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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Station_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Station_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Station structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Station_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Station structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Station_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Assembly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressurised_modules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressurised_modules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pressurised modules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressurised_modules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unpressurised_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unpressurised_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Unpressurised elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unpressurised_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Power supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Orbit control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microgravity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microgravity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Microgravity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microgravity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Life support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 International cooperation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_cooperation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International cooperation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interkosmos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interkosmos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Interkosmos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interkosmos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 European involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shuttle–Mir_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shuttle–Mir_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Shuttle–Mir program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shuttle–Mir_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_visitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_visitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Other visitors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_visitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_on_board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_on_board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Life on board </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_on_board-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life on board subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_on_board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crew_schedule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew_schedule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Crew schedule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew_schedule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Exercise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hygiene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hygiene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Hygiene </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hygiene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleeping_in_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleeping_in_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Sleeping in space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleeping_in_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Food and drink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbiological_environmental_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbiological_environmental_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Microbiological environmental hazards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbiological_environmental_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Station_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Station_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Station operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Station_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Station operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Station_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Expeditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_existence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_existence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Early existence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_existence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_start" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_start"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Third start </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_start-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Post-Soviet period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shuttle–Mir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shuttle–Mir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Shuttle–Mir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shuttle–Mir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_days_and_deorbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_days_and_deorbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Final days and deorbit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_days_and_deorbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visiting_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visiting_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Visiting spacecraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visiting_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_control_centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_control_centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Mission control centre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_control_centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unused_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unused_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Unused equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unused_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Safety aspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ageing_systems_and_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ageing_systems_and_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Ageing systems and atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ageing_systems_and_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Accidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation_and_orbital_debris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation_and_orbital_debris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 Radiation and orbital debris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation_and_orbital_debris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mir</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Мир (орбитэ станицие) – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Мир (орбитэ станицие)" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0" title="মিৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মিৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(estaci%C3%B3n_espacial)" title="Mir (estación espacial) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mir (estación espacial)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0" title="মির – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মির" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Мір (арбітальная станцыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мір (арбітальная станцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Мір (арбітальная станцыя) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мір (арбітальная станцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Мир (орбитална станция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мир (орбитална станция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(svemirska_stanica)" title="Mir (svemirska stanica) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mir (svemirska stanica)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(estaci%C3%B3_espacial)" title="Mir (estació espacial) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mir (estació espacial)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(rumstation)" title="Mir (rumstation) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mir (rumstation)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(Raumstation)" title="Mir (Raumstation) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mir (Raumstation)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%81" title="Μιρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(estaci%C3%B3n_espacial)" title="Mir (estación espacial) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mir (estación espacial)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(kosmostacio)" title="Mir (kosmostacio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mir (kosmostacio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(espazio_estazioa)" title="Mir (espazio estazioa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mir (espazio estazioa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ایستگاه فضایی میر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایستگاه فضایی میر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(station_spatiale)" title="Mir (station spatiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mir (station spatiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(romtestasjon)" title="Mir (romtestasjon) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mir (romtestasjon)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%A5%B4" title="미르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Միր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="मीर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मीर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(svemirska_postaja)" title="Mir (svemirska postaja) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mir (svemirska postaja)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADr_(geimst%C3%B6%C3%B0)" title="Mír (geimstöð) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mír (geimstöð)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(stazione_spaziale)" title="Mir (stazione spaziale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mir (stazione spaziale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8" title="תחנת החלל מיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחנת החלל מיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98)" title="მირი (ორბიტული სადგური) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მირი (ორბიტული სადგური)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Мир (орбиталық станция) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мир (орбиталық станция)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(orbit%C4%81l%C4%81_stacija)" title="Mir (orbitālā stacija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mir (orbitālā stacija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(Raumstatioun)" title="Mir (Raumstatioun) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mir (Raumstatioun)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Мир (вселенска станица) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мир (вселенска станица)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC" title="മിർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="मीर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मीर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stesen_Angkasa_Mir" title="Stesen Angkasa Mir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stesen Angkasa Mir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မီယာအာကာသစခန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီယာအာကာသစခန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(ruimtestation)" title="Mir (ruimtestation) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mir (ruimtestation)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ミール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮੀਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੀਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="میر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%85%DA%81%DB%8C" title="مير تشيال تمځی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مير تشيال تمځی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(stacja_kosmiczna)" title="Mir (stacja kosmiczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mir (stacja kosmiczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C8%9Bia_Spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83_Mir" title="Stația Spațială Mir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stația Spațială Mir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Мир (орбитальная станция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мир (орбитальная станция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="මීර් අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මීර් අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(vesoljska_postaja)" title="Mir (vesoljska postaja) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mir (vesoljska postaja)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="وێستگەی بۆشاییی میر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێستگەی بۆشاییی میر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Свемирска станица Мир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свемирска станица Мир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(svemirska_stanica)" title="Mir (svemirska stanica) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mir (svemirska stanica)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மீர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(orbital%27_kompleks)" title="Mir (orbital' kompleks) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Mir (orbital' kompleks)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สถานีอวกาศมีร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานีอวกาศมีร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D3%A3)" title="Мир (истгоҳи фазоӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мир (истгоҳи фазоӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%C2%BB" title="Орбітальна станція «Мир» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орбітальна станція «Мир»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(orbitine_stancii)" title="Mir (orbitine stancii) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mir (orbitine stancii)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1m_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5_H%C3%B2a_B%C3%ACnh" title="Trạm vũ trụ Hòa Bình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trạm vũ trụ Hòa Bình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B7%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%AB%99" title="和平号空间站 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="和平号空间站" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet/Russian space station (1986–2001)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Soviet/Russian space station. 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Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mir" title="Special:EditPage/Mir">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mir" title="Talk:Mir">talk page</a>. 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(February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a>. 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(February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Mir</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Space_Station_viewed_from_Endeavour_during_STS-89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mir_Space_Station_viewed_from_Endeavour_during_STS-89.jpg/240px-Mir_Space_Station_viewed_from_Endeavour_during_STS-89.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mir_Space_Station_viewed_from_Endeavour_during_STS-89.jpg/360px-Mir_Space_Station_viewed_from_Endeavour_during_STS-89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mir_Space_Station_viewed_from_Endeavour_during_STS-89.jpg/480px-Mir_Space_Station_viewed_from_Endeavour_during_STS-89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="3044" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:15px;">Mir seen from <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a> (28 January 1998)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/160px-Mir_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/240px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/320px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="305" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:15px;">Mir insignia</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Station statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1986-017A">1986-017A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">16609</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mir</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rocket_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket launch">Launch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 February 1986–23 April 1996</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a> <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200">200/39</a></li><li>Baikonur <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81">81/23</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a> <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric reentry">Reentry</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23 March 2001, 05:59 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">129,700 kg (285,940 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">19 m (62.3 ft) from Core module to Kvant-1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">31 m (101.7 ft) from Priroda to Docking module</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">27.5 m (90.2 ft) from Kvant-2 to Spektr</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pressurised <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">350 m3 (12,000 cu ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">Atmospheric pressure</a></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 101.3 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a> (29.91 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inHg</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periapsis altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">354 km (189 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">AMSL</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9121f004a8d74a46a9a06527471e2d91f17a9521" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apoapsis altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">374 km (216 nmi) AMSL <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9121f004a8d74a46a9a06527471e2d91f17a9521" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Orbital inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">51.6 <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital speed</th><td class="infobox-data">7.7 km/s (27,700 km/h, 17,200 mph)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">91.9 minutes <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9121f004a8d74a46a9a06527471e2d91f17a9521" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbits per day</th><td class="infobox-data">15.7 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9121f004a8d74a46a9a06527471e2d91f17a9521" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Days in orbit</th><td class="infobox-data">5,511 (15 years and 32 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Days occupied</th><td class="infobox-data">4,592</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of orbits</th><td class="infobox-data">86,331</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="font-size:90%; line-height:15px; text-align:center;">Statistics as of 23 March 2001 (unless noted otherwise) References:<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-MirBIS-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FinalBIS-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-OrbitCalc-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-MirObs-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Configuration</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The main components of Mir shown as a line diagram, with each module highlighted in a different colour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mir_diagram.svg/240px-Mir_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="264" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Space program of the Soviet Union">a series</a> of articles on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding: 0 0.2em; font-size: 200%; font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0px 5px 5px 5px"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna program</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">Human spaceflight programs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (joint)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (lunar Soyuz 7K-L1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1-L3" class="mw-redirect" title="N1-L3">N1-L3</a> (Moon landing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> (Mars flyby)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(satellite)" title="Kosmos (satellite)">Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(satellite)" title="Molniya (satellite)">Molniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_program" title="Mars program">Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M" title="Mars 1M">Marsnik program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_1_and_Orion_2_Space_Observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories">Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Expendable launch vehicle">Expendable launch vehicles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">Kosmos-3M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-M" title="Molniya-M">Molniya-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">K</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2" title="Zenit-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-1" title="Kosmos-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-2I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-2I">2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">3M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(rocket)" title="Luna (rocket)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyot_(rocket)" title="Polyot (rocket)">Polyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">Soyuz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-L" title="Soyuz-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-M" title="Soyuz-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U2" title="Soyuz-U2">U2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz/Vostok" title="Soyuz/Vostok">Soyuz/Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(rocket)" title="Sputnik (rocket)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-L" title="Vostok-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-K" title="Vostok-K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2_(rocket)" title="Vostok-2 (rocket)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2M" title="Vostok-2M">2M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-2" title="Tsyklon-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-3" title="Tsyklon-3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Zander" title="Friedrich Zander">Friedrich Zander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Keldysh" title="Mstislav Keldysh">Mstislav Keldysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Korolev" title="Sergei Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kemurdzhian" title="Alexander Kemurdzhian">Alexander Kemurdzhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Feoktistov" title="Konstantin Feoktistov">Konstantin Feoktistov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhonravov" title="Mikhail Tikhonravov">Mikhail Tikhonravov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yangel" title="Mikhail Yangel">Mikhail Yangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Glushko" title="Valentin Glushko">Valentin Glushko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chelomey" title="Vladimir Chelomey">Vladimir Chelomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerim_Kerimov" title="Kerim Kerimov">Kerim Kerimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Mishin" title="Vasily Mishin">Vasily Mishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Chertok" title="Boris Chertok">Boris Chertok</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonauts">Cosmonauts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_space_program_sidebar" title="Template:Soviet space program sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_space_program_sidebar" title="Template talk:Soviet space program sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_space_program_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet space program sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mir (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Мир, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈmʲir]</a>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'peace' or 'world') was a <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> operated in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> from 1986 to 2001, first by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and later by the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>. Mir was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996. It had a greater mass than any previous <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>. At the time it was the largest <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellite</a> in orbit, succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) after Mir's <a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">orbit decayed</a>. The station served as a <a href="/wiki/Microgravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgravity">microgravity</a> <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> in which crews conducted <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">human biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a>. Mir was the first continuously inhabited long-term research station in orbit and held the record for the longest continuous <a href="/wiki/Human_presence_in_space" title="Human presence in space">human presence in space</a> at 3,644 days, until it was surpassed by the ISS on 23 October 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Mirrecord-13">[13]</a> It holds the record for the longest single human spaceflight, with <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a> spending 437 days and 18 hours on the station between 1994 and 1995. Mir was occupied for a total of twelve and a half years out of its fifteen-year lifespan, having the capacity to support a resident crew of three, or larger crews for short visits. Following the success of the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut programme</a>, Mir represented the next stage in the Soviet Union's space station programme. The first module of the station, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">core module</a> or base block, was launched in 1986 and followed by six further modules. <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a> were used to launch all of its components except for the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">docking module</a>, which was installed by US <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> mission <a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a> in 1995. When complete, the station consisted of seven pressurised modules and several unpressurised components. Power was provided by several <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system#Photovoltaic_arrays" title="Photovoltaic system">photovoltaic arrays</a> attached directly to the modules. The station was <a href="/wiki/Orbital_station-keeping" title="Orbital station-keeping">maintained at an orbit</a> between 296 km (184 mi) and 421 km (262 mi) altitude and travelled at an average speed of 27,700 km/h (17,200 mph), completing 15.7 orbits per day.<a href="#cite_note-MirBIS-6">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FinalBIS-7">[7]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-OrbitCalc-8">[8]</a> The station was launched as part of the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">crewed spaceflight programme</a> effort to maintain a long-term research outpost in space, and following the collapse of the USSR, was operated by the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> (RKA). As a result, most of the station's occupants were Soviet; through international collaborations such as the <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euromir" title="Euromir">Euromir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a> programmes, the station was made accessible to space travellers from several Asian, European and North American nations. Mir <a href="/wiki/Deorbit_of_Mir" title="Deorbit of Mir">was deorbited</a> in March 2001 after funding was cut off. The cost of the Mir programme was estimated by former RKA General Director <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Koptev" title="Yuri Koptev">Yuri Koptev</a> in 2001 as $4.2 billion over its lifetime (including development, assembly and orbital operation).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Mir was authorised by a 17 February 1976 decree, to design an improved model of the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a> DOS-17K space stations. Four Salyut space stations had been launched since 1971, with three more being launched during Mir's development. It was planned that the station's core module (<a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">DOS-7</a> and the backup <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)">DOS-8</a>) would be equipped with a total of four docking ports; two at either end of the station as with the Salyut stations, and an additional two ports on either side of a docking sphere at the front of the station to enable further modules to expand the station's capabilities. By August 1978, this had evolved to the final configuration of one aft port and five ports in a spherical compartment at the forward end of the station.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] It was originally planned that the ports would connect to 7.5-tonne (8.3-short-ton) modules derived from the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a>. These modules would have used a Soyuz propulsion module, as in Soyuz and <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a>, and the descent and orbital modules would have been replaced with a long laboratory module.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica-15">[15]</a> Following a February 1979 governmental resolution, the programme was consolidated with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chelomei" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Chelomei">Vladimir Chelomei</a>'s crewed <a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> military space station programme. The docking ports were reinforced to accommodate 20-tonne (22-short-ton) space station modules based on the <a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS spacecraft</a>. <a href="/wiki/S.P._Korolev_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation_Energia" class="mw-redirect" title="S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia">NPO Energia</a> was responsible for the overall space station, with work subcontracted to <a href="/wiki/Khrunichev_State_Research_and_Production_Space_Center" title="Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center">KB Salyut</a>, due to ongoing work on the <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">rocket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft#Third_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz-T</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress spacecraft</a>. KB Salyut began work in 1979, and drawings were released in 1982 and 1983. New systems incorporated into the station included the Salyut 5B digital flight control computer and gyrodyne flywheels (taken from Almaz), <a href="/wiki/Kurs_(docking_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurs (docking system)">Kurs automatic rendezvous system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch satellite</a> communications system, <a href="/wiki/Elektron_(ISS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektron (ISS)">Elektron</a> oxygen generators, and <a href="/wiki/ISS_ECLSS#Vozdukh" title="ISS ECLSS">Vozdukh</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebreather#Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Rebreather">carbon dioxide scrubbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] By early 1984, work on Mir had halted while all resources were being put into the <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran programme</a> in order to prepare the <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran spacecraft</a> for flight testing. Funding resumed in early 1984 when <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Glushko" title="Valentin Glushko">Valentin Glushko</a> was ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a>'s Secretary for Space and Defence to orbit Mir by early 1986, in time for the <a href="/wiki/27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th Communist Party Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] It was clear that the planned processing flow could not be followed and still meet the 1986 launch date. It was decided on <a href="/wiki/Cosmonautics_Day" title="Cosmonautics Day">Cosmonaut's Day</a> (12 April) 1985 to ship the flight model of the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">base block</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> and conduct the systems testing and integration there. The module arrived at the launch site on 6 May, with 1100 of 2500 cables requiring rework based on the results of tests to the ground test model at <a href="/wiki/Khrunichev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrunichev">Khrunichev</a>. In October, the base block was rolled outside its <a href="/wiki/Cleanroom" title="Cleanroom">cleanroom</a> to carry out communications tests. The first launch attempt on 16 February 1986 was scrubbed when the spacecraft communications failed, but the second launch attempt, on 19 February 1986 at 21:28:23 UTC, was successful, meeting the political deadline.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Station_structure">Station structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Station structure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assembly">Assembly</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assembly">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Docking_Cone_Placement_and_Module_Movements.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mir_Docking_Cone_Placement_and_Module_Movements.pdf/page1-170px-Mir_Docking_Cone_Placement_and_Module_Movements.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mir_Docking_Cone_Placement_and_Module_Movements.pdf/page1-255px-Mir_Docking_Cone_Placement_and_Module_Movements.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mir_Docking_Cone_Placement_and_Module_Movements.pdf/page1-340px-Mir_Docking_Cone_Placement_and_Module_Movements.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>A diagram showing the Konus drogue and module movements around Mir's docking node<a href="#cite_note-SSA-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> The orbital assembly of Mir began on 19 February 1986 with the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> rocket. Four of the six modules which were later added (<a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a> in 1989, <a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> in 1990, <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> in 1995 and <a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a> in 1996) followed the same sequence to be added to the main Mir complex. Firstly, the module would be launched independently on its own Proton-K and chase the station automatically. It would then dock to the forward docking port on the core module's docking node, then extend its <a href="/wiki/Lyappa_arm" title="Lyappa arm">Lyappa arm</a> to mate with a fixture on the node's exterior. The arm would then lift the module away from the forward docking port and rotate it on to the radial port where it was to mate, before lowering it to dock. The node was equipped with only two Konus drogues, which were required for dockings. This meant that, prior to the arrival of each new module, the node would have to be depressurised to allow spacewalking cosmonauts to manually relocate the drogue to the next port to be occupied.<a href="#cite_note-MirBIS-6">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The other two expansion modules, <a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> in 1987 and the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">docking module</a> in 1995, followed different procedures. Kvant-1, having, unlike the four modules mentioned above, no engines of its own, was launched attached to a tug based on the <a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS spacecraft</a> which delivered the module to the aft end of the core module instead of the docking node. Once hard docking had been achieved, the tug undocked and deorbited itself. The docking module, meanwhile, was launched aboard <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a> and mated to the orbiter's <a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Docking_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter Docking System">Orbiter Docking System</a>. Atlantis then docked, via the module, to Kristall, then left the module behind when it undocked later in the mission.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>: 248–249 <a href="#cite_note-STS-74-18">[18]</a> Various other external components, including three truss structures, several experiments and other unpressurised elements were also mounted to the exterior of the station by cosmonauts conducting a total of eighty spacewalks over the course of the station's history.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The station's assembly marked the beginning of the third generation of space station design, being the first to consist of more than one primary spacecraft (thus opening a new era in <a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">space architecture</a>). First generation stations such as <a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> had monolithic designs, consisting of one module with no resupply capability; the second generation stations <a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> comprised a monolithic station with two ports to allow consumables to be replenished by cargo spacecraft such as <a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a>. The capability of Mir to be expanded with add-on modules meant that each could be designed with a specific purpose in mind (for instance, the core module functioned largely as living quarters), thus eliminating the need to install all the station's equipment in one module.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressurised_modules">Pressurised modules</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pressurised modules">edit</a>]</div> In its completed configuration, the space station consisted of seven different modules, each launched into orbit separately over a period of ten years by either <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> rockets or <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a>. <div 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.sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sticky-header" style="width:auto; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#EFEFEF;"> <th>Module </th> <th>Expedition </th> <th>Launch date </th> <th>Launch system </th> <th style="width:100px;">Nation </th> <th style="width:82px;">Isolated view </th> <th style="width:82px;">Station view </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">Mir Core Module</a> (Core Module) </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>19 February 1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> </td> <td>Soviet Union </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:RP1357_p103_Mir_base_block.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/RP1357_p103_Mir_base_block.svg/80px-RP1357_p103_Mir_base_block.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/RP1357_p103_Mir_base_block.svg/120px-RP1357_p103_Mir_base_block.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/RP1357_p103_Mir_base_block.svg/160px-RP1357_p103_Mir_base_block.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="290" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Core_Module.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Mir_Core_Module.JPG/40px-Mir_Core_Module.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Mir_Core_Module.JPG/60px-Mir_Core_Module.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Mir_Core_Module.JPG/80px-Mir_Core_Module.JPG 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"> <td colspan="4">The base block for the entire Mir complex, the core module, or DOS-7, provided the main living quarters for resident crews and contained environmental systems, early attitude control systems and the station's main engines. The module was based on hardware developed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut programme</a>, and consisted of a stepped-cylinder main compartment and a spherical 'node' module, which served as an airlock and provided ports to which four of the station's expansion modules were berthed and to which a Soyuz or Progress spacecraft could dock. The module's aft port served as the berthing location for <a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MHH-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> (Astrophysics Module) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-2" title="Mir EO-2">EO-2</a> </td> <td>31 March 1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> </td> <td>Soviet Union </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:RP1357_p162_Kvant_module.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RP1357_p162_Kvant_module.svg/80px-RP1357_p162_Kvant_module.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RP1357_p162_Kvant_module.svg/120px-RP1357_p162_Kvant_module.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RP1357_p162_Kvant_module.svg/160px-RP1357_p162_Kvant_module.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="204" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir-kvant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Mir-kvant.jpg/80px-Mir-kvant.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Mir-kvant.jpg/120px-Mir-kvant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Mir-kvant.jpg/160px-Mir-kvant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="290" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"> <td colspan="4">The first expansion module to be launched, Kvant-1 consisted of two pressurised working compartments and one unpressurised experiment compartment. Scientific equipment included an <a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">ultraviolet telescope</a>, a wide-angle camera, high-energy X-ray experiments, an X-ray/gamma ray detector, and the Svetlana electrophoresis unit. The module also carried six <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyrodynes</a> for attitude control, in addition to life support systems including an <a href="/wiki/Elektron_(ISS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektron (ISS)">Elektron</a> oxygen generator and a <a href="/wiki/ISS_ECLSS#Vozdukh" title="ISS ECLSS">Vozdukh</a> carbon dioxide scrubber.<a href="#cite_note-MHH-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a> (Augmentation Module) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-5" title="Mir EO-5">EO-5</a> </td> <td>26 November 1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> </td> <td>Soviet Union </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:RP1357_p164_Kvant_2_module.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RP1357_p164_Kvant_2_module.svg/80px-RP1357_p164_Kvant_2_module.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RP1357_p164_Kvant_2_module.svg/120px-RP1357_p164_Kvant_2_module.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RP1357_p164_Kvant_2_module.svg/160px-RP1357_p164_Kvant_2_module.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="247" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg/80px-Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg/120px-Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg/160px-Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="291" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"> <td colspan="4">The first <a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS</a> based module, Kvant-2, was divided into three compartments: an <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">EVA</a> airlock, an instrument/cargo compartment (which could function as a backup airlock), and an instrument/experiment compartment. The module also carried a Soviet version of the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit" title="Manned Maneuvering Unit">Manned Maneuvering Unit</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit" title="Orlan space suit">Orlan space suit</a>, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Propulsion_Unit#Soviet_SPK" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Propulsion Unit">Ikar</a>, a system for regenerating water from urine, a shower, the Rodnik water storage system and six <a href="/wiki/Gyroscopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyroscopes">gyrodynes</a> to augment those already located in Kvant-1. Scientific equipment included a high-resolution camera, spectrometers, X-ray sensors, the Volna 2 fluid flow experiment, and the Inkubator-2 unit, which was used for hatching and raising <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MHH-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> (Technology Module) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-6" title="Mir EO-6">EO-6</a> </td> <td>31 May 1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> </td> <td>Soviet Union </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:RP1357_p166_Kristall_module.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RP1357_p166_Kristall_module.svg/80px-RP1357_p166_Kristall_module.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RP1357_p166_Kristall_module.svg/120px-RP1357_p166_Kristall_module.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RP1357_p166_Kristall_module.svg/160px-RP1357_p166_Kristall_module.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="182" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg/80px-Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg/120px-Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg/160px-Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="258" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"> <td colspan="4">Kristall, the fourth module, consisted of two main sections. The first was largely used for materials processing (via various processing furnaces), astronomical observations, and a biotechnology experiment utilising the Aniur electrophoresis unit. The second section was a docking compartment which featured two <a href="/wiki/APAS-89" class="mw-redirect" title="APAS-89">APAS-89</a> <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_docking" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft docking">docking ports</a> initially intended for use with the <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran programme</a> and eventually used during the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir Program">Shuttle-Mir programme</a>. The docking compartment also contained the Priroda 5 camera used for Earth resources experiments. Kristall also carried six <a href="/wiki/Control_moment_gyroscope" title="Control moment gyroscope">control moment gyroscopes</a> (CMGs, or "gyrodynes") for attitude control to augment those already on the station, and two collapsible solar arrays.<a href="#cite_note-MHH-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> (Power Module) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-18" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-18">EO-18</a> </td> <td>20 May 1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Spektr_module_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Spektr_module_drawing.png/80px-Spektr_module_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Spektr_module_drawing.png/120px-Spektr_module_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Spektr_module_drawing.png/160px-Spektr_module_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="888" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_from_STS-74.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mir_from_STS-74.jpg/80px-Mir_from_STS-74.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mir_from_STS-74.jpg/120px-Mir_from_STS-74.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mir_from_STS-74.jpg/160px-Mir_from_STS-74.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="2219" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"> <td colspan="4">Spektr was the first of the three modules launched during the Shuttle-Mir programme; it served as the living quarters for American astronauts and housed <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>-sponsored experiments. The module was designed for remote observation of Earth's environment and contained atmospheric and surface research equipment. It featured four solar arrays which generated approximately half of the station's electrical power. The module also had a science airlock to expose experiments to the vacuum of space selectively. Spektr was rendered unusable following the collision with <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-34" title="Progress M-34">Progress M-34</a> in 1997 which damaged the module, exposing it to the vacuum of space.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Docking Module</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-20">EO-20</a> </td> <td>15 November 1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a>) </td> <td>US </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Docking_Module_drawing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mir_Docking_Module_drawing.svg/80px-Mir_Docking_Module_drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mir_Docking_Module_drawing.svg/120px-Mir_Docking_Module_drawing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mir_Docking_Module_drawing.svg/160px-Mir_Docking_Module_drawing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1024" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_from_STS-74PLB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mir_from_STS-74PLB.jpg/80px-Mir_from_STS-74PLB.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mir_from_STS-74PLB.jpg/120px-Mir_from_STS-74PLB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mir_from_STS-74PLB.jpg/160px-Mir_from_STS-74PLB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"> <td colspan="4">The docking module was designed to help simplify <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_docking" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft docking">dockings</a> to Mir. Before the first shuttle docking mission (<a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> module had to be tediously moved to ensure sufficient clearance between Atlantis and Mir's solar arrays. With the addition of the docking module, enough clearance was provided without the need to relocate Kristall. It had two identical <a href="/wiki/APAS-89" class="mw-redirect" title="APAS-89">APAS-89</a> docking ports, one attached to the distal port of Kristall with the other available for shuttle docking.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>: 247–249  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a> (Earth Sensing Module) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-21" title="Mir EO-21">EO-21</a> </td> <td>26 April 1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Priroda_module_drawing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Priroda_module_drawing.svg/80px-Priroda_module_drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Priroda_module_drawing.svg/120px-Priroda_module_drawing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Priroda_module_drawing.svg/160px-Priroda_module_drawing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="962" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_from_STS-81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mir_from_STS-81.jpg/80px-Mir_from_STS-81.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mir_from_STS-81.jpg/120px-Mir_from_STS-81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mir_from_STS-81.jpg/160px-Mir_from_STS-81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4157" data-file-height="4157" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"> <td colspan="4">The seventh and final Mir module, Priroda's primary purpose was to conduct Earth resource experiments through remote sensing and to develop and verify remote sensing methods. The module's experiments were provided by twelve different nations, and covered microwave, visible, near infrared, and infrared spectral regions using both passive and active sounding methods. The module possessed both pressurised and unpressurised segments, and featured a large, externally mounted <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar</a> dish.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>: 251–253  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unpressurised_elements">Unpressurised elements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unpressurised elements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_unpressurised_elements.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mir_unpressurised_elements.jpg/220px-Mir_unpressurised_elements.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mir_unpressurised_elements.jpg/330px-Mir_unpressurised_elements.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mir_unpressurised_elements.jpg/440px-Mir_unpressurised_elements.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>The Travers radar antenna, Sofora girder, VDU thruster block, SPK unit and a Strela crane, alongside <a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a></figcaption></figure> In addition to the pressurised modules, Mir featured several external components. The largest component was the Sofora girder, a large scaffolding-like structure consisting of 20 segments which, when assembled, projected 14 metres from its mount on Kvant-1. A self-contained thruster block, the VDU (Vynosnaya Dvigatyelnaya Ustanovka), was mounted on the end of Sofora and was used to augment the roll-control thrusters on the core module. The VDU's increased distance from Mir's axis allowed an 85% decrease in fuel consumption, reducing the amount of propellant required to orient the station.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A second girder, Rapana, was mounted aft of Sofora on Kvant-1. This girder, a small prototype of a structure intended to be used on <a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a> to hold large parabolic dishes away from the main station structure, was 5 metres long and used as a mounting point for externally mounted exposure experiments.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] To assist in moving objects around the exterior of the station during <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">EVAs</a>, Mir featured two <a href="/wiki/Strela_(crane)" title="Strela (crane)">Strela cargo cranes</a> mounted to the sides of the core module, used for moving spacewalking cosmonauts and parts. The cranes consisted of telescopic poles assembled in sections which measured around 1.8 metres (6 ft) when collapsed, but when extended using a hand crank were 14 metres (46 ft) long, meaning that all of the station's modules could be accessed during spacewalks.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Each module was fitted with external components specific to the experiments that were carried out within that module, the most obvious being the Travers antenna mounted to Priroda. This <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar</a> consisted of a large dish-like framework mounted outside the module, with associated equipment within, used for Earth observations experiments, as was most of the other equipment on Priroda, including various radiometers and scan platforms.<a href="#cite_note-MHH-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Kvant-2 also featured several scan platforms and was fitted with a mounting bracket to which the <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Propulsion_Unit#Soviet_SPK" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Propulsion Unit">cosmonaut manoeuvring unit</a>, or Ikar, was mated. This backpack was designed to assist cosmonauts in moving around the station and the planned Buran in a manner similar to the US <a href="/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit" title="Manned Maneuvering Unit">Manned Maneuvering Unit</a>, but it was only used once, during <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-5" title="Mir EO-5">EO-5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In addition to module-specific equipment, Kvant-2, Kristall, Spektr and Priroda were each equipped with one <a href="/wiki/Lyappa_arm" title="Lyappa arm">Lyappa arm</a>, a robotic arm which, after the module had docked to the core module's forward port, grappled one of two fixtures positioned on the core module's docking node. The arriving module's docking probe was then retracted, and the arm raised the module so that it could be pivoted 90° for docking to one of the four radial docking ports.<a href="#cite_note-MHH-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_supply">Power supply</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Power supply">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spektr_before_collision_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Spektr_before_collision_-_cropped.jpg/220px-Spektr_before_collision_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Spektr_before_collision_-_cropped.jpg/330px-Spektr_before_collision_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Spektr_before_collision_-_cropped.jpg/440px-Spektr_before_collision_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>The four solar arrays on <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system#Photovoltaic_arrays" title="Photovoltaic system">Photovoltaic (PV) arrays</a> powered Mir. The station used a 28 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> supply which provided 5-, 10-, 20- and 50-<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amp</a> taps. When the station was illuminated by sunlight, several solar arrays mounted on the pressurised modules provided power to Mir's systems and charged the <a href="/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-cadmium battery">nickel-cadmium storage batteries</a> installed throughout the station.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> The arrays rotated in only one degree of freedom over a 180° arc, and tracked the Sun using <a href="/wiki/Sun_sensor" title="Sun sensor">Sun sensors</a> and motors installed in the array mounts. The station itself also had to be oriented to ensure optimum illumination of the arrays. When the station's all-sky sensor detected that Mir had entered Earth's shadow, the arrays were rotated to the optimum angle predicted for reacquiring the Sun once the station passed out of the shadow. The batteries, each of 60 <a href="/wiki/Ampere_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampere hour">Ah</a> capacity, were then used to power the station until the arrays recovered their maximum output on the day side of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> The solar arrays themselves were launched and installed over a period of eleven years, more slowly than originally planned, with the station continually suffering from a shortage of power as a result. The first two arrays, each 38 m2 (409 ft2) in area, were launched on the core module, and together provided a total of 9 kW of power. A third, <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">dorsal</a> panel was launched on Kvant-1 and mounted on the core module in 1987, providing a further 2 kW from a 22 m2 (237 ft2) area.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Kvant-2, launched in 1989, provided two 10 m (32.8 ft) long panels which supplied 3.5 kW each, whilst Kristall was launched with two collapsible, 15 m (49.2 ft) long arrays (providing 4 kW each) which were intended to be moved to Kvant-1 and installed on mounts which were attached during a spacewalk by the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-11" title="Soyuz TM-11">EO-8</a> crew in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHH-19">[19]</a> This relocation was begun in 1995, when the panels were retracted and the left panel installed on Kvant-1. By this time all the arrays had degraded and were supplying much less power. To rectify this, Spektr (launched in 1995), which had initially been designed to carry two arrays, was modified to hold four, providing a total of 126 m2 (1360 ft2) of array with a 16 kW supply.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Two further arrays were flown to the station on board the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a>, carried on the docking module. The first of these, the Mir cooperative solar array, consisted of American photovoltaic cells mounted on a Russian frame. It was installed on the unoccupied mount on Kvant-1 in May 1996 and was connected to the socket that had previously been occupied by the core module's dorsal panel, which was by this point barely supplying 1 kW.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> The other panel, originally intended to be launched on Priroda, replaced the Kristall panel on Kvant-1 in November 1997, completing the station's electrical system.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbit_control">Orbit control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orbit control">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MirOrbitalManoeuvres.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/MirOrbitalManoeuvres.svg/220px-MirOrbitalManoeuvres.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/MirOrbitalManoeuvres.svg/330px-MirOrbitalManoeuvres.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/MirOrbitalManoeuvres.svg/440px-MirOrbitalManoeuvres.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing the changing altitude of Mir from 19 February 1986 until 21 March 2001</figcaption></figure> Mir was maintained in a near circular orbit with an average perigee of 354 km (220 mi) and an average apogee of 374 km (232 mi), travelling at an average speed of 27,700 km/h (17,200 mph) and completing 15.7 orbits per day.<a href="#cite_note-MirBIS-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FinalBIS-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-OrbitCalc-8">[8]</a> As the station constantly lost altitude because of slight <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric drag">atmospheric drag</a>, it needed to be boosted to a higher altitude several times each year. This boost was generally performed by Progress resupply vessels, although during the Shuttle-Mir programme the task was performed by US Space Shuttles, and, prior to the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a>, the engines on the core module could also accomplish the task.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Attitude control was maintained by a combination of two mechanisms; in order to hold a set attitude, a system of twelve <a href="/wiki/Control_moment_gyroscope" title="Control moment gyroscope">control moment gyroscopes</a> (CMGs, or "gyrodynes") rotating at 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a> kept the station oriented, six CMGs being located in each of the Kvant-1 and Kvant-2 modules.<a href="#cite_note-MHH-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-MirGyros-21">[21]</a> When the attitude of the station needed to be changed, the gyrodynes were disengaged, thrusters (including those mounted directly to the modules, and the VDU thruster used for roll control mounted to the Sofora girder) were used to attain the new attitude and the CMGs were reengaged.<a href="#cite_note-MirGyros-21">[21]</a> This was done fairly regularly depending on experimental needs; for instance, Earth or astronomical observations required that the instrument recording images be continuously aimed at the target, and so the station was oriented to make this possible.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Conversely, materials processing experiments required the minimisation of movement on board the station, and so Mir would be oriented in a <a href="/wiki/Gravity-gradient_stabilization" title="Gravity-gradient stabilization">gravity gradient</a> attitude for stability.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Prior to the arrival of the modules containing these gyrodynes, the station's attitude was controlled using thrusters located on the core module alone, and, in an emergency, the thrusters on docked Soyuz spacecraft could be used to maintain the station's orientation.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio communications</a> provided <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> and scientific data links between Mir and the <a href="/wiki/TsUP" class="mw-redirect" title="TsUP">RKA Mission Control Centre</a> (TsUP). Radio links were also used during <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">rendezvous and docking procedures</a> and for audio and video communication between crew members, flight controllers and family members. As a result, Mir was equipped with several communication systems used for different purposes. The station communicated directly with the ground via the <a href="/wiki/Lira_(ISS)" title="Lira (ISS)">Lira</a> <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> mounted to the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">core module</a>. The Lira antenna also had the capability to use the <a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch</a> data relay satellite system (which fell into disrepair in the 1990s) and the network of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Tracking_ship" title="Tracking ship">tracking ships</a> deployed in various locations around the world (which also became unavailable in the 1990s).<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF radio</a> was used by cosmonauts conducting <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">EVAs</a>. UHF was also employed by other spacecraft that docked to or undocked from the station, such as Soyuz, Progress, and the Space Shuttle, in order to receive commands from the TsUP and Mir crew members via the <a href="/wiki/TORU" title="TORU">TORU</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microgravity">Microgravity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Microgravity">edit</a>]</div> At Mir's orbital altitude, the force of Earth's gravity was 88% of sea level gravity. While the constant free fall of the station offered a perceived sensation of <a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">weightlessness</a>, the onboard environment was not one of weightlessness or zero gravity. The environment was often described as <a href="/wiki/Micro-g_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-g environment">microgravity</a>. This state of perceived weightlessness was not perfect, being disturbed by five separate effects:<a href="#cite_note-gravity-23">[23]</a> <ul><li>The drag resulting from the residual atmosphere;</li> <li>Vibratory acceleration caused by mechanical systems and the crew on the station;</li> <li>Orbital corrections by the on-board gyroscopes (which spun at 10,000 rpm, producing vibrations of 166.67 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a><a href="#cite_note-MirGyros-21">[21]</a>) or thrusters;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal forces</a>. Any parts of Mir not at exactly the same distance from Earth tended to <a href="/wiki/Gravity-gradient_stabilization" title="Gravity-gradient stabilization">follow separate orbits</a>. As each point was physically part of the station, this was impossible, and so each component was subject to small accelerations from tidal forces;</li> <li>The differences in orbital plane between different locations on the station.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_support">Life support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Life support">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/ISS_ECLSS" title="ISS ECLSS">ISS ECLSS</a></div> Mir's <a href="/wiki/ISS_ECLSS" title="ISS ECLSS">environmental control and life support system</a> (ECLSS) provided or controlled <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, fire detection, oxygen levels, waste management and water supply. The highest priority for the ECLSS was the station's atmosphere, but the system also collected, processed, and stored waste and water produced and used by the crew—a process that recycles fluid from the sink, toilet, and condensation from the air. The <a href="/wiki/Elektron_(ISS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektron (ISS)">Elektron</a> system generated oxygen <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolytically</a>, venting hydrogen to space. Bottled oxygen and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_generator" title="Chemical oxygen generator">solid fuel oxygen generation</a> (SFOG) canisters, a system known as <a href="/wiki/Vika_oxygen_generator" title="Vika oxygen generator">Vika</a>, provided backup. Carbon dioxide was removed from the air by the <a href="/wiki/ISS_ECLSS#Vozdukh" title="ISS ECLSS">Vozdukh</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Other byproducts of human metabolism, such as methane from the intestines and ammonia from sweat, were removed by <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated charcoal</a> filters. Similar systems are presently used on the ISS. The atmosphere on Mir was similar to <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Normal air pressure on the station was 101.3 <a href="/wiki/Kilopascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilopascal">kPa</a> (14.7 <a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">psi</a>); the same as at sea level on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> An Earth-like atmosphere offers benefits for crew comfort.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_cooperation">International cooperation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: International cooperation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewald,_Reinhold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ewald%2C_Reinhold.jpg/170px-Ewald%2C_Reinhold.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ewald%2C_Reinhold.jpg/255px-Ewald%2C_Reinhold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ewald%2C_Reinhold.jpg/340px-Ewald%2C_Reinhold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Ewald" title="Reinhold Ewald">Reinhold Ewald</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tsibliyev" title="Vasily Tsibliyev">Vasily Tsibliyev</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">core module</a> during Ewald's visit to Mir</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIR_Space_Station_Scale_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MIR_Space_Station_Scale_model.jpg/220px-MIR_Space_Station_Scale_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MIR_Space_Station_Scale_model.jpg/330px-MIR_Space_Station_Scale_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MIR_Space_Station_Scale_model.jpg/440px-MIR_Space_Station_Scale_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Scale model replica of the MIR Space Station at the Euro Space Center Belgium</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interkosmos">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></div> Interkosmos (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: ИнтерКосмос) was a Soviet Union space exploration programme which allowed members from countries allied with the Soviet Union to participate in crewed and uncrewed space exploration missions. Participation was also made available to governments of countries such as France and India. Only the last three of the programme's fourteen missions consisted of an expedition to Mir but none resulted in an extended stay in the station: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Faris" title="Muhammed Faris">Muhammed Faris</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mir_EP-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EP-1">EP-1</a> (1987) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-EA-TM3-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Panayatov_Aleksandrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Panayatov Aleksandrov">Aleksandr Panayatov Aleksandrov</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mir_EP-2" title="Mir EP-2">EP-2</a> (1988) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><a href="#cite_note-EA-TM5-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Mohmand" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Ahad Mohmand">Abdul Ahad Mohmand</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mir_EP-3" title="Mir EP-3">EP-3</a> (1988) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><a href="#cite_note-EA-TM6-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_involvement">European involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: European involvement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Euromir" title="Euromir">Euromir</a></div> Various European astronauts visited Mir as part of several cooperative programmes:<a href="#cite_note-ESApatches-32">[32]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Loup_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean-Loup Chrétien">Jean-Loup Chrétien</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-4" title="Mir EO-4">Aragatz</a> (1988) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Sharman" title="Helen Sharman">Helen Sharman</a> – <a href="/wiki/Project_Juno" title="Project Juno">Project Juno</a> (1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Viehb%C3%B6ck" title="Franz Viehböck">Franz Viehböck</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-13" title="Soyuz TM-13">Austromir '91</a> (1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus-Dietrich_Flade" title="Klaus-Dietrich Flade">Klaus-Dietrich Flade</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-14" title="Soyuz TM-14">Mir '92</a> (1992) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Tognini" title="Michel Tognini">Michel Tognini</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-15" title="Soyuz TM-15">Antarès</a> (1992) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Haigner%C3%A9" title="Jean-Pierre Haigneré">Jean-Pierre Haigneré</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-17" title="Soyuz TM-17">Altair</a> (1993) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Merbold" title="Ulf Merbold">Ulf Merbold</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-20" title="Soyuz TM-20">Euromir '94</a> (1994) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reiter" title="Thomas Reiter">Thomas Reiter</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-22" title="Soyuz TM-22">Euromir '95</a> (1995) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudie_Haigner%C3%A9" title="Claudie Haigneré">Claudie Haigneré</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-24" title="Soyuz TM-24">Cassiopée</a> (1996) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Ewald" title="Reinhold Ewald">Reinhold Ewald</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-25" title="Soyuz TM-25">Mir '97</a> (1997) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Eyharts" title="Léopold Eyharts">Léopold Eyharts</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-27" title="Soyuz TM-27">Pégase</a> (1998) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bella" title="Ivan Bella">Ivan Bella</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-29" title="Soyuz TM-29">Stefanik</a> (1999) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shuttle–Mir_program">Shuttle–Mir program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shuttle–Mir program">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir Program</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg/220px-Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg/330px-Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg/440px-Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_visitors" title="List of Mir visitors">seven NASA astronauts</a> who carried out long-duration missions on Mir</figcaption></figure> In the early 1980s, NASA planned to launch a modular space station called <a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Freedom</a> as a counterpart to Mir, while the Soviets were planning to construct <a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a> in the 1990s as a replacement for the station.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Because of budget and design constraints, Freedom never progressed past mock-ups and minor component tests and, with <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">the fall of the Soviet Union</a> and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>, the project was nearly cancelled entirely by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_post-Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of post-Soviet Russia">post-Soviet economic chaos</a> in Russia also led to the cancellation of Mir-2, though only after its base block, <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)">DOS-8</a>, had been constructed.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Similar budgetary difficulties were faced by other nations with space station projects, which prompted the US government to negotiate with European states, Russia, Japan, and Canada in the early 1990s to begin a collaborative project.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> In June 1992, American president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and Russian president <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> agreed to cooperate on <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>. The resulting Agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes called for a short joint space programme with one American <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> deployed to the Russian space station Mir and two Russian <a href="/wiki/Astronaut#Russia" title="Astronaut">cosmonauts</a> deployed to a Space Shuttle.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> In September 1993, US Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Al Gore Jr.">Al Gore Jr.</a>, and Russian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a> announced plans for a new space station, which eventually became the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gao-33">[33]</a> They also agreed, in preparation for this new project, that the United States would be heavily involved in the Mir programme as part of an international project known as the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir Programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SMB-34">[34]</a> The project, sometimes called "Phase One", was intended to allow the United States to learn from Russian experience in long-duration spaceflight and to foster a spirit of cooperation between the two nations and their <a href="/wiki/List_of_space_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space agencies">space agencies</a>, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> (Roskosmos). The project prepared the way for further cooperative space ventures, specifically, "Phase Two" of the joint project, the construction of the ISS. The programme was announced in 1993; the first mission started in 1994, and the project continued until its scheduled completion in 1998. Eleven Space Shuttle missions, a joint Soyuz flight, and almost 1000 cumulative days in space for US astronauts occurred over the course of seven long-duration expeditions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_visitors">Other visitors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other visitors">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toyohiro_Akiyama" title="Toyohiro Akiyama">Toyohiro Akiyama</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-11" title="Soyuz TM-11">Kosmoreporter</a> (1990) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a> – <a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a> (1995) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>A British <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">con artist</a>, Peter Rodney Llewellyn, almost visited Mir in 1999 on a private contract after promising <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>100 million for the privilege.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wired-37">[37]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_on_board">Life on board</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Life on board">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19970530_8l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/19970530_8l.jpg/220px-19970530_8l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/19970530_8l.jpg/330px-19970530_8l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/19970530_8l.jpg/440px-19970530_8l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2325" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Time exposure of Mir passing over Earth's surface, May 1997.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mirspacestationtour.ogv/220px--Mirspacestationtour.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="150" data-durationhint="92" data-mwtitle="Mirspacestationtour.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Mirspacestationtour.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Mirspacestationtour.ogv/Mirspacestationtour.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Mirspacestationtour.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Mirspacestationtour.ogv/Mirspacestationtour.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Mirspacestationtour.ogv/Mirspacestationtour.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="212" data-height="144" /></video><figcaption>A video tour of Mir from September 1996, during <a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_node_interior_STS-84,_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mir_node_interior_STS-84%2C_2.jpg/220px-Mir_node_interior_STS-84%2C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mir_node_interior_STS-84%2C_2.jpg/330px-Mir_node_interior_STS-84%2C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mir_node_interior_STS-84%2C_2.jpg/440px-Mir_node_interior_STS-84%2C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5620" data-file-height="3702" /></a><figcaption>A view of the interior of the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">core module</a>'s docking node, showing the crowded nature of the station.</figcaption></figure> Inside, the 130-tonne (140-short-ton) Mir resembled a cramped <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">labyrinth</a>, crowded with hoses, cables and scientific instruments—as well as articles of everyday life, such as photos, children's drawings, books and a guitar. It commonly housed three crew members, but was capable of supporting as many as six for up to a month. The station was designed to remain in orbit for around five years; it remained in orbit for fifteen.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> As a result, NASA astronaut John Blaha reported that, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a>, which were added late in the station's life, Mir did look used, which is to be expected given it had been lived in for ten to eleven years without being brought home and cleaned.<a href="#cite_note-From_Mir_to_Mars-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crew_schedule">Crew schedule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Crew schedule">edit</a>]</div> The time zone used on board Mir was <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">Moscow Time</a> (MSK; <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03</a>). The windows were covered during night hours to give the impression of darkness because the station experienced 16 sunrises and sunsets a day. A typical day for the crew began with a wake-up at 08:00 MSK, followed by two hours of personal hygiene and breakfast. Work was conducted from 10:00 until 13:00, followed by an hour of exercise and an hour's lunch break. Three more hours of work and another hour of exercise followed lunch, and the crews began preparing for their evening meal at about 19:00. The cosmonauts were free to do as they wished in the evening, and largely worked to their own pace during the day.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> In their spare time, crews were able to catch up with work, observe the Earth below, respond to letters, drawings, and other items brought from Earth (and give them an official stamp to show they had been aboard Mir), or make use of the station's ham radio.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Two amateur radio call signs, U1MIR and U2MIR, were assigned to Mir in the late <a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a>, allowing <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_operators" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur radio operators">amateur radio operators</a> on Earth to communicate with the cosmonauts.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The station was also equipped with a supply of <a href="/wiki/Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Books">books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Films">films</a> for the crew to read and watch.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-22">[22]</a> NASA astronaut Jerry Linenger related how life on board Mir was structured and lived according to the detailed itineraries provided by ground control. Every second on board was accounted for and all activities were timetabled. After working some time on Mir, Linenger came to feel that the order in which his activities were allocated did not represent the most logical or efficient order possible for these activities. He decided to perform his tasks in an order that he felt enabled him to work more efficiently, be less fatigued, and suffer less from stress. Linenger noted that his comrades on Mir did not "improvise" in this way, and as a medical doctor he observed the effects of stress on his comrades that he believed was the outcome of following an itinerary without making modifications to it. Despite this, he commented that his comrades performed all their tasks in a supremely professional manner.<a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a>, who set the record for longest stay in space by a woman while aboard Mir (surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a> 11 years later on the ISS), also commented about working aboard Mir: "I think going to work on a daily basis on Mir is very similar to going to work on a daily basis on an outstation in Antarctica. The big difference with going to work here is the isolation, because you really are isolated. You don't have a lot of support from the ground. You really are on your own."<a href="#cite_note-From_Mir_to_Mars-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercise">Exercise</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Exercise">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucid_on_Treadmill_in_Russian_Mir_Space_Station_-_GPN-2000-001034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lucid_on_Treadmill_in_Russian_Mir_Space_Station_-_GPN-2000-001034.jpg/220px-Lucid_on_Treadmill_in_Russian_Mir_Space_Station_-_GPN-2000-001034.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lucid_on_Treadmill_in_Russian_Mir_Space_Station_-_GPN-2000-001034.jpg/330px-Lucid_on_Treadmill_in_Russian_Mir_Space_Station_-_GPN-2000-001034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lucid_on_Treadmill_in_Russian_Mir_Space_Station_-_GPN-2000-001034.jpg/440px-Lucid_on_Treadmill_in_Russian_Mir_Space_Station_-_GPN-2000-001034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a> exercises on a treadmill during her stay aboard Mir.</figcaption></figure> The most significant adverse effects of long-term weightlessness are <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a> and deterioration of the <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_osteopenia" title="Spaceflight osteopenia">spaceflight osteopenia</a>. Other significant effects include fluid redistribution, a slowing of the <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">cardiovascular system</a>, decreased production of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>, balance disorders, and a weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>. Lesser symptoms include loss of body mass, nasal congestion, sleep disturbance, excess <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>, and puffiness of the face. These effects begin to reverse quickly upon return to the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-JCB-42">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] To prevent some of these effects, the station was equipped with two <a href="/wiki/Treadmill" title="Treadmill">treadmills</a> (in the core module and Kvant-2) and a <a href="/wiki/Stationary_bicycle" title="Stationary bicycle">stationary bicycle</a> (in the core module); each cosmonaut was to cycle the equivalent of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and run the equivalent of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) per day.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Cosmonauts used bungee cords to strap themselves to the treadmill. Researchers believe that exercise is a good countermeasure for the bone and muscle density loss that occurs in low-gravity situations.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hygiene">Hygiene</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hygiene">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_space_toilet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Russian_space_toilet.JPG/170px-Russian_space_toilet.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Russian_space_toilet.JPG/255px-Russian_space_toilet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Russian_space_toilet.JPG/340px-Russian_space_toilet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">space toilets</a> used aboard Mir</figcaption></figure> There were two <a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">space toilets</a> (ASUs) on Mir, located in the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">core module</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-22">[22]</a> They used a fan-driven suction system similar to the Space Shuttle Waste Collection System. The user is first fastened to the toilet seat, which was equipped with spring-loaded restraining bars to ensure a good seal. A lever operated a powerful fan and a suction hole slid open: the air stream carried the waste away. Solid waste was collected in individual bags which were stored in an aluminium container. Full containers were transferred to Progress spacecraft for disposal. Liquid waste was evacuated by a hose connected to the front of the toilet, with anatomically appropriate "urine funnel adapters" attached to the tube so both men and women could use the same toilet. Waste was collected and transferred to the Water Recovery System, where it could be recycled back into drinking water, but was usually used to produce oxygen via the <a href="/wiki/Elektron_(ISS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektron (ISS)">Elektron</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Mir featured a shower, the Bania, located in Kvant-2. It was an improvement on the units installed in previous <a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a> stations, but proved difficult to use due to the time required to set up, use, and stow. The shower, which featured a plastic curtain and fan to collect water via an airflow, was later converted into a steam room; it eventually had its plumbing removed and the space was reused. When the shower was unavailable, crew members washed using wet wipes, with soap dispensed from a toothpaste tube-like container, or using a washbasin equipped with a plastic hood, located in the core module. Crews were also provided with rinse-less shampoo and edible toothpaste to save water.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> On a 1998 visit to Mir, bacteria and larger organisms were found to have proliferated in water globules formed from moisture that had condensed behind service panels.<a href="#cite_note-date-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleeping_in_space">Sleeping in space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sleeping in space">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_space" title="Sleep in space">Sleep in space</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Crew_Quarter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mir_Crew_Quarter.jpg/220px-Mir_Crew_Quarter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mir_Crew_Quarter.jpg/330px-Mir_Crew_Quarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mir_Crew_Quarter.jpg/440px-Mir_Crew_Quarter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Yury_Usachov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yury Usachov">Yury Usachov</a> in his Kayutka</figcaption></figure> The station provided two permanent crew quarters, the Kayutkas, phonebox-sized booths set towards the rear of the core module, each featuring a tethered sleeping bag, a fold-out desk, a porthole, and storage for personal effects. Visiting crews had no allocated sleep module, instead attaching a sleeping bag to an available space on a wall; US astronauts installed themselves within <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> until a collision with a <a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress spacecraft</a> caused the depressurisation of that module.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> It was important that crew accommodations be well ventilated; otherwise, astronauts could wake up oxygen-deprived and gasping for air, because a bubble of their own exhaled carbon dioxide had formed around their heads.<a href="#cite_note-ESALife-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Food and drink">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Space food</a></div> Most of the food eaten by station crews was frozen, refrigerated or canned. Meals were prepared by the cosmonauts, with the help of a <a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">dietitian</a>, before their flight to the station. The diet was designed to provide around 100 g of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, 130 g of <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> and 330 g of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> per day, in addition to appropriate mineral and vitamin supplements. Meals were spaced out through the day to aid assimilation.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Canned food such as jellied beef tongue was placed into a niche in the core module's table, where it could be warmed in 5–10 minutes. Usually, crews drank tea, coffee and fruit juices, but, unlike the ISS, the station also had a supply of <a href="/wiki/Cognac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognac (brandy)">cognac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a> for special occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbiological_environmental_hazards">Microbiological environmental hazards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Microbiological environmental hazards">edit</a>]</div> In the 1990s ninety species of micro-organisms were found inside Mir, four years after the station's launch. By the time of its decommission in 2001, the number of known different micro-organisms had grown to 140. As space stations get older, the problems with contamination get worse.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Molds that develop aboard space stations can produce acids that degrade metal, glass and rubber.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The molds in Mir were found growing behind panels and inside air-conditioning equipment. The molds also caused a foul smell, which was often cited as visitors' strongest impression.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2001-48">[48]</a> Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) of five <a href="/wiki/Enterobacter" title="Enterobacter">Enterobacter bugandensis</a> bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue ensuring a medically healthy environment for the astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-EA-20181122-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-BMC-20181123-50">[50]</a> Some biologists were concerned about the mutant fungi being a major microbiological hazard for humans, and reaching Earth in the splashdown, after having been in an isolated environment for 15 years.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2001-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Station_operations">Station operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Station operations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expeditions">Expeditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Expeditions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mir Expeditions">List of Mir Expeditions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_spacewalks" title="List of Mir spacewalks">List of Mir spacewalks</a></div> Mir was visited by a total of 28 long-duration or "principal" crews, each of which was given a sequential expedition number formatted as EO-X. Expeditions varied in length (from the 72-day flight of the crew of <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-28" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-28">EO-28</a> to the 437-day flight of <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a>), but generally lasted around six months.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Principal expedition crews consisted of two or three crew members, who often launched as part of one expedition but returned with another (Polyakov launched with EO-14 and landed with EO-17).<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> The principal expeditions were often supplemented with visiting crews who remained on the station during the week-long handover period between one crew and the next before returning with the departing crew, the station's life support system being able to support a crew of up to six for short periods.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The station was occupied for a total of four distinct periods; 12 March–16 July 1986 (<a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-1">EO-1</a>), 5 February 1987 – 27 April 1989 (EO-2–EO-4), the record-breaking run from 5 September 1989 – 28 August 1999 (EO-5–EO-27), and 4 April–16 June 2000 (<a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-28" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-28">EO-28</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] By the end, it had been <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_visitors" title="List of Mir visitors">visited by 104 different people from twelve different nations</a>, making it the most visited spacecraft in history (a record later <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_visitors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of International Space Station visitors">surpassed by the ISS</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_existence">Early existence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Early existence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">Mir Core Module</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir-kvant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Mir-kvant.jpg/220px-Mir-kvant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Mir-kvant.jpg/330px-Mir-kvant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Mir-kvant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>The core module with <a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-3" title="Soyuz TM-3">Soyuz TM-3</a></figcaption></figure> Due to pressure to launch the station on schedule, mission planners were left without Soyuz spacecraft or modules to launch to the station at first. It was decided to launch <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-15" title="Soyuz T-15">Soyuz T-15</a> on a dual mission to both Mir and <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kizim" title="Leonid Kizim">Leonid Kizim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(cosmonaut)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (cosmonaut)">Vladimir Solovyov</a> first docked with Mir on 15 March 1986. During their nearly 51-day stay on Mir, they brought the station online and checked its systems. They unloaded two <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress spacecraft</a> launched after their arrival, <a href="/wiki/Progress_25" title="Progress 25">Progress 25</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progress_26" title="Progress 26">Progress 26</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Manned_Astronautics_Soyuz-T15-52">[52]</a> On 5 May 1986, they undocked from Mir for a day-long journey to Salyut 7. They spent 51 days there and gathered 400 kg of scientific material from Salyut 7 for return to Mir. While Soyuz T-15 was at Salyut 7, the uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-1" title="Soyuz TM-1">Soyuz TM-1</a> arrived at the unoccupied Mir and remained for 9 days, testing the new <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft#Soyuz-TM_(1986–2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz TM</a> model. Soyuz T-15 redocked with Mir on 26 June and delivered the experiments and 20 instruments, including a multichannel <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>. The EO-1 crew spent their last 20 days on Mir conducting Earth observations before returning to Earth on 16 July 1986, leaving the new station unoccupied.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica_mireo-53">[53]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The second expedition to Mir, <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-2" title="Mir EO-2">EO-2</a>, launched on <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-2" title="Soyuz TM-2">Soyuz TM-2</a> on 5 February 1987. During their stay, the <a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> module, launched on 30 March 1987, arrived. It was the first experimental version of a planned series of '37K' modules scheduled to be launched to Mir on Buran. Kvant-1 was originally planned to dock with <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a>; due to technical problems during its development, it was reassigned to Mir. The module carried the first set of six gyroscopes for attitude control. The module also carried instruments for X-ray and ultraviolet astrophysical observations.<a href="#cite_note-MHH-19">[19]</a> The initial rendezvous of the Kvant-1 module with Mir on 5 April 1987 was troubled by the failure of the onboard control system. After the failure of the second attempt to dock, the resident cosmonauts, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Romanenko" title="Yuri Romanenko">Yuri Romanenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Laveykin" title="Aleksandr Laveykin">Aleksandr Laveykin</a>, conducted an <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">EVA</a> to fix the problem. They found a trash bag which had been left in orbit after the departure of one of the previous cargo ships and was now located between the module and the station, which prevented the docking. After removing the bag, docking was completed on 12 April.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica_mireo2-54">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-RussianSpaceweb.com_Kvant-1-55">[55]</a> The Soyuz TM-2 launch was the beginning of a string of 6 Soyuz launches and three long-duration crews between 5 February 1987 and 27 April 1989. This period also saw the first international visitors, <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Faris" title="Muhammed Faris">Muhammed Faris</a> (Syria), <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Mohmand" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Ahad Mohmand">Abdul Ahad Mohmand</a> (Afghanistan) and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Loup_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean-Loup Chrétien">Jean-Loup Chrétien</a> (France). With the departure of <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-4" title="Mir EO-4">EO-4</a> on <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-7" title="Soyuz TM-7">Soyuz TM-7</a> on 27 April 1989 the station was again left unoccupied.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_start">Third start</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Third start">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></div> The launch of <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-8" title="Soyuz TM-8">Soyuz TM-8</a> on 5 September 1989 marked the beginning of the longest human presence in space, until 23 October 2010, when this record was surpassed by the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-Mirrecord-13">[13]</a> It also marked the beginning of Mir's second expansion. The <a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> modules were now ready for launch. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Viktorenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Viktorenko">Alexander Viktorenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Serebrov" title="Aleksandr Serebrov">Aleksandr Serebrov</a> docked with Mir and brought the station out of its five-month hibernation. On 29 September the cosmonauts installed equipment in the docking system in preparation for the arrival of Kvant-2, the first of the 20 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> add-on modules based on the <a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS spacecraft</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> programme.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica_mireo5-56">[56]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg/220px-Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg/330px-Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Mir_Kvant_1-Base_Block-Kvant_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Mir following the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a> in 1989</figcaption></figure> After a 40-day delay caused by faulty computer chips, Kvant-2 was launched on 26 November 1989. After problems deploying the craft's solar array and with the automated docking systems on both Kvant-2 and Mir, the new module was docked manually on 6 December. Kvant-2 added a second set of <a href="/wiki/Control_moment_gyroscope" title="Control moment gyroscope">control moment gyroscopes</a> (CMGs, or "gyrodynes") to Mir, and brought the new life support systems for recycling water and generating oxygen, reducing dependence on ground resupply. The module featured a large airlock with a one-metre hatch. A special backpack unit (known as Ikar), an equivalent of the US <a href="/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit" title="Manned Maneuvering Unit">Manned Maneuvering Unit</a>, was located inside Kvant-2's airlock.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica_mireo5-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-russianspaceweb.com_Kvant-2-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-9" title="Soyuz TM-9">Soyuz TM-9</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-6" title="Mir EO-6">EO-6</a> crew members <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Solovyev" title="Anatoly Solovyev">Anatoly Solovyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Nikolayevich_Balandin" title="Aleksandr Nikolayevich Balandin">Aleksandr Balandin</a> on 11 February 1990. While docking, the EO-5 crew noted that three thermal blankets on the ferry were loose, potentially creating problems on reentry, but it was decided that they would be manageable. Their stay on board Mir saw the addition of the Kristall module, launched 31 May 1990. The first docking attempt on 6 June was aborted due to an attitude control thruster failure. Kristall arrived at the front port on 10 June and was relocated to the lateral port opposite Kvant-2 the next day, restoring the equilibrium of the complex. Due to the delay in the docking of Kristall, EO-6 was extended by 10 days to permit the activation of the module's systems and to accommodate an EVA to repair the loose thermal blankets on Soyuz TM-9.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica_mireo6-58">[58]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Kristall contained furnaces for use in producing crystals under microgravity conditions (hence the choice of name for the module). The module was also equipped with biotechnology research equipment, including a small greenhouse for plant cultivation experiments which was equipped with a source of light and a feeding system, in addition to equipment for astronomical observations. The most obvious features of the module were the two <a href="/wiki/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System" title="Androgynous Peripheral Attach System">Androgynous Peripheral Attach System</a> (APAS-89) docking ports designed to be compatible with the Buran spacecraft. Although they were never used in a Buran docking, they were useful later during the Shuttle-Mir programme, providing a berthing location for US <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-russianspaceweb.com_Kristall-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-7" title="Mir EO-7">EO-7</a> relief crew arrived aboard <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-10" title="Soyuz TM-10">Soyuz TM-10</a> on 3 August 1990. The new crew arrived at Mir with <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quail</a> for Kvant-2's cages, one of which laid an egg en route to the station. It was returned to Earth, along with 130 kg of experiment results and industrial products, in Soyuz TM-9.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica_mireo6-58">[58]</a> Two more expeditions, <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-8" title="Mir EO-8">EO-8</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-9 (page does not exist)">EO-9</a>, continued the work of their predecessors whilst tensions grew back on Earth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Soviet_period">Post-Soviet period</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg/220px-Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg/330px-Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bb/Mir_from_Soyuz_TM-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>A view of Mir from <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-17" title="Soyuz TM-17">Soyuz TM-17</a> on 3 July 1993 showing ongoing docking operations at the station</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-10 (page does not exist)">EO-10</a> crew, launched aboard <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-13" title="Soyuz TM-13">Soyuz TM-13</a> on 2 October 1991, was the last crew to launch from the USSR and continued the occupation of Mir during <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">the fall of the Soviet Union</a>. The crew launched as Soviet citizens and returned to Earth on 25 March 1992 as Russians. The newly formed <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> (Roscosmos) was unable to finance the unlaunched <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a> modules, instead putting them into storage and ending Mir's second expansion.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica_mireo10-60">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica_Spektr-61">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica_Priroda-62">[62]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The first human mission flown from an independent <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> was <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-14" title="Soyuz TM-14">Soyuz TM-14</a>, launched on 17 March 1992, which carried the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-11 (page does not exist)">EO-11</a> crew to Mir, docking on 19 March before the departure of Soyuz TM-13. On 17 June, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> and US President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> announced what would later become the Shuttle-Mir programme, a cooperative venture which proved useful to the cash-strapped Roskosmos (and led to the eventual completion and launch of Spektr and Priroda). <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-12" title="Mir EO-12">EO-12</a> followed in July, alongside a brief visit by French astronaut <a href="/wiki/Michel_Tognini" title="Michel Tognini">Michel Tognini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The following crew, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-13 (page does not exist)">EO-13</a>, began preparations for the Shuttle-Mir programme by flying to the station in a modified spacecraft, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-16" title="Soyuz TM-16">Soyuz TM-16</a> (launched on 26 January 1993), which was equipped with an <a href="/wiki/APAS-89" class="mw-redirect" title="APAS-89">APAS-89</a> docking system rather than the usual probe-and-drogue, enabling it to dock to Kristall and test the port which would later be used by US Space Shuttles. The spacecraft also enabled controllers to obtain data on the dynamics of docking a spacecraft to a space station off the station's longitudinal axis, in addition to data on the structural integrity of this configuration via a test called Rezonans conducted on 28 January. <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-15" title="Soyuz TM-15">Soyuz TM-15</a>, meanwhile, departed with the EO-12 crew on 1 February.<a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Throughout the period following the collapse of the USSR, crews on Mir experienced occasional reminders of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_post-Soviet_Russia#Economic_depression_and_social_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="History of post-Soviet Russia">economic chaos</a> occurring in Russia. The initial cancellation of Spektr and Priroda was the first such sign, followed by the reduction in communications as a result of the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Tracking_ship" title="Tracking ship">tracking ships</a> being withdrawn from service by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. The new Ukrainian government also vastly raised the price of the <a href="/wiki/Kurs_(docking_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurs (docking system)">Kurs</a> docking systems, manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> – the Russians' attempts to reduce their dependence on Kurs would later lead to accidents during TORU tests in 1997. Various Progress spacecraft had parts of their cargoes missing, either because the consumable in question had been unavailable, or because the ground crews at Baikonur had looted them. The problems became particularly obvious during the launch of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-14 (page does not exist)">EO-14</a> crew aboard <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-17" title="Soyuz TM-17">Soyuz TM-17</a> in July; shortly before launch there was a black-out at the pad, and the power supply to the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Leninsk</a> failed an hour after launch.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Nevertheless, the spacecraft launched on time and arrived at the station two days later. All of Mir's ports were occupied, and so Soyuz TM-17 had to station-keep 200 metres away from the station for half an hour before docking while <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-18" title="Progress M-18">Progress M-18</a> vacated the core module's front port and departed.<a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The EO-13 crew departed on 22 July, and soon after Mir passed through the annual <a href="/wiki/Perseids" title="Perseids">Perseid</a> <a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">meteor shower</a>, during which the station was hit by several particles. A spacewalk was conducted on 28 September to inspect the station's hull, but no serious damage was reported. <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-18" title="Soyuz TM-18">Soyuz TM-18</a> arrived on 10 January 1994 carrying the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-15 (page does not exist)">EO-15</a> crew (including <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a>, who was to remain on Mir for 14 months), and <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-17" title="Soyuz TM-17">Soyuz TM-17</a> left on 14 January. The undocking was unusual in that the spacecraft was to pass along Kristall in order to obtain photographs of the APAS to assist in the training of space shuttle pilots. Due to an error in setting up the control system, the spacecraft struck the station a glancing blow during the manoeuvre, scratching the exterior of Kristall.<a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] On 3 February 1994, Mir veteran <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Krikalev" title="Sergei Krikalev">Sergei Krikalev</a> became the first Russian cosmonaut to launch on a US spacecraft, flying on <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The launch of <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-19" title="Soyuz TM-19">Soyuz TM-19</a>, carrying the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-16 (page does not exist)">EO-16</a> crew, was delayed due to the unavailability of a payload fairing for the booster that was to carry it, but the spacecraft eventually left Earth on 1 July 1994 and docked two days later. They stayed only four months to allow the Soyuz schedule to line up with the planned Space Shuttle manifest, and so Polyakov greeted a second resident crew in October, prior to the undocking of Soyuz TM-19, when the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-17 (page does not exist)">EO-17</a> crew arrived in <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-20" title="Soyuz TM-20">Soyuz TM-20</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shuttle–Mir">Shuttle–Mir</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Shuttle–Mir">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir Program</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Mir Docking Module</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg/220px-Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg/330px-Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg/440px-Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a> docked to Mir on <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a>.</figcaption></figure></div></div> On 3 February 1995, the launch of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a>, flying <a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a>, opened operations on Mir. Referred to as the "near-Mir" mission, the mission saw the first rendezvous of a Space Shuttle with Mir as the orbiter approached within 37 feet (11 m) of the station as a dress rehearsal for later docking missions and for equipment testing.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Five weeks after Discovery's departure, the <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-18" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-18">EO-18</a> crew, including the first US cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a>, arrived in <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a>. The EO-17 crew left a few days later, with Polyakov completing his record-breaking 437-day spaceflight. During EO-18, the <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> science module (which served as living and working space for American astronauts) was launched aboard a <a href="/wiki/Proton_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton rocket">Proton rocket</a> and docked to the station, carrying research equipment from America and other nations. The expedition's crew returned to Earth aboard <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a> following the first Shuttle–Mir docking mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Atlantis, launched on 27 June 1995, successfully docked with Mir on 29 June becoming the first US spacecraft to dock with a Russian spacecraft since the <a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz Test Project">ASTP</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The orbiter delivered the <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-19" title="Mir EO-19">EO-19</a> crew and returned the EO-18 crew to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-20">EO-20</a> crew were launched on 3 September, followed in November by the arrival of the docking module during <a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a>.<a href="#cite_note-STS-74-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> On 21 February 1996, the two-man <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-21" title="Mir EO-21">EO-21</a> crew was launched aboard <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-23" title="Soyuz TM-23">Soyuz TM-23</a>, and they were soon joined by US crew member <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a>, who was brought to the station by Atlantis during <a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a>. During this mission, the first joint US spacewalk on Mir took place, deploying the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Environmental_Effects_Payload" title="Mir Environmental Effects Payload">Mir Environmental Effects Payload</a> package for the docking module.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Lucid became the first American to carry out a long-duration mission aboard Mir with her 188-day mission, which set the US single spaceflight record. During Lucid's time aboard Mir, <a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a>, the station's final module, arrived as did French visitor <a href="/wiki/Claudie_Haigner%C3%A9" title="Claudie Haigneré">Claudie Haigneré</a> flying the Cassiopée mission. The flight aboard <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-24" title="Soyuz TM-24">Soyuz TM-24</a> also delivered the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-22 (page does not exist)">EO-22</a> crew of <a href="/wiki/Valery_Korzun" title="Valery Korzun">Valery Korzun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kaleri" title="Aleksandr Kaleri">Aleksandr Kaleri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On 16 September 1996, with the launch of Atlantis and the <a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a> flight, Lucid's stay aboard Mir ended. During this fourth docking, <a href="/wiki/John_Blaha" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blaha">John Blaha</a> transferred onto Mir to take his place as resident US astronaut. His stay on the station improved operations in a number of areas, including transfer procedures for a docked space shuttle, "hand-over" procedures for long-duration American crew members, and "ham" <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> communications, as well as two spacewalks to reconfigure the station's power grid. Blaha spent four months with the EO-22 crew before returning to Earth aboard Atlantis on <a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a> in January 1997, at which point he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Linenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-STS-81-75">[75]</a> During his flight, Linenger became the first American to conduct a spacewalk from a foreign space station and the first to test the Russian-built <a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit" title="Orlan space suit">Orlan-M</a> spacesuit alongside Russian cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Tsibliyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Tsibliyev">Vasili Tsibliyev</a>, flying <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-23" title="Mir EO-23">EO-23</a>. All three crew members of EO-23 performed a "fly-around" in <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-25" title="Soyuz TM-25">Soyuz TM-25</a> spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Linenger and his Russian crewmates Vasili Tsibliyev and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lazutkin" title="Aleksandr Lazutkin">Aleksandr Lazutkin</a> faced several difficulties during the mission, including the most severe fire aboard an orbiting spacecraft (caused by a malfunctioning <a href="/wiki/Vika_oxygen_generator" title="Vika oxygen generator">Vika</a>), failures of various systems, a near collision with <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-33" title="Progress M-33">Progress M-33</a> during a long-distance TORU test and a total loss of station electrical power. The power failure also caused a loss of <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a>, which led to an uncontrolled "tumble" through space.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-64">[64]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg/220px-Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg/330px-Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg/440px-Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4597" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Damaged solar arrays on the Mir <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> module following a collision with <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-34" title="Progress M-34">Progress M-34</a> in September 1997.</figcaption></figure></div></div> Linenger was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/English-American" class="mw-redirect" title="English-American">Anglo-American</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Michael Foale</a>, carried up by Atlantis on <a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a>, alongside Russian mission specialist <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kondakova" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Kondakova">Elena Kondakova</a>. Foale's increment proceeded fairly normally until 25 June when during the second test of the Progress manual docking system, <a href="/wiki/TORU" title="TORU">TORU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-34" title="Progress M-34">Progress M-34</a> collided with solar arrays on the <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> module and crashed into the module's outer shell, puncturing the module and causing depressurisation on the station. Only quick actions on the part of the crew, cutting cables leading to the module and closing Spektr's hatch, prevented the crews having to abandon the station in <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-25" title="Soyuz TM-25">Soyuz TM-25</a>. Their efforts stabilised the station's air pressure, whilst the pressure in Spektr, containing many of Foale's experiments and personal effects, dropped to a vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-64">[64]</a> In an effort to restore some of the power and systems lost following the isolation of Spektr and to attempt to locate the leak, <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-24" title="Mir EO-24">EO-24</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Solovyev" title="Anatoly Solovyev">Anatoly Solovyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Vinogradov" title="Pavel Vinogradov">Pavel Vinogradov</a> carried out a risky salvage operation later in the flight, entering the empty module during a so-called "intra-vehicular activity" or "IVA" spacewalk and inspecting the condition of hardware and running cables through a special hatch from Spektr's systems to the rest of the station. Following these first investigations, Foale and Solovyev conducted a 6-hour EVA outside Spektr to inspect the damage.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> After these incidents, the US Congress and NASA considered whether to abandon the programme out of concern for the astronauts' safety, but NASA administrator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a> decided to continue.<a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The next flight to Mir, <a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a>, carried <a href="/wiki/David_Wolf_(astronaut)" title="David Wolf (astronaut)">David Wolf</a> aboard Atlantis. During the orbiter's stay, Titov and Parazynski conducted a spacewalk to affix a cap to the docking module for a future attempt by crew members to seal the leak in Spektr's hull.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Wolf spent 119 days aboard Mir with the EO-24 crew and was replaced during <a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a> with <a href="/wiki/Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Andy Thomas</a>, who carried out the last US expedition on Mir.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-25 (page does not exist)">EO-25</a> crew arrived in <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-27" title="Soyuz TM-27">Soyuz TM-27</a> in January 1998 before Thomas returned to Earth on the final Shuttle–Mir mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_days_and_deorbit">Final days and deorbit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Final days and deorbit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deorbit_of_Mir" title="Deorbit of Mir">Deorbit of Mir</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_reentry_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Mir_reentry_photo.jpg/170px-Mir_reentry_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Mir_reentry_photo.jpg/255px-Mir_reentry_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/22/Mir_reentry_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Mir breaks up in Earth's atmosphere over the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Ocean">South Pacific</a> on 23 March 2001.</figcaption></figure> Following the 8 June 1998 departure of Discovery, the EO-25 crew of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Budarin" title="Nikolai Budarin">Budarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talgat_Musabayev" title="Talgat Musabayev">Musabayev</a> remained on Mir, completing materials experiments and compiling a station inventory. On 2 July, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Roskosmos</a> director Yuri Koptev announced that, due to a lack of funding to keep Mir active, the station would be deorbited in June 1999.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-26 (page does not exist)">EO-26</a> crew of <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Padalka" title="Gennady Padalka">Gennady Padalka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Avdeyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Avdeyev">Sergei Avdeyev</a> arrived on 15 August in <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-28" title="Soyuz TM-28">Soyuz TM-28</a>, alongside physicist <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Baturin" title="Yuri Baturin">Yuri Baturin</a>, who departed with the EO-25 crew on 25 August in <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-27" title="Soyuz TM-27">Soyuz TM-27</a>. The crew carried out two spacewalks, one inside Spektr to reseat some power cables and another outside to set up experiments delivered by <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-40" title="Progress M-40">Progress M-40</a>, which also carried a large amount of propellant to begin alterations to Mir's orbit in preparation for the station's decommissioning. 20 November 1998 saw the launch of <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a>, the first module of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a>, but delays to the new station's service module <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)">Zvezda</a> had led to calls for Mir to be kept in orbit past 1999. Roscosmos confirmed that it would not fund Mir past the set deorbit date.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> The crew of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-27 (page does not exist)">EO-27</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Mikhailovich_Afanasyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Mikhailovich Afanasyev">Viktor Afanasyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Haigner%C3%A9" title="Jean-Pierre Haigneré">Jean-Pierre Haigneré</a>, arrived in <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-29" title="Soyuz TM-29">Soyuz TM-29</a> on 22 February 1999 alongside <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bella" title="Ivan Bella">Ivan Bella</a>, who returned to Earth with Padalka in Soyuz TM-28. The crew carried out three EVAs to retrieve experiments and deploy a prototype communications antenna on Sofora. On 1 June it was announced that the deorbit of the station would be delayed by six months to allow time to seek alternative funding to keep the station operating. The rest of the expedition was spent preparing the station for its deorbit; a special analog computer was installed and each of the modules, starting with the docking module, was mothballed in turn and sealed off. The crew loaded their results into Soyuz TM-29 and departed Mir on 28 August 1999, ending a run of continuous occupation, which had lasted for eight days short of ten years.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> The station's <a href="/wiki/Control_moment_gyroscope" title="Control moment gyroscope">control moment gyroscopes</a> (CMGs, or "gyrodynes") and main computer were shut down on 7 September, leaving <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-42" title="Progress M-42">Progress M-42</a> to control Mir and refine the station's orbital decay rate.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Near the end of its life, there were plans for private interests to purchase Mir, possibly for use as the first orbital <a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">television</a>/<a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">movie studio</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The privately funded <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-30" title="Soyuz TM-30">Soyuz TM-30</a> mission by MirCorp, that was launched on 4 April 2000, carried two crew members, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Zalyotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Zalyotin">Sergei Zalyotin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kaleri" title="Aleksandr Kaleri">Aleksandr Kaleri</a>, to the station for two months to do repair work with the hope of proving that the station could be made safe. This was to be the last crewed mission to Mir—while Russia was optimistic about Mir's future, its commitments to the ISS project left no funding to support the aging station.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-81">[81]</a> Mir's deorbit was carried out in three stages. The first stage involved waiting for <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">atmospheric drag</a> to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">reduce the station's orbit</a> to an average of 220 kilometres (140 mi). This began with the docking of <a href="/wiki/Progress_M1-5" title="Progress M1-5">Progress M1-5</a>, a modified version of the <a href="/wiki/Progress-M" title="Progress-M">Progress-M</a> carrying 2.5 times more fuel in place of supplies. The second stage was the transfer of the station into a 165 × 220 km (103 × 137 mi) orbit. This was achieved with two burns of Progress M1-5's control engines at 00:32 UTC and 02:01 UTC on 23 March 2001. After a two-orbit pause, the third and final stage of the deorbit began with the burn of Progress M1-5's control engines and main engine at 05:08 UTC, lasting 22+ minutes. <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric reentry">Atmospheric reentry</a> (arbitrarily defined beginning at 100 km/60 mi AMSL) occurred at 05:44 UTC near <a href="/wiki/Nadi" title="Nadi">Nadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>. Major destruction of the station began around 05:52 UTC and most of the unburned fragments fell into the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Ocean">South Pacific Ocean</a> around 06:00 UTC.<a href="#cite_note-Reentry_News-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reentry_Page-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visiting_spacecraft">Visiting spacecraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Visiting spacecraft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz (spacecraft)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress (spacecraft)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of human spaceflights to Mir">List of human spaceflights to Mir</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir">List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_acoplada_MIR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Soyuz_acoplada_MIR.jpg/220px-Soyuz_acoplada_MIR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Soyuz_acoplada_MIR.jpg/330px-Soyuz_acoplada_MIR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Soyuz_acoplada_MIR.jpg/440px-Soyuz_acoplada_MIR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-24" title="Soyuz TM-24">Soyuz TM-24</a> docked with Mir as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></figcaption></figure> Mir was primarily supported by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress spacecraft</a> and had two ports available for docking them. Initially, the fore and aft ports of the core module could be used for dockings, but following the permanent berthing of Kvant-1 to the aft port in 1987, the rear port of the new module took on this role from the core module's aft port. Each port was equipped with the plumbing required for Progress cargo ferries to replace the station's fluids and also the guidance systems needed to guide the spacecraft for docking. Two such systems were used on Mir; the rear ports of both the core module and Kvant-1 were equipped with both the <a href="/wiki/Igla_(spacecraft_docking_system)" title="Igla (spacecraft docking system)">Igla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurs_(docking_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurs (docking system)">Kurs</a> systems, whilst the core module's forward port featured only the newer Kurs.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> Soyuz spacecraft provided personnel access to and from the station allowing for crew rotations and cargo return, and also functioned as a lifeboat for the station, allowing for a relatively quick return to Earth in the event of an emergency.<a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Shuttle-Mir-Soyuz-84">[84]</a> Two models of Soyuz flew to Mir; <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-15" title="Soyuz T-15">Soyuz T-15</a> was the only Igla-equipped <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-T" title="Soyuz-T">Soyuz-T</a> to visit the station, whilst all other flights used the newer, Kurs-equipped <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TM" title="Soyuz-TM">Soyuz-TM</a>. A total of 31 (30 crewed, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-1" title="Soyuz TM-1">1 uncrewed</a>) Soyuz spacecraft flew to the station over a fourteen-year period.<a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The uncrewed Progress cargo vehicles were only used to resupply the station, carrying a variety of cargoes including water, fuel, food and experimental equipment. The spacecraft were not equipped with reentry shielding and so, unlike their Soyuz counterparts, were incapable of surviving reentry.<a href="#cite_note-Shuttle-Mir-Progress-85">[85]</a> As a result, when its cargo had been unloaded, each Progress was refilled with rubbish, spent equipment and other waste which was destroyed, along with the Progress itself, on reentry.<a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In order to facilitate cargo return, ten Progress flights carried <a href="/wiki/VBK-Raduga" title="VBK-Raduga">Raduga</a> capsules, which could return around 150 kg of experimental results to Earth automatically.<a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a> Mir was visited by three separate models of Progress; the original <a href="/wiki/Progress_7K-TG" title="Progress 7K-TG">7K-TG</a> variant equipped with Igla (18 flights), the <a href="/wiki/Progress-M" title="Progress-M">Progress-M</a> model equipped with Kurs (43 flights), and the modified <a href="/wiki/Progress-M1" title="Progress-M1">Progress-M1</a> version (3 flights), which together flew a total of 64 resupply missions.<a href="#cite_note-SoyuzUS-51">[51]</a> Whilst the Progress spacecraft usually docked automatically without incident, the station was equipped with a remote manual docking system, <a href="/wiki/TORU" title="TORU">TORU</a>, in case problems were encountered during the automatic approaches. With TORU, cosmonauts could guide the spacecraft safely in to dock (with the exception of the catastrophic docking of <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-34" title="Progress M-34">Progress M-34</a>, when the long-range use of the system resulted in the spacecraft striking the station, damaging Spektr and causing <a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">decompression</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a>: 265  In addition to the routine Soyuz and Progress flights, it was anticipated that Mir would also be the destination for flights by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran space shuttle</a>, which was intended to deliver extra modules (based on the same "37K" <a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">bus</a> as Kvant-1) and provide a much improved cargo return service to the station. <a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> carried two <a href="/wiki/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System" title="Androgynous Peripheral Attach System">Androgynous Peripheral Attach System</a> (APAS-89) docking ports designed to be compatible with the shuttle. One port was to be used for Buran; the other for the planned Pulsar X-2 telescope, also to be delivered by Buran.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-russianspaceweb.com_Kristall-59">[59]</a> The cancellation of the Buran programme meant these capabilities were not realised until the 1990s when the ports were used instead by US <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttles</a> as part of the Shuttle-Mir programme (after testing by the specially modified <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-16" title="Soyuz TM-16">Soyuz TM-16</a> in 1993). Initially, visiting <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiters</a> docked directly to Kristall, but this required the relocation of the module to ensure sufficient distance between the shuttle and Mir's solar arrays.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> To eliminate the need to move the module and retract solar arrays for clearance issues, a <a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Mir Docking Module</a> was later added to the end of Kristall.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Astronautica_mirodule-86">[86]</a> The shuttles provided crew rotation of the American astronauts on station and carried cargo to and from the station, performing some of the largest transfers of cargo of the time. With a space shuttle docked to Mir, the temporary enlargements of living and working areas amounted to a complex that was the largest <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> in history at that time, with a combined mass of 250 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (280 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_control_centre">Mission control centre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mission control centre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RKA_Mission_Control_Center" title="RKA Mission Control Center">RKA Mission Control Center</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Mission_Control_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Russian_Mission_Control_Center.jpg/220px-Russian_Mission_Control_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Russian_Mission_Control_Center.jpg/330px-Russian_Mission_Control_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Russian_Mission_Control_Center.jpg/440px-Russian_Mission_Control_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RKA_Mission_Control_Center" title="RKA Mission Control Center">RKA Mission Control Center</a> (2007)</figcaption></figure> Mir and its resupply missions were controlled from the Russian <a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">mission control centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Центр управления полётами) in <a href="/wiki/Korolyov_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korolyov (city)">Korolyov</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/RKK_Energia" class="mw-redirect" title="RKK Energia">RKK Energia</a> plant. Referred to by its acronym ЦУП ("TsUP"), or simply as 'Moscow', the facility could process data from up to ten spacecraft in three separate control rooms, although each control room was dedicated to a single programme; one to Mir; one to Soyuz; and one to the Soviet space shuttle Buran (which was later converted for use with the ISS).<a href="#cite_note-TsUP-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-MCC-M-88">[88]</a> The facility is now used to control the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a> of the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-TsUP-87">[87]</a> The flight control team were assigned roles similar to the system used by NASA at their mission control centre in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, including:<a href="#cite_note-MCC-M-88">[88]</a> <ul><li>The Flight Director, who provided policy guidance and communicated with the mission management team;</li> <li>The Flight Shift Director, who was responsible for real-time decisions within a set of flight rules;</li> <li>The Mission Deputy Shift Manager (MDSM) for the MCC was responsible for the control room's consoles, computers and peripherals;</li> <li>The MDSM for Ground Control was responsible for communications;</li> <li>The MDSM for Crew Training was similar to NASA's 'capcom,' or capsule communicator; usually someone who had served as the Mir crew's lead trainer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unused_equipment">Unused equipment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Unused equipment">edit</a>]</div> Three command and control modules were constructed for the Mir program. One was used in space; one remained in a Moscow warehouse as a source of repair parts if needed,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and the third was sold to an educational and entertainment complex in the US in 1997. <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Bartlett_Exploratory" title="Tommy Bartlett Exploratory">Tommy Bartlett Exploratory</a> purchased the unit and had it shipped to <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Dells,_Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin">Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin</a>, where it became the centrepiece of the complex's Space Exploration wing.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_aspects">Safety aspects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Safety aspects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ageing_systems_and_atmosphere">Ageing systems and atmosphere</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ageing systems and atmosphere">edit</a>]</div> In the later years of the programme, particularly during the Shuttle-Mir programme, Mir suffered from various systems failures. It had been designed for five years of use, but eventually flew for fifteen, and in the 1990s was showing its age, with frequent computer crashes, loss of power, uncontrolled tumbles through space and leaking pipes. <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Linenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a> in his book about his time on the facility says that the cooling system had developed tiny leaks too small and numerous to be repaired, that permitted the constant release of <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a>. He says that it was especially noticeable after he had made a spacewalk and become used to the bottled air in his spacesuit. When he returned to the station and again began breathing the air inside Mir, he was shocked by the intensity of the smell and worried about the possible negative health effects of breathing such contaminated air.<a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Various breakdowns of the Elektron oxygen-generating system were a concern; they led crews to become increasingly reliant on the backup <a href="/wiki/Vika_oxygen_generator" title="Vika oxygen generator">Vika</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_generator" title="Chemical oxygen generator">solid-fuel oxygen generator</a> (SFOG) systems, which led to a fire during the handover between EO-22 and EO-23.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] (see also <a href="/wiki/ISS_ECLSS#Vika" title="ISS ECLSS">ISS ECLSS</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accidents">Accidents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Accidents">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_after_Fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mir_after_Fire.jpg/220px-Mir_after_Fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mir_after_Fire.jpg/330px-Mir_after_Fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mir_after_Fire.jpg/440px-Mir_after_Fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>A charred panel in <a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> following the Vika fire</figcaption></figure> Several accidents occurred which threatened the station's safety, such as the glancing collision between <a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-17" title="Soyuz TM-17">Soyuz TM-17</a> during proximity operations in January 1994. The three most alarming incidents occurred during <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-23" title="Mir EO-23">EO-23</a>. The first was on 23 February 1997 during the handover period from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-22 (page does not exist)">EO-22</a> to EO-23, when a malfunction occurred in the backup <a href="/wiki/Vika_oxygen_generator" title="Vika oxygen generator">Vika</a> system, a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_generator" title="Chemical oxygen generator">chemical oxygen generator</a> later known as solid-fuel oxygen generator (SFOG). The Vika malfunction led to a fire which burned for around 90 seconds (according to official sources at the TsUP; astronaut <a href="/wiki/Jerry_M._Linenger" title="Jerry M. Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a> insists the fire burned for around 14 minutes), and produced large amounts of toxic smoke that filled the station for around 45 minutes. This forced the crew to don respirators, but some of the respirator masks initially worn were broken. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguishers</a> mounted on the walls of the newer modules were immovable.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG/220px-Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG/330px-Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG/440px-Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4127" data-file-height="4169" /></a><figcaption>Picture of the damage caused by the collision with <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-34" title="Progress M-34">Progress M-34</a>. Picture was taken by <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Space Shuttle Atlantis</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS_86" class="mw-redirect" title="STS 86">STS 86</a></figcaption></figure> The other two accidents concerned testing of the station's <a href="/wiki/TORU" title="TORU">TORU</a> manual docking system to manually dock <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-33" title="Progress M-33">Progress M-33</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-34" title="Progress M-34">Progress M-34</a>. The tests were to gauge the performance of long-distance docking and the feasibility of removal of the expensive <a href="/wiki/Kurs_(docking_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurs (docking system)">Kurs</a> automatic docking system from Progress spacecraft. Due to malfunctioning equipment, both tests failed, with Progress M-33 narrowly missing the station and Progress M-34 striking <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> and puncturing the module, causing the station to depressurise and leading to Spektr being permanently sealed off. This in turn led to a power crisis aboard Mir as the module's solar arrays produced a large proportion of the station's electrical supply, causing the station to power down and begin to drift, requiring weeks of work to rectify before work could continue as normal.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radiation_and_orbital_debris">Radiation and orbital debris</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Radiation and orbital debris">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Debris_Low_Earth_Orbit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Space_Debris_Low_Earth_Orbit.png/220px-Space_Debris_Low_Earth_Orbit.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Space_Debris_Low_Earth_Orbit.png/330px-Space_Debris_Low_Earth_Orbit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Space_Debris_Low_Earth_Orbit.png/440px-Space_Debris_Low_Earth_Orbit.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a> in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a></figcaption></figure> Without the protection of the Earth's atmosphere, cosmonauts were exposed to higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> from a steady flux of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> and trapped protons from the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Anomaly" title="South Atlantic Anomaly">South Atlantic Anomaly</a>. The station's crews were exposed to an <a href="/wiki/Absorbed_dose" title="Absorbed dose">absorbed dose</a> of about 5.2 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">cGy</a> over the course of the <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-18" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-18">Mir EO-18</a> expedition, producing an <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_dose" title="Equivalent dose">equivalent dose</a> of 14.75 <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">cSv</a>, or 1133 μSv per day.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> This daily dose is approximately that received from natural <a href="/wiki/Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">background radiation</a> on Earth in two years.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The radiation environment of the station was not uniform; closer proximity to the station's hull led to an increased radiation dose, and the strength of radiation shielding varied between modules; Kvant-2's being better than the core module, for instance.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The increased radiation levels pose a higher risk of crews developing cancer, and can cause damage to the <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocytes</a>. These cells are central to the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and so any damage to them could contribute to the lowered <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> experienced by cosmonauts. Over time, in theory, lowered immunity results in the spread of infection between crew members, especially in such confined areas. To avoid this only healthy people were permitted aboard. Radiation has also been linked to a higher incidence of <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataracts</a> in cosmonauts. Protective shielding and protective drugs may lower the risks to an acceptable level, but data is scarce and longer-term exposure will result in greater risks.<a href="#cite_note-JCB-42">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] At the low altitudes at which Mir orbited there is a variety of <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>, consisting of everything from entire spent <a href="/wiki/Rocket_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket stage">rocket stages</a> and defunct <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>, to explosion fragments, paint flakes, slag from solid rocket motors,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> coolant released by <a href="/wiki/RORSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="RORSAT">RORSAT</a> nuclear powered satellites,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Project_West_Ford" title="Project West Ford">small needles</a>, and many other objects. These objects, in addition to natural <a href="/wiki/Micrometeoroid" title="Micrometeoroid">micrometeoroids</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> posed a threat to the station as they could puncture pressurised modules and cause damage to other parts of the station, such as the solar arrays.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Micrometeoroids also posed a risk to <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">spacewalking</a> cosmonauts, as such objects could <a href="/wiki/Space_exposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Space exposure">puncture their spacesuits</a>, causing them to depressurise.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Meteor showers in particular posed a risk, and, during such storms, the crews slept in their Soyuz ferries to facilitate an emergency evacuation should Mir be damaged.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-17">[17]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, a defunct predecessor space station</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Present" title="Out of the Present">Out of the Present</a>, 1995 documentary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_Apollo" title="Orphans of Apollo">Orphans of Apollo</a>, a 2008 documentary film which describes how a band of entrepreneurs tried to privatize the space station Mir and the resulting story of MirCorp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/m/mircomplex.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mir+complex&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.au=Mark+Wade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fm%2Fmircomplex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-SSA-16"><a href="#cite_ref-SSA_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_W._PowellLee_Brandon-Cremer2011" class="citation book cs1">Joel W. 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Retrieved 23 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle+Almanac&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9696313-0-9&rft.au=Joel+W.+Powell&rft.au=Lee+Brandon-Cremer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceshuttlealmanac.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSSM-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_17-59">bh</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarland2004" class="citation book cs1">Harland, David (30 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofspacestat0000harl">The Story of Space Station Mir</a>. 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Henry (Joseph) Press. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08548-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08548-9"><bdi>978-0-309-08548-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805233521/https://books.google.com/books?id=0e2vl0sev2IC&pg=PA297">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. 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Howstuffworks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081212014934/http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-station2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Space+Stations+Work&rft.pub=Howstuffworks&rft.date=2000-11-20&rft.au=Craig+Freudenrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.howstuffworks.com%2Fspace-station2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineGoss" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Goss, Heather. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/why-living-space-can-be-pain-head-180951507/">"Why Living in Space Can be a Pain in the Head"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soyuz+TM-3&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.au=Mark+Wade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fflights%2Fsoyuztm3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newarab.com/news/astronaut-refugee-syrias-muhammed-faris-dead-72">"From astronaut to refugee: Syria's Muhammed Faris dies aged 72"</a>. 21 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+astronaut+to+refugee%3A+Syria%27s+Muhammed+Faris+dies+aged+72&rft.date=2024-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fnews%2Fastronaut-refugee-syrias-muhammed-faris-dead-72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA-TM5-28"><a href="#cite_ref-EA-TM5_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Wade" class="citation web cs1">Mark Wade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108025612/http://astronautix.com/flights/mirep2.htm">"Mir EP-2"</a>. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/flights/mirep2.htm">the original</a> on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mir+EP-2&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.au=Mark+Wade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fflights%2Fmirep2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Caleb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacelaunchnow.me/astronaut/aleksandr-panayotov-aleksandrov/">"Space Launch Now – Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov"</a>. Space Launch Now. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space+Launch+Now&rft.atitle=Space+Launch+Now+%E2%80%93+Aleksandr+Panayotov+Aleksandrov&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacelaunchnow.me%2Fastronaut%2Faleksandr-panayotov-aleksandrov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA-TM6-30"><a href="#cite_ref-EA-TM6_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Wade" class="citation web cs1">Mark Wade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129160600/http://astronautix.com/flights/mirep3.htm">"Mir EP-3"</a>. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/flights/mirep3.htm">the original</a> on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mir+EP-3&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.au=Mark+Wade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fflights%2Fmirep3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26648270">"Afghanistan's first spaceman returns home"</a>. BBC News. 23 March 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%27s+first+spaceman+returns+home&rft.date=2014-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-26648270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESApatches-32"><a href="#cite_ref-ESApatches_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/posterpatch.pdf">"European Manned Spaceflight Patches"</a> (PDF). ESA. 29 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118010139/http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/posterpatch.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Manned+Spaceflight+Patches&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesamultimedia.esa.int%2Fdocs%2Fcorporate%2Fposterpatch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gao-33"><a href="#cite_ref-gao_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonna_Heivilin1994" class="citation web cs1">Donna Heivilin (21 June 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat3/151975.pdf">"Space Station: Impact of the Expanded Russian Role on Funding and Research"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a>. pp. 1–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721083656/http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat3/151975.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Station%3A+Impact+of+the+Expanded+Russian+Role+on+Funding+and+Research&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Government+Accountability+Office&rft.date=1994-06-21&rft.au=Donna+Heivilin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gao.gov%2Ft2pbat3%2F151975.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMB-34"><a href="#cite_ref-SMB_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Dismukes2004" class="citation web cs1">Kim Dismukes (4 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113151/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/history/h-b-start.htm">"Shuttle–Mir History/Background/How "Phase 1" Started"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/history/h-b-start.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir+History%2FBackground%2FHow+%22Phase+1%22+Started&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2004-04-04&rft.au=Kim+Dismukes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fshuttle-mir%2Fhistory%2Fh-b-start.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronauts/canadian/former/bio-chris-hadfield.asp">"Biography of Chris Hadfield"</a>. Canadian Space Agency. Government of Canada. 22 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609153228/https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronauts/canadian/former/bio-chris-hadfield.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020. <q>In November 1995 Hadfield served as Mission Specialist 1 on STS-74, NASA's second space shuttle mission to rendezvous and dock with the Russian Space Station Mir... the only Canadian to ever board Mir.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Space+Agency&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Chris+Hadfield&rft.date=2014-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asc-csa.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fastronauts%2Fcanadian%2Fformer%2Fbio-chris-hadfield.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/353467.stm">"No Mir flight for British businessman"</a>. BBC News. 27 May 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070816054737/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/353467.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+Mir+flight+for+British+businessman&rft.date=1999-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F353467.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wired-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Wired_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolly_Sprenger1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Polly Sprenger (26 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1999/05/19895">"UK Businessman Booted Off Mir"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323004543/https://www.wired.com/1999/05/uk-businessman-booted-off-mir/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=UK+Businessman+Booted+Off+Mir&rft.date=1999-05-26&rft.au=Polly+Sprenger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.wired.com%2Fscience%2Fdiscoveries%2Fnews%2F1999%2F05%2F19895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Guterl1998" class="citation web cs1">Fred Guterl (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jan/theyearinscience1326">"One Thing After Another"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110113193128/http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jan/theyearinscience1326">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=One+Thing+After+Another&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.au=Fred+Guterl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F1998%2Fjan%2Ftheyearinscience1326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Mir_to_Mars-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-From_Mir_to_Mars_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-From_Mir_to_Mars_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/safarchive/5_cool/5_mir/mir1.html">"From Mir to Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151702/http://www.pbs.org/safarchive/5_cool/5_mir/mir1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Mir+to+Mars&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fsafarchive%2F5_cool%2F5_mir%2Fmir1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurrens2006" class="citation web cs1">Jurrens, Gerry (3 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230122251/http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/astrohams.html">"Astronaut (and Former Astronaut) Hams"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/astrohams.html">the original</a> on 30 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronaut+%28and+Former+Astronaut%29+Hams&rft.date=2006-12-03&rft.aulast=Jurrens&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.tellurian.com%2Fgjurrens%2Fastrohams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OffPlanet-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OffPlanet_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OffPlanet_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OffPlanet_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OffPlanet_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OffPlanet_41-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinenger2001" class="citation book cs1">Linenger, Jerry (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/offplanetsurvivi00line">Off the Planet: Surviving Five Perilous Months Aboard the Space Station Mir</a>. New York, US: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-137230-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-137230-5"><bdi>978-0-07-137230-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Off+the+Planet%3A+Surviving+Five+Perilous+Months+Aboard+the+Space+Station+Mir&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-07-137230-5&rft.aulast=Linenger&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foffplanetsurvivi00line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-JCB-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JCB_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCB_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Buckey2006" class="citation book cs1">Jay Buckey (23 February 2006). Space Physiology. Oxford University Press USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513725-5"><bdi>978-0-19-513725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Physiology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2006-02-23&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513725-5&rft.au=Jay+Buckey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmiko_Kauderer2009" class="citation web cs1">Amiko Kauderer (19 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/colbert_feature.html">"Do Tread on Me"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821165909/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/colbert_feature.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Tread+on+Me&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft.au=Amiko+Kauderer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fbehindscenes%2Fcolbert_feature.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-date-44"><a href="#cite_ref-date_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2007" class="citation web cs1">Bell, Trudy E. (11 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170514233537/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2007/11may_locad3">"Preventing "Sick" Spaceships – Science Mission Directorate"</a>. science.nasa.gov. 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Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/flights/mireo5.htm">the original</a> on 9 April 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mir+EO-5&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.au=Mark+Wade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fflights%2Fmireo5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-russianspaceweb.com_Kvant-2-57"><a href="#cite_ref-russianspaceweb.com_Kvant-2_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnatoly_Zak" class="citation web cs1">Anatoly Zak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070424232442/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/mir_kvant-2.html">"Spacecraft: Manned: Mir: Kvant-2 Module"</a>. RussianSpaceWeb.com. 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Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/flights/mireo6.htm">the original</a> on 11 April 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mir+EO-6&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.au=Mark+Wade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fflights%2Fmireo6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-russianspaceweb.com_Kristall-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russianspaceweb.com_Kristall_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianspaceweb.com_Kristall_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnatoly_Zak2010" class="citation web cs1">Anatoly Zak (25 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002915/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/mir_kristall.html">"Spacecraft: Manned: Mir: Kristall Module"</a>. RussianSpaceWeb.com. 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Retrieved 7 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effect+of+Micrometeoroid+and+Space+Debris+Impacts+on+the+Space+Station+Freedom+Solar+Array+Surfaces&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1989-04-24%2F1989-04-29&rft.au=Henry+Nahra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19890016664_1989016664.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_David2002" class="citation news cs1">Leonard David (7 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523163656/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/junk_iss_020107.html">"Space Junk and ISS: A Threatening Problem"</a>. Space.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/junk_iss_020107.html">the original</a> on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Space+Junk+and+ISS%3A+A+Threatening+Problem&rft.date=2002-01-07&rft.au=Leonard+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fmissionlaunches%2Fjunk_iss_020107.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mir_Mission_Chronicle" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Mir Mission Chronicle">Mir Mission Chronicle</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/imagery/videos/mirdeorbit.mpg">NASA animation of Mir's deorbit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/StationsMir/Mir.php">Mir Diary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116050546/http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/StationsMir/Mir.php">Archived</a> 16 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601223325/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/mir.html">Diagrams, pictures and background info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamesoberg.com/05181998mirmisinfo_mir.html">Information on problems aboard Mir</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041117163319/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/references/documents/phase1-joint-report.pdf">Shuttle-Mir: Phase 1 Program Joint Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/mir/mir.htm">Mir Space Station (NASA)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/history/35-years-ago-launch-of-mir-space-stations-first-module/">"35 Years Ago: Launch of Mir Space Station's First Module"</a>. NASA. 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=35+Years+Ago%3A+Launch+of+Mir+Space+Station%27s+First+Module&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2F35-years-ago-launch-of-mir-space-stations-first-module%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMir" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Mir 1986–2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">ROS</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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programs">programs</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Shenzhou (spacecraft)">Shenzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)" title="Vostok (spacecraft)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(spacecraft)" title="Voskhod (spacecraft)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and service module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShip_III" title="SpaceShip III">SpaceShip III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1985Orbital_launches_in_19861987_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1986" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1986"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1986" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1986"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1986" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1986"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1985Orbital_launches_in_19861987_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1985_in_spaceflight" title="1985 in spaceflight">← 1985</a></div><a href="/wiki/1986_in_spaceflight" title="1986 in spaceflight">Orbital launches in 1986</a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1987_in_spaceflight" title="1987 in spaceflight">1987 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiyong_Tongbu_Tongxin_Weixing_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiyong Tongbu Tongxin Weixing 1 (page does not exist)">Shiyong Tongbu Tongxin Weixing 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1729" title="Kosmos 1729">Kosmos 1729</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1730&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1730 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1730</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1731&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1731 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1731</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-15 (page does not exist)">USA-15</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-16 (page does not exist)">USA-16</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA-17" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-17">USA-17</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-18 (page does not exist)">USA-18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1732&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1732 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1732</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_2b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri 2b (page does not exist)">Yuri 2b</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mir</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1733&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1733 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1733</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPOT-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPOT-1 (page does not exist)">SPOT-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking_(satellite)" title="Viking (satellite)">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1734 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1734</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1735&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1735 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a> (<a href="/wiki/TDRS-B" title="TDRS-B">TDRS-B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARTAN-203&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPARTAN-203 (page does not exist)">SPARTAN-203</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-15" title="Soyuz T-15">Soyuz T-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_25" title="Progress 25">Progress 25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1736&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1736 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1736</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1737&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1737 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1737</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_1986_Soyuz-U_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March 1986 Soyuz-U launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GStar-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GStar-2 (page does not exist)">GStar-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brasilsat-A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilsat-A2">Brasilsat A2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1738&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1738 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1738</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1739&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1739 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1739</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1740&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1740 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1740</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1741 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1741</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KH-9_No.1220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KH-9 No.1220 (page does not exist)">KH-9 No.1220</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl_Ruby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearl Ruby (page does not exist)">Pearl Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.43&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.43 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_26" title="Progress 26">Progress 26</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GOES-G" title="GOES-G">GOES-G</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1742&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1742 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1742</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1743&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1743 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-1" title="Soyuz TM-1">Soyuz TM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1744&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1744 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1744</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1745&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1745 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.30L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.30L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.30L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.18 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1746&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1746 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1747&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1747 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_VA_F-14" title="Intelsat VA F-14">Intelsat VA F-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1748&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1748 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1748</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1749&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1749 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1749</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1750&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1750 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1750</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1751&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1751 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1751</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1752&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1752 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1752</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1753&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1753 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1753</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1754&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1754 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1754</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1755&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1755 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1755</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1756&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1756 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.24L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.24L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.24L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1757&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1757 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1757</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1758&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1758 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1758</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1759&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1759 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1759</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1760&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1760 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1760</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.44&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.44 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1761" title="Kosmos 1761">Kosmos 1761</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1762&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1762 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1762</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1763&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1763 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1764&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1764 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1764</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1765&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1765 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1765</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1766&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1766 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1766</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1767 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1767</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.59&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.59 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.59</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1768&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1768 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1768</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1769&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1769 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1769</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1770&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1770 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajisai_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajisai (satellite)">Ajisai</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuji_1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuji 1a (page does not exist)">Fuji 1a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jindai_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jindai (satellite)">Jindai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1771&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1771 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1771</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1772&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1772 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1772</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1773&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1773 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1774" title="Kosmos 1774">Kosmos 1774</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1775&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1775 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1775</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1776&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1776 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1776</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.57&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.57 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-19" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-19">USA-19</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1777&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1777 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1777</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1778&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1778 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1778</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1779&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1779 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1779</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1780&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1780 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1781&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1781 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA-10" title="NOAA-10">NOAA-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1782&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1782 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1782</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1783" title="Kosmos 1783">Kosmos 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing 9 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing 9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1784&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1784 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1784</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_1986_Tsyklon-3_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="October 1986 Tsyklon-3 launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1785" title="Kosmos 1785">Kosmos 1785</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.41 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1786&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1786 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1786</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1787&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1787 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1787</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.30L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.30L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.30L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1788&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1788 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1788</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1789&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1789 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1789</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1790&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1790 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1791&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1791 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1792" title="Kosmos 1792">Kosmos 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Bear_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polar Bear (satellite) (page does not exist)">Polar Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.60 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.60</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.22L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.22L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.22L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1793" title="Kosmos 1793">Kosmos 1793</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1794&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1794 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1794</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1795&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1795 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1795</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1796&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1796 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1796</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1797&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1797 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1797</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1798&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1798 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1798</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1799&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1799 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1799</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1800&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1800 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1800</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1801&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1801 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1802&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1802 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mech-K_No.303&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mech-K No.303 (page does not exist)">Mech-K No.303</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1715 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1716&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1716 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1716</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1717&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1717 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1717</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1718&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1718 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1718</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1719&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1719 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1719</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1720&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1720 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1720</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1721&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1721 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1721</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1722&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1722 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1722</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1723&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1723 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-C" title="STS-61-C">STS-61-C</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Satcom_K1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satcom K1 (page does not exist)">Satcom K1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1724&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1724 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1724</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1725&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1725 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1725</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1726&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1726 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1726</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.29L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.29L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.29L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1727&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1727 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1727</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1728&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1728 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1728</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1803&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1803 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1803</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1804&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1804 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1804</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-20 (page does not exist)">USA-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1805" title="Kosmos 1805">Kosmos 1805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1806" title="Kosmos 1806">Kosmos 1806</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1807&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1807 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1807</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1808&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1808 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1809&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1809 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1809</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1810&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1810 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.62&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.62 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.62</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Components_of_Mir" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mir_modules" title="Template:Mir modules"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mir_modules" title="Template talk:Mir modules"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mir_modules" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mir modules"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Components_of_Mir" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Components of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mir</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">Core module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/120px-Mir_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/180px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/240px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="305" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian/American modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Docking module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyappa_arm" title="Lyappa arm">Lyappa arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(crane)" title="Strela (crane)">Strela crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System" title="Androgynous Peripheral Attach System">APAS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Environmental_Effects_Payload" title="Mir Environmental Effects Payload">Mir Environmental Effects Payload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visiting spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a> (<a href="/wiki/VBK-Raduga" title="VBK-Raduga">VBK-Raduga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir Program">Shuttle-Mir programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deorbit_of_Mir" title="Deorbit of Mir">Deorbit of Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MirCorp" class="mw-redirect" title="MirCorp">MirCorp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of human spaceflights to Mir">List of human spaceflights to Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir">List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_expeditions" title="List of Mir expeditions">List of Mir expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_spacewalks" title="List of Mir spacewalks">List of Mir spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_visitors" title="List of Mir visitors">List of Mir visitors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_spaceflights_to_Mir" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_Mir_flights" title="Template:Crewed Mir flights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_Mir_flights" title="Template talk:Crewed Mir flights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_Mir_flights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed Mir flights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_spaceflights_to_Mir" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of human spaceflights to Mir">Human spaceflights</a> to <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mir</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-15" title="Soyuz T-15">Soyuz T-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-2" title="Soyuz TM-2">Soyuz TM-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-3" title="Soyuz TM-3">Soyuz TM-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-4" title="Soyuz TM-4">Soyuz TM-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-5" title="Soyuz TM-5">Soyuz TM-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-6" title="Soyuz TM-6">Soyuz TM-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-7" title="Soyuz TM-7">Soyuz TM-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-8" title="Soyuz TM-8">Soyuz TM-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-9" title="Soyuz TM-9">Soyuz TM-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-10" title="Soyuz TM-10">Soyuz TM-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-11" title="Soyuz TM-11">Soyuz TM-11</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/100px-Mir_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/150px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/200px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="305" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-12" title="Soyuz TM-12">Soyuz TM-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-13" title="Soyuz TM-13">Soyuz TM-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-14" title="Soyuz TM-14">Soyuz TM-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-15" title="Soyuz TM-15">Soyuz TM-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-16" title="Soyuz TM-16">Soyuz TM-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-17" title="Soyuz TM-17">Soyuz TM-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-18" title="Soyuz TM-18">Soyuz TM-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-19" title="Soyuz TM-19">Soyuz TM-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-20" title="Soyuz TM-20">Soyuz TM-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-22" title="Soyuz TM-22">Soyuz TM-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-23" title="Soyuz TM-23">Soyuz TM-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-24" title="Soyuz TM-24">Soyuz TM-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-25" title="Soyuz TM-25">Soyuz TM-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-26" title="Soyuz TM-26">Soyuz TM-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-27" title="Soyuz TM-27">Soyuz TM-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-28" title="Soyuz TM-28">Soyuz TM-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-29" title="Soyuz TM-29">Soyuz TM-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-30" title="Soyuz TM-30">Soyuz TM-30</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Expeditions_to_Mir" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mir_expeditions" title="Template:Mir expeditions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mir_expeditions" title="Template talk:Mir expeditions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mir_expeditions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mir expeditions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Expeditions_to_Mir" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_expeditions" title="List of Mir expeditions">Expeditions</a> to <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mir</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long-term</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-1">EO-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-2" title="Mir EO-2">EO-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-3" title="Mir EO-3">EO-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-4" title="Mir EO-4">EO-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-5" title="Mir EO-5">EO-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-6" title="Mir EO-6">EO-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-7" title="Mir EO-7">EO-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-8" title="Mir EO-8">EO-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-9 (page does not exist)">EO-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-10 (page does not exist)">EO-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-11 (page does not exist)">EO-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-12" title="Mir EO-12">EO-12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-13 (page does not exist)">EO-13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-14 (page does not exist)">EO-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-15 (page does not exist)">EO-15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-16 (page does not exist)">EO-16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-17 (page does not exist)">EO-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-18" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-18">EO-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-19" title="Mir EO-19">EO-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-20">EO-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-21" title="Mir EO-21">EO-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-22 (page does not exist)">EO-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-23" title="Mir EO-23">EO-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-24" title="Mir EO-24">EO-24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-25 (page does not exist)">EO-25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-26 (page does not exist)">EO-26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_EO-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir EO-27 (page does not exist)">EO-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-28" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EO-28">EO-28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-term</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EP-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir EP-1">EP-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EP-2" title="Mir EP-2">EP-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_EP-3" title="Mir EP-3">EP-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a> (1997 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shuttle–Mir_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shuttle-Mir" title="Template:Shuttle-Mir"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shuttle-Mir" title="Template talk:Shuttle-Mir"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shuttle-Mir" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shuttle-Mir"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shuttle–Mir_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/100px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/150px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/200px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="910" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program#Increments" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Increments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Thagard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Blaha" title="John E. Blaha">Blaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_M._Linenger" title="Jerry M. Linenger">Linenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Foale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wolf_(astronaut)" title="David Wolf (astronaut)">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> government human spaceflight programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> (joint) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (incorporated into Salyut program) / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (joint) </li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-Mir</a> (joint) </li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Moon: <a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_human_lunar_programs#Moon_landing_N1.2FL3_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet human lunar programs">N1-L3</a>, <a href="/wiki/LK-700" title="LK-700">LK-700</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a></li> <li>Interplanetary: <a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelita_project" title="Aelita project">Aelita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martian_Piloted_Complex" title="Martian Piloted Complex">Martian Piloted Complex</a></li> <li>Spaceplanes: <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a>, <a href="/wiki/LKS_(Spaceship)" class="mw-redirect" title="LKS (Spaceship)">LKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-2000" title="Tupolev Tu-2000">Tupolev Tu-2000</a></li> <li>Capsules: <a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li>Space Stations: <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">List of Soyuz missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">List of Soviet human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">List of Russian human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_space_program" title="Template talk:Russian space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny Cosmodrome</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/80px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/120px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/160px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (incorporated into Salyut program) / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Soyuz-Apollo</a> (joint)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir</a> (joint)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a> (Moon flyby)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> (Moon landing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a> (moonbase)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> (Mars/Venus flyby)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (joint) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_Sputnik" title="Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik">Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik</a> (1961–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_programme" title="Prognoz programme">Prognoz</a> (1972–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> (1958–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> (1961–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> (1983-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a> (1984-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos</a> (failed) (1988-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> (failed) (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1" title="Resurs-DK No.1">Resurs-DK No.1</a> (2006-2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS</a> (1994-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> (failed) (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> (failed) (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro%E2%80%93L" title="Elektro–L">Elektro–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a> (joint)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik</a> (begun 1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_3" title="Sputnik 3">Sputnik 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_41" title="Sputnik 41">Sputnik 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_99" title="Sputnik 99">Sputnik 99</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Deep_Space_Network" title="Soviet Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_(rocket_booster)" title="Baikal (rocket booster)">Baikal-Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(satellite_constellation)" title="Sfera (satellite constellation)">Sfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation">Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Soviet space dogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belka_and_Strelka" title="Belka and Strelka">Belka and Strelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs#Veterok_and_Ugolyok" title="Soviet space dogs">Veterok and Ugolyok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_(Vostok_programme)" title="Ivan Ivanovich (Vostok programme)">Ivan Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps" title="Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps">Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Alley" title="Cosmonauts Alley">Cosmonauts Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space" title="Monument to the Conquerors of Space">Monument to the Conquerors of Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Present" title="Out of the Present">Out of the Present</a> (1995 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a> (1997 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Russian Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">human spaceflight programs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:S66-63536.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/130px-S66-63536.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/195px-S66-63536.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/260px-S66-63536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6856" data-file-height="4741" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-Mir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">Dyna-Soar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System">HL-20 Personnel Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(rocket)" title="Nova (rocket)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Space_Plane_Program" title="Orbital Space Plane Program">Orbital Space Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Orion (nuclear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">NASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_stations_and_settlements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_stations" title="Template:Space stations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_stations" title="Template talk:Space stations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_stations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space stations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_stations_and_settlements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">settlements</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_stations" title="List of space stations">List of space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_space_stations" title="List of commercial space stations">List of commercial space stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station (ISS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station (TSS)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/120px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/180px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/240px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="2049" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia / Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS-2" title="DOS-2">DOS-2</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2</a>† ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_557" title="Kosmos 557">Cosmos 557</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_4" title="Salyut 4">Salyut 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPS_0855" title="OPS 0855">OPS 0855</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-1" title="Tiangong-1">Tiangong-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-2" title="Tiangong-2">Tiangong-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">Genesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">I</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_II_(space_habitat)" title="Genesis II (space habitat)">II</a>°</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Space_Station" title="Aurora Space Station">Aurora Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Bigelow Commercial Space Station">Bigelow Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Habitat" title="Deep Space Habitat">Deep Space Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz" title="Excalibur Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Gateway_Platform" title="Exploration Gateway Platform">Exploration Gateway Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(spacecraft)" title="Galaxy (spacecraft)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Industries_Incorporated" title="Space Industries Incorporated">Industrial Space Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus-X" title="Nautilus-X">Nautilus-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station">Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_II" title="Skylab II">Skylab II</a> (<a href="/wiki/FlexCraft" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexCraft">FlexCraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_B" title="Skylab B">Skylab B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundancer" title="Sundancer">Sundancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-3" title="Tiangong-3">Tiangong-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incorporated into <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">USOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus MTFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus (ISS module)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">ROS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Service_Station" title="Russian Orbital Service Station">Russian Orbital Service Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiom Station">Axiom Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haven-1" title="Haven-1">Haven-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Reef" title="Orbital Reef">Orbital Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlab_(space_station)" title="Starlab (space station)">Starlab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International(Western Aligned Nations only)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Space_Station_Module_(Mitsui)" title="Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)">Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyager Station">Voyager Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_sphere" title="Bernal sphere">Bernal sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ring_(habitat)" title="Bishop Ring (habitat)">Bishop Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKendree_cylinder" title="McKendree cylinder">McKendree cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder" title="O'Neill cylinder">O'Neill cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_wheel_space_station" title="Rotating wheel space station">Rotating wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Stanford torus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">Wet workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_space_stations" title="List of films featuring space stations">List of films featuring space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a> (1997 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_3D" title="Space Station 3D">Space Station 3D</a> (2002 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_Apollo" title="Orphans of Apollo">Orphans of Apollo</a> (2008 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Tourists" title="Space Tourists">Space Tourists</a> (2009 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Beautiful_Planet" title="A Beautiful Planet">A Beautiful Planet</a> (2016 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the <a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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