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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نام شک‌دار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام شک‌دار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85" title="의문명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의문명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7" title="טקסון מוטל בספק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקסון מוטל בספק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="നോമെൻ ഡുബിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോമെൻ ഡുബിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%91%E5%95%8F%E5%90%8D" title="疑問名 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="疑問名" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nomen dubium" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Nomen dubium" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Doubtful name in taxonomy</div> <p> In <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>, a <i><b>nomen dubium</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "doubtful name", plural <i><b>nomina dubia</b></i>) is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoology">Zoology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomen_dubium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Zoology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In case of a <i>nomen dubium,</i> it may be impossible to determine whether a specimen belongs to that group or not. This may happen if the original type series (i. e. <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isotype_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotype (biology)">isotype</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntype" title="Syntype">syntype</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paratype" title="Paratype">paratype</a>) is lost or destroyed. The zoological and botanical codes allow for a new type specimen, or <a href="/wiki/Neotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotype">neotype</a>, to be chosen in this case. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tritonellium_barthi_(MNHN-IM-2000-6508).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tritonellium_barthi_%28MNHN-IM-2000-6508%29.jpeg/220px-Tritonellium_barthi_%28MNHN-IM-2000-6508%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tritonellium_barthi_%28MNHN-IM-2000-6508%29.jpeg/330px-Tritonellium_barthi_%28MNHN-IM-2000-6508%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tritonellium_barthi_%28MNHN-IM-2000-6508%29.jpeg/440px-Tritonellium_barthi_%28MNHN-IM-2000-6508%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="7086" data-file-height="4961" /></a><figcaption>preserved specimen of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tritonellium_barthi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tritonellium barthi (page does not exist)">Tritonellium barthi</a></i> <small>Valenciennes, 1858</small> (<i>nomen dubium</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A name may also be considered a <i>nomen dubium</i> if its <a href="/wiki/Name-bearing_type" title="Name-bearing type">name-bearing type</a> is fragmentary or lacking important diagnostic features (this is often the case for species known only as fossils). To preserve stability of names, the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a></i> allows a new type specimen, or neotype, to be chosen for a <i>nomen dubium</i> in this case. </p> <blockquote><p>75.5. Replacement of unidentifiable name-bearing type by a neotype. When an author considers that the taxonomic identity of a nominal species-group taxon cannot be determined from its existing name-bearing type (i.e. its name is a <i>nomen dubium</i>), and stability or universality are threatened thereby, the author may request the Commission to set aside under its plenary power [Art. 81] the existing name-bearing type and designate a neotype.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurian</a> reptile <i>Parasuchus hislopi</i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Lydekker</a>, 1885 was described based on a <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxillary</a> <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a> (part of the snout), but this is no longer sufficient to distinguish <i><a href="/wiki/Parasuchus" title="Parasuchus">Parasuchus</a></i> from its close relatives. This made the name <i>Parasuchus hislopi</i> a <i>nomen dubium</i>. In 2001 a paleontologist proposed that a new type specimen, a complete skeleton, be designated.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</a> considered the case and agreed in 2003 to replace the original type specimen with the proposed neotype.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomen_dubium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bacteriology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="in-bacteriology"></span> In <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria">bacteriological nomenclature</a>, <i>nomina dubia</i> may be placed on the list of rejected names by the Judicial Commission. The meaning of these names is uncertain. Other categories of names that may be treated in this way (rule 56a) are:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ambiguous names, <i><b>nomina ambigua</b></i>, have been used with more than one meaning</li> <li>names causing confusion, <i><b>nomina confusa</b></i>, are based on a mixed culture</li> <li>perplexing names, <i><b>nomina perplexa</b></i>, confusingly similar names</li> <li>perilous names, <i><b>nomina periculosa</b></i>, names that may lead to accidents endangering life or health or with potential serious economic consequences</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botany">Botany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomen_dubium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nomen_dubium" title="Special:EditPage/Nomen dubium">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">botanical nomenclature</a> the phrase <i>nomen dubium</i> has no status, although it is informally used for names whose application has become confusing. In this regard, its synonym <i>nomen ambiguum</i> is of more frequent use. Such names may be proposed for <a href="/wiki/Conserved_name#Rejection" title="Conserved name">rejection</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomen_dubium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming" title="Glossary of scientific naming">Glossary of scientific naming</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_inquirenda" title="Species inquirenda">species inquirenda</a></i>, a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nudum" title="Nomen nudum">nomen nudum</a></i>, a name proposed with no description (or illustration)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_oblitum" title="Nomen oblitum">nomen oblitum</a></i>, an obsolete name</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomen_dubium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524144249/http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp">Archived</a> 24 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (4th edition, 1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Case 3165, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iczn.org/BZNMar2001cases.htm#case3165"><i>Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature</i> 58:1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063845/http://www.iczn.org/BZNMar2001cases.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 30 March 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opinion 2045, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iczn.org/BZNJune2003opinions.htm#opinion2045"><i>Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature</i> 60:2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063853/http://www.iczn.org/BZNJune2003opinions.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 30 June 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSP_LapagePHA_SneathEF_LesselVBD_Skerman1992" class="citation book cs1">SP Lapage; PHA Sneath; EF Lessel; VBD Skerman; HPR Seeliger; WA Clark, eds. (1992). "Rules of Nomenclature with Recommendations". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8808/"><i>International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria: Bacteriological Code, 1990 Revision</i></a>. 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