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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial_clerkship_(1982–1983)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_clerkship_(1982–1983)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Judicial clerkship (1982–1983)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_clerkship_(1982–1983)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_service_(1985–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_service_(1985–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Government service (1985–1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_service_(1985–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business,_academia,_and_politics_(1993–2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business,_academia,_and_politics_(1993–2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Business, academia, and politics (1993–2001)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business,_academia,_and_politics_(1993–2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Trade_Representative_(2001–2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Trade_Representative_(2001–2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>U.S. Trade Representative (2001–2005)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Trade_Representative_(2001–2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deputy_Secretary_of_State_(2005–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deputy_Secretary_of_State_(2005–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Deputy Secretary of State (2005–2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deputy_Secretary_of_State_(2005–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_the_World_Bank_(2007–2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_World_Bank_(2007–2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>President of the World Bank (2007–2012)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_World_Bank_(2007–2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senior_Fellow_at_Harvard_Kennedy_School_(2012–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senior_Fellow_at_Harvard_Kennedy_School_(2012–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Senior Fellow at Harvard Kennedy School (2012–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senior_Fellow_at_Harvard_Kennedy_School_(2012–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_posts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_posts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Additional posts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_posts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Zoellick</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83" title="روبرت زوليك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت زوليك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="رابرت زولیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رابرت زولیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Робърт Зелик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Зелик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8D" title="རོའོ་པེར་ཐ་འཛོ་ལི་ཀ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རོའོ་པེར་ཐ་འཛོ་ལི་ཀ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="رابرت زولیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت زولیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A1%B8%EB%A6%AD" title="로버트 졸릭 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 졸릭" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Ռոբերտ Զելիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Զելիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="रॉबर्ट ज़ोलिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉबर्ट ज़ोलिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_Zoellick" title="Robertus Zoellick – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83" title="روبرت زوليك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت زوليك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Zoellick" title="Robert B. Zoellick – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert B. Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ロバート・ゼーリック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・ゼーリック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Зеллик, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зеллик, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Zoellick" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Роберт Зеллік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Зеллік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%BD%90%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B" title="罗伯特·佐利克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·佐利克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">11th President of the World Bank Group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Robert Zoellick</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoellick,_Robert_(official_portrait_2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Zoellick%2C_Robert_%28official_portrait_2008%29.jpg/220px-Zoellick%2C_Robert_%28official_portrait_2008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Zoellick%2C_Robert_%28official_portrait_2008%29.jpg/330px-Zoellick%2C_Robert_%28official_portrait_2008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Zoellick%2C_Robert_%28official_portrait_2008%29.jpg/440px-Zoellick%2C_Robert_%28official_portrait_2008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2850" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">President of the World Bank Group</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 1, 2007 – June 30, 2012</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Deputy Secretary of State">United States Deputy Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 23, 2005 – June 19, 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Armitage_(government_official)" title="Richard Armitage (government official)">Richard Armitage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">13th <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">United States Trade Representative</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 7, 2001 – February 22, 2005</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Barshefsky" title="Charlene Barshefsky">Charlene Barshefsky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Deputy_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Deputy Chief of Staff">White House Deputy Chief of Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 23, 1992 – January 20, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henson_Moore" title="Henson Moore">Henson Moore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gearan" title="Mark Gearan">Mark Gearan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_Growth,_Energy,_and_the_Environment" title="Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment">Undersecretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 20, 1991 – August 23, 1992</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._McCormack" title="Richard T. McCormack">Dick McCormack</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Spero" title="Joan E. Spero">Joan Spero</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">24th <a href="/wiki/Counselor_of_the_United_States_Department_of_State" title="Counselor of the United States Department of State">Counselor of the United States Department of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 2, 1989 – August 23, 1992</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Max_Kampelman" title="Max Kampelman">Max Kampelman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wirth" title="Tim Wirth">Tim Wirth</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Robert Bruce Zoellick</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1953-07-25</span>) </span>July 25, 1953<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 71)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Park,_Illinois" title="Evergreen Park, Illinois">Evergreen Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Sherry Ferguson Zoellick</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Policy" title="Master of Public Policy">MPP</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Bruce Zoellick</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈtsœlɪk]</a></span>; born July 25, 1953)<sup id="cite_ref-Baker's_Door_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker's_Door-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American public official and lawyer who was the 11th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">president of the World Bank Group</a>, a position he held from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-WBGS625_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBGS625-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was previously chairman of international advisors at <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> from 2006 to 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Deputy Secretary of State">United States Deputy Secretary of State</a> from 2005 to 2006, and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">U.S. Trade Representative</a> from 2001 to 2005. Prior to those posts, from 1985 to 2001 he served in a variety of capacities in the administrations of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, and the presidential campaign of George W. Bush, in addition to positions in various think tanks and academia. </p><p>Zoellick has been a senior fellow at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a> since ending his term with the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2017 he has been a Senior Counselor at Brunswick Group.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zoellick was born in <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Park,_Illinois" title="Evergreen Park, Illinois">Evergreen Park, Illinois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tested_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tested-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of Gladys (Lenz) and William T. Zoellick.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ancestors were German<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newyorktimes2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorktimes2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was raised <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dailyherald_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailyherald-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He grew up in <a href="/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois" title="Naperville, Illinois">Naperville, Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tested_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tested-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated in 1971 from <a href="/wiki/Naperville_Central_High_School" title="Naperville Central High School">Naperville Central High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975 he received a BA in history from <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981 he received both a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">J.D.</a> from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Policy" title="Master of Public Policy">Master of Public Policy</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">John F. Kennedy School of Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USTR_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USTR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_clerkship_(1982–1983)"><span id="Judicial_clerkship_.281982.E2.80.931983.29"></span>Judicial clerkship (1982–1983)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Judicial clerkship (1982–1983)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon graduation from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, Zoellick served as a <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerk</a> for Judge <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Wald" title="Patricia Wald">Patricia Wald</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> from 1982 to 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker's_Door_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker's_Door-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_service_(1985–1992)"><span id="Government_service_.281985.E2.80.931992.29"></span>Government service (1985–1992)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Government service (1985–1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zoellick was special assistant to Deputy Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Darman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard G. Darman">Richard G. Darman</a> from July to December 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-Baker's_Door_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker's_Door-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was counselor and executive secretary to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> from January to July 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker's_Door_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker's_Door-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was issues director for the 1988 <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> Presidential campaign from July to November 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker's_Door_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker's_Door-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Bush's presidency, Zoellick served with Baker, by then <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Counselor_of_the_United_States_Department_of_State" title="Counselor of the United States Department of State">Counselor of the United States Department of State</a> from March 1989 to August 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-Historian_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic,_Business,_and_Agricultural_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs">Under Secretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs</a> from May 1991 to August 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Historian_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoellick served as Bush's personal representative or "<a href="/wiki/Sherpa_(emissary)" title="Sherpa (emissary)">sherpa</a>" for the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> Economic Summits in 1991<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led the US Delegation to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four</a> talks on German reunification;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his achievements in this role, the Federal Republic of Germany awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany#Classes" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Knight Commander's Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FPRI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPRI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baker's book <i>The Politics of Diplomacy</i> describes Zoellick as his "right-hand man on <a href="/wiki/NAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAFTA">NAFTA</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1992, Zoellick was appointed <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_White_House_Chief_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy White House Chief of Staff">Deputy Chief of Staff</a> and Assistant to the President.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business,_academia,_and_politics_(1993–2001)"><span id="Business.2C_academia.2C_and_politics_.281993.E2.80.932001.29"></span>Business, academia, and politics (1993–2001)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Business, academia, and politics (1993–2001)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving government service, Zoellick served from 1993 to 1997 as an Executive Vice President of <a href="/wiki/Federal_National_Mortgage_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal National Mortgage Association">Fannie Mae</a>, and was also its General Counsel from 1993 through 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, Zoellick was <a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin" title="John M. Olin">John M. Olin</a> Visiting Professor of National Security Affairs at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">U.S. Naval Academy</a> (1997–98);<sup id="cite_ref-USTDRC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USTDRC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Research Scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">John F. Kennedy School of Government</a> (1999–2001).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From July 1999 to February 2001, he was Senior International Advisor to <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2001_nomination_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_nomination-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He served as a member of the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> from 1994 through 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-CFR_2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR_2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1997 to 2001, he also served as director of the <a href="/wiki/Aspen_Strategy_Group" title="Aspen Strategy Group">Aspen Strategy Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2001_nomination_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_nomination-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From January 1999 to May 1999, Zoellick was president and CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a> (CSIS).<sup id="cite_ref-Tension_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tension-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned due to pressure from the board, which objected to his role as an occasional adviser to George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Tension_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tension-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a> campaign, Zoellick served as a foreign policy advisor to George W. Bush as part of a group, led by <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, which she termed <a href="/wiki/The_Vulcans" title="The Vulcans">The Vulcans</a>, after her home town of Birmingham, Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Baker designated him as his second-in-command—"a sort of chief operating officer or chief of staff"—in the 36-day battle over the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Trade_Representative_(2001–2005)"><span id="U.S._Trade_Representative_.282001.E2.80.932005.29"></span>U.S. Trade Representative (2001–2005)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: U.S. Trade Representative (2001–2005)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George W. Bush named Zoellick <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">U.S. Trade Representative</a> in his first term,<sup id="cite_ref-Tested_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tested-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making him a member of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet of the United States</a>. He took office on February 7, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-USTR_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USTR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a> website, Zoellick completed negotiations to bring China and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> into the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO);<sup id="cite_ref-USTR_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USTR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed a strategy to launch new global trade negotiations at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-USTR_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USTR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worked with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to enact the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement">Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> and the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> Trade Agreement;<sup id="cite_ref-USTR_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USTR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and worked with Congress to pass the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_2002" title="Trade Act of 2002">Trade Act of 2002</a>, which included new Trade Promotion Authority.<sup id="cite_ref-USTR_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USTR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Kozloff" title="Nikolas Kozloff">Nikolas Kozloff</a>, Zoellick relentlessly promoted the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Free Trade Agreement">Central American Free Trade Agreement</a> (CAFTA) over the objections of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> groups, and engaged in fear-mongering around <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Chavez">Hugo Chavez</a> to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_bashir1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Al_bashir1.jpg/220px-Al_bashir1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Al_bashir1.jpg/330px-Al_bashir1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Al_bashir1.jpg/440px-Al_bashir1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Zoellick and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudanese</a> President <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Zoellick played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures#Genetically_modified_organisms" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">U.S.-WTO dispute</a> against the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> over <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">genetically modified foods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the U.S. filed its WTO lawsuit against the EU in 2003, Zoellick stated "The EU's moratorium violates WTO rules. People around the world have been eating biotech food for years. Biotech food helps nourish the world's hungry population, offers tremendous opportunities for better health and nutrition, and protects the environment by reducing soil erosion and pesticide use."<sup id="cite_ref-NIH_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deputy_Secretary_of_State_(2005–2006)"><span id="Deputy_Secretary_of_State_.282005.E2.80.932006.29"></span>Deputy Secretary of State (2005–2006)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Deputy Secretary of State (2005–2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Premier_Mike_Rann_with_Deputy_Secretary_Zoellick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Premier_Mike_Rann_with_Deputy_Secretary_Zoellick.jpg/170px-Premier_Mike_Rann_with_Deputy_Secretary_Zoellick.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Premier_Mike_Rann_with_Deputy_Secretary_Zoellick.jpg/255px-Premier_Mike_Rann_with_Deputy_Secretary_Zoellick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Premier_Mike_Rann_with_Deputy_Secretary_Zoellick.jpg/340px-Premier_Mike_Rann_with_Deputy_Secretary_Zoellick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="2265" /></a><figcaption>Zoellick with then <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia" title="Premier of South Australia">Premier of South Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rann" title="Mike Rann">Mike Rann</a> in November 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronk_zoellick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pronk_zoellick.jpg/170px-Pronk_zoellick.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pronk_zoellick.jpg/255px-Pronk_zoellick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pronk_zoellick.jpg/340px-Pronk_zoellick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Zoellick (right) with <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pronk" title="Jan Pronk">Jan Pronk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in Sudan">special representative</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 7, 2005, Bush nominated Zoellick to be <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Deputy Secretary of State">Deputy Secretary of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He assumed the office on February 22, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoellick was a major influence on the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush#Administration" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s policies regarding China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an important speech on September 21, 2005, Zoellick challenged China "to become a 'responsible stakeholder' in the international system, contributing more actively than in the past to help shore up the stability of the international system from which it ha[d] benefited so greatly."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoellick was also the Bush administration's point-man on the <a href="/wiki/Darfur_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur conflict">Darfur conflict</a> peace process, making four trips to Sudan to press the two sides to agree.<sup id="cite_ref-Rebels_Sign_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rebels_Sign-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spearheaded U.S. efforts in the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Darfur_Peace_Agreement#Abuja_Agreement_(2006)" title="Darfur Peace Agreement">Darfur Peace Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rebels_Sign_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rebels_Sign-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoellick resigned his position as U.S. Deputy Secretary of State in June 2006 to rejoin Goldman Sachs, this time as Vice Chairman, International, and to advise the investment bank on global strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_of_the_World_Bank_(2007–2012)"><span id="President_of_the_World_Bank_.282007.E2.80.932012.29"></span>President of the World Bank (2007–2012)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: President of the World Bank (2007–2012)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Third-party plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may rely excessively on sources <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">too closely associated with the subject</a></b>, potentially preventing the article from being <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit">improve it</a> by replacing them with more appropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources">reliable, independent, third-party sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On May 30, 2007, President George W. Bush nominated Zoellick to replace <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the World Bank">President of the World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took office on July 1, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Globalist_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globalist-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a speech at the <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Club_(United_States)" title="National Press Club (United States)">National Press Club</a> in Washington in October 2007, Zoellick outlined "six strategic themes in support of the goal of an inclusive and sustainable globalization" to guide the future work of the World Bank: overcoming poverty and spurring sustainable growth in the poorest countries, especially Africa; addressing the problems of states coming out of conflict or seeking to avoid breakdown of the state; using a more differentiated business model for middle-income countries; fostering regional and global public goods that transcend national boundaries and benefit multiple countries and citizens; supporting development and opportunities in the Arab World; and using the World Bank's "brain trust" of applied experience to address the five other strategic themes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Zoellick's time at the World Bank, the institution's capital stock was expanded<sup id="cite_ref-FinalCommunique_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinalCommunique-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lending volumes increased to help member countries deal with the global financial and economic crisis;<sup id="cite_ref-FinalCommunique_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinalCommunique-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assistance was stepped up to deal with the famine in the Horn of Africa;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a major increase in resources was achieved for the institution's soft loan facility, the <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a> (IDA), which lends to the poorest countries;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a reform was carried out to the World Bank's shareholding, Executive Board and voting structure, to increase the influence of developing and emerging economies in the World Bank's governance.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoellick made advances in the use of open data, promoted senior officials from developing countries, addressed climate change, expanded aid during the financial crisis and obtained a capital increase, with developing countries providing more than half.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoellick stepped down from the World Bank presidency when his term ended on June 30, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senior_Fellow_at_Harvard_Kennedy_School_(2012–present)"><span id="Senior_Fellow_at_Harvard_Kennedy_School_.282012.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Senior Fellow at Harvard Kennedy School (2012–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Senior Fellow at Harvard Kennedy School (2012–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, Zoellick took up the position as a senior fellow at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a> in July 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From October 2013 to September 2016, he served as Chairman of International Advisors to Goldman Sachs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign">Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2012, during the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a>, Zoellick was appointed to lead the <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> portion of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>'s transition team should he be elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-misstep_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-misstep-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to political commentator <a href="/wiki/Fred_Barnes_(journalist)" title="Fred Barnes (journalist)">Fred Barnes</a>, writing beforehand in <i>The International Economy</i> magazine, Zoellick at the time was considered a "heavyweight with impressive government experience".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The selection of Zoellick drew criticism from conservatives, especially <a href="/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">neoconservatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-misstep_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-misstep-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romney lost the election to incumbent <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-secstatespec_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secstatespec-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_posts">Additional posts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Additional posts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zoellick is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was on its board of directors from 1994 through 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-CFR_2006_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR_2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2001_nomination_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_nomination-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a participant in the <a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilderberg Group">Bilderberg Group</a> from 2003 through at least 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a member of its steering committee.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is also a member of Washington, D.C.–based think tank, <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Dialogue" title="Inter-American Dialogue">The Inter-American Dialogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He chairs the <a href="/wiki/Global_Tiger_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Tiger Initiative">Global Tiger Initiative</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a member of the Global Leadership Council of <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Corps" title="Mercy Corps">Mercy Corps</a>, a global humanitarian agency.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2013, he has been a member of the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics" title="Peterson Institute for International Economics">Peterson Institute for International Economics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since 2018 of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2017, Zoellick joined Brunswick Group, a global public affairs and communications firm, as a Senior Counselor,<sup id="cite_ref-Twitter_SEC_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twitter_SEC-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in February 2018 he was made one of the four principals of Brunswick's newly launched Brunswick Geopolitical.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since November 2020<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he has been chair of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered</a>'s international advisory council.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since June 2021<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he has been an independent director of <a href="/wiki/Robinhood_Markets" title="Robinhood Markets">Robinhood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is a trustee of the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society" title="Wildlife Conservation Society">Wildlife Conservation Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has served on the advisory board of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wildlife Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2001_nomination_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_nomination-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoellick was a board member Said Holdings from 1996 to 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was on the board of the Precursor Group from October 2000 to February 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-2001_nomination_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_nomination-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a member of the advisory board of the venture fund Viventures from October 2000 to February 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-2001_nomination_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_nomination-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoellick was a board member of <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Capital_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance Capital Management">Alliance Capital Management</a> from 1997 to 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-2001_nomination_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_nomination-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and served as chairman of <a href="/wiki/AllianceBernstein" title="AllianceBernstein">AllianceBernstein</a> from 2017 to 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also on the advisory board of <a href="/wiki/AXA" class="mw-redirect" title="AXA">AXA</a>, AllianceBernstein's parent company.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAD_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAD-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From January 1999 to February 2001, he was a member of the advisory council at <a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2001_nomination_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_nomination-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2013 to 2023, Zoellick was a board member of <a href="/wiki/Temasek_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Temasek Holdings">Temasek Holdings</a>, Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Temasek2023_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temasek2023-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2023, he has been Temasek's Chairman, Americas and Chairman of the Temasek Americas Advisory Panel.<sup id="cite_ref-Temasek2023_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temasek2023-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was on the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/Laureate_International_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Laureate International Universities">Laureate International Universities</a> from December 2013<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through December 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a> announced on July 19, 2018, that Zoellick would be a member of <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>'s board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 22, 2022, Zoellick had neither posted on Twitter nor liked any other tweet.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> dissolved Twitter's board of directors in October 2022 after purchasing the website.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has served on the international advisory board of <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce Holdings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has served as both a fellow and a trustee of the <a href="/wiki/German_Marshall_Fund" title="German Marshall Fund">German Marshall Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has served on the board of the <a href="/wiki/European_Institute" title="European Institute">European Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Defense_Policy_Board_Advisory_Committee" title="Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee">Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He is a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary%27s_Distinguished_Service_Award" title="Secretary's Distinguished Service Award">Distinguished Service Award</a>, the Department of State's highest honor;<sup id="cite_ref-Bush_Family_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bush_Family-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Alexander Hamilton Award of the Department of the Treasury;<sup id="cite_ref-bush-whitehouse.archives_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bush-whitehouse.archives-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Medal_for_Distinguished_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Medal for Distinguished Public Service">Medal for Distinguished Public Service</a> of the Department of Defense.<sup id="cite_ref-bush-whitehouse.archives_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bush-whitehouse.archives-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, he received the Knight Commander's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Bundesverdienstkreuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesverdienstkreuz">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> for his eminent achievements in the course of <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FPRI_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPRI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, he was awarded an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Doctor of Humane Letters</a> from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_College,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph's College, Indiana">Saint Joseph's College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer,_Indiana" title="Rensselaer, Indiana">Rensselaer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bush-whitehouse.archives_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bush-whitehouse.archives-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mexican and Chilean governments awarded him their highest honors for non-citizens, the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec Eagle">Aztec Eagle</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Chile)" title="Order of Merit (Chile)">Order of Merit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for recognition of his work on free trade, development, and the environment. </p><p>In 2016, he received the <a href="/wiki/Annenberg_Award_for_Excellence_in_Diplomacy" title="Annenberg Award for Excellence in Diplomacy">Annenberg Award for Excellence in Diplomacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAD_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAD-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, he was a recipient of the Economic Club of Minnesota's Bill Frenzel Champion of Free Trade Award.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Zoellick_meets_Shinzo_Abe_2006-01-23_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Robert_Zoellick_meets_Shinzo_Abe_2006-01-23_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Robert_Zoellick_meets_Shinzo_Abe_2006-01-23_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Robert_Zoellick_meets_Shinzo_Abe_2006-01-23_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Robert_Zoellick_meets_Shinzo_Abe_2006-01-23_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Robert_Zoellick_meets_Shinzo_Abe_2006-01-23_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Robert Zoellick meets with <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> in January 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>In a January 2000 <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> essay entitled "Campaign 2000: A Republican Foreign Policy," Zoellick noted five Republican principles (respect for power, building and sustaining coalitions and alliances, recognizing common interests with international agreements and institutions, embracing new technologies for global politics and security, and the continuing presence of bad actors. "[T]here is still evil in the world—people who hate America and the ideas for which it stands. Today, we face enemies who are hard at work to develop <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical weapons</a>, along with the missiles to deliver them. The United States must remain vigilant and have the strength to defeat its enemies. People driven by enmity or by a need to dominate will not respond to reason or goodwill. They will manipulate civilized rules for uncivilized ends."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia's <i>New Left Review</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gavan_McCormack" title="Gavan McCormack">Gavan McCormack</a> wrote that as USTR Zoellick had intervened during a 2004 <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> issue in Japanese <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Junichiro Koizumi</a>'s re-election campaign: "The office of the U.S. Trade Representative has played an active part in drafting the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Post" title="Japan Post">Japan Post</a> privatization law. An October 2004 letter from Robert Zoellick to Japan's Finance Minister Takenaka Heizo, tabled in the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Diet</a> on August 2, 2005, included a handwritten note from Zoellick commending Takenaka. Challenged to explain this apparent <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> intervention in a domestic matter, Koizumi merely expressed his satisfaction that Takenaka had been befriended by such an important figure… It is hard to overestimate the scale of the opportunity offered to U.S. and global finance capital by the privatization of the <a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Postal Savings System</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-McCormack_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCormack-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/2010_G-20_Seoul_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 G-20 Seoul summit">2010 G-20 Seoul summit</a> and in the immediate wake of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2010">elections</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Fed</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_easing" title="Quantitative easing">QE2</a> monetary-policy move, Zoellick wrote in a <i>Financial Times</i> editorial that the Group of 20 leading economies should consider adopting a global reserve currency based on gold as part of structural reforms to the world’s foreign-exchange regime.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2016, Zoellick was one of three Cabinet-level Republican officials to oppose Trump's presidential candidacy, in an open letter signed by 122 members of the Republican national security community.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2016, Zoellick signed a letter from 50 of America's most senior Republican national security officials, which warned that a Donald Trump presidency would be a national security risk and would threaten the nation's well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a November 1, 2016, interview with <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>, Zoellick said "My belief differences with Trump were not only placed on policy – his protectionism, his infatuation with authoritarian leaders and Vladimir Putin. But also that I think he is a narcissistic, ego-driven person and that he would be dangerous. I have had the good fortune to serve a number of different presidents and I know the importance of that job and I don't want him in the Oval Office."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoellick is the author of the 2020 book, <i>America in the World: A History of U.S. Diplomacy and Foreign Policy</i>, which asserts that since the country's founding, U.S. foreign policy has been defined by five traditions: the continent of North America; trade, transnationalism and technology; alliances and order; public and congressional support; and America’s purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zoellick married Sherry Lynn Ferguson in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They live in <a href="/wiki/McLean,_Virginia" title="McLean, Virginia">McLean, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Keynesian_Resurgence_of_2008_/_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="The Keynesian Resurgence of 2008 / 2009">The Keynesian Resurgence of 2008 / 2009</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Baker's_Door-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker's_Door_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker's_Door_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker's_Door_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker's_Door_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker's_Door_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674353244" title="Special:BookSources/9780674353244"><bdi>9780674353244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+Unified+and+Europe+Transformed&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780674353244&rft.aulast=Zelikow&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanyunifiedeu00zeli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Zoellick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FPRI-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FPRI_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FPRI_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fpri.org/contributor/robert-zoellick/">"Robert Zoellick"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Research_Institute" title="Foreign Policy Research Institute">Foreign Policy Research Institute</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Putnam. p. 608. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399140877" title="Special:BookSources/9780399140877"><bdi>9780399140877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Diplomacy%3A+Revolution%2C+War%2C+and+Peace%2C+1989-1992&rft.pages=608&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780399140877&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=James+Addison&rft.au=DeFrank%2C+Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTo66OmJc6ZkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Zoellick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040826054539/http://www.results.gov/leadership/bio_474.html">"Robert Zoellick -- Office of the United States Trade Representative"</a>. <i>results.gov/leadership</i>. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.results.gov/leadership/bio_474.html">the original</a> on August 26, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=results.gov%2Fleadership&rft.atitle=Robert+Zoellick+--+Office+of+the+United+States+Trade+Representative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.results.gov%2Fleadership%2Fbio_474.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Zoellick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fanniemae.com/media/27021/display">"Information Statement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Mae" title="Fannie Mae">Fannie Mae</a></i>. 1997. p. 73<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Letter%3A+Euroclear+should+welcome+action+on+transferring+Russian+assets&rft.date=2024-02-21&rft.aulast=Zoellick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Zelikow%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fba6211ac-c666-4a22-ba44-ab6945ad7725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Zoellick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Robert Zoellick</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Robert+Zoellick">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Robert+Zoellick&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Robert Zoellick</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Robert+Zoellick">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Robert+Zoellick&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Zoellick" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/past-presidents/robert-bruce-zoellick">Biography</a> at <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?21378">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muckrack.com/robert-b-zoellick/articles">Articles by Robert B. Zoellick</a> listed on <a href="/wiki/Muck_Rack" title="Muck Rack">Muck Rack</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/z/robert_b_zoellick/index.html">Robert Zoellick</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Max_Kampelman" title="Max Kampelman">Max Kampelman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Counselor_of_the_United_States_Department_of_State" title="Counselor of the United States Department of State">Counselor of the United States Department of State</a> </b><br />1989–1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wirth" title="Tim Wirth">Tim Wirth</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._McCormack" title="Richard T. McCormack">Dick McCormack</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_Growth,_Energy,_and_the_Environment" title="Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment">Undersecretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs</a> </b><br />1991–1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Spero" title="Joan E. Spero">Joan Spero</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Barshefsky" title="Charlene Barshefsky">Charlene Barshefsky</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">United States Trade Representative</a> </b><br />2001–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Armitage_(government_official)" title="Richard Armitage (government official)">Richard Armitage</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Deputy Secretary of State">United States Deputy Secretary of State</a> </b><br />2005–2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">President of the World Bank Group</a> </b><br />2007–2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim 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Bush</a> (2001–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (2005–2009) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a> (2001–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">John W. Snow</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gale_Norton" title="Gale Norton">Gale Norton</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne" title="Dirk Kempthorne">Dirk Kempthorne</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Ann Veneman</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Schafer" title="Ed Schafer">Ed Schafer</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Donald Evans</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Carlos Gutierrez</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Mel Martínez</a> (2001–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Jackson" title="Alphonso Jackson">Alphonso Jackson</a> (2004–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Preston" title="Steve Preston">Steve Preston</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Peters" title="Mary E. Peters">Mary E. Peters</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Spencer Abraham</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Paige" title="Rod Paige">Rod Paige</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Spellings" title="Margaret Spellings">Margaret Spellings</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Principi" title="Anthony Principi">Anthony Principi</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Jim Nicholson</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peake" title="James Peake">James Peake</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Christine Todd Whitman</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Johnson_(politician,_born_1951)" title="Stephen L. Johnson (politician, born 1951)">Stephen L. Johnson</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2006–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nussle" title="Jim Nussle">Jim Nussle</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Zoellick</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2005–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Schwab" title="Susan Schwab">Susan Schwab</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Walters" title="John P. Walters">John P. Walters</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Bank" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Bank" title="Template:World Bank"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Bank" title="Template talk:World Bank"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Bank" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Bank"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Bank" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)" title="Eugene Meyer (financier)">Eugene Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_R._Black,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene R. Black, Sr.">Eugene R. Black, Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_David_Woods" title="George David Woods">George David Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alden_W._Clausen" title="Alden W. Clausen">Alden W. Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">Barber Conable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Thompson_Preston" title="Lewis Thompson Preston">Lewis Thompson Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wolfensohn" title="James Wolfensohn">James Wolfensohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Zoellick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malpass" title="David Malpass">David Malpass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Banga" title="Ajay Banga">Ajay Banga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_World_Bank_Group_presidential_election" title="2012 World Bank Group presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_World_Bank_Group_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 World Bank Group presidential election (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_World_Bank_Group_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 World Bank Group presidential election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Afghanistan and the World Bank">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_and_the_World_Bank" title="Argentina and the World Bank">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Australia and the World Bank">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus_and_the_World_Bank" title="Belarus and the World Bank">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_and_the_World_Bank" title="Botswana and the World Bank">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_and_the_World_Bank" title="Brazil and the World Bank">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Cambodia and the World Bank">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_and_the_World_Bank" title="Cape Verde and the World Bank">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chile_and_the_World_Bank" title="Chile and the World Bank">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Bank" title="China and the World Bank">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Colombia and the World Bank">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica_and_the_World_Bank" title="Costa Rica and the World Bank">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Croatia and the World Bank">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_and_the_World_Bank" title="The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the World Bank">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_and_the_World_Bank" title="Djibouti and the World Bank">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Ethiopia and the World Bank">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France_and_the_World_Bank" title="France and the World Bank">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_and_the_World_Bank" title="Guatemala and the World Bank">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haiti_and_the_World_Bank" title="Haiti and the World Bank">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Honduras_and_the_World_Bank" title="Honduras and the World Bank">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_World_Bank" title="India and the World Bank">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Indonesia and the World Bank">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_and_the_World_Bank" title="The Republic of Ireland and the World Bank">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_and_the_World_Bank" title="Jamaica and the World Bank">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Japan and the World Bank">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Kazakhstan and the World Bank">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_and_the_World_Bank" title="Kenya and the World Bank">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laos_and_the_World_Bank" title="Laos and the World Bank">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_and_the_World_Bank" title="Lebanon and the World Bank">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Malaysia and the World Bank">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_and_the_World_Bank" title="Maldives and the World Bank">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_and_the_World_Bank" title="Mali and the World Bank">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_and_the_World_Bank" title="Mexico and the World Bank">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Mongolia and the World Bank">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_and_the_World_Bank" title="Morocco and the World Bank">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_and_the_World_Bank" title="Myanmar and the World Bank">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_and_the_World_Bank" title="Nicaragua and the World Bank">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_and_the_World_Bank" title="Nigeria and the World Bank">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Panama_and_the_World_Bank" title="Panama and the World Bank">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_and_the_World_Bank" title="Paraguay and the World Bank">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peru_and_the_World_Bank" title="Peru and the World Bank">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Philippines_and_the_World_Bank" title="The Philippines and the World Bank">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_World_Bank" title="Poland and the World Bank">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Russia and the World Bank">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Senegal_and_the_World_Bank" title="Senegal and the World Bank">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Serbia and the World Bank">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_and_the_World_Bank" title="Singapore and the World Bank">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_the_World_Bank" title="South Africa and the World Bank">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_and_the_World_Bank" title="South Korea and the World Bank">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_World_Bank" title="Sri Lanka and the World Bank">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Tajikistan and the World Bank">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_World_Bank" title="Tanzania and the World Bank">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_World_Bank" title="Turkey and the World Bank">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_and_the_World_Bank" title="Uganda and the World Bank">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_the_World_Bank" title="Ukraine and the World Bank">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_and_the_World_Bank" title="Uruguay and the World Bank">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Uzbekistan and the World Bank">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_and_the_World_Bank" title="Vietnam and the World Bank">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_and_the_World_Bank" title="Zimbabwe and the World Bank">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Bank_Group_relations" title="Category:World Bank Group relations">Country Relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_deputy_secretaries_of_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USDeputySecretaryofState" title="Template:USDeputySecretaryofState"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USDeputySecretaryofState" title="Template talk:USDeputySecretaryofState"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USDeputySecretaryofState" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USDeputySecretaryofState"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_deputy_secretaries_of_state" 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Wharton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Strobe Talbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Armitage_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Armitage (politician)">Richard Armitage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Zoellick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Steinberg" title="James Steinberg">James Steinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">William J. Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Sullivan_(diplomat)" title="John J. Sullivan (diplomat)">John J. Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Biegun" title="Stephen Biegun">Stephen Biegun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Sherman" title="Wendy Sherman">Wendy Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_M._Campbell" title="Kurt M. Campbell">Kurt M. Campbell</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/75px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/113px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/150px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_trade_representatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USTR" title="Template:USTR"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USTR" title="Template talk:USTR"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USTR" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USTR"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_trade_representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">United States trade representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Roth" title="William M. Roth">Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Gilbert" title="Carl J. Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Denman_Eberle" title="William Denman Eberle">Eberle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Askew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Kantor" title="Mickey Kantor">Kantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Barshefsky" title="Charlene Barshefsky">Barshefsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoellick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Portman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Schwab" title="Susan Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Kirk" title="Ron Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Froman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lighthizer" title="Robert Lighthizer">Lighthizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Tai" title="Katherine Tai">Tai</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114942865">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/81668041">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/279261/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdrJvjPTkQvh6FYXjhfv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/137483031">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no90026763">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zoellick, Robert B."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20241235653&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p356626482">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1099633">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000604359&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812479967705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007439545105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/137483031">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083006788">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10574973">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6g31qsk">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&oldid=1257300441">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zoellick&oldid=1257300441</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1953_births" title="Category:1953 births">1953 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Lutherans" title="Category:American Lutherans">American Lutherans</a></li><li><a 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