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data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-f0c97da0-5168-440f-8406-1831e9f76e82"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-f0c97da0-5168-440f-8406-1831e9f76e82"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Sahar Awwad</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87895486"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895486/2_The_case_for_protein_PEGylation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 2 The case for protein PEGylation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895486/2_The_case_for_protein_PEGylation">2 The case for protein PEGylation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Therapeutic proteins are fast-acting and potent medicines and have proved very successful in the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Therapeutic proteins are fast-acting and potent medicines and have proved very successful in the treatment of a wide range of indications. With increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of disease, there will continue to be opportunities to develop protein therapeutics. One estimate is that the global protein therapeutics market will be approximately $315 billion by 2025 [1]. Much of this growth can be attributed to the development of monoclonal antibody therapeutics as new targets are uncovered (e.g., checkpoint blockades). While there will likely be a rise in the development of bispecific antibodies and multifunctional antibody-based medicines (e.g., antibody drug conjugates (ADCs)), there are non-antibody-based proteins such as replacement and non-endogenous proteins still being developed. Strategies have been employed to increase the half-life and duration of action of these proteins to make them viable medicines. Endogenous (e.g., blood factors) and exogenous non-antibod...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87895486"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87895486"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895486; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895486]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895486]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895486; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87895486']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 87895486, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87895486]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87895486,"title":"2 The case for protein PEGylation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Therapeutic proteins are fast-acting and potent medicines and have proved very successful in the treatment of a wide range of indications. 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} }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87895485"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895485/Development_of_an_in_vitro_pharmacokinetic_model_of_the_human_eye"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Development of an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of the human eye" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895485/Development_of_an_in_vitro_pharmacokinetic_model_of_the_human_eye">Development of an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of the human eye</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87895485"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87895485"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895485; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895485]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895485]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895485; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87895485']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 87895485, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87895485]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87895485,"title":"Development of an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of the human eye","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026 Visual Science"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87895485/Development_of_an_in_vitro_pharmacokinetic_model_of_the_human_eye","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-10-04T16:08:41.581-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":219186877,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Development_of_an_in_vitro_pharmacokinetic_model_of_the_human_eye","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":219186877,"first_name":"Sahar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Awwad","page_name":"SaharAwwad1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-03-29T09:12:51.688-07:00","display_name":"Sahar Awwad","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SaharAwwad1"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":59370,"name":"In Vitro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87895484"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895484/In_vitro_evaluation_of_the_therapeutic_tail_of_bevacizumab_in_the_eye"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of In vitro evaluation of the therapeutic tail of bevacizumab in the eye" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/91992550/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895484/In_vitro_evaluation_of_the_therapeutic_tail_of_bevacizumab_in_the_eye">In vitro evaluation of the therapeutic tail of bevacizumab in the eye</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">INTRODUCTION Prolonging therapeutic levels of a drug within the vitreous to treat blinding diseas...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">INTRODUCTION Prolonging therapeutic levels of a drug within the vitreous to treat blinding diseases is one of the most important goals in ophthalmic drug development. Intravitreal (IVT) injecttions of therapeutic proteins and the use of steroid implants in the vitreous are currently the best clinical methods to achieve prolonged exposure in the back of the eye. Therapeutic biologics registered for ophthalmic use by intravitreal (IVT) injection comprise a PEGylated-aptamer (Pegaptanib), antibody fragment (ranibizumab), and an Fc fusion (alfibercept). The monoclonal antibody, bevacizumab is also widely used as an unlicensed medicine to treat age related macular degeneration. It is anticipated that ophthalmic protein-based medicines, which tend to be potent and have a rapid onset of action, will continue to be developed as molecular mechanisms involved in blinding diseases become better understood</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f86c5ce218a0ea212c00a0b4c670b15c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":91992550,"asset_id":87895484,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91992550/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87895484"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87895484"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895484; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895484]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895484]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895484; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87895484']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 87895484, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f86c5ce218a0ea212c00a0b4c670b15c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87895484]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87895484,"title":"In vitro evaluation of the therapeutic tail of bevacizumab in the eye","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Prolonging therapeutic levels of a drug within the vitreous to treat blinding diseases is one of the most important goals in ophthalmic drug development. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87895478"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895478/Effects_of_Flow_Hydrodynamics_and_Eye_Movements_on_Intraocular_Drug_Clearance"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Flow Hydrodynamics and Eye Movements on Intraocular Drug Clearance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/91992534/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895478/Effects_of_Flow_Hydrodynamics_and_Eye_Movements_on_Intraocular_Drug_Clearance">Effects of Flow Hydrodynamics and Eye Movements on Intraocular Drug Clearance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pharmaceutics</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">New in vitro prototypes (PK-Eye™) were tested with and without eye movement to understand diffusi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">New in vitro prototypes (PK-Eye™) were tested with and without eye movement to understand diffusion and convection effects on intraocular clearance. Port placement in front ((i) ciliary inflow model) and behind the model lens ((ii) posterior inflow model) was used to study bevacizumab (1.25 mg/50 µL) and dexamethasone (0.1 mg/100 µL) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and simulated vitreal fluid (SVF). Dexamethasone was studied in a (iii) retinal-choroid-sclera (RCS) outflow model (with ciliary inflow and two outflow pathways). Ciliary vs. posterior inflow placement did not affect the half-life for dexamethasone at 2.0 µL/min using PBS (4.7 days vs. 4.8 days) and SVF (4.9 days with ciliary inflow), but it did decrease the half-life for bevacizumab in PBS (20.4 days vs. 2.4 days) and SVF (19.2 days vs. 10.8 days). Eye movement only affected the half-life of dexamethasone in both media. Dexamethasone in the RCS model showed approximately 20% and 75% clearance from the RCS and ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="054cf7f776554aaab19ef077f182f458" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":91992534,"asset_id":87895478,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91992534/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87895478"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87895478"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895478; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895478]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895478]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895478; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87895478']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 87895478, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "054cf7f776554aaab19ef077f182f458" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87895478]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87895478,"title":"Effects of Flow Hydrodynamics and Eye Movements on Intraocular Drug Clearance","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"New in vitro prototypes (PK-Eye™) were tested with and without eye movement to understand diffusion and convection effects on intraocular clearance. 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Dexamethasone in the RCS model showed approximately 20% and 75% clearance from the RCS and ...","publisher":"MDPI AG","publication_name":"Pharmaceutics"},"translated_abstract":"New in vitro prototypes (PK-Eye™) were tested with and without eye movement to understand diffusion and convection effects on intraocular clearance. Port placement in front ((i) ciliary inflow model) and behind the model lens ((ii) posterior inflow model) was used to study bevacizumab (1.25 mg/50 µL) and dexamethasone (0.1 mg/100 µL) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and simulated vitreal fluid (SVF). Dexamethasone was studied in a (iii) retinal-choroid-sclera (RCS) outflow model (with ciliary inflow and two outflow pathways). 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80407287"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407287/Protein_modification_by_bis_alkylation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Protein modification by bis-alkylation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407287/Protein_modification_by_bis_alkylation">Protein modification by bis-alkylation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Polymer-Protein Conjugates</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract Conjugation by bis-alkylation using latently cross-conjugated reagents is a basis for si...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Conjugation by bis-alkylation using latently cross-conjugated reagents is a basis for site-specific PEGylation to the two cysteine thiols derived from a native disulfide. Known as disulfide bridging PEGylation, bis-alkylation can also be used to target histidine imidazole residues allowing for His-tag–selective PEGylation at either the N- or C-terminus of a protein. Incorporation of two histidines in a protein can also be accomplished to facilitate site-selective PEGylation by bis-alkylation at an optimal site within a protein. Other applications beyond PEGylation that can exploit the site-selectivity of bis-alkylation as a basis for conjugation include the development of antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-based mimetics, and multifunctional proteins.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80407287"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80407287"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407287; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407287]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407287]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407287; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80407287']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80407287, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80407287]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80407287,"title":"Protein modification by bis-alkylation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstract Conjugation by bis-alkylation using latently cross-conjugated reagents is a basis for site-specific PEGylation to the two cysteine thiols derived from a native disulfide. Known as disulfide bridging PEGylation, bis-alkylation can also be used to target histidine imidazole residues allowing for His-tag–selective PEGylation at either the N- or C-terminus of a protein. Incorporation of two histidines in a protein can also be accomplished to facilitate site-selective PEGylation by bis-alkylation at an optimal site within a protein. Other applications beyond PEGylation that can exploit the site-selectivity of bis-alkylation as a basis for conjugation include the development of antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-based mimetics, and multifunctional proteins.","publisher":"Elsevier","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Polymer-Protein Conjugates"},"translated_abstract":"Abstract Conjugation by bis-alkylation using latently cross-conjugated reagents is a basis for site-specific PEGylation to the two cysteine thiols derived from a native disulfide. Known as disulfide bridging PEGylation, bis-alkylation can also be used to target histidine imidazole residues allowing for His-tag–selective PEGylation at either the N- or C-terminus of a protein. Incorporation of two histidines in a protein can also be accomplished to facilitate site-selective PEGylation by bis-alkylation at an optimal site within a protein. Other applications beyond PEGylation that can exploit the site-selectivity of bis-alkylation as a basis for conjugation include the development of antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-based mimetics, and multifunctional proteins.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80407287/Protein_modification_by_bis_alkylation","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-05-31T17:14:44.570-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":219186877,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Protein_modification_by_bis_alkylation","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":219186877,"first_name":"Sahar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Awwad","page_name":"SaharAwwad1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-03-29T09:12:51.688-07:00","display_name":"Sahar Awwad","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SaharAwwad1"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":897823,"name":"Elsevier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elsevier"}],"urls":[{"id":20975678,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:B9780444640819000164?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80407286"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407286/An_in_vitro_model_to_determine_therapeutic_protein_pharmacokinetics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An in vitro model to determine therapeutic protein pharmacokinetics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407286/An_in_vitro_model_to_determine_therapeutic_protein_pharmacokinetics">An in vitro model to determine therapeutic protein pharmacokinetics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80407286"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80407286"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407286; 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with the nanofiber mo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Lipidised analgesic peptide prodrugs self-assemble into peptide nanofibers; with the nanofiber morphology protecting the peptide from plasma degradation and improving therapeutic efficacy. Extending this learning, we hypothesised that a self-assembling lipidized peptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor agonist, that had not been designed as a prodrug, could prove pharmacologically active and control urine production. The only approved AVP receptor agonist, desmopressin is indicated for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus (DI), bedwetting, haemophilia A and von Willebrand disease. Desmopressin is well tolerated by most patients, however adverse effects, such as hyponatraemia and water intoxication necessitate a strict fluid intake, thus motivating the search for alternative DI treatments. Selective V2 receptor agonism is required for anti-DI activity and we hypothesised that our new lipidized peptide (METx) would lead to selective AVP receptor agonism. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80407277"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407277/A_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation_For_Intraocular_Use"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Sustained Release Protein Formulation For Intraocular Use" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86799297/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407277/A_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation_For_Intraocular_Use">A Sustained Release Protein Formulation For Intraocular Use</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction An ageing population, together with a greater understanding of ocular disease, are d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction An ageing population, together with a greater understanding of ocular disease, are driving the development of new generations of protein therapeutics for ocular use. Currently, antibodies to treat age related macular degeneration (AMD) are administered about every 4-6 weeks by intravitreal (IVT) injections. Although IVT injections are generally safe, they require a clinical procedure that can be uncomfortable for the patient. There is also an economic burden for treating increasingly large numbers of AMD patients, many of whom will be treated for decades. Much effort is now focused on the need to develop ocular dosage forms that can be administered less frequently. We have recently developed an in vitro ocular outflow model (the PKEye) that can be used to estimate the human ocular half-life and stability of new protein therapeutics and new dosage forms to be administered to the back of the eye. Our model is used to aid the pre-clinical development of novel, long-acting ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c96a0e5434b5ee8f4858574998a86d58" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86799297,"asset_id":80407277,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799297/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80407277"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80407277"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407277; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407277]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407277]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407277; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80407277']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80407277, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c96a0e5434b5ee8f4858574998a86d58" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80407277]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80407277,"title":"A Sustained Release Protein Formulation For Intraocular Use","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Introduction An ageing population, together with a greater understanding of ocular disease, are driving the development of new generations of protein therapeutics for ocular use. 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We have recently developed an in vitro ocular outflow model (the PKEye) that can be used to estimate the human ocular half-life and stability of new protein therapeutics and new dosage forms to be administered to the back of the eye. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80407276"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407276/Dual_acting_therapeutic_proteins_for_intraocular_use"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Dual-acting therapeutic proteins for intraocular use" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407276/Dual_acting_therapeutic_proteins_for_intraocular_use">Dual-acting therapeutic proteins for intraocular use</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Drug Discovery Today</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Antibody-based medicines that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are administered b...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Antibody-based medicines that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are administered by intravitreal injection (IVI) to treat chronic neovascular retinal diseases. Much ongoing effort is focussed on enhancing therapeutic outcome of these medicines. One strategy is the use of dual-acting drugs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) to simultaneously bind to more than one intraocular biological target. A dual-acting molecule targeting components within the vitreal cavity could also extend vitreous residence time. In this review, we describe the applications of bispecific antibodies within the eye, with consideration of potential targets, applications, and suitable bispecific formats.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80407276"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80407276"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407276; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407276]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407276]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407276; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80407276']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80407276, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80407276]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80407276,"title":"Dual-acting therapeutic proteins for intraocular use","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Antibody-based medicines that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are administered by intravitreal injection (IVI) to treat chronic neovascular retinal diseases. Much ongoing effort is focussed on enhancing therapeutic outcome of these medicines. One strategy is the use of dual-acting drugs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) to simultaneously bind to more than one intraocular biological target. A dual-acting molecule targeting components within the vitreal cavity could also extend vitreous residence time. In this review, we describe the applications of bispecific antibodies within the eye, with consideration of potential targets, applications, and suitable bispecific formats.","publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Drug Discovery Today"},"translated_abstract":"Antibody-based medicines that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are administered by intravitreal injection (IVI) to treat chronic neovascular retinal diseases. Much ongoing effort is focussed on enhancing therapeutic outcome of these medicines. One strategy is the use of dual-acting drugs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) to simultaneously bind to more than one intraocular biological target. A dual-acting molecule targeting components within the vitreal cavity could also extend vitreous residence time. In this review, we describe the applications of bispecific antibodies within the eye, with consideration of potential targets, applications, and suitable bispecific formats.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80407276/Dual_acting_therapeutic_proteins_for_intraocular_use","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-05-31T17:14:43.621-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":219186877,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Dual_acting_therapeutic_proteins_for_intraocular_use","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":219186877,"first_name":"Sahar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Awwad","page_name":"SaharAwwad1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-03-29T09:12:51.688-07:00","display_name":"Sahar Awwad","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SaharAwwad1"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":3273604,"name":"Dual (grammatical number)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dual_grammatical_number_"},{"id":3789884,"name":"Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology_and_pharmaceutical_sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":20975674,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1359644620304426?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80407275"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407275/Injectables_and_Depots_to_Prolong_Drug_Action_of_Proteins_and_Peptides"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Injectables and Depots to Prolong Drug Action of Proteins and Peptides" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86799295/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407275/Injectables_and_Depots_to_Prolong_Drug_Action_of_Proteins_and_Peptides">Injectables and Depots to Prolong Drug Action of Proteins and Peptides</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pharmaceutics</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Proteins and peptides have emerged in recent years to treat a wide range of multifaceted diseases...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Proteins and peptides have emerged in recent years to treat a wide range of multifaceted diseases such as cancer, diabetes and inflammation. The emergence of polypeptides has yielded advancements in the fields of biopharmaceutical production and formulation. Polypeptides often display poor pharmacokinetics, limited permeability across biological barriers, suboptimal biodistribution, and some proclivity for immunogenicity. Frequent administration of polypeptides is generally required to maintain adequate therapeutic levels, which can limit efficacy and compliance while increasing adverse reactions. Many strategies to increase the duration of action of therapeutic polypeptides have been described with many clinical products having been developed. This review describes approaches to optimise polypeptide delivery organised by the commonly used routes of administration. Future innovations in formulation may hold the key to the continued successful development of proteins and peptides wit...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3174b7661c2a9bc3e0ec569ea7927a8e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86799295,"asset_id":80407275,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799295/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80407275"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80407275"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407275; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407275]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407275]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407275; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80407275']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80407275, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3174b7661c2a9bc3e0ec569ea7927a8e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80407275]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80407275,"title":"Injectables and Depots to Prolong Drug Action of Proteins and Peptides","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Proteins and peptides have emerged in recent years to treat a wide range of multifaceted diseases such as cancer, diabetes and inflammation. The emergence of polypeptides has yielded advancements in the fields of biopharmaceutical production and formulation. Polypeptides often display poor pharmacokinetics, limited permeability across biological barriers, suboptimal biodistribution, and some proclivity for immunogenicity. Frequent administration of polypeptides is generally required to maintain adequate therapeutic levels, which can limit efficacy and compliance while increasing adverse reactions. Many strategies to increase the duration of action of therapeutic polypeptides have been described with many clinical products having been developed. This review describes approaches to optimise polypeptide delivery organised by the commonly used routes of administration. Future innovations in formulation may hold the key to the continued successful development of proteins and peptides wit...","publisher":"MDPI AG","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Pharmaceutics"},"translated_abstract":"Proteins and peptides have emerged in recent years to treat a wide range of multifaceted diseases such as cancer, diabetes and inflammation. The emergence of polypeptides has yielded advancements in the fields of biopharmaceutical production and formulation. Polypeptides often display poor pharmacokinetics, limited permeability across biological barriers, suboptimal biodistribution, and some proclivity for immunogenicity. Frequent administration of polypeptides is generally required to maintain adequate therapeutic levels, which can limit efficacy and compliance while increasing adverse reactions. Many strategies to increase the duration of action of therapeutic polypeptides have been described with many clinical products having been developed. This review describes approaches to optimise polypeptide delivery organised by the commonly used routes of administration. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80407274"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407274/3D_Printed_Punctal_Plugs_for_Controlled_Ocular_Drug_Delivery"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 3D Printed Punctal Plugs for Controlled Ocular Drug Delivery" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86799298/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407274/3D_Printed_Punctal_Plugs_for_Controlled_Ocular_Drug_Delivery">3D Printed Punctal Plugs for Controlled Ocular Drug Delivery</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pharmaceutics</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Dry eye disease is a common ocular disorder that is characterised by tear deficiency or excessive...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Dry eye disease is a common ocular disorder that is characterised by tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation. Current treatment involves the use of eye drops; however, therapeutic efficacy is limited because of poor ocular bioavailability of topically applied formulations. In this study, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing was employed to develop dexamethasone-loaded punctal plugs. Punctal plugs with different drug loadings were fabricated using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) to create a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN). Drug-loaded punctal plugs were characterised in terms of physical characteristics (XRD and DSC), potential drug-photopolymer interactions (FTIR), drug release profile, and cytocompatibility. In vitro release kinetics of the punctal plugs were evaluated using an in-house flow rig model that mimics the subconjunctival space. The results showed sustained release of dexamethasone for up to 7 days from pu...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5303223f3caec7e981f78c645e9ab506" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86799298,"asset_id":80407274,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799298/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80407274"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80407274"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407274; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407274]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407274]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407274; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80407274']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80407274, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5303223f3caec7e981f78c645e9ab506" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80407274]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80407274,"title":"3D Printed Punctal Plugs for Controlled Ocular Drug Delivery","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Dry eye disease is a common ocular disorder that is characterised by tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation. Current treatment involves the use of eye drops; however, therapeutic efficacy is limited because of poor ocular bioavailability of topically applied formulations. In this study, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing was employed to develop dexamethasone-loaded punctal plugs. Punctal plugs with different drug loadings were fabricated using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) to create a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN). Drug-loaded punctal plugs were characterised in terms of physical characteristics (XRD and DSC), potential drug-photopolymer interactions (FTIR), drug release profile, and cytocompatibility. In vitro release kinetics of the punctal plugs were evaluated using an in-house flow rig model that mimics the subconjunctival space. The results showed sustained release of dexamethasone for up to 7 days from pu...","publisher":"MDPI AG","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Pharmaceutics"},"translated_abstract":"Dry eye disease is a common ocular disorder that is characterised by tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation. Current treatment involves the use of eye drops; however, therapeutic efficacy is limited because of poor ocular bioavailability of topically applied formulations. In this study, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing was employed to develop dexamethasone-loaded punctal plugs. Punctal plugs with different drug loadings were fabricated using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) to create a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN). Drug-loaded punctal plugs were characterised in terms of physical characteristics (XRD and DSC), potential drug-photopolymer interactions (FTIR), drug release profile, and cytocompatibility. In vitro release kinetics of the punctal plugs were evaluated using an in-house flow rig model that mimics the subconjunctival space. The results showed sustained release of dexamethasone for up to 7 days from pu...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80407274/3D_Printed_Punctal_Plugs_for_Controlled_Ocular_Drug_Delivery","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-05-31T17:14:43.388-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":219186877,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86799298,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86799298/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799298/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"3D_Printed_Punctal_Plugs_for_Controlled.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86799298/pdf-libre.pdf?1654043015=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D3D_Printed_Punctal_Plugs_for_Controlled.pdf\u0026Expires=1732794228\u0026Signature=Jlvle6TQWqjcGjKhhLbX3UBELDMJAyyfy2UeWqNrmzNLf4~bf3EbCW9BU69EDw~uN9tdRWy-rmvGntjoO0Q~37qdlU~FDMB2B2mC5QyIQAvOb9yhwvV3UWwRqJoEphf0FIQWAuc1box3viV12ey3cLr4vNjStVACzlnSV~0aZ9EsXpefDI0HhcY8n-btm184KyWRg3oPIDuuX7vManse8~JB7ETIfTaeIKTmDhmhqniFhsNN09B1ilWsX~hWdMOZrT9aG9C8hLNIj~HXqssV~8qxhQSLI8oFYb~KvdT1yfQ2uvSg2c-HHnv3U-Xmc~LWA9nxozOUFJVK4jTv1OaUJw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"3D_Printed_Punctal_Plugs_for_Controlled_Ocular_Drug_Delivery","translated_slug":"","page_count":16,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":219186877,"first_name":"Sahar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Awwad","page_name":"SaharAwwad1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-03-29T09:12:51.688-07:00","display_name":"Sahar Awwad","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SaharAwwad1"},"attachments":[{"id":86799298,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86799298/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799298/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"3D_Printed_Punctal_Plugs_for_Controlled.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86799298/pdf-libre.pdf?1654043015=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D3D_Printed_Punctal_Plugs_for_Controlled.pdf\u0026Expires=1732794228\u0026Signature=Jlvle6TQWqjcGjKhhLbX3UBELDMJAyyfy2UeWqNrmzNLf4~bf3EbCW9BU69EDw~uN9tdRWy-rmvGntjoO0Q~37qdlU~FDMB2B2mC5QyIQAvOb9yhwvV3UWwRqJoEphf0FIQWAuc1box3viV12ey3cLr4vNjStVACzlnSV~0aZ9EsXpefDI0HhcY8n-btm184KyWRg3oPIDuuX7vManse8~JB7ETIfTaeIKTmDhmhqniFhsNN09B1ilWsX~hWdMOZrT9aG9C8hLNIj~HXqssV~8qxhQSLI8oFYb~KvdT1yfQ2uvSg2c-HHnv3U-Xmc~LWA9nxozOUFJVK4jTv1OaUJw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":41745,"name":"Pharmaceutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmaceutics"}],"urls":[{"id":20975672,"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/9/1421/pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="15063814" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87895486"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895486/2_The_case_for_protein_PEGylation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 2 The case for protein PEGylation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895486/2_The_case_for_protein_PEGylation">2 The case for protein PEGylation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Therapeutic proteins are fast-acting and potent medicines and have proved very successful in the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Therapeutic proteins are fast-acting and potent medicines and have proved very successful in the treatment of a wide range of indications. With increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of disease, there will continue to be opportunities to develop protein therapeutics. One estimate is that the global protein therapeutics market will be approximately $315 billion by 2025 [1]. Much of this growth can be attributed to the development of monoclonal antibody therapeutics as new targets are uncovered (e.g., checkpoint blockades). While there will likely be a rise in the development of bispecific antibodies and multifunctional antibody-based medicines (e.g., antibody drug conjugates (ADCs)), there are non-antibody-based proteins such as replacement and non-endogenous proteins still being developed. Strategies have been employed to increase the half-life and duration of action of these proteins to make them viable medicines. Endogenous (e.g., blood factors) and exogenous non-antibod...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87895486"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87895486"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895486; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895486]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895486]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895486; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87895486']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 87895486, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87895486]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87895486,"title":"2 The case for protein PEGylation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Therapeutic proteins are fast-acting and potent medicines and have proved very successful in the treatment of a wide range of indications. 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Strategies have been employed to increase the half-life and duration of action of these proteins to make them viable medicines. Endogenous (e.g., blood factors) and exogenous non-antibod...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87895486/2_The_case_for_protein_PEGylation","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-10-04T16:08:41.698-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":219186877,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"2_The_case_for_protein_PEGylation","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":219186877,"first_name":"Sahar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Awwad","page_name":"SaharAwwad1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-03-29T09:12:51.688-07:00","display_name":"Sahar Awwad","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SaharAwwad1"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[{"id":24470784,"url":"https://www.creativepegworks.com/the%20case%20for%20protein%20pegylation.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87895485"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895485/Development_of_an_in_vitro_pharmacokinetic_model_of_the_human_eye"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Development of an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of the human eye" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895485/Development_of_an_in_vitro_pharmacokinetic_model_of_the_human_eye">Development of an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of the human eye</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87895485"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87895485"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895485; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87895484"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895484/In_vitro_evaluation_of_the_therapeutic_tail_of_bevacizumab_in_the_eye"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of In vitro evaluation of the therapeutic tail of bevacizumab in the eye" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/91992550/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895484/In_vitro_evaluation_of_the_therapeutic_tail_of_bevacizumab_in_the_eye">In vitro evaluation of the therapeutic tail of bevacizumab in the eye</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">INTRODUCTION Prolonging therapeutic levels of a drug within the vitreous to treat blinding diseas...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">INTRODUCTION Prolonging therapeutic levels of a drug within the vitreous to treat blinding diseases is one of the most important goals in ophthalmic drug development. Intravitreal (IVT) injecttions of therapeutic proteins and the use of steroid implants in the vitreous are currently the best clinical methods to achieve prolonged exposure in the back of the eye. Therapeutic biologics registered for ophthalmic use by intravitreal (IVT) injection comprise a PEGylated-aptamer (Pegaptanib), antibody fragment (ranibizumab), and an Fc fusion (alfibercept). The monoclonal antibody, bevacizumab is also widely used as an unlicensed medicine to treat age related macular degeneration. It is anticipated that ophthalmic protein-based medicines, which tend to be potent and have a rapid onset of action, will continue to be developed as molecular mechanisms involved in blinding diseases become better understood</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f86c5ce218a0ea212c00a0b4c670b15c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":91992550,"asset_id":87895484,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91992550/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjc5MDYyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87895484"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87895484"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895484; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895484]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895484]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895484; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87895484']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 87895484, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f86c5ce218a0ea212c00a0b4c670b15c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87895484]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87895484,"title":"In vitro evaluation of the therapeutic tail of bevacizumab in the eye","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Prolonging therapeutic levels of a drug within the vitreous to treat blinding diseases is one of the most important goals in ophthalmic drug development. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87895483"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895483/Freeze_Drying_to_Develop_a_Bevacizumab_based_Tablet_for_Ocular_Implantation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Freeze Drying to Develop a Bevacizumab-based Tablet for Ocular Implantation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895483/Freeze_Drying_to_Develop_a_Bevacizumab_based_Tablet_for_Ocular_Implantation">Freeze Drying to Develop a Bevacizumab-based Tablet for Ocular Implantation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87895483"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87895483"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895483; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895483]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895483]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895483; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87895483']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 87895483, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87895483]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87895483,"title":"Freeze Drying to Develop a Bevacizumab-based Tablet for Ocular Implantation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87895483/Freeze_Drying_to_Develop_a_Bevacizumab_based_Tablet_for_Ocular_Implantation","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-10-04T16:08:41.262-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":219186877,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Freeze_Drying_to_Develop_a_Bevacizumab_based_Tablet_for_Ocular_Implantation","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":219186877,"first_name":"Sahar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Awwad","page_name":"SaharAwwad1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-03-29T09:12:51.688-07:00","display_name":"Sahar Awwad","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SaharAwwad1"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":555655,"name":"Bevacizumab","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bevacizumab"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87895478"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895478/Effects_of_Flow_Hydrodynamics_and_Eye_Movements_on_Intraocular_Drug_Clearance"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Flow Hydrodynamics and Eye Movements on Intraocular Drug Clearance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/91992534/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87895478/Effects_of_Flow_Hydrodynamics_and_Eye_Movements_on_Intraocular_Drug_Clearance">Effects of Flow Hydrodynamics and Eye Movements on Intraocular Drug Clearance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pharmaceutics</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">New in vitro prototypes (PK-Eye™) were tested with and without eye movement to understand diffusi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">New in vitro prototypes (PK-Eye™) were tested with and without eye movement to understand diffusion and convection effects on intraocular clearance. Port placement in front ((i) ciliary inflow model) and behind the model lens ((ii) posterior inflow model) was used to study bevacizumab (1.25 mg/50 µL) and dexamethasone (0.1 mg/100 µL) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and simulated vitreal fluid (SVF). Dexamethasone was studied in a (iii) retinal-choroid-sclera (RCS) outflow model (with ciliary inflow and two outflow pathways). Ciliary vs. posterior inflow placement did not affect the half-life for dexamethasone at 2.0 µL/min using PBS (4.7 days vs. 4.8 days) and SVF (4.9 days with ciliary inflow), but it did decrease the half-life for bevacizumab in PBS (20.4 days vs. 2.4 days) and SVF (19.2 days vs. 10.8 days). Eye movement only affected the half-life of dexamethasone in both media. Dexamethasone in the RCS model showed approximately 20% and 75% clearance from the RCS and ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="054cf7f776554aaab19ef077f182f458" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":91992534,"asset_id":87895478,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91992534/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjc5MDYyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87895478"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87895478"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895478; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895478]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87895478]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87895478; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87895478']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 87895478, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "054cf7f776554aaab19ef077f182f458" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87895478]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87895478,"title":"Effects of Flow Hydrodynamics and Eye Movements on Intraocular Drug Clearance","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"New in vitro prototypes (PK-Eye™) were tested with and without eye movement to understand diffusion and convection effects on intraocular clearance. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80407287"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407287/Protein_modification_by_bis_alkylation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Protein modification by bis-alkylation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407287/Protein_modification_by_bis_alkylation">Protein modification by bis-alkylation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Polymer-Protein Conjugates</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract Conjugation by bis-alkylation using latently cross-conjugated reagents is a basis for si...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Conjugation by bis-alkylation using latently cross-conjugated reagents is a basis for site-specific PEGylation to the two cysteine thiols derived from a native disulfide. Known as disulfide bridging PEGylation, bis-alkylation can also be used to target histidine imidazole residues allowing for His-tag–selective PEGylation at either the N- or C-terminus of a protein. Incorporation of two histidines in a protein can also be accomplished to facilitate site-selective PEGylation by bis-alkylation at an optimal site within a protein. 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with the nanofiber mo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Lipidised analgesic peptide prodrugs self-assemble into peptide nanofibers; with the nanofiber morphology protecting the peptide from plasma degradation and improving therapeutic efficacy. Extending this learning, we hypothesised that a self-assembling lipidized peptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor agonist, that had not been designed as a prodrug, could prove pharmacologically active and control urine production. The only approved AVP receptor agonist, desmopressin is indicated for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus (DI), bedwetting, haemophilia A and von Willebrand disease. Desmopressin is well tolerated by most patients, however adverse effects, such as hyponatraemia and water intoxication necessitate a strict fluid intake, thus motivating the search for alternative DI treatments. Selective V2 receptor agonism is required for anti-DI activity and we hypothesised that our new lipidized peptide (METx) would lead to selective AVP receptor agonism. METx was synthesised...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4e81e5ad5812059b70e97e9b3a1de2e0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86799300,"asset_id":80407281,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799300/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjc5MDYyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80407281"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80407281"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407281; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407281]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407281]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407281; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80407281']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80407281, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4e81e5ad5812059b70e97e9b3a1de2e0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80407281]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80407281,"title":"A Self-Assembling Lipidic Peptide and Selective Partial V2 Receptor Agonist Inhibits Urine Production","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Lipidised analgesic peptide prodrugs self-assemble into peptide nanofibers; with the nanofiber morphology protecting the peptide from plasma degradation and improving therapeutic efficacy. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80407277"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407277/A_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation_For_Intraocular_Use"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Sustained Release Protein Formulation For Intraocular Use" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86799297/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407277/A_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation_For_Intraocular_Use">A Sustained Release Protein Formulation For Intraocular Use</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction An ageing population, together with a greater understanding of ocular disease, are d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction An ageing population, together with a greater understanding of ocular disease, are driving the development of new generations of protein therapeutics for ocular use. Currently, antibodies to treat age related macular degeneration (AMD) are administered about every 4-6 weeks by intravitreal (IVT) injections. Although IVT injections are generally safe, they require a clinical procedure that can be uncomfortable for the patient. There is also an economic burden for treating increasingly large numbers of AMD patients, many of whom will be treated for decades. Much effort is now focused on the need to develop ocular dosage forms that can be administered less frequently. We have recently developed an in vitro ocular outflow model (the PKEye) that can be used to estimate the human ocular half-life and stability of new protein therapeutics and new dosage forms to be administered to the back of the eye. Our model is used to aid the pre-clinical development of novel, long-acting ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c96a0e5434b5ee8f4858574998a86d58" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86799297,"asset_id":80407277,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799297/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjc5MDYyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80407277"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80407277"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407277; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407277]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407277]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407277; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80407277']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80407277, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c96a0e5434b5ee8f4858574998a86d58" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80407277]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80407277,"title":"A Sustained Release Protein Formulation For Intraocular Use","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Introduction An ageing population, together with a greater understanding of ocular disease, are driving the development of new generations of protein therapeutics for ocular use. Currently, antibodies to treat age related macular degeneration (AMD) are administered about every 4-6 weeks by intravitreal (IVT) injections. Although IVT injections are generally safe, they require a clinical procedure that can be uncomfortable for the patient. There is also an economic burden for treating increasingly large numbers of AMD patients, many of whom will be treated for decades. Much effort is now focused on the need to develop ocular dosage forms that can be administered less frequently. We have recently developed an in vitro ocular outflow model (the PKEye) that can be used to estimate the human ocular half-life and stability of new protein therapeutics and new dosage forms to be administered to the back of the eye. Our model is used to aid the pre-clinical development of novel, long-acting ...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Introduction An ageing population, together with a greater understanding of ocular disease, are driving the development of new generations of protein therapeutics for ocular use. Currently, antibodies to treat age related macular degeneration (AMD) are administered about every 4-6 weeks by intravitreal (IVT) injections. Although IVT injections are generally safe, they require a clinical procedure that can be uncomfortable for the patient. There is also an economic burden for treating increasingly large numbers of AMD patients, many of whom will be treated for decades. Much effort is now focused on the need to develop ocular dosage forms that can be administered less frequently. We have recently developed an in vitro ocular outflow model (the PKEye) that can be used to estimate the human ocular half-life and stability of new protein therapeutics and new dosage forms to be administered to the back of the eye. Our model is used to aid the pre-clinical development of novel, long-acting ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80407277/A_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation_For_Intraocular_Use","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-05-31T17:14:43.757-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":219186877,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86799297,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86799297/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"SaharAmsterdam_20conference_202016_20final_20abstract.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799297/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjc5MDYyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86799297/SaharAmsterdam_20conference_202016_20final_20abstract-libre.pdf?1654043007=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation.pdf\u0026Expires=1732794227\u0026Signature=MV-qwwG56ToqscoqgmbxEu3INe~V0gDu7mqQiTtbbYmK~utnwSGYGOgvgUkOToEePLieA-DrzJw2tvaRdhjUwdh5PVov36IODQIstn-DFf1BZ6kslMyrAu5HQ9tmaP7qvUBS3dtbInDTqyOoZS4BkWLzIc7UcsWNftiimb8eGZkfffTsnw1PDPtdbVq56oQMmmq--LEtlCNWi5iy64848eEaMUhb8OI74CoWoV9sYP~4qM7o~3QRasi9z2RYKpPVYX0rUj0UGO3zrN6rL7sPRSN7amhdvk8jrYfLF9IEQvapLhRR52ln~kxvJL-d0no4sFHu0d2~p9MsAQmGGQ8-Gg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation_For_Intraocular_Use","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":219186877,"first_name":"Sahar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Awwad","page_name":"SaharAwwad1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-03-29T09:12:51.688-07:00","display_name":"Sahar Awwad","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SaharAwwad1"},"attachments":[{"id":86799297,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86799297/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"SaharAmsterdam_20conference_202016_20final_20abstract.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799297/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjc5MDYyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86799297/SaharAmsterdam_20conference_202016_20final_20abstract-libre.pdf?1654043007=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation.pdf\u0026Expires=1732794227\u0026Signature=MV-qwwG56ToqscoqgmbxEu3INe~V0gDu7mqQiTtbbYmK~utnwSGYGOgvgUkOToEePLieA-DrzJw2tvaRdhjUwdh5PVov36IODQIstn-DFf1BZ6kslMyrAu5HQ9tmaP7qvUBS3dtbInDTqyOoZS4BkWLzIc7UcsWNftiimb8eGZkfffTsnw1PDPtdbVq56oQMmmq--LEtlCNWi5iy64848eEaMUhb8OI74CoWoV9sYP~4qM7o~3QRasi9z2RYKpPVYX0rUj0UGO3zrN6rL7sPRSN7amhdvk8jrYfLF9IEQvapLhRR52ln~kxvJL-d0no4sFHu0d2~p9MsAQmGGQ8-Gg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":86799299,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86799299/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"SaharAmsterdam_20conference_202016_20final_20abstract.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799299/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86799299/SaharAmsterdam_20conference_202016_20final_20abstract-libre.pdf?1654043007=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Sustained_Release_Protein_Formulation.pdf\u0026Expires=1732794227\u0026Signature=NJNzA3tN5mfSXkAH5m2ej8EMQd6Nq-NxNlWVwTDALKj3C2iMbmEo6ZaegNEm4Ex~wyeYW83A~whJOz776jdft1fS~mQfgkRgm~8tKeGcO1udTBZL2ipdtAul22aouY-VVP96-Qy~X4Ex4YptjL7SNMPhMKFe~H5ZqvjkyLiDpunuk8P6d5i4nX~fZAl6Xm5mdohG8LwxpuD2V5y5SWZPi~ugJY1kSa1QmeORCruVzgomwM3FP3QT4ShtG4nQfUESDNL~fk0ktza0LfXaJ2h0yj~fKYj8b7nf9NRhGbvNEPXmSPBQAKcK-bc0AzX6i2E-GCnWpJjvmsLDbmB-KrOJ-g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"}],"urls":[{"id":20975675,"url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1528716/1/SaharAmsterdam%20conference%202016%20final%20abstract.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80407276"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407276/Dual_acting_therapeutic_proteins_for_intraocular_use"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Dual-acting therapeutic proteins for intraocular use" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407276/Dual_acting_therapeutic_proteins_for_intraocular_use">Dual-acting therapeutic proteins for intraocular use</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Drug Discovery Today</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Antibody-based medicines that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are administered b...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Antibody-based medicines that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are administered by intravitreal injection (IVI) to treat chronic neovascular retinal diseases. Much ongoing effort is focussed on enhancing therapeutic outcome of these medicines. One strategy is the use of dual-acting drugs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) to simultaneously bind to more than one intraocular biological target. A dual-acting molecule targeting components within the vitreal cavity could also extend vitreous residence time. In this review, we describe the applications of bispecific antibodies within the eye, with consideration of potential targets, applications, and suitable bispecific formats.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80407276"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80407276"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407276; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407276]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407276]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407276; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80407276']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80407276, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80407276]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80407276,"title":"Dual-acting therapeutic proteins for intraocular use","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Antibody-based medicines that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are administered by intravitreal injection (IVI) to treat chronic neovascular retinal diseases. Much ongoing effort is focussed on enhancing therapeutic outcome of these medicines. One strategy is the use of dual-acting drugs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) to simultaneously bind to more than one intraocular biological target. A dual-acting molecule targeting components within the vitreal cavity could also extend vitreous residence time. In this review, we describe the applications of bispecific antibodies within the eye, with consideration of potential targets, applications, and suitable bispecific formats.","publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Drug Discovery Today"},"translated_abstract":"Antibody-based medicines that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are administered by intravitreal injection (IVI) to treat chronic neovascular retinal diseases. Much ongoing effort is focussed on enhancing therapeutic outcome of these medicines. One strategy is the use of dual-acting drugs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) to simultaneously bind to more than one intraocular biological target. A dual-acting molecule targeting components within the vitreal cavity could also extend vitreous residence time. In this review, we describe the applications of bispecific antibodies within the eye, with consideration of potential targets, applications, and suitable bispecific formats.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80407276/Dual_acting_therapeutic_proteins_for_intraocular_use","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-05-31T17:14:43.621-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":219186877,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Dual_acting_therapeutic_proteins_for_intraocular_use","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":219186877,"first_name":"Sahar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Awwad","page_name":"SaharAwwad1","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-03-29T09:12:51.688-07:00","display_name":"Sahar Awwad","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SaharAwwad1"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":3273604,"name":"Dual (grammatical number)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dual_grammatical_number_"},{"id":3789884,"name":"Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology_and_pharmaceutical_sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":20975674,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1359644620304426?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80407275"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407275/Injectables_and_Depots_to_Prolong_Drug_Action_of_Proteins_and_Peptides"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Injectables and Depots to Prolong Drug Action of Proteins and Peptides" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86799295/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407275/Injectables_and_Depots_to_Prolong_Drug_Action_of_Proteins_and_Peptides">Injectables and Depots to Prolong Drug Action of Proteins and Peptides</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pharmaceutics</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Proteins and peptides have emerged in recent years to treat a wide range of multifaceted diseases...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Proteins and peptides have emerged in recent years to treat a wide range of multifaceted diseases such as cancer, diabetes and inflammation. The emergence of polypeptides has yielded advancements in the fields of biopharmaceutical production and formulation. Polypeptides often display poor pharmacokinetics, limited permeability across biological barriers, suboptimal biodistribution, and some proclivity for immunogenicity. Frequent administration of polypeptides is generally required to maintain adequate therapeutic levels, which can limit efficacy and compliance while increasing adverse reactions. Many strategies to increase the duration of action of therapeutic polypeptides have been described with many clinical products having been developed. This review describes approaches to optimise polypeptide delivery organised by the commonly used routes of administration. Future innovations in formulation may hold the key to the continued successful development of proteins and peptides wit...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3174b7661c2a9bc3e0ec569ea7927a8e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86799295,"asset_id":80407275,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799295/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80407275"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80407275"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407275; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407275]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407275]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407275; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80407275']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80407275, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3174b7661c2a9bc3e0ec569ea7927a8e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80407275]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80407275,"title":"Injectables and Depots to Prolong Drug Action of Proteins and Peptides","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Proteins and peptides have emerged in recent years to treat a wide range of multifaceted diseases such as cancer, diabetes and inflammation. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80407274"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407274/3D_Printed_Punctal_Plugs_for_Controlled_Ocular_Drug_Delivery"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 3D Printed Punctal Plugs for Controlled Ocular Drug Delivery" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86799298/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80407274/3D_Printed_Punctal_Plugs_for_Controlled_Ocular_Drug_Delivery">3D Printed Punctal Plugs for Controlled Ocular Drug Delivery</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pharmaceutics</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Dry eye disease is a common ocular disorder that is characterised by tear deficiency or excessive...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Dry eye disease is a common ocular disorder that is characterised by tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation. Current treatment involves the use of eye drops; however, therapeutic efficacy is limited because of poor ocular bioavailability of topically applied formulations. In this study, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing was employed to develop dexamethasone-loaded punctal plugs. Punctal plugs with different drug loadings were fabricated using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) to create a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN). Drug-loaded punctal plugs were characterised in terms of physical characteristics (XRD and DSC), potential drug-photopolymer interactions (FTIR), drug release profile, and cytocompatibility. In vitro release kinetics of the punctal plugs were evaluated using an in-house flow rig model that mimics the subconjunctival space. The results showed sustained release of dexamethasone for up to 7 days from pu...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5303223f3caec7e981f78c645e9ab506" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86799298,"asset_id":80407274,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86799298/download_file?st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjc5MDYyOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80407274"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80407274"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407274; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407274]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80407274]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80407274; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80407274']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80407274, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5303223f3caec7e981f78c645e9ab506" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80407274]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80407274,"title":"3D Printed Punctal Plugs for Controlled Ocular Drug Delivery","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Dry eye disease is a common ocular disorder that is characterised by tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation. Current treatment involves the use of eye drops; however, therapeutic efficacy is limited because of poor ocular bioavailability of topically applied formulations. In this study, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing was employed to develop dexamethasone-loaded punctal plugs. Punctal plugs with different drug loadings were fabricated using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) to create a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN). Drug-loaded punctal plugs were characterised in terms of physical characteristics (XRD and DSC), potential drug-photopolymer interactions (FTIR), drug release profile, and cytocompatibility. In vitro release kinetics of the punctal plugs were evaluated using an in-house flow rig model that mimics the subconjunctival space. 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