</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Day" title="Pakistan Day">23 March 1956</a>. It was created by the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British parliament</a>. </p><p>The new dominion consisted of those <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">presidencies and provinces of British India</a> which were allocated to it in the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>. Until 1947, these regions had been ruled by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </p><p>The Dominion's status as a federal dominion within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> ended in 1956 with the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">Constitution of Pakistan</a>, which established the country as a republic. The constitution also administratively split the nation into <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. Until then, these provinces had been governed as a singular entity, despite being separate geographic <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclaves</a>. Eventually, the East became <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and the West became <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. </p><p>During the year that followed its independence, the new country was joined by the <a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">princely states of Pakistan</a>, which were ruled by princes who had previously been in <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_alliance" title="Subsidiary alliance">subsidiary alliances</a> with the British. These states acceded to Pakistan one by one as their rulers signed <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession" title="Instrument of Accession">Instruments of Accession</a>. For many years, these states enjoyed a special status within the dominion and later the republic, but they were slowly incorporated into the provinces. The last remnants of their internal self-government were lost by 1974.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (August 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_and_independence">Partition and independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Partition and independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></div> <p>Section 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a> provided that from "the fifteenth day of August, nineteen hundred and forty-seven, two independent dominions shall be set up in India, to be known respectively as <i>India</i> and <i>Pakistan</i>." Muslims had been pushing for their own state since at least 1940 (see the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore resolution">Lahore resolution</a>), believing they would become second-class citizens in a Hindu-majority India otherwise. The British monarch became the head of state of both the new dominions, with Pakistan sharing a king with the United Kingdom and the other <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> of the British Commonwealth, and the monarch's constitutional roles in Pakistan were delegated to the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General of Pakistan</a>. </p><p>Before August 1947, about half of the area of present-day Pakistan was part of <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a>, which was directly governed by the British in the name of the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>, while the remainder were <a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">princely states</a> in <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_alliance" title="Subsidiary alliance">subsidiary alliances</a> with the British, enjoying semi-autonomous self-government. The British abandoned these alliances in August 1947, leaving the states entirely independent, and between 1947 and 1948 the states all acceded to Pakistan, while retaining internal self-government for several years. </p><p>More than ten million people migrated across the new borders and between 200,000–2,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people died in the spate of communal violence in the Punjab in what some scholars have described as a 'retributive genocide' between the religions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pakistani government claimed that 50,000 Muslim women were abducted and raped by Hindu and Sikh men and similarly the Indian government claimed that Muslims abducted and raped 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two governments agreed to repatriate abducted women and thousands of Hindu, Sikh and Muslim women were repatriated to their families in the 1950s. The dispute over Kashmir escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">first war</a> between <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. With the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) the war was ended but it became the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir dispute">Kashmir dispute</a>, unresolved as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pakistan.ogv/220px--Pakistan.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="1069" data-mwtitle="Pakistan.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Pakistan.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Pakistan.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Pakistan.ogv/Pakistan.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Pakistan.ogv/Pakistan.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A 1950 documentary about Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">founding fathers</a> of Pakistan agreed to appoint <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> as the country's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan">first</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">prime minister</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> as both first <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">governor-general</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">speaker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">State Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountbatten had offered to serve as Governor-general of both India and Pakistan but Jinnah refused this offer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first formal step to transform Pakistan into an ideological Islamic state was taken in March 1949 when Liaquat Ali Khan introduced the <a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">Constituent Assembly</a>. The Objectives Resolution declared that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>. Support for the Objectives Resolution and the transformation of Pakistan into an Islamic state was led by Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, a respected <i>Deobandi alim</i> (scholar) who occupied the position of <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh al-Islam">Shaykh al-Islam</a> in Pakistan in 1949, and <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Maulana Mawdudi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-i Islami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Muslims">Indian Muslims</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces (1937–50)">United Provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Province">Bombay Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces" title="Central Provinces">Central Provinces</a> and other areas of India continued migrating to Pakistan throughout the 1950 and 1960s and settled mainly in urban <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, particularly in the new country's first capital, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister Ali Khan established a strong government and had to face challenges soon after gaining the office.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Finance Secretary <a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner_(civil_servant)" title="Victor Turner (civil servant)">Victor Turner</a> announced the country's first monetary policy by establishing the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="State Bank of Pakistan">State Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Bureau of Statistics">Federal Bureau of Statistics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Board_of_Revenue_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Board of Revenue (Pakistan)">Federal Board of Revenue</a> to improve statistical knowledge, finance, taxation, and revenue collection in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudry_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudry-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also problems because India cut off water supply to Pakistan from two canal headworks in its side of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> on 1 April 1948 and also withheld delivering Pakistan its share of the assets and funds of United India, which the <a href="/wiki/Indian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government">Indian government</a> released after <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a>'s pressurisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pande20112_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pande20112-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_unrest">Political unrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political unrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 1948 speech, Jinnah declared that "<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> alone would be the state language and the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the Pakistan state", although at the same time he called for the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> to be the official language of the <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">Bengal province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Tea_House_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Tea_House-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, tensions began to grow in <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Tea_House_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Tea_House-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jinnah's health further deteriorated and he died in 1948. Bengali leader, Sir <a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a> succeeded as the governor general of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a massive political rally in 1951, Prime Minister Ali Khan was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_liaqat_ali_khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of liaqat ali khan">assassinated</a>, and Nazimuddin became the second prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> reached a climax in 1952, when the East Pakistani police opened fire on students <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">protesting</a> for the Bengali language to receive equal status with Urdu. The situation was controlled by Nazimuddin who issued a waiver granting the Bengali language equal status, a right codified in the 1956 constitution. In 1953 at the instigation of religious parties, anti-<a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> riots erupted, which led to many Ahmadi deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-1953riots_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1953riots-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The riots were investigated by a two-member court of inquiry in 1954,<sup id="cite_ref-munir_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munir-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was criticised by the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami</a>, one of the parties accused of inciting the riots.<sup id="cite_ref-jiak_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jiak-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event led to the first instance of martial law in the country and began the history of military intervention into the politics and civilian affairs of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-rizvi_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rizvi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954 the controversial <a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One Unit Program</a> was imposed by the last <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Pakistan Muslim League</a> (PML) Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Ali Bogra</a> dividing Pakistan on the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">geopolitical model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-One_Unit_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One_Unit-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year the first legislative elections were held in Pakistan, which saw the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan" title="Communist Party of Pakistan">communists</a> gaining control of East Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthem_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthem-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1954 election results clarified the differences in ideology between West and East Pakistan, with East Pakistan under the influence of the Communist Party allying with the <a href="/wiki/Shramik_Krishak_Samajbadi_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal">Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal</a> (Workers Party) and the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthem_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthem-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pro-American <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Pakistan)" title="Republican Party (Pakistan)">Republican Party</a> gained a majority in West Pakistan, ousting the PML government.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthem_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthem-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a vote of confidence in Parliament and the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">1956 constitution</a>, which confirmed Pakistan as an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a>, two notable figures became prime minister and president, as the first Bengali leaders of the country. <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Suhrawardy</a> became the prime minister leading a <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan" title="Communist Party of Pakistan">communist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">socialist alliance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a> became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Pakistan">first</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">president of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-republic_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-republic-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radcliffe_Line_and_territory">Radcliffe Line and territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radcliffe Line and territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountbatten_Proposed_Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mountbatten_Proposed_Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/220px-Mountbatten_Proposed_Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mountbatten_Proposed_Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/330px-Mountbatten_Proposed_Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mountbatten_Proposed_Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/440px-Mountbatten_Proposed_Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_proposal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vexillological description"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FIAV_proposal.svg/23px-FIAV_proposal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FIAV_proposal.svg/36px-FIAV_proposal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FIAV_proposal.svg/46px-FIAV_proposal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Mountbatten</a>'s proposed flag for Pakistan, consisting of the flag of the Muslim League <a href="/wiki/Defacement_(flag)" title="Defacement (flag)">defaced</a> with a Union Jack in the canton.</figcaption></figure> <p>The dominion began as a federation of five provinces: <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> (later to become <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>), <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">West Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">North-West Frontier Province</a> (NWFP). Each province had its own governor, who was appointed by the Governor-General of Pakistan. In addition, over the following year the princely states of Pakistan, which covered a significant area of West Pakistan, acceded to Pakistan. They included <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swat_(princely_state)" title="Swat (princely state)">Swat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dir_(princely_state)" title="Dir (princely state)">Dir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitral_(princely_state)" title="Chitral (princely state)">Chitral</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kalat_(princely_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalat (princely state)">Khanate of Kalat</a>. </p><p>The controversial <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcliffe Award">Radcliffe Award</a>, not published until 17 August 1947 specified the Radcliffe Line which demarcated the border between the parts of British India allocated to the two new independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">dominions of India</a> and Pakistan. The Radcliffe Boundary Commission sought to separate the Muslim-majority regions in the east and northwest from the areas with a Hindu majority. This entailed the partition of two British provinces which did not have a uniform majority — <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>. The western part of Punjab became the Pakistani province of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> and the eastern part became the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>. Bengal was similarly divided into <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> (in Pakistan) and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (in India). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchy_and_the_Commonwealth">Monarchy and the Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monarchy and the Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> was to be divided into the independent sovereign states of India and Pakistan. From 1947 to 1952, George VI was the sovereign of Pakistan, which shared the same person as its sovereign with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> in the British <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harshan_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harshan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following George VI's death on 6 February 1952, his elder daughter Princess Elizabeth, who was in Kenya at that time, became the new monarch of Pakistan. During the Queen's <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II">coronation</a> in 1953, Elizabeth II was crowned as Queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries, including Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a> Oath, the new Queen promised "to govern the Peoples of ... Pakistan ... according to their respective laws and customs".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Standard of Pakistan at the Coronation was borne by <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Abol_Hassan_Ispahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Abol Hassan Ispahani">Mirza Abol Hassan Ispahani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pakistan abolished the monarchy on the adoption of a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">republican constitution</a> on <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Day (Pakistan)">23 March 1956</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman2000_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2000-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Pakistan became a <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">republic within the Commonwealth of Nations</a>. The Queen sent a message to President Mirza which said, "I have followed with close interest the progress of your country since its establishment ... It is a source of great satisfaction to me to know that your country intends to remain within the Commonwealth. I am confident that Pakistan and other countries of the Commonwealth will continue to thrive and to benefit from their mutual association".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nawabzada_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_President_Truman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nawabzada_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_President_Truman.jpg/220px-Nawabzada_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_President_Truman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nawabzada_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_President_Truman.jpg/330px-Nawabzada_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_President_Truman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nawabzada_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_President_Truman.jpg/440px-Nawabzada_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_President_Truman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan meeting <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">President Harry Truman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Territorial problems arose with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Communist_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Pakistan–Afghanistan border</a> in 1949, and with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diplomatic recognition became a problem when the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> did not welcome the partition which established Pakistan and India. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State of Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a> was the first country to recognise Pakistan in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> sent a secret courier to Jinnah to establish the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Israel–Pakistan relations">diplomatic relations</a>, but Jinnah did not give any response to Ben-Gurion. </p><p>After gaining Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made a wholehearted bid for leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, or at least for leadership in achieving its unity.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Muhammad_Ali_Jauhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar">Ali</a> brothers had sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the Islamic world, in large part due to its <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of Pakistan">large population</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Pakistan">military strength</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A top ranking Muslim League leader, <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Khaliquzzaman</a>, declared that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into <a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a> – a pan-Islamic entity.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USA, which did not approve of Pakistan's creation, was against this idea and British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> voiced international opinion at the time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite, as opposed to the hoped-for <a href="/wiki/Pan_Islamic_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Islamic Unity">unity of Muslim World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since most of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> was undergoing a nationalist awakening at the time, there was little attraction in Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Arab countries saw the 'Islamistan' project as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan vigorously championed the right of self-determination for Muslims around the world. Pakistan's efforts for the independence movements of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_heads_of_state">List of heads of state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of heads of state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Pakistan" title="List of heads of state of Pakistan">List of heads of state of Pakistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchs">Monarchs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a constitutional monarchy. The Pakistani monarch was the same person as the sovereign of the nations in the British Commonwealth of Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harshan_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harshan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="clear:right; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th width="10%">Portrait </th> <th width="20%">Name </th> <th width="10%">Birth </th> <th width="10%">Reign </th> <th width="10%">Death </th> <th width="15%">Consort </th> <th width="15%">Relationship with Predecessor(s) </th> <th width="10%">Royal House </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_(cleaned).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg/119px-King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg/179px-King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg/239px-King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3545" data-file-height="4862" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><big><b><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></b></big> </td> <td align="center">14 December 1895 </td> <td align="center">14 August 1947<br />–<br />6 February 1952 </td> <td align="center">6 February 1952 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg/104px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg/156px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg/207px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="2825" /></a></span> <p><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a> </p> </td> <td align="center">None (position created); <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a> before <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">Windsor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/119px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/179px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/238px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="985" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><big><b><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></b></big> </td> <td align="center">21 April 1926 </td> <td align="center">6 February 1952<br />–<br />23 March 1956 </td> <td align="center">8 September 2022 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_of_Edinburgh_33_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Duke_of_Edinburgh_33_Allan_Warren.jpg/72px-Duke_of_Edinburgh_33_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Duke_of_Edinburgh_33_Allan_Warren.jpg/108px-Duke_of_Edinburgh_33_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Duke_of_Edinburgh_33_Allan_Warren.jpg/144px-Duke_of_Edinburgh_33_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="4384" /></a></span> <p><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> </p> </td> <td align="center">Daughter of George VI </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governors-General">Governors-General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Governors-General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General of Pakistan</a></div> <p>The Governor-General was the representative of the monarch in the Dominion of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100px">Picture </th> <th>Name <p><small>(birth–death)</small> </p> </th> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th> <th>Appointer </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah1945c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg/100px-Jinnah1945c.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg/150px-Jinnah1945c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg/200px-Jinnah1945c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="853" /></a></span> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> <p><small>(1876–1948)</small> </p> </th> <td>15 August 1947 </td> <td>11 September 1948 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_(cleaned).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg/79px-King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg/119px-King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg/159px-King_George_VI_LOC_matpc.14736_%28cleaned%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3545" data-file-height="4862" /></a></span> <p><b><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khawaja_Nazimuddin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Khawaja_Nazimuddin.jpg/99px-Khawaja_Nazimuddin.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Khawaja_Nazimuddin.jpg/149px-Khawaja_Nazimuddin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Khawaja_Nazimuddin.jpg/199px-Khawaja_Nazimuddin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin</a> <p><small>(1894–1964)</small> </p> </th> <td>14 September 1948 </td> <td>17 October 1951 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malik_Muhammad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Malik_Muhammad.jpg/100px-Malik_Muhammad.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Malik_Muhammad.jpg/150px-Malik_Muhammad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Malik_Muhammad.jpg/200px-Malik_Muhammad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </td> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Muhammad_(governor-general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Muhammad (governor-general)">Sir Ghulam Muhammad</a> <p><small>(1895–1956)</small> </p> </th> <td rowspan="2">17 October 1951 </td> <td rowspan="2">7 August 1955 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/79px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/119px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/159px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="985" /></a></span> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iskander_Mirza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iskander_Mirza.jpg/100px-Iskander_Mirza.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iskander_Mirza.jpg/150px-Iskander_Mirza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Iskander_Mirza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="298" /></a></span> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" title="Iskandar Ali Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a> <p><small>(1899–1969)</small> </p> </th> <td>7 August 1955 </td> <td>23 March 1956 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states of Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IndBangla-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IndBangla_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See territorial exchanges between India and Bangladesh (<a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Bangladesh_enclaves" title="India–Bangladesh enclaves">India–Bangladesh enclaves</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Timothy_C._Winegard-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timothy_C._Winegard_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_C._Winegard2011" class="citation book cs1">Timothy C. Winegard (29 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzIw-c1YOAIC&pg=PA2"><i>Indigenous Peoples of the British Dominions and the First World War</i></a> (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107014930" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107014930"><bdi>978-1107014930</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117055444/https://books.google.com/books?id=qzIw-c1YOAIC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples+of+the+British+Dominions+and+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-12-29&rft.isbn=978-1107014930&rft.au=Timothy+C.+Winegard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzIw-c1YOAIC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vipul2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vipul2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_Vipul2009" class="citation book cs1">Singh Vipul (1 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RX4OiM0MGZUC&pg=PA132"><i>Longman History & Civics Icse 10</i></a>. Pearson Education India. pp. 132–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2042-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2042-4"><bdi>978-81-317-2042-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117055444/https://books.google.com/books?id=RX4OiM0MGZUC&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+History+%26+Civics+Icse+10&rft.pages=132-&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft.isbn=978-81-317-2042-4&rft.au=Singh+Vipul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRX4OiM0MGZUC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2009" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Ian (2009). "Partition of India: The Human Dimension". <i>Cultural and Social History</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 403–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F147800409X466254">10.2752/147800409X466254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147110854">147110854</a>. <q>The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+and+Social+History&rft.atitle=Partition+of+India%3A+The+Human+Dimension&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403-410&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F147800409X466254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147110854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1169309">"Murder, rape and shattered families: 1947 Partition Archive effort underway"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. 13 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214050417/http://www.dawn.com/news/1169309">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>There are no exact numbers of people killed and displaced, but estimates range from a few hundred thousand to two million killed and more than 10 million displaced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Murder%2C+rape+and+shattered+families%3A+1947+Partition+Archive+effort+underway&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1169309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasrur2008" class="citation book cs1">Basrur, Rajesh M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqAGKpOe9xMC&q=2+million+people+died+partition&pg=PA36"><i>South Asia's Cold War: Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-16531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-16531-5"><bdi>978-1-134-16531-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113610/https://books.google.com/books?id=yqAGKpOe9xMC&q=2+million+people+died+partition&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>An estimated 12–15 million people were displaced, and some 2 million died. The legacy of Partition (never without a capital P) remains strong today ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%27s+Cold+War%3A+Nuclear+Weapons+and+Conflict+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-16531-5&rft.aulast=Basrur&rft.aufirst=Rajesh+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqAGKpOe9xMC%26q%3D2%2Bmillion%2Bpeople%2Bdied%2Bpartition%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacs1975" class="citation book cs1">Isaacs, Harold Robert (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kne87aU7D0C&q=2+000+000+killed+partition&pg=PA3"><i>Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44315-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44315-0"><bdi>978-0-674-44315-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113610/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kne87aU7D0C&q=2+000+000+killed+partition&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>2,000,000 killed in the Hindu-Muslim holocaust during the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idols+of+the+Tribe%3A+Group+Identity+and+Political+Change&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-674-44315-0&rft.aulast=Isaacs&rft.aufirst=Harold+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Kne87aU7D0C%26q%3D2%2B000%2B000%2Bkilled%2Bpartition%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brass" title="Paul Brass">Brass, Paul R.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319072448/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf">"The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. Carfax Publishing: Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 81–82 (5(1), 71–101). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>. <q>In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+partition+of+India+and+retributive+genocide+in+the+Punjab%2C+1946%E2%80%9347%3A+means%2C+methods%2C+and+purposes&rft.pages=81-82+%285%281%29%2C+71-101%29&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fbrass%2FPartition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaiya2011" class="citation book cs1">Daiya, Kavita (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC&q=50+000+Muslim+women+partition&pg=PA75"><i>Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India</i></a>. Temple University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-744-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-744-2"><bdi>978-1-59213-744-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113610/https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC&q=50+000+Muslim+women+partition&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violent+Belongings%3A+Partition%2C+Gender%2C+and+National+Culture+in+Postcolonial+India&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-744-2&rft.aulast=Daiya&rft.aufirst=Kavita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7a-FuiMcTYC%26q%3D50%2B000%2BMuslim%2Bwomen%2Bpartition%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghIyerGairola2016" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Amritjit; Iyer, Nalini; Gairola, Rahul K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&q=50+000+Muslim+women+partition&pg=PA14"><i>Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3105-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3105-4"><bdi>978-1-4985-3105-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113610/https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&q=50+000+Muslim+women+partition&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>The horrific statistics that surround women refugees-between 75,000–100,000 Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities, subjected to multiple rapes, mutilations, and, for some, forced marriages and conversions-is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation-state. In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India, 8,000 of then were recovered, and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted, 12,000 were recovered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisiting+India%27s+Partition%3A+New+Essays+on+Memory%2C+Culture%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-3105-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Amritjit&rft.au=Iyer%2C+Nalini&rft.au=Gairola%2C+Rahul+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmA0DAAAQBAJ%26q%3D50%2B000%2BMuslim%2Bwomen%2Bpartition%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2002" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Taisha (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cm4PBNdaFjYC&q=50+000+Muslim+women+partition&pg=PA131"><i>Women and the Politics of Violence</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0847-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0847-5"><bdi>978-81-241-0847-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113853/https://books.google.com/books?id=cm4PBNdaFjYC&q=50+000+Muslim+women+partition&pg=PA131">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes,' torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Politics+of+Violence&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0847-5&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Taisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcm4PBNdaFjYC%26q%3D50%2B000%2BMuslim%2Bwomen%2Bpartition%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_press_(1947_Government)_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/liaquat-ali-khan-as-prime-minister/">"Government of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan"</a>. Story of Pakistan press (1947 Government). June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407073822/http://storyofpakistan.com/liaquat-ali-khan-as-prime-minister/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Prime+Minister+Liaquat+Ali+Khan&rft.pub=Story+of+Pakistan+press+%281947+Government%29&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fliaquat-ali-khan-as-prime-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2009" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJHTif-WA6oC&q=jinnah+refused+mountbatten%27s+offer+to+serve+as+governor+general+of+pakistan&pg=PA163"><i>Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974504-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974504-3"><bdi>978-0-19-974504-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113853/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJHTif-WA6oC&q=jinnah+refused+mountbatten%27s+offer+to+serve+as+governor+general+of+pakistan&pg=PA163">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shameful+Flight%3A+The+Last+Years+of+the+British+Empire+in+India&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974504-3&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJHTif-WA6oC%26q%3Djinnah%2Brefused%2Bmountbatten%2527s%2Boffer%2Bto%2Bserve%2Bas%2Bgovernor%2Bgeneral%2Bof%2Bpakistan%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hussain, Rizwan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329203725/http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616">"Pakistan"</a>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616">the original</a> on 29 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2017</span>. <q>Mawlānā Shabbīr Ahmad Usmānī, a respected Deobandī ʿālim (scholar) who was appointed to the prestigious position of Shaykh al-Islām of Pakistan in 1949, was the first to demand that Pakistan become an Islamic state. But Mawdūdī and his Jamāʿat-i Islāmī played the central part in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdūdī demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an unequivocal declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the sharīʿah as the basic law of Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hussain, Rizwan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329203725/http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616">"Pakistan"</a>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616">the original</a> on 29 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2017</span>. <q>The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied "the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based." It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust," that "the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed," and that "the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna." The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKHALIDI1998" class="citation journal cs1">KHALIDI, OMAR (1 January 1998). "From Torrent to Trickle: Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan, 1947—97". <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 339–352. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20837002">20837002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Torrent+to+Trickle%3A+Indian+Muslim+Migration+to+Pakistan%2C+1947%E2%80%9497&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-352&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20837002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=KHALIDI&rft.aufirst=OMAR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudry-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chaudry_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudry2011" class="citation book cs1">Chaudry, Aminullah (2011). <i>Political administrators : the story of the Civil Service of Pakistan</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906171-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906171-6"><bdi>978-0-19-906171-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+administrators+%3A+the+story+of+the+Civil+Service+of+Pakistan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-906171-6&rft.aulast=Chaudry&rft.aufirst=Aminullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pande20112-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pande20112_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAparna_Pande2011" class="citation book cs1">Aparna Pande (16 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ceg-kSmft94C&pg=PA16"><i>Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81894-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81894-3"><bdi>978-1-136-81894-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113853/https://books.google.com/books?id=ceg-kSmft94C&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Pakistan%27s+Foreign+Policy%3A+Escaping+India&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81894-3&rft.au=Aparna+Pande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dceg-kSmft94C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Tea_House-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Tea_House_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Tea_House_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasser_Latif_Hamdani2010" class="citation news cs1">Yasser Latif Hamdani (22 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakteahouse.net/2010/02/22/jinnah-and-urdu-bengali-controversy/">"Jinnah And Urdu-Bengali Controversy"</a>. <i>Pakistan Tea House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316170749/http://pakteahouse.net/2010/02/22/jinnah-and-urdu-bengali-controversy/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Tea+House&rft.atitle=Jinnah+And+Urdu-Bengali+Controversy&rft.date=2010-02-22&rft.au=Yasser+Latif+Hamdani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpakteahouse.net%2F2010%2F02%2F22%2Fjinnah-and-urdu-bengali-controversy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdministration" class="citation news cs1">Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/khawaja-nazimuddin-becomes-governor-general/">"Khawaja Nazimuddin Becomes Governor General"</a>. <i>Administration</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330205907/http://storyofpakistan.com/khawaja-nazimuddin-becomes-governor-general">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Administration&rft.atitle=Khawaja+Nazimuddin+Becomes+Governor+General&rft.au=Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fkhawaja-nazimuddin-becomes-governor-general%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1953riots-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1953riots_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlood1995" class="citation book cs1">Blood, Peter R. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistancountrys00bloo"><i>Pakistan: a country study</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistancountrys00bloo/page/130">130</a>–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0834-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0834-7"><bdi>978-0-8444-0834-7</bdi></a>. <q>Pakistan: A Country Study.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0834-7&rft.aulast=Blood&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistancountrys00bloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-munir-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-munir_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunirMalik_Rustam_Kayani1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Munir" title="Muhammad Munir">Munir, Muhammad</a>; <a href="/wiki/M._R._Kayani" title="M. R. Kayani">Malik Rustam Kayani</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepersecution.org/dl/report_1953.pdf"><i>Punjab. Court of Inquiry to Enquire into the Punjab Disturbances of 1953</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lahore: Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110165623/http://www.thepersecution.org/dl/report_1953.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab.+Court+of+Inquiry+to+Enquire+into+the+Punjab+Disturbances+of+1953.&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Superintendent%2C+Government+Printing%2C+Punjab&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Munir&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Malik+Rustam+Kayani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepersecution.org%2Fdl%2Freport_1953.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jiak-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jiak_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1956" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Khurshid (1956). <i>An Analysis of the Munir report; a critical study of the Punjab disturbances inquiry report</i>. Karachi: Jamaat-e-Islami Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Analysis+of+the+Munir+report%3B+a+critical+study+of+the+Punjab+disturbances+inquiry+report.&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pub=Jamaat-e-Islami+Publications&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Khurshid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rizvi-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rizvi_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi1974" class="citation book cs1">Rizvi, Hasan Askari (1974). <i>The military and politics in Pakistan</i>. Lahore: Progressive Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+military+and+politics+in+Pakistan&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Progressive+Publishers&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Hasan+Askari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-One_Unit-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-One_Unit_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/west-pakistan-established-as-one-unit/">"One Unit Program"</a>. One Unit. June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130411220248/http://storyofpakistan.com/west-pakistan-established-as-one-unit/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Unit+Program&rft.pub=One+Unit&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fwest-pakistan-established-as-one-unit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthem-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthem_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthem_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthem_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2004" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe, ed. (2004). <i>A history of Pakistan and its origins</i>. Translated by Beaumont, Gillian (New ed.). London: Anthem. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84331-149-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84331-149-6"><bdi>1-84331-149-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Pakistan+and+its+origins&rft.place=London&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Anthem&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84331-149-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-republic-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-republic_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlood1995" class="citation book cs1">Blood, Peter R. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistancountrys00bloo"><i>Pakistan: a country study</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistancountrys00bloo/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0834-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0834-7"><bdi>978-0-8444-0834-7</bdi></a>. <q>Pakistan: A Country Study.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0834-7&rft.aulast=Blood&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistancountrys00bloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthew, H. C. G. (September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33370">"George VI"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33370">10.1093/ref:odnb/33370</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2008</span>. <q>India and Pakistan remained among the king's dominions but both were set on republican courses, becoming republics within the Commonwealth in 1950 and 1956 respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+VI&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33370&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=H.+C.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F33370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harshan-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harshan_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harshan_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarasingham2013" class="citation cs2">Kumarasingham, Harshan (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726109"><i>THE 'TROPICAL DOMINIONS': THE APPEAL OF DOMINION STATUS IN THE DECOLONISATION OF INDIA, PAKISTAN AND CEYLON, vol. 23</i></a>, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, p. 223, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726109">23726109</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113140314/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726109">archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+%27TROPICAL+DOMINIONS%27%3A+THE+APPEAL+OF+DOMINION+STATUS+IN+THE+DECOLONISATION+OF+INDIA%2C+PAKISTAN+AND+CEYLON%2C+vol.+23&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23726109%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kumarasingham&rft.aufirst=Harshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23726109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGLN1kREJ2Q&t=280s">"The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 27 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/aGLN1kREJ2Q">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Coronation+of+Queen+Elizabeth+II&rft.date=2008-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DaGLN1kREJ2Q%26t%3D280s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oremus.org/liturgy/coronation/cor1953b.html">"The Form and Order of Service that is to be performed and the Ceremonies that are to be observed in the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Tuesday, the second day of June, 1953"</a>. Oremus.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007112304/http://www.oremus.org/liturgy/coronation/cor1953b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Form+and+Order+of+Service+that+is+to+be+performed+and+the+Ceremonies+that+are+to+be+observed+in+the+Coronation+of+Her+Majesty+Queen+Elizabeth+II+in+the+Abbey+Church+of+St.+Peter%2C+Westminster%2C+on+Tuesday%2C+the+second+day+of+June%2C+1953&rft.pub=Oremus.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oremus.org%2Fliturgy%2Fcoronation%2Fcor1953b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40020/supplement/6240">"Page 6240 | Supplement 40020, 17 November 1953 | London Gazette | The Gazette"</a>. <i>www.thegazette.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814143532/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40020/supplement/6240">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thegazette.co.uk&rft.atitle=Page+6240+%7C+Supplement+40020%2C+17+November+1953+%7C+London+Gazette+%7C+The+Gazette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F40020%2Fsupplement%2F6240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman2000-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowman2000_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stewart_Bowman2000" class="citation book cs1">John Stewart Bowman (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john"><i>Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/372">372</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11004-4"><bdi>978-0-231-11004-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+chronologies+of+Asian+history+and+culture&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11004-4&rft.au=John+Stewart+Bowman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiachronolo00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gVEdAQAAMAAJ"><i>Pakistan Affairs</i></a>. Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. 1956. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117055444/https://books.google.com/books?id=gVEdAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Affairs&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Information+Division%2C+Embassy+of+Pakistan.&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgVEdAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iran-Pakistan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Pakistan relations">"See: Iran-Pakistan relations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=See%3A+Iran-Pakistan+relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasha2005" class="citation book cs1">Pasha, Sayed Abdul Muneem (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ&q=islamistan"><i>Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy</i></a>. Global Media Publications. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88869-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88869-15-2"><bdi>978-81-88869-15-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113853/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ&q=islamistan">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>Pakistan's expression of solidarity was followed, after Independence, by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Pakistan%27s+foreign+policy&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Global+Media+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-88869-15-2&rft.aulast=Pasha&rft.aufirst=Sayed+Abdul+Muneem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFjJuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dislamistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasha2005" class="citation book cs1">Pasha, Sayed Abdul Muneem (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ&q=islamistan"><i>Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy</i></a>. Global Media Publications. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88869-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88869-15-2"><bdi>978-81-88869-15-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113853/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ&q=islamistan">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>Pakistan was making a wholehearted bid for the leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for the leadership in achieving its unity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Pakistan%27s+foreign+policy&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Global+Media+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-88869-15-2&rft.aulast=Pasha&rft.aufirst=Sayed+Abdul+Muneem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFjJuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dislamistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasha2005" class="citation book cs1">Pasha, Sayed Abdul Muneem (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ&q=islamistan"><i>Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy</i></a>. Global Media Publications. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88869-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88869-15-2"><bdi>978-81-88869-15-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113853/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ&q=islamistan">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Pakistan%27s+foreign+policy&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Global+Media+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-88869-15-2&rft.aulast=Pasha&rft.aufirst=Sayed+Abdul+Muneem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFjJuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dislamistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhulipala2015" class="citation book cs1">Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z6TBQAAQBAJ&q=islamistan+hussain+haqqani&pg=PA18"><i>Creating a New Medina</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05212-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05212-3"><bdi>978-1-107-05212-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113856/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Creating_a_New_Medina/1Z6TBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=islamistan+hussain+haqqani&pg=PA18&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan- a pan-Islamic entity'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+a+New+Medina&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05212-3&rft.aulast=Dhulipala&rft.aufirst=Venkat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Z6TBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dislamistan%2Bhussain%2Bhaqqani%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaqqani2013" class="citation book cs1">Haqqani, Husain (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAiBQAAQBAJ&q=islamistan+hussain+haqqani&pg=PA20"><i>Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding</i></a>. PublicAffairs. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-317-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-317-1"><bdi>978-1-61039-317-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113856/https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAiBQAAQBAJ&q=islamistan+hussain+haqqani&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan-a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that 'this severance may not endure.' He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would "in course of time, come together to form one great member state of the British Commonwealth of Nations."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnificent+Delusions%3A+Pakistan%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+an+Epic+History+of+Misunderstanding&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-317-1&rft.aulast=Haqqani&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNAiBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dislamistan%2Bhussain%2Bhaqqani%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaqqani2013" class="citation book cs1">Haqqani, Husain (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TyIVAgAAQBAJ&q=During+this+time+most+of+the+Arab+world+was+going+through+a+nationalist+awakening.+Pan-Islamic+dreams+involving+the+unification+of+Muslim+countries%2C+possibly+under+Pakistani+leadership%2C+had+little+attraction.&pg=PA22"><i>Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding</i></a>. PublicAffairs. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-317-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-317-1"><bdi>978-1-61039-317-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512183023/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=TyIVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=During+this+time+most+of+the+Arab+world+was+going+through+a+nationalist+awakening.+Pan-Islamic+dreams+involving+the+unification+of+Muslim+countries,+possibly+under+Pakistani+leadership,+had+little+attraction.&source=bl&ots=yu8c0_IG8H&sig=kQmlTxjUC-Mj8tqaIkDguH1NOCo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuwKiWkarRAhUBuJQKHYoDBl8Q6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=During%20this%20time%20most%20of%20the%20Arab%20world%20was%20going%20through%20a%20nationalist%20awakening.%20Pan-Islamic%20dreams%20involving%20the%20unification%20of%20Muslim%20countries%2C%20possibly%20under%20Pakistani%20leadership%2C%20had%20little%20attraction.&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2017</span>. <q>During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening. Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries, possibly under Pakistani leadership, had little attraction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnificent+Delusions%3A+Pakistan%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+an+Epic+History+of+Misunderstanding&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-317-1&rft.aulast=Haqqani&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTyIVAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DDuring%2Bthis%2Btime%2Bmost%2Bof%2Bthe%2BArab%2Bworld%2Bwas%2Bgoing%2Bthrough%2Ba%2Bnationalist%2Bawakening.%2BPan-Islamic%2Bdreams%2Binvolving%2Bthe%2Bunification%2Bof%2BMuslim%2Bcountries%252C%2Bpossibly%2Bunder%2BPakistani%2Bleadership%252C%2Bhad%2Blittle%2Battraction.%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2003" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jeffery J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&q=muslim+countries+refused+islamistan&pg=PA134"><i>The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97878-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97878-5"><bdi>978-0-275-97878-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113857/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Origins_of_Conflict_in_Afghanistan/Pj8DIT_bva0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=muslim+countries+refused+islamistan&pg=PA134&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm ... Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Conflict+in+Afghanistan&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97878-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPj8DIT_bva0C%26q%3Dmuslim%2Bcountries%2Brefused%2Bislamistan%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPande2011" class="citation book cs1">Pande, Aparna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPWrAgAAQBAJ&q=In+1949+Pakistan+held+an+International+Islamic+Conference&pg=PT178"><i>Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81893-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81893-6"><bdi>978-1-136-81893-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113857/https://books.google.com/books?id=HPWrAgAAQBAJ&q=In+1949+Pakistan+held+an+International+Islamic+Conference&pg=PT178">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah, supported anti-colonial movements: <i>Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom ... If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars.</i> Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Pakistan%27s+Foreign+Policy%3A+Escaping+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81893-6&rft.aulast=Pande&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPWrAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DIn%2B1949%2BPakistan%2Bheld%2Ban%2BInternational%2BIslamic%2BConference%26pg%3DPT178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinegard2011" class="citation cs2">Winegard, Timothy C. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzIw-c1YOAIC&pg=PA2"><i>Indigenous Peoples of the British Dominions and the First World War</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01493-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01493-0"><bdi>978-1-107-01493-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117055444/https://books.google.com/books?id=qzIw-c1YOAIC&pg=PA2">archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples+of+the+British+Dominions+and+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01493-0&rft.aulast=Winegard&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzIw-c1YOAIC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCpYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Chief Justice Muhammad Munir: His Life, Writings, and Judgements</i></a>, Research Society of Pakistan, 1973, p. 341</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chief+Justice+Muhammad+Munir%3A+His+Life%2C+Writings%2C+and+Judgements&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Research+Society+of+Pakistan&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCpYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion+of+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_Pakistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chester, Lucy P. (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160509144755/http://www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/cgi-bin/indexer?product=9780719091360">Borders and Conflict in South Asia: The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab.</a> Manchester: Manchester University Press.</li> <li>Read, A. and Fisher, D. (1997). <i>The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence</i>. New York: Norton.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elizabeth_II" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elizabeth_II" title="Template:Elizabeth II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elizabeth_II" title="Template talk:Elizabeth II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elizabeth_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> (1952–2022)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_headed_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II">Realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II">Titles and<br />honours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_British_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the British Armed Forces">Head of the British Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Armed_Forces_(New_Zealand)" title="Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)">Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Mann" title="Lord of Mann">Lord of Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Elizabeth_II" title="List of things named after Elizabeth II">List of things named after Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Royal Family Order of Elizabeth II">Royal Family Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cross" title="Elizabeth Cross">Elizabeth Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Emblem" title="Elizabeth Emblem">Elizabeth Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">Queen's Official Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Flags of Elizabeth II">Flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> (husband) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten" title="Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten">wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">wedding dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten%27s_wedding_cakes" title="Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten's wedding cakes">wedding cake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten-Windsor" title="Mountbatten-Windsor">Mountbatten-Windsor</a> family</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accession and<br />coronation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II">Proclamation of accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation of Elizabeth II">Coronation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_guests_at_the_coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of royal guests at the coronation of Elizabeth II">Royal guests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_coronation_procession_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of participants in the coronation procession of Elizabeth II">Participants in the procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_chicken" title="Coronation chicken">Coronation chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_gown_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation gown of Elizabeth II">Coronation gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Coronation_Honours" title="1953 Coronation Honours">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Award" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Award">Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Beasts" title="The Queen's Beasts">The Queen's Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Arches" title="Coronation Arches">Coronation Arches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orb_and_Sceptre" title="Orb and Sceptre">Orb and Sceptre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_taste_and_see" title="O taste and see">O taste and see</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treetops_Hotel" title="Treetops Hotel">Treetops Hotel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacCormick_v_Lord_Advocate" title="MacCormick v Lord Advocate">MacCormick v Lord Advocate</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Household of Elizabeth II">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_and_image_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Personality and image of Elizabeth II">Personality and image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillar_Box_War" title="Pillar Box War">Pillar Box War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Queen of Rhodesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithgow_Plot" title="Lithgow Plot">Lithgow Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 Australian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_letters" title="Palace letters">Palace letters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Sarjeant" title="Marcus Sarjeant">Marcus Sarjeant incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Lewis" title="Christopher John Lewis">Christopher John Lewis incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fagan_(intruder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Fagan (intruder)">Michael Fagan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Windsor_Castle_fire" title="1992 Windsor Castle fire">1992 Windsor Castle fire</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annus_horribilis#Elizabeth_II" title="Annus horribilis">Annus horribilis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Death of Diana, Princess of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Australian_republic_referendum" title="1999 Australian republic referendum">1999 Australian republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Agreement" title="Perth Agreement">Perth Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2021 State Opening of Parliament">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2022 State Opening of Parliament">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jubilees_of_British_monarchs#Elizabeth_II" title="List of jubilees of British monarchs">Jubilees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Silver Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_events_during_the_Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of events during the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Silver_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Silver_Jubilee_and_Birthday_Honours" title="1977 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Gardens,_Lambeth" title="Jubilee Gardens, Lambeth">Jubilee Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_line" title="Jubilee line">Jubilee line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Walkway" title="Jubilee Walkway">Jubilee Walkway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Ruby Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Anniversary_Prizes" title="Queen's Anniversary Prizes">Queen's Anniversary Prizes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Golden Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prom_at_the_Palace" title="Prom at the Palace">Prom at the Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_at_the_Palace" title="Party at the Palace">Party at the Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Golden_Jubilee_Honours" title="2002 Golden Jubilee Honours">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(UK_Roller_Coaster)" title="The Odyssey (UK Roller Coaster)">The Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="2002 royal tour of Canada">2002 royal tour of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_Pageant" title="Diamond Jubilee Pageant">Pageant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_Armed_Forces_Parade_and_Muster" title="Diamond Jubilee Armed Forces Parade and Muster">Armed Forces Parade and Muster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Diamond_Jubilee_Pageant" title="Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant">Thames Pageant</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gloriana_(barge)" title="Gloriana (barge)">Gloriana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MV_Spirit_of_Chartwell" title="MV Spirit of Chartwell">Spirit of Chartwell</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_Concert" title="Diamond Jubilee Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Diamond_Jubilee_Flotilla" title="Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla">Gibraltar Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Diamond_Jubilee_Honours" title="2012 Diamond Jubilee Honours">Honours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sapphire_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Sapphire Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sapphire_Jubilee_Snowflake_Brooch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapphire Jubilee Snowflake Brooch">Sapphire Jubilee Snowflake Brooch</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Platinum Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacons" title="The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Beacons">Beacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Party_at_the_Palace" title="Platinum Party at the Palace">Platinum Party at the Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_Pageant" title="Platinum Jubilee Pageant">Pageant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_Celebration:_A_Gallop_Through_History" title="Platinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through History">Platinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Trooping_the_Colour" title="2022 Trooping the Colour">Trooping the Colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_National_Service_of_Thanksgiving" title="Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving">National Service of Thanksgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Pudding" title="Platinum Pudding">Platinum Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Green_Canopy" title="The Queen's Green Canopy">The Queen's Green Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_Civic_Honours" title="Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours">Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas_Platinum_Jubilee_Sailing_Regatta" title="The Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing Regatta">The Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing Regatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Concert" title="The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Concert">The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Jubilee_Read" title="Big Jubilee Read">Big Jubilee Read</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Queenhood" title="Queenhood">Queenhood</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Gardens" title="Queen's Platinum Jubilee Gardens">Queen's Platinum Jubilee Gardens</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Reactions to the death of Elizabeth II">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_for_the_lying-in-state_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Queue for the lying-in-state of Elizabeth II">Queue for the lying-in-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guests_at_the_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of guests at the state funeral of Elizabeth II">Funeral guests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Memorial_Day" title="Queen Elizabeth II Memorial Day">Queen Elizabeth II Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_London_Bridge" title="Operation London Bridge">Operation London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Demise_Honours" title="2023 Demise Honours">Demise Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_as_the_hart_(Weir)" title="Like as the hart (Weir)">Like as the hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_shall_separate_us%3F" title="Who shall separate us?">Who shall separate us?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep,_Dearie,_Sleep" title="Sleep, Dearie, Sleep">Sleep, Dearie, Sleep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II">Commonwealth<br />tours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Aden_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal tours of Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Royal tours of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Australia" title="Royal tours of Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_openings_by_Elizabeth_II_in_Australia" title="List of official openings by Elizabeth II in Australia">official openings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada#Elizabeth_II" title="Royal tours of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal tours of Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Jamaica" title="Royal tours of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_visits_to_New_Zealand" title="Royal visits to New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Royal tours of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal tours of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ships_used" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ships used</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_(23)" title="HMS Vanguard (23)">HMS <i>Vanguard</i> (23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Gothic_(1947)" title="SS Gothic (1947)">SS <i>Gothic</i> (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMY_Britannia" title="HMY Britannia">HMY <i>Britannia</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State visits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of state visits made by Elizabeth II">Outgoing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_Spain" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to Spain">State visit to Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_Russia" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia">State visit to Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland">State visit to Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_received_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of state visits received by Elizabeth II">Incoming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Pope Benedict XVI to the United Kingdom">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Michael_D._Higgins_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Michael D. Higgins to the United Kingdom">President Michael D. Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to the United Kingdom">President Xi Jinping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Televised addresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch#Elizabeth_II" title="Special address by the British monarch">Royal address to the nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Christmas_message" title="Royal Christmas message">Royal Christmas message</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Journey" title="Royal Journey"><i>Royal Journey</i> (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Queen_Is_Crowned" title="A Queen Is Crowned"><i>A Queen Is Crowned</i> (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_New_Zealand_Journey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal New Zealand Journey (page does not exist)"><i>Royal New Zealand Journey</i> (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_in_Australia" title="The Queen in Australia"><i>The Queen in Australia</i> (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Tour_of_the_Caribbean" title="The Royal Tour of the Caribbean"><i>The Royal Tour of the Caribbean</i> (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_(film)" title="Royal Family (film)"><i>Royal Family</i> (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_R:_A_Year_in_the_Life_of_the_Queen" title="Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen"><i>Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen</i> (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy:_The_Royal_Family_at_Work" title="Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work"><i>Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work</i> (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Diamond_Queen_(TV_programme)" title="The Diamond Queen (TV programme)"><i>The Diamond Queen</i> (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_at_90:_A_Family_Tribute" title="Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute"><i>Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute</i> (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_(film)" title="The Coronation (film)"><i>The Coronation</i> (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth:_A_Portrait_in_Parts" title="Elizabeth: A Portrait in Parts"><i>Elizabeth: A Portrait in Parts</i> (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth:_The_Unseen_Queen" title="Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen"><i>Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen</i> (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Film and<br />television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image"><i>Spitting Image</i> (1984–96);</a> <a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)" title="Spitting Image (2020 TV series)">(2020–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Attribution" title="A Question of Attribution"><i>A Question of Attribution</i> (1992 TV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_und_die_Windzors" title="Willi und die Windzors"><i>Willi und die Windzors</i> (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty_(2001_film)" title="Her Majesty (2001 film)"><i>Her Majesty</i> (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(2006_film)" title="The Queen (2006 film)"><i>The Queen</i> (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Snuke" title="The Snuke"><i>South Park: The Snuke</i> (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)" title="The Queen (British TV serial)"><i>The Queen</i> (2009 TV serial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony#Happy_and_Glorious_(21:25–21:35)" title="2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony"><i>Happy and Glorious</i> (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Royal_Night_Out" title="A Royal Night Out"><i>A Royal Night Out</i> (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minions_(film)" title="Minions (film)"><i>Minions</i> (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)"><i>The Crown</i> (2016–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Corgi" title="The Queen's Corgi"><i>The Queen's Corgi</i> (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Christmas_message" title="Alternative Christmas message">2020 Alternative Christmas message (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_(TV_series)" title="The Prince (TV series)"><i>The Prince</i> (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Attribution" title="A Question of Attribution"><i>A Question of Attribution</i> (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audience_(2013_play)" title="The Audience (2013 play)"><i>The Audience</i> (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbagged" title="Handbagged"><i>Handbagged</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_Piece_at_the_Royal_Lodge,_Windsor" title="Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor">Herbert James Gunn (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_Queen" title="Wattle Queen">William Dargie (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Annigoni%27s_portraits_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Pietro Annigoni's portraits of Elizabeth II">Pietro Annigoni (1955, 1969 and 1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reigning_Queens" title="Reigning Queens">Andy Warhol (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Elizabeth_II_(Stone)" title="Portrait of Elizabeth II (Stone)">Richard Stone (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(Justin_Mortimer_portrait)" title="The Queen (Justin Mortimer portrait)">Justin Mortimer (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_%E2%80%93_An_80th_Birthday_Portrait" title="Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II – An 80th Birthday Portrait">Rolf Harris (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_Theatre:_Portrait_of_HM_Queen_Elizabeth_II" title="The Coronation Theatre: Portrait of HM Queen Elizabeth II">Ralph Heimans (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Portrait,_The_Queen" title="Beautiful Portrait, The Queen">Damien Hirst (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_(painting)" title="Queen Elizabeth II (painting)">Henry Ward (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_Queen" title="Algorithm Queen">Ai-Da (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Elizabeth_II,_Windsor_Great_Park" title="Equestrian statue of Elizabeth II, Windsor Great Park">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_II_(Winnipeg)" title="Statue of Elizabeth II (Winnipeg)">Winnipeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_II,_Lagos" title="Statue of Elizabeth II, Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_II_(Toronto)" title="Statue of Elizabeth II (Toronto)">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_II,_York_Minster" title="Statue of Elizabeth II, York Minster">York Minster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_II,_Oakham" title="Statue of Elizabeth II, Oakham">Oakham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh,_Antrim" title="Statue of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Antrim">Antrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II,_Newcastle-under-Lyme" title="Statue of Queen Elizabeth II, Newcastle-under-Lyme">Newcastle-under-Lyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II,_Andover" title="Statue of Queen Elizabeth II, Andover">Andover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II,_London" title="Memorial to Queen Elizabeth II, London">London (planned)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_and_I_(novel)" title="The Queen and I (novel)">The Queen and I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marion_Crawford" title="Marion Crawford">The Little Princesses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Uncommon_Reader" title="The Uncommon Reader">The Uncommon Reader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh_Meets_the_Queen" title="Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen">Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla_(novel)" title="Queen Camilla (novel)">Queen Camilla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_(Sex_Pistols_song)" title="God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)">God Save the Queen</a>" (Sex Pistols song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty_(song)" title="Her Majesty (song)">Her Majesty</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_series" title="Wilding series">Wilding series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_domestic_rate_stamp_(Canada)" title="Queen Elizabeth II domestic rate stamp (Canada)">Canadian domestic rate stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_series_stamps" title="Castle series stamps">Castle series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_definitives" title="Country definitives">Country definitives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machin_series" title="Machin series">Machin series</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Machin_stamps" title="List of Machin stamps">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_corgis" title="Royal corgis">Corgis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dookie_(dog)" title="Dookie (dog)">Dookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_(dog)" title="Susan (dog)">Susan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Horses of Elizabeth II">Horses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aureole_(horse)" title="Aureole (horse)">Aureole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese (horse)">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrozza" title="Carrozza">Carrozza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_(horse)" title="Dunfermline (horse)">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimate_(horse)" title="Estimate (horse)">Estimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_of_Fashion_(horse)" title="Height of Fashion (horse)">Height of Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highclere_(horse)" title="Highclere (horse)">Highclere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall_(horse)" title="Pall Mall (horse)">Pall Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_(horse)" title="Winston (horse)">Winston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st_birthday_speech_of_Princess_Elizabeth" title="21st birthday speech of Princess Elizabeth">21st birthday speech of Princess Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewels_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Jewels of Elizabeth II">Jewels of Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_line" title="Elizabeth line">Elizabeth line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagana_Lodge" title="Sagana Lodge">Sagana Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Guardamangia" title="Villa Guardamangia">Villa Guardamangia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorgi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorgi">Dorgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Party_at_the_Palace" title="Children's Party at the Palace">Children's Party at the Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party" title="The Queen's Birthday Party">The Queen's Birthday Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Charles" title="Jeannette Charles">Jeannette Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Queen_Elizabeth%27" title="Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth'">Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_cake" title="Queen Elizabeth cake">Queen Elizabeth cake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">← George VI</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III →</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template talk:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#Independence" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a><sup>2</sup></i> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><sup>1</sup> <span class="wrap">Annexed by Canada in 1949</span></dd> <dd><sup>2</sup> <span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.</span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/20px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/31px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/40px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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