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<span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Igneous_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Igneous_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Igneous rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Igneous_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sedimentary_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sedimentary_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sedimentary rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sedimentary_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metamorphic_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamorphic_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Metamorphic rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamorphic_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_rocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_rocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Extraterrestrial rocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_rocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Human use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anthropic_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropic_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anthropic rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropic_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rock (geology)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 153 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">153 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klip" title="Klip – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klip" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestein" title="Gestein – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gestein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95" title="रॉक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रॉक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="صخر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صخر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܐܒܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܒܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="শিল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শিল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asini" title="Asini – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Asini" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ita" title="Ita – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ita" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCxur" title="Süxur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süxur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="داش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="শিলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2m-chio%CC%8Dh" title="Gâm-chio̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gâm-chio̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Тау тоҡомо – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тау тоҡомо" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Горная парода – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Горная парода" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Горная парода – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Горная парода" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="चट्टान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चट्टान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapo_(heolohiya)" title="Gapo (heolohiya) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gapo (heolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Скала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stoa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijena" title="Stijena – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stijena" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc%27h_(douarouriezh)" title="Roc'h (douarouriezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roc'h (douarouriezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D1%80%D1%82-%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Сăрт-ту тăправĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăрт-ту тăправĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornina" title="Hornina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hornina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabwe" title="Mabwe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mabwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra" title="Petra – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Petra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig" title="Craig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Craig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjergart" title="Bjergart – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bjergart" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="حجر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حجر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestein" title="Gestein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gestein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivim" title="Kivim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kivim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πέτρωμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέτρωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roka%C4%B5o" title="Rokaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rokaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroka" title="Arroka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arroka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattaan" title="Chattaan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chattaan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche" title="Roche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiente" title="Stiente – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stiente" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carraig" title="Carraig – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carraig" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clach" title="Clach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha" title="Rocha – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rocha" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CC%8Dk-th%C3%A8u" title="Sa̍k-thèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sa̍k-thèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%EC%84%9D" title="암석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwatsu_(geology)" title="Duwatsu (geology) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Duwatsu (geology)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ապար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2" title="शैल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शैल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijena" title="Stijena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stijena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roko_(geologio)" title="Roko (geologio) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roko (geologio)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu" title="Batu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocca" title="Rocca – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rocca" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocca_(geologie)" title="Rocca (geologie) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Rocca (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uya%C4%A1ak" title="Uyaġak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uyaġak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg" title="Berg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Berg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roccia" title="Roccia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roccia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="סלע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watu" title="Watu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Watu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಲ್ಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲ್ಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ქანი (გეოლოგია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქანი (გეოლოგია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Тау жынысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тау жынысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrek" title="Karrek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karrek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwamba_(jiolojia)" title="Mwamba (jiolojia) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwamba (jiolojia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2ch" title="Ròch – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ròch" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2ch" title="Ròch – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ròch" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevir" title="Kevir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kevir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тоо тектер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тоо тектер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pina" title="Pina – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pina" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%ABksnis" title="Plīksnis – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Plīksnis" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_(geologia)" title="Lapis (geologia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lapis (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ie%C5%BEi" title="Ieži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ieži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestengs" title="Gestengs – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gestengs" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoliena" title="Uoliena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Uoliena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein_(geologie)" title="Stein (geologie) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stein (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rna" title="Córna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Córna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91zet" title="Kőzet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kőzet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Карпа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карпа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vato" title="Vato – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vato" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1" title="പാറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatu" title="Whatu – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whatu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95" title="खडक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खडक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu" title="Batu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu" title="Batu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Batu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Чулуу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чулуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကျောက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatu" title="Vatu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vatu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesteente" title="Gesteente – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gesteente" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="चट्टान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चट्टान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82" title="ल्वहं – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ल्वहं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="岩石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stianang" title="Stianang – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stianang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergart" title="Bergart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bergart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergart" title="Bergart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bergart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotchi" title="Rotchi – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rotchi" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2ca" title="Ròca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ròca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tog%CA%BB_jinslari" title="Togʻ jinslari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Togʻ jinslari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚਟਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਟਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ډبره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډبره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2cia" title="Ròcia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ròcia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steen_(Petrologie)" title="Steen (Petrologie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Steen (Petrologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C5%82a" title="Skała – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skała" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha" title="Rocha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rocha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc%C4%83" title="Rocă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rocă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi_kaq" title="Rumi kaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumi kaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Горнина – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Горнина" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Горная порода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горная порода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ba%27tu" title="ba'tu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ba'tu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rock (geology)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shk%C3%ABmbi" title="Shkëmbi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkëmbi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassu" title="Sassu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sassu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB_(%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="පාෂාණ (භූ විද්‍යාව) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාෂාණ (භූ විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rock (geology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%BF%D8%B1" title="پٿر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پٿر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornina" title="Hornina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hornina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamnina" title="Kamnina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kamnina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhagax" title="Dhagax – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhagax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="بەرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Стена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijena" title="Stijena – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stijena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu" title="Batu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Batu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi" title="Kivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergart" title="Bergart – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bergart" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_(heolohiya)" title="Bato (heolohiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bato (heolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="பாறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%E1%B9%9Bu" title="Azṛu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azṛu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Тау токымы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тау токымы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF" title="రాయి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాయి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="หิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makatu%CA%BBu" title="Makatuʻu – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Makatuʻu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%AF" title="ᏅᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏅᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಶಿಲೆಕಲ್ಲು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಶಿಲೆಕಲ್ಲು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya%C3%A7" title="Kayaç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kayaç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гірська порода – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гірська порода" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="حجر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حجر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin" title="Rin – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Rin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piera" title="Piera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Piera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1" title="Đá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotche" title="Rotche – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rotche" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gest%C3%AAentes%C3%B4ortn" title="Gestêentesôortn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gestêentesôortn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_(heolohiya)" title="Bato (heolohiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bato (heolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="岩石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="שטיין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטיין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD" title="石頭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石頭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salek" title="Salek – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Salek" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oul%C4%97inas" title="Oulėinas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Oulėinas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="岩石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watu" title="Watu – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Watu" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu" title="Batu – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Batu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8063#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rocks_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rocks (disambiguation)">Rocks (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stone (disambiguation)">Stone (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stones_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stones (disambiguation)">Stones (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsh_Butte_and_Geikie_Peak,_Grand_Canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Marsh_Butte_and_Geikie_Peak%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg/300px-Marsh_Butte_and_Geikie_Peak%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Marsh_Butte_and_Geikie_Peak%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg/450px-Marsh_Butte_and_Geikie_Peak%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border:2px solid #BFB4A2;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Geology" title="Category:Geology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#D8B982;font-size:175%;padding:0.2em;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/100px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/150px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/200px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><b>Science of the solid Earth</b></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: #FFFBF4;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a 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title="Mineral">Minerals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sediment</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">Strata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#FFFBF4;background:light-dark(#FFFBF4,black);color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-family:inherit;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;background:#D8B982;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)">Laws, principles, theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphic principles</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_original_horizontality" title="Principle of original horizontality">Principle of original horizontality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_lateral_continuity" title="Principle of lateral continuity">Principle of lateral continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_cross-cutting_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of cross-cutting relationships">Principle of cross-cutting relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_faunal_succession" title="Principle of faunal succession">Principle of faunal succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_included_fragments" title="Law of included fragments">Principle of inclusions and components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Walther's law">Walther's law</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#FFFBF4;background:light-dark(#FFFBF4,black);color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-family:inherit;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;background:#D8B982;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;"><hr /> <ul><li><b>Composition</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">Sedimentology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of Earth">Structure of Earth</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Landform structures</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_Geology" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Geology">Structural Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">Volcanology</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Geologic history</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#FFFBF4;background:light-dark(#FFFBF4,black);color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-family:inherit;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;background:#D8B982;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #90db90;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geology#Branches_of_geology" title="Outline of geology">Branches of geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">Geologist</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_geologists" title="List of geologists">List)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Methods</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_survey" title="Geological survey">Geological survey</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#FFFBF4;background:light-dark(#FFFBF4,black);color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-family:inherit;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;background:#D8B982;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_geology" title="Mining geology">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geology" title="Forensic geology">Forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_geology" title="Military geology">Military</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#FFFBF4;background:light-dark(#FFFBF4,black);color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-family:inherit;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;background:#D8B982;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_geological_features_of_the_Solar_System" title="Lists of geological features of the Solar System">Lists of geological features of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets" title="Geology of solar terrestrial planets">Geology of solar terrestrial planets</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>By planet and body</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mercury" title="Geology of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Venus" title="Geology of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta#Geology" title="4 Vesta"> Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ceres" title="Geology of Ceres">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)#Structure" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)#Surface_features" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Triton" title="Geology of Triton">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pluto" title="Geology of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Charon" title="Geology of Charon">Charon</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding:0.25em 0.25em 0.25em; display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: #FFFBF4;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geology_sidebar" title="Template:Geology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Geology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <b>rock</b> (or <b>stone</b>) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mineraloid" title="Mineraloid">mineraloid</a> matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical composition</a>, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">crust</a>, and most of its interior, except for the liquid <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">outer core</a> and pockets of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphere</a>. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include <a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">planetary geology</a> that studies the rocks of other celestial objects. </p><p>Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a>. Igneous rocks are formed when <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> cools in the Earth's crust, or <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by <a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">diagenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithification" title="Lithification">lithification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>, which in turn are formed by the <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>, transport, and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a> of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting. </p><p>Humanity has made use of rocks since the time the earliest humans lived. This early period, called the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study">Study</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a></div> <p>Geology is the study of Earth and its components, including the study of rock formations. Petrology is the study of the character and origin of rocks. Mineralogy is the study of the mineral components that create rocks. The study of rocks and their components has contributed to the geological understanding of Earth's history, the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> understanding of human history, and the development of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> in human society.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">history of geology</a> includes many theories of rocks and their origins that have persisted throughout human history, the study of rocks was developed as a formal science during the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Plutonism" title="Plutonism">Plutonism</a> was developed as a theory during this time, and the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> in 1896 allowed for the <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> of rocks. Understanding of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> developed in the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Formation_of_rocks" title="Formation of rocks">Formation of rocks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kummakivi_balancing_rock_in_Ruokolahti,_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kummakivi_balancing_rock_in_Ruokolahti%2C_Finland.jpg/220px-Kummakivi_balancing_rock_in_Ruokolahti%2C_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kummakivi_balancing_rock_in_Ruokolahti%2C_Finland.jpg/330px-Kummakivi_balancing_rock_in_Ruokolahti%2C_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kummakivi_balancing_rock_in_Ruokolahti%2C_Finland.jpg/440px-Kummakivi_balancing_rock_in_Ruokolahti%2C_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3681" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Balancing_rock" title="Balancing rock">balancing rock</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Kummakivi" title="Kummakivi">Kummakivi</a></i> (literally <i>"strange stone"</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Rocks are composed primarily of grains of minerals, which are <a href="/wiki/Crystalline_solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline solids">crystalline solids</a> formed from atoms <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemically bonded</a> into an orderly structure.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> Some rocks also contain <a href="/wiki/Mineraloid" title="Mineraloid">mineraloids</a>, which are rigid, mineral-like substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">volcanic glass</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55, 79">: 55, 79 </span></sup> that lack crystalline structure. The types and abundance of minerals in a rock are determined by the manner in which it was formed. </p><p>Most rocks contain <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">silicate minerals</a>, compounds that include silica tetrahedra in their <a href="/wiki/Crystal_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal lattice">crystal lattice</a>, and account for about one-third of all known mineral species and about 95% of the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">earth's crust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining their names and properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1995_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DirkvdM_rocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DirkvdM_rocks.jpg/220px-DirkvdM_rocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DirkvdM_rocks.jpg/330px-DirkvdM_rocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DirkvdM_rocks.jpg/440px-DirkvdM_rocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Rock <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcrop</a> along a mountain creek near <a href="/wiki/Oros%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Orosí">Orosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rocks are classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition, <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">permeability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texture_(geology)" title="Texture (geology)">texture</a> of the constituent particles, and <a href="/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle size (grain size)">particle size</a>. These physical properties are the result of the processes that formed the rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of time, rocks can be transformed from one type into another, as described by a geological model called the <a href="/wiki/Rock_cycle" title="Rock cycle">rock cycle</a>. This transformation produces three general classes of rock: <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a>. </p><p>These three classes are subdivided into many groups. There are, however, no hard-and-fast boundaries between allied rocks. By increase or decrease in the proportions of their minerals, they pass through gradations from one to the other; the distinctive structures of one kind of rock may thus be traced, gradually merging into those of another. Hence the definitions adopted in rock names simply correspond to selected points in a continuously graduated series.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Igneous_rock">Igneous rock</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GabbroRockCreek1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GabbroRockCreek1.jpg/220px-GabbroRockCreek1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GabbroRockCreek1.jpg/330px-GabbroRockCreek1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GabbroRockCreek1.jpg/440px-GabbroRockCreek1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Sample of igneous <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Igneous rock (derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>igneus,</i> meaning <i>of fire,</i> from <i>ignis</i> meaning <i>fire)</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is formed through the cooling and <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">solidification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>. This magma may be derived from partial melts of pre-existing rocks in either a <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>. Typically, the melting of rocks is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 591–599">: 591–599 </span></sup> </p><p>Igneous rocks are divided into two main categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonic">Plutonic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">intrusive</a> rocks result when magma cools and <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallizes</a> slowly within the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>. A common example of this type is <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>.</li> <li>Volcanic or <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrusive (geology)">extrusive</a> rocks result from magma reaching the surface either as lava or <i>fragmental ejecta</i>, forming minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Magmas tend to become richer in silica as they rise towards the Earth's surface, a process called <i><a href="/wiki/Magma_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Magma differentiation">magma differentiation</a></i>. This occurs both because minerals low in silica crystallize out of the magma as it begins to cool (<a href="/wiki/Bowen%27s_reaction_series" title="Bowen's reaction series">Bowen's reaction series</a>) and because the magma assimilates some of the crustal rock through which it ascends (<i><a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a></i>), and crustal rock tends to be high in silica. Silica content is thus the most important chemical criterion for classifying igneous rock.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1995_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The content of <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metal oxide">alkali metal oxides</a> is next in importance.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 65% of the Earth's crust by volume consists of igneous rocks. Of these, 66% are basalt and <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>, 16% are granite, and 17% <a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">granodiorite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorite</a>. Only 0.6% are <a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">syenite</a> and 0.3% are <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic">ultramafic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> is 99% basalt, which is an igneous rock of <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> composition. Granite and similar rocks, known as <a href="/wiki/Granitoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Granitoids">granitoids</a>, dominate the <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-condie_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BucherGrapes2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BucherGrapes2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sedimentary_rock">Sedimentary rock</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Liesegang_banding%22_in_quartzose_sandstone_(Upper_Paleozoic;_quarry_near_Crossville,_Tennessee,_USA)_2_(40280403530).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%22Liesegang_banding%22_in_quartzose_sandstone_%28Upper_Paleozoic%3B_quarry_near_Crossville%2C_Tennessee%2C_USA%29_2_%2840280403530%29.jpg/220px-%22Liesegang_banding%22_in_quartzose_sandstone_%28Upper_Paleozoic%3B_quarry_near_Crossville%2C_Tennessee%2C_USA%29_2_%2840280403530%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%22Liesegang_banding%22_in_quartzose_sandstone_%28Upper_Paleozoic%3B_quarry_near_Crossville%2C_Tennessee%2C_USA%29_2_%2840280403530%29.jpg/330px-%22Liesegang_banding%22_in_quartzose_sandstone_%28Upper_Paleozoic%3B_quarry_near_Crossville%2C_Tennessee%2C_USA%29_2_%2840280403530%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%22Liesegang_banding%22_in_quartzose_sandstone_%28Upper_Paleozoic%3B_quarry_near_Crossville%2C_Tennessee%2C_USA%29_2_%2840280403530%29.jpg/440px-%22Liesegang_banding%22_in_quartzose_sandstone_%28Upper_Paleozoic%3B_quarry_near_Crossville%2C_Tennessee%2C_USA%29_2_%2840280403530%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3993" data-file-height="2535" /></a><figcaption>Sedimentary <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> bands</figcaption></figure> <p>Sedimentary rocks are formed at the earth's surface by the accumulation and cementation of fragments of earlier rocks, minerals, and organisms<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as chemical precipitates and organic growths in water (<a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>). This process causes <a href="/wiki/Clastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic">clastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> (pieces of rock) or <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic</a> particles (<a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>) to settle and accumulate or for minerals to chemically <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a>) from a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>. The particulate matter then undergoes compaction and <a href="/wiki/Cementation_(geology)" title="Cementation (geology)">cementation</a> at moderate temperatures and pressures (<a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">diagenesis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 265–280">: 265–280 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147–154">: 147–154 </span></sup> </p><p>Before being deposited, sediments are formed by <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of earlier rocks by <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> in a source area and then transported to the place of deposition by <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">mass movement</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> (agents of <a href="/wiki/Denudation" title="Denudation">denudation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 7.9% of the crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks, with 82% of those being shales, while the remainder consists of 6% limestone and 12% sandstone and <a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">arkoses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BucherGrapes2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BucherGrapes2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedimentary rocks often contain <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>. Sedimentary rocks form under the influence of gravity and typically are deposited in horizontal or near horizontal layers or <a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">strata</a>, and may be referred to as stratified rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sediment and the particles of <a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">clastic</a> sedimentary rocks can be further classified by <a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">grain size</a>. The smallest sediments are <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>. Some systems include <a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobbles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulders</a> as measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metamorphic_rock">Metamorphic rock</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skagit-gneiss-Cascades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Skagit-gneiss-Cascades.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Metamorphic banded <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type—sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock—to different <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. This process is called <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a>, meaning to "change in form". The result is a profound change in physical properties and chemistry of the stone. The original rock, known as the <a href="/wiki/Protolith" title="Protolith">protolith</a>, transforms into other mineral types or other forms of the same minerals, by <a href="/wiki/Recrystallization_(geology)" title="Recrystallization (geology)">recrystallization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temperatures and pressures required for this process are always higher than those found at the Earth's surface: temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures greater than 1500 bars.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs, for example, when <a href="/wiki/Continental_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental plates">continental plates</a> collide.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31–33, 134–139">: 31–33, 134–139 </span></sup> Metamorphic rocks compose 27.4% of the crust by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-BucherGrapes2011_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BucherGrapes2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three major classes of metamorphic rock are based upon the formation mechanism. An intrusion of magma that heats the surrounding rock causes contact metamorphism—a temperature-dominated transformation. Pressure metamorphism occurs when sediments are buried deep under the ground; pressure is dominant, and temperature plays a smaller role. This is termed burial metamorphism, and it can result in rocks such as <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>. Where both heat and pressure play a role, the mechanism is termed regional metamorphism. This is typically found in mountain-building regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1995_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the structure, metamorphic rocks are divided into two general categories. Those that possess a texture are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">foliated</a>; the remainders are termed non-foliated. The name of the rock is then determined based on the types of minerals present. <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schists</a> are foliated rocks that are primarily composed of <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(materials)" title="Lamella (materials)">lamellar minerals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">micas</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> has visible bands of differing <a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">lightness</a>, with a common example being the granite gneiss. Other varieties of foliated rock include <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">phyllites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">mylonite</a>. Familiar examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks include <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine</a>. This branch contains <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>—a metamorphosed form of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">hornfels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1995_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial_rocks">Extraterrestrial rocks</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></div> <p>Though most understanding of rocks comes from those of Earth, rocks make up many of the universe's celestial bodies. In the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> are composed of rock, as are many <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorites</a> that fall to Earth provide evidence of extraterrestrial rocks and their composition. They are typically heavier than rocks on Earth. Asteroid rocks can also be brought to Earth through space missions, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Lunar rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martian_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian rocks">Martian rocks</a> have also been studied.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_use">Human use</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TallOvoo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TallOvoo.JPG/220px-TallOvoo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TallOvoo.JPG/330px-TallOvoo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TallOvoo.JPG/440px-TallOvoo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a> of rocks, an <a href="/wiki/Ovoo" title="Ovoo">ovoo</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The use of rock has had a huge impact on the cultural and technological development of the human race. Rock has been used by humans and other <a href="/wiki/Hominids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominids">hominids</a> for at least <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">2.5 million years</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a> marks some of the oldest and continuously used technologies. The mining of rock for its metal content has been one of the most important factors of human advancement, and has progressed at different rates in different places, in part because of the kind of metals available from the rock of a region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropic_rock">Anthropic rock</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anthropic_rock" title="Anthropic rock">Anthropic rock</a></div> <p>Anthropic rock is synthetic or restructured rock formed by human activity. Concrete is recognized as a human-made rock constituted of natural and processed rock and having been developed since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock can also be modified with other substances to develop new forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Epoxy_granite" title="Epoxy granite">epoxy granite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_stone" title="Artificial stone">Artificial stone</a> has also been developed, such as <a href="/wiki/Coade_stone" title="Coade stone">Coade stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geologist James R. Underwood has proposed anthropic rock as a fourth class of rocks alongside igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building">Building</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Building_material#Stone_or_rock" title="Building material">Building material § Stone or rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirunvuoren_kivilinna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pirunvuoren_kivilinna.jpg/220px-Pirunvuoren_kivilinna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pirunvuoren_kivilinna.jpg/330px-Pirunvuoren_kivilinna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pirunvuoren_kivilinna.jpg/440px-Pirunvuoren_kivilinna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>A stonehouse on the hill in <a href="/wiki/Sastamala" title="Sastamala">Sastamala</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hochbeet_aus_Naturstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hochbeet_aus_Naturstein.jpg/220px-Hochbeet_aus_Naturstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hochbeet_aus_Naturstein.jpg/330px-Hochbeet_aus_Naturstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hochbeet_aus_Naturstein.jpg/440px-Hochbeet_aus_Naturstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised garden bed</a> with natural stones</figcaption></figure> <p>Rock varies greatly in strength, from <a href="/wiki/Quartzites" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartzites">quartzites</a> having a <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> in excess of 300 <a href="/wiki/MPa" class="mw-redirect" title="MPa">MPa</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to sedimentary rock so soft it can be crumbled with bare fingers (that is, it is <i><a href="/wiki/Friable" class="mw-redirect" title="Friable">friable</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For comparison, <a href="/wiki/Structural_steel" title="Structural steel">structural steel</a> has a tensile strength of around 350 MPa.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Relatively soft, easily worked sedimentary rock was quarried for construction as early as 4000 BCE in Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stone was used to build fortifications in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> as early as 2800 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soft rock, <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a>, is common in Italy, and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> used it for many buildings and bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson-etal-2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-etal-2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a> was widely used in construction in the Middle Ages in Europe <sup id="cite_ref-ashurst_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashurst-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained popular into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UraniumMineUtah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/UraniumMineUtah.JPG/220px-UraniumMineUtah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/UraniumMineUtah.JPG/330px-UraniumMineUtah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/UraniumMineUtah.JPG/440px-UraniumMineUtah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Steen#Mi_Vida" title="Charles Steen">Mi Vida uranium mine</a> near <a href="/wiki/Moab,_Utah" title="Moab, Utah">Moab, Utah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mining is the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">valuable</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a> materials from the earth, from an <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> body, <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">vein</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seam_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seam (geology)">seam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term also includes the removal of soil. Materials recovered by mining include <a href="/wiki/Base_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Base metals">base metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precious_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Precious metals">precious metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">rock salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">construction aggregate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">dimension stone</a>. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> processes, or created <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">artificially</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factory</a>. Mining in a wider sense comprises extraction of any <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resource</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>) from the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mining of rock and metals has been done since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> times. Modern mining processes involve <a href="/wiki/Prospecting" title="Prospecting">prospecting</a> for mineral deposits, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and finally reclamation of the land to prepare it for other uses once mining ceases.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mining processes may create negative impacts on the environment both during the mining operations and for years after mining has ceased. These potential impacts have led to most of the world's nations adopting regulations to manage negative effects of mining operations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></div> <p>Stone tools have been used for millions of years by humans and earlier <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">hominids</a>. The Stone Age was a period of widespread stone tool usage.<sup id="cite_ref-nhm.ac.uk_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhm.ac.uk-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Early_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Stone Age">Early Stone Age</a> tools were simple implements, such as <a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">hammerstones</a> and sharp flakes. <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> tools featured sharpened points to be used as <a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">projectile points</a>, awls, or <a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">scrapers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Late_Stone_Age" title="Late Stone Age">Late Stone Age</a> tools were developed with <a href="/wiki/Craftsmanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Craftsmanship">craftsmanship</a> and distinct cultural identities.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone tools were largely superseded by copper and bronze tools following the development of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_rocks" title="List of individual rocks">List of individual rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">Pebble</a> – Small rock fragment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">Cobble (geology)</a> – Clast of rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">Boulder</a> – Natural rock fragment larger than 10 inches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_material#Stone_or_rock" title="Building material">Rock (building material)</a> Rocks as a building material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a> – System that relates geologic strata to time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a> – Scientific study of landforms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a> – Overview of Earth's history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">List of rock types</a> – List of rock types recognized by geologists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest rock">Oldest rock</a> – Includes rocks over 4 billion years old from the Hadean Eon<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_industry" title="Stone industry">Stone industry</a> – Part of the primary sector of the economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_skipping" title="Stone skipping">Stone skipping</a> – Skill of throwing a stone across water</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaldar2013" class="citation book cs1">Haldar, S. K. (2013). "Introduction". <i>Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology</i>. Elsevier Science. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124167100" title="Special:BookSources/9780124167100"><bdi>9780124167100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Mineralogy+and+Petrology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780124167100&rft.aulast=Haldar&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2018" class="citation book cs1">O'Hara, Kieran D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/brief-history-of-geology/structure-of-geological-revolutions/D6579716D9A1E3D5795A6DD27C443D53">"The Structure of Geological Revolutions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/brief-history-of-geology/7F17585841AA085A55B5028503EA7742"><i>A Brief History of Geology</i></a> (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">247–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316809990.013">10.1017/9781316809990.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-80999-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-80999-0"><bdi>978-1-316-80999-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+Geological+Revolutions&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Geology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316809990.013&rft.isbn=978-1-316-80999-0&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Kieran+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fbrief-history-of-geology%2Fstructure-of-geological-revolutions%2FD6579716D9A1E3D5795A6DD27C443D53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unusualplaces.org/kummakivi/">Kummakivi</a>, Unusual Places.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesse2000" class="citation book cs1">Nesse, William D. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontomi0000ness_m9a6"><i>Introduction to mineralogy</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195106916" title="Special:BookSources/9780195106916"><bdi>9780195106916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+mineralogy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780195106916&rft.aulast=Nesse&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontomi0000ness_m9a6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blatt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlattTracy1996" class="citation book cs1">Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). <i>Petrology</i> (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2438-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2438-4"><bdi>978-0-7167-2438-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrology&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-2438-4&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Tracy%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinenOehler1979" class="citation book cs1">Heinen, Wouter; Oehler, John H. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqm3-V7Xr-cC&pg=PA431">"Evolutionary Aspects of Biological Involvement in the Cycling of Silica"</a>. In Trudinger, P.A.; Swaine, D.J. (eds.). <i>Biogeochemical Cycling of Mineral-Forming Elements</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080874623" title="Special:BookSources/9780080874623"><bdi>9780080874623</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Aspects+of+Biological+Involvement+in+the+Cycling+of+Silica&rft.btitle=Biogeochemical+Cycling+of+Mineral-Forming+Elements&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780080874623&rft.aulast=Heinen&rft.aufirst=Wouter&rft.au=Oehler%2C+John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duqm3-V7Xr-cC%26pg%3DPA431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson1995-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1995_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1995_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1995_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1995_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1995" class="citation cs2">Wilson, James Robert (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-XvE8DTiW0C&pg=PA1"><i>A collector's guide to rock, mineral & fossil localities of Utah</i></a>, Utah Geological Survey, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>22, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55791-336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55791-336-4"><bdi>978-1-55791-336-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119224626/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-XvE8DTiW0C&pg=PA1">archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+collector%27s+guide+to+rock%2C+mineral+%26+fossil+localities+of+Utah&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Utah+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55791-336-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-XvE8DTiW0C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlett1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Flett_(geologist)" title="John Flett (geologist)">Flett, John Smith</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Petrology" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Petrology">Petrology</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Petrology&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=327&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Flett&rft.aufirst=John+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/91193?redirectedFrom=igneous">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"igneous, adj."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=%22igneous%2C+adj.%22&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F91193%3FredirectedFrom%3Digneous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). <i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521880060" title="Special:BookSources/9780521880060"><bdi>9780521880060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+igneous+and+metamorphic+petrology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521880060&rft.aulast=Philpotts&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft.au=Ague%2C+Jay+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_MaitreStreckeisenZanettinLe_Bas2002" class="citation book cs1">Le Maitre, R. W.; Streckeisen, A.; Zanettin, B.; Le Bas, M. J.; Bonin, B.; Bateman, P.; Bellieni, G.; Dudek, A.; Efremova, S.; Keller, J.; Lamere, J.; Sabine, P. A.; Schmid, R.; Sorensen, H.; Woolley, A. R., eds. (2002). <i>Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms, Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66215-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66215-X"><bdi>0-521-66215-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Igneous+Rocks%3A+A+Classification+and+Glossary+of+Terms%2C+Recommendations+of+the+International+Union+of+Geological+Sciences%2C+Subcommission+of+the+Systematics+of+Igneous+Rocks&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-66215-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-condie-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-condie_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondie2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kent_Condie" title="Kent Condie">Condie, Kent C.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lO7fBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>Plate Tectonics & Crustal Evolution</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483100142" title="Special:BookSources/9781483100142"><bdi>9781483100142</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plate+Tectonics+%26+Crustal+Evolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pergamon&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781483100142&rft.aulast=Condie&rft.aufirst=Kent+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlO7fBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BucherGrapes2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BucherGrapes2011_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BucherGrapes2011_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BucherGrapes2011_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucherGrapes2011" class="citation cs2">Bucher, Kurt; Grapes, Rodney (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFcHarai9GEC&pg=PA24"><i>Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks</i></a>, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>24, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-74168-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-74168-8"><bdi>978-3-540-74168-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119223253/https://books.google.com/books?id=FFcHarai9GEC&pg=PA24">archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrogenesis+of+Metamorphic+Rocks&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-540-74168-8&rft.aulast=Bucher&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Grapes%2C+Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFcHarai9GEC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilluly1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Gilluly" title="James Gilluly">Gilluly, James</a> (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofgeol00gill"><i>Principles of Geology</i></a></span>. W.H. Freeman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Geology&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Gilluly&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofgeol00gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boggs-2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggs2006" class="citation book cs1">Boggs, Sam (2006). <i>Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy</i> (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131547283" title="Special:BookSources/0131547283"><bdi>0131547283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+sedimentology+and+stratigraphy&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0131547283&rft.aulast=Boggs&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroeWicander2008" class="citation book cs1">Monroe, James S.; Wicander, Reed (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jFPMa4MxwJkC&pg=PA438"><i>The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution</i></a> (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495554806" title="Special:BookSources/9780495554806"><bdi>9780495554806</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Earth%3A+Exploring+Geology+and+Evolution&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=438&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780495554806&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft.au=Wicander%2C+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjFPMa4MxwJkC%26pg%3DPA438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlottPye2012" class="citation journal cs1">Blott, Simon J.; Pye, Kenneth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01335.x">"Particle size scales and classification of sediment types based on particle size distributions: Review and recommended procedures"</a>. <i>Sedimentology</i>. <b>59</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">2071–</span>2096. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sedim..59.2071B">2012Sedim..59.2071B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3091.2012.01335.x">10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01335.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-0746">0037-0746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130084299">130084299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentology&rft.atitle=Particle+size+scales+and+classification+of+sediment+types+based+on+particle+size+distributions%3A+Review+and+recommended+procedures&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2071-%3C%2Fspan%3E2096&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3091.2012.01335.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130084299%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0037-0746&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sedim..59.2071B&rft.aulast=Blott&rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&rft.au=Pye%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3091.2012.01335.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy, <i>Petrology</i>, W.H.Freeman, 2nd ed., 1996, p. 355 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2438-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2438-3">0-7167-2438-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillie2005" class="citation book cs1">Lillie, Robert J. (2005). <i>Parks and plates : the geology of our national parks, monuments, and seashores</i> (1st ed.). New York: W.W. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2005.00215.x">"The Judicious Selection and Preservation of Tuff and Travertine Building Stone in Ancient Rome*"</a>. <i>Archaeometry</i>. <b>47</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">485–</span>510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2005.00215.x">10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00215.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=The+Judicious+Selection+and+Preservation+of+Tuff+and+Travertine+Building+Stone+in+Ancient+Rome%2A&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E510&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2005.00215.x&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft.au=Marra%2C+F.&rft.au=Hay%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Cawood%2C+C.&rft.au=Winkler%2C+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1475-4754.2005.00215.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashurst-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ashurst_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshurstDimes1998" class="citation book cs1">Ashurst, John; Dimes, Francis G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Smithsonian+Institution%27s+Human+Origins+Program&rft.atitle=Stone+Tools&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanorigins.si.edu%2Fevidence%2Fbehavior%2Fstone-tools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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