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Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D3%80%D1%8B%D1%89%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%8D" title="ЩӀыщхьэфэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЩӀыщхьэфэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardkors" title="Aardkors – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aardkors" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C5%ABse" title="Hrūse – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hrūse" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القشرة الأرضية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القشرة الأرضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosta_terrestre" title="Crosta terrestre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Crosta terrestre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteya_terrestre" title="Corteya terrestre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corteya terrestre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer_qab%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yer qabığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yer qabığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="یئر قابیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئر قابیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95" title="ভূত্বক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূত্বক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-khak" title="Tē-khak – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-khak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_bumi" title="Kerak bumi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kerak bumi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ер ҡабығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ер ҡабығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зямная кара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зямная кара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зямная кара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зямная кара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="पृथ्वी के क्रस्ट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पृथ्वी के क्रस्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Земна кора – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Земна кора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljina_kora" title="Zemljina kora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zemljina kora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluskenn_(planedenn)" title="Pluskenn (planedenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pluskenn (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escor%C3%A7a_terrestre" title="Escorça terrestre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escorça terrestre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemsk%C3%A1_k%C5%AFra" title="Zemská kůra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zemská kůra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramen_y_Ddaear" title="Cramen y Ddaear – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cramen y Ddaear" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eanagiera" title="Eanagiera – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eanagiera" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdkruste" title="Erdkruste – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdkruste" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maakoor" title="Maakoor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maakoor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AE%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%86%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Γήινος φλοιός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γήινος φλοιός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteza_terrestre" title="Corteza terrestre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corteza terrestre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terkrusto" title="Terkrusto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Terkrusto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurrazal" title="Lurrazal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurrazal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="پوسته (سیاره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوسته (سیاره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro%C3%BBte_terrestre" title="Croûte terrestre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Croûte terrestre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierdkoarste" title="Ierdkoarste – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierdkoarste" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croste_de_tiere" title="Croste de tiere – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Croste de tiere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamh_an_Domhain" title="Screamh an Domhain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Screamh an Domhain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codia_terrestre" title="Codia terrestre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Codia terrestre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%80%EA%B0%81" title="지구의 지각 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지구의 지각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D6%87" title="Երկրակեղև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրակեղև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="भूपर्पटी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूपर्पटी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljina_kora" title="Zemljina kora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemljina kora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter-krusto" title="Ter-krusto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ter-krusto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_Bumi" title="Kerak Bumi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerak Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusta_terrestre" title="Crusta terrestre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Crusta terrestre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0skorpa" title="Jarðskorpa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jarðskorpa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosta_terrestre" title="Crosta terrestre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crosta terrestre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="קרום כדור הארץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרום כדור הארץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_bumi" title="Kerak bumi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kerak bumi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="დედამიწის ქერქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დედამიწის ქერქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер қыртысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жер қыртысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganda_la_dunia" title="Ganda la dunia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ganda la dunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Жер кыртышы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жер кыртышы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_Telluris" title="Cortex Telluris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cortex Telluris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemes_garoza" title="Zemes garoza – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zemes garoza" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97s_pluta" title="Žemės pluta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemės pluta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerdkoosj" title="Aerdkoosj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aerdkoosj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ldk%C3%A9reg" title="Földkéreg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földkéreg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Земјина кора – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Земјина кора" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoditry_ny_tany" title="Hoditry ny tany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hoditry ny tany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൂവൽക്കം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂവൽക്കം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="დიხაუჩაშ ქერქი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიხაუჩაშ ქერქი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_bumi" title="Kerak bumi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerak bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Дэлхийн царцдас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхийн царцдас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardkorst" title="Aardkorst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardkorst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eardkorst" title="Eardkorst – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eardkorst" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E3%81%AE%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BB" title="地球の地殻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地球の地殻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordskorpen" title="Jordskorpen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jordskorpen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordskorpe" title="Jordskorpe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jordskorpe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esc%C3%B2r%C3%A7a_terr%C3%A8stra" title="Escòrça terrèstra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escòrça terrèstra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer_po%CA%BBsti" title="Yer poʻsti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yer poʻsti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਪੇਪੜੀ (ਭੋਂ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੇਪੜੀ (ਭੋਂ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="قشر ارض – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قشر ارض" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%90_%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="د ځمکې قشر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ځمکې قشر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdk%C3%B6st" title="Eerdköst – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eerdköst" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorupa_ziemska" title="Skorupa ziemska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skorupa ziemska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosta" title="Crosta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crosta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoar%C8%9Ba_terestr%C4%83" title="Scoarța terestră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scoarța terestră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Земна кора – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Земна кора" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Земная кора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Земная кора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korja_e_tok%C3%ABs" title="Korja e tokës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Korja e tokës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Earth's crust" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemsk%C3%A1_k%C3%B4ra" title="Zemská kôra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zemská kôra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qolof_Dhul" title="Qolof Dhul – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qolof Dhul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Земљина кора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Земљина кора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljina_kora" title="Zemljina kora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zemljina kora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intip_bumi" title="Intip bumi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Intip bumi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maankuori" title="Maankuori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maankuori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordskorpan" title="Jordskorpan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jordskorpan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="புவியோடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவியோடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Җир кабыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җир кабыгы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="భూపటలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూపటలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="เปลือกโลก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เปลือกโลก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya%27n%C4%B1n_yerkabu%C4%9Fu" title="Dünya'nın yerkabuğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya'nın yerkabuğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Земна кора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Земна кора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="قشر (ارضیات) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قشر (ارضیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosta_terestre" title="Crosta terestre – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Crosta terestre" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8F_Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Vỏ Trái Đất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vỏ Trái Đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoice_teresse" title="Schoice teresse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Schoice teresse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalapoy_nga_kalibotan" title="Kalapoy nga kalibotan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalapoy nga kalibotan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地球地壳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地球地壳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9A" title="ערד פלאך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ערד פלאך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BC" title="地殼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地殼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Earth's outer shell of rock</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_(2022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg/350px-Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg/525px-Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg/700px-Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Plates in the crust of Earth</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Earth's crust</b> is its thick outer shell of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a>, referring to less than one percent of the planet's <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a>. It is the top component of the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Solidified" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidified">solidified</a> division of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s layers that includes the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> and the upper part of the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lithosphere is broken into <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a> whose motion allows heat to escape the interior of Earth into space. </p><p>The crust lies on top of the mantle, a configuration that is stable because the upper mantle is made of <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a> and is therefore significantly denser than the crust. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the <a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a>, a boundary defined by a contrast in <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> velocity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_geologic_provinces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/400px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/600px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/800px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geologic_province" title="Geologic province">Geologic provinces</a> of the world (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f96; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shield_(geology)" title="Shield (geology)">Shield</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f9c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Platform_(geology)" title="Platform (geology)">Platform</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9fc; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orogenic_belt" title="Orogenic belt">Orogen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9cf; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">Basin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#969; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">Large igneous province</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Extended crust</a></div> </td> <td class="col-break"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cde; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 0–20 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#abc; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 20–65 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#89a; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> >65 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></div>  </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The temperature of the crust increases with depth,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reaching values typically in the range from about 700 °C (1,292 °F) to 1,600 °C (2,910 °F) at the boundary with the underlying mantle. The temperature increases by as much as 30 °C (54 °F) for every <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">kilometer</a> locally in the upper part of the crust.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_crust&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">Abundance of elements in Earth's crust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_relief_map_with_isopachs_of_crustal_thickness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/World_relief_map_with_isopachs_of_crustal_thickness.jpg/330px-World_relief_map_with_isopachs_of_crustal_thickness.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/World_relief_map_with_isopachs_of_crustal_thickness.jpg/495px-World_relief_map_with_isopachs_of_crustal_thickness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/World_relief_map_with_isopachs_of_crustal_thickness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Thickness of Earth's crust (km)</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 509px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 504px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elemental_abundances.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of the atomic number. The rarest elements in the crust (shown in yellow) are not the heaviest, but are rather the siderophile (iron-loving) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into Earth's core. Their abundance in meteoroid materials is higher. Additionally, tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides."><img alt="Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of the atomic number. The rarest elements in the crust (shown in yellow) are not the heaviest, but are rather the siderophile (iron-loving) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into Earth's core. Their abundance in meteoroid materials is higher. Additionally, tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Elemental_abundances.svg/504px-Elemental_abundances.svg.png" decoding="async" width="504" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Elemental_abundances.svg/756px-Elemental_abundances.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Elemental_abundances.svg/1008px-Elemental_abundances.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of the atomic number.<br />The rarest elements in the crust (shown in <span style="background-color: #ffde25;color:black;">yellow</span>) are not the heaviest, but are rather the siderophile (iron-loving) elements in the <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a> of elements. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into Earth's core. Their abundance in <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a> materials is higher. Additionally, tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides.</div> </li> </ul> <p>The crust of Earth is of two distinct types: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">Continental</a>: 25–70km ( about 15–44 mi) thick and mostly composed of less dense, more <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a> rocks, such as <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. In a few places, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>, and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shield" title="Baltic Shield">Baltic Shield</a>, the continental crust is thicker (50 – 80 km (30 – 50 mi)).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic</a>: 5 – 10 km (3 – 6 mi) thick<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and composed primarily of denser, more <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> rocks, such as <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">diabase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>.</li></ol> <p>The average thickness of the crust is about 15 – 20 km (9 – 12 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because both the continental and oceanic crust are less dense than the mantle below, both types of crust "float" on the mantle. The surface of the continental crust is significantly higher than the surface of the oceanic crust, due to the greater buoyancy of the thicker, less dense continental crust (an example of <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostasy</a>). As a result, the continents form high ground surrounded by deep ocean basins.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continental crust has an average composition similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the composition is not uniform, with the upper crust averaging a more felsic composition similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a>, while the lower crust averages a more mafic composition resembling basalt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue20092_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue20092-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most abundant <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> are <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a>, which make up about 41% of the crust by weight, followed by <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> at 12%, and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxenes</a> at 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;min-height:320px;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:150px;" rowspan="1.5">Most Abundant Elements of Earth's Crust </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;" colspan="1.5">Approximate % by weight<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Oxide </th> <th style="width:150px;">Approximate % oxide by weight<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>O</td> <td>46.1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Si</td> <td>28.2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td> <td>60.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Al</td> <td>8.23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></td> <td>15.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fe</td> <td>5.63</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron (element)">Fe</a> as <a href="/wiki/FeO" class="mw-redirect" title="FeO">FeO</a></td> <td>6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ca</td> <td>4.15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a></td> <td>6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Na</td> <td>2.36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O</a></td> <td>3.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mg</td> <td>2.33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">MgO</a></td> <td>1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>K</td> <td>2.09</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">K<sub>2</sub>O</a></td> <td>4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ti</td> <td>0.565</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">TiO<sub>2</sub></a></td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>H</td> <td>0.14</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P</td> <td>0.105</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></td> <td>0.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p>All the other constituents except water occur only in very small quantities and total less than 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continental crust is enriched in <a href="/wiki/Incompatible_element" title="Incompatible element">incompatible elements</a> compared to the <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> ocean crust and much enriched compared to the underlying mantle. The most incompatible elements are enriched by a factor of 50 to 100 in the continental crust relative to primitive mantle rock, while oceanic crust is enriched with incompatible elements by a factor of about 10.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The estimated average density of the continental crust is 2.835 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, with density increasing with depth from an average of 2.66 g/cm<sup>3</sup> in the uppermost crust to 3.1 g/cm<sup>3</sup> at the base of the crust.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristensenMooney1995_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristensenMooney1995-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the continental crust, the oceanic crust is composed predominantly of pillow lava and sheeted dikes with the composition of <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a> basalt, with a thin upper layer of sediments and a lower layer of <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009370–371_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009370–371-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_evolution">Formation and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_crust&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crustal_evolution" title="Earth's crustal evolution">Earth's crustal evolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Earth#Formation" title="Earth">Earth § Formation</a></div> <p>Earth formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from a disk of dust and gas orbiting the newly formed Sun. It formed via accretion, where <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a> and other smaller rocky bodies collided and stuck, gradually growing into a planet. This process generated an enormous amount of heat, which caused early Earth to melt completely. As planetary accretion slowed, Earth began to cool, forming its first crust, called a primary or primordial crust.<sup id="cite_ref-uopp_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uopp-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This crust was likely repeatedly destroyed by large impacts, then reformed from the <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> ocean left by the impact. None of Earth's primary crust has survived to today; all was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, impacts, and <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> over the past several billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor-mclennan-1996_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-mclennan-1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, Earth has been forming a secondary and tertiary crust, which correspond to oceanic and continental crust, respectively. Secondary crust forms at mid-ocean <a href="/wiki/Spreading_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreading centers">spreading centers</a>, where partial-melting of the underlying <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> yields <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> magmas and new ocean crust forms. This "ridge push" is one of the driving forces of plate tectonics, and it is constantly creating new ocean crust. Consequently, old crust must be destroyed, so opposite a spreading center, there is usually a subduction zone: a trench where an ocean plate is sinking back into the mantle. This constant process of creating a new ocean crust and destroying the old ocean crust means that the oldest ocean crust on Earth today is only about 200 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorMcLennan1996_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorMcLennan1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the bulk of the continental crust is much older. The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth have ages in the range from about 3.7 to 4.28 billion years <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Narryer_Gneiss_terrane" title="Narryer Gneiss terrane">Narryer Gneiss terrane</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Acasta_Gneiss" title="Acasta Gneiss">Acasta Gneiss</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>, and on other <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratonic</a> regions such as those on the <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandian_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Fennoscandian Shield">Fennoscandian Shield</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> with age as great as 4.3 billion years has been found in the <a href="/wiki/Narryer_Gneiss_terrane" title="Narryer Gneiss terrane">Narryer Gneiss terrane</a>. Continental crust is a tertiary crust, formed at subduction zones through recycling of subducted secondary (oceanic) crust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorMcLennan1996_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorMcLennan1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average age of Earth's current continental crust has been estimated to be about 2.0 billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are located in <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a>. Such an old continental crust and the underlying mantle <a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphere</a> are less dense than elsewhere on Earth and so are not readily destroyed by subduction. Formation of new continental crust is linked to periods of intense <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a>, which coincide with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. The crust forms in part by aggregation of <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arcs</a> including granite and metamorphic fold belts, and it is preserved in part by depletion of the underlying mantle to form buoyant <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithospheric</a> mantle. Crustal movement on continents may result in earthquakes, while movement under the seabed can lead to tidal waves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_crust&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2011" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Eugene C. (January 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/">"The Interior of the Earth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Interior+of+the+Earth&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2011-01-14&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Eugene+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Finterior%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth%27s+crust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeele1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peele, Robert (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boring"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boring">"Boring" </a></span>. 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(2009). <i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88006-0"><bdi>978-0-521-88006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+igneous+and+metamorphic+petrology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88006-0&rft.aulast=Philpotts&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft.au=Ague%2C+Jay+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth%27s+crust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Structure_of_the_Earth">Structure of the Earth</a>. The Encyclopedia of Earth. March 3, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usgs_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Geological Survey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/inside.html">(5 May 1999) Earth's Crust</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2010" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Harold L. (2010). <i>The Earth through time</i> (9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38774-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38774-0"><bdi>978-0-470-38774-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+through+time&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-38774-0&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth%27s+crust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. L. Rudnick and S. Gao, 2003, Composition of the Continental Crust. In The Crust (ed. R. L. Rudnick) volume 3, pp. 1–64 of Treatise on Geochemistry (eds. H. D. Holland and K. 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"Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>90</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">297–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988E&PSL..90..297H">1988E&PSL..90..297H</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.464.5698">10.1.1.464.5698</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2888%2990132-X">10.1016/0012-821X(88)90132-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3211879">3211879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Chemical+differentiation+of+the+Earth%3A+the+relationship+between+mantle%2C+continental+crust%2C+and+oceanic+crust&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=1988-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.464.5698%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3211879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2888%2990132-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988E%26PSL..90..297H&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Albrecht+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth%27s+crust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristensenMooney1995-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChristensenMooney1995_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensenMooney1995" class="citation journal cs1">Christensen, Nikolas I.; Mooney, Walter D. 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"Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</i>. <b>100</b> (B6): <span class="nowrap">9761–</span>9788. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JGR...100.9761C">1995JGR...100.9761C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F95JB00259">10.1029/95JB00259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Solid+Earth&rft.atitle=Seismic+velocity+structure+and+composition+of+the+continental+crust%3A+A+global+view&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=B6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9761-%3C%2Fspan%3E9788&rft.date=1995-06-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F95JB00259&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JGR...100.9761C&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Nikolas+I.&rft.au=Mooney%2C+Walter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth%27s+crust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009370–371-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009370–371_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, pp. 370–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uopp-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uopp_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2014" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Jon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIrwxgpc9GsC"><i>Historical Geology: Understanding Our Planet's Past</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0964-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0964-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-0964-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Evolution of Continental Crust". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>274</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996SciAm.274a..76T">1996SciAm.274a..76T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0196-76">10.1038/scientificamerican0196-76</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24989358">24989358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Continental+Crust&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24989358%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0196-76&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996SciAm.274a..76T&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=S.+Ross&rft.au=McLennan%2C+Scott+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth%27s+crust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorMcLennan1996-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorMcLennan1996_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorMcLennan1996_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylorMcLennan1996">Taylor & McLennan 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7639024.stm">"Team finds Earth's 'oldest rocks'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 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Turekian), Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-043751-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-043751-6">0-08-043751-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_crust&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earthsinterior" title="Template:Earthsinterior"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthsinterior" title="Template talk:Earthsinterior"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthsinterior" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthsinterior"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Structure_of_Earth227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Mantle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle" title="Upper mantle">Upper mantle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithospheric_mantle" title="Lithospheric mantle">Lithospheric mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">Asthenosphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_mantle" title="Lower mantle">Lower mantle</a> (aka <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere_(mantle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesosphere (mantle)">Mesosphere</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">Outer core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core" title="Earth's inner core">Inner core</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global discontinuities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić (crust–mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)" title="Transition zone (Earth)">410 discontinuity (upper mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)" title="Transition zone (Earth)">660 discontinuity (upper mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary" title="Core–mantle boundary">D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary" title="Core–mantle boundary">Core–mantle boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_core#Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner core">Inner-core boundary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional discontinuities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_discontinuity" title="Conrad discontinuity">Conrad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithosphere%E2%80%93asthenosphere_boundary" title="Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary">Gutenberg (upper mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehmann_discontinuity" title="Lehmann discontinuity">Lehmann (upper mantle)</a></li></ul> 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