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id="toc-Second_Dinosaur_Rush_finds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resurgent_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resurgent_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Resurgent discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resurgent_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fossil record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification and species</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_species-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification and species subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synonyms_and_dubious_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms_and_dubious_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Synonyms and dubious species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms_and_dubious_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reassigned_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reassigned_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Reassigned species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reassigned_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleobiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleobiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Paleobiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleobiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleobiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleobiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleopathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleopathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Paleopathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleopathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleoecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleoecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Paleoecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleoecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleoecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleoecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleofauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleofauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Paleofauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleofauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كاماراصور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاماراصور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaure" title="Camarasaure – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camarasaure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کاماراسور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاماراسور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A7%88%EB%9D%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="카마라사우루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카마라사우루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D6%80" title="Կամարազավր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կամարազավր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קמרזאורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קמרזאורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Камаразавр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Камаразавр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Камарасаурус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камарасаурус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="カマラサウルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カマラサウルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarazaur" title="Kamarazaur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kamarazaur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Камаразавр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Камаразавр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="แคมาราซอรัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคมาราซอรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Камаразавр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Камаразавр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Camarasaurus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E9%A0%82%E9%BE%8D%E5%B1%AC" title="圓頂龍屬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圓頂龍屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14419#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur genus from Late Jurassic Period</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Camarasaurus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">155–145 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:167.53846153846px; width:3.3846153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:167.53846153846px; width:3.3846153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:168.53846153846px; width:1.3846153846154px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MUJA-Sauropod.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MUJA-Sauropod.JPG/220px-MUJA-Sauropod.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MUJA-Sauropod.JPG/330px-MUJA-Sauropod.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MUJA-Sauropod.JPG/440px-MUJA-Sauropod.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Mounted skeletal cast at the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Museum_of_Asturias" title="Jurassic Museum of Asturias">Jurassic Museum of Asturias</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Camarasaurus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">Sauropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Camarasauridae" title="Camarasauridae">Camarasauridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Camarasaurinae</a><br /><small>Cope, 1878</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Camarasaurus</i></a><br /><small>Cope, 1877a</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_supremus" title="Camarasaurus supremus">Camarasaurus supremus</a></b></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Cope, 1877a</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Other species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_grandis" title="Camarasaurus grandis">Camarasaurus grandis</a></b></i> <br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Marsh</a>, 1877) Gilmore, 1925</small></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_lentus" title="Camarasaurus lentus">Camarasaurus lentus</a></b></i> <br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Marsh</a>, 1889) Mook, 1914</small></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_lewisi" title="Camarasaurus lewisi">Camarasaurus lewisi</a></b></i>? <br /><small>(Jensen, 1988) Miller, Mcintosh, Stadtman and Gillette, 1992</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Caulodon</i> <br /><small>Cope, 1877</small></li> <li><i>Morosaurus</i> <br /><small>Marsh, 1878</small></li> <li><i>Uintasaurus</i> <br /><small>Holland, 1924</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathetosaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathetosaurus">Cathetosaurus</a></i>? <br /><small>Jensen, 1988</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Camarasaurus</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAM</span>-ər-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">SOR</span>-əs</i></a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadrupedal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and is the most common North American <a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">sauropod</a> fossil. Its fossil remains have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Formation" title="Morrison Formation">Morrison Formation</a>, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> epoch (<a href="/wiki/Kimmeridgian" title="Kimmeridgian">Kimmeridgian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tithonian" title="Tithonian">Tithonian</a> stages), between 155 and 145 million years ago. </p><p><i>Camarasaurus</i> presented a distinctive cranial profile of a blunt snout and an arched skull that was remarkably square, typical of basal <a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronarians</a>. </p><p>The name means "chambered lizard", referring to the hollow chambers, known as <a href="/wiki/Pleurocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleurocoel">pleurocoels</a>, in its cervical <a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καμαρα</span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kamara</i></span></i>) meaning "vaulted chamber", or anything with an arched cover, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σαυρος</span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sauros</i></span></i>) meaning "lizard"). </p><p><i>Camarasaurus</i> contains four species that are commonly recognized as valid: <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_grandis" title="Camarasaurus grandis">Camarasaurus grandis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_lentus" title="Camarasaurus lentus">Camarasaurus lentus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_lewisi" title="Camarasaurus lewisi">Camarasaurus lewisi</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_supremus" title="Camarasaurus supremus">Camarasaurus supremus</a></i>. <i>C. supremus</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a>, is the largest and geologically youngest of the four. <i>Camarasaurus</i> is the type genus of <a href="/wiki/Camarasauridae" title="Camarasauridae">Camarasauridae</a>, which also includes its European close relative <i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhasaurus" title="Lourinhasaurus">Lourinhasaurus</a></i>. </p><p><i>Camarasaurus</i> was named in 1877 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Drinker Cope</a>, during the period of scientific rivalry between him and <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Bone_Wars" title="Bone Wars">Bone Wars</a>. Soon after, Marsh named a genus <i>Morosaurus</i>, but it was subsequently shown to be synonymous with <i>Camarasaurus</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_discovery">Initial discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first record of <i>Camarasaurus</i> comes from the spring of 1877 when Mr. Oramel William Lucas of <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1on_City,_Colorado" title="Cañon City, Colorado">Cañon City</a>, Colorado discovered some large vertebrae at <a href="/wiki/Garden_Park,_Colorado" title="Garden Park, Colorado">Garden Park</a>, which he sent to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Drinker Cope</a> who was based in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original material sent consisted of a partial cervical vertebra, which would become the taxon's namesake, three dorsal vertebrae, and four caudal vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This specimen is now thought to have been composed of several individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these initial fragmentary remains, Cope made his original description of <i>Camarasaurus supremus</i> (“supreme chambered lizard”) and founded the genus; these remains are now in the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> under the catalogue number AMNH 560.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving the original bones, Cope employed collectors who gathered more of the material which was described in 1921 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Henry Osborn</a> and Charles Mook.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg/293px-OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="293" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg/440px-OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg/586px-OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>The earliest known skeletal reconstruction of a sauropod dinosaur: <i>C. supremus</i> by John A. Ryder, 1877</figcaption></figure><p>The amount of material was great, it composed of several jumbled partial skeletons.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not all prepared at once, but a considerable amount of it was cleaned up by Jacob Geismar under Cope's direction throughout the 1870s to 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1877 a reconstruction of the skeleton of <i>Camarasaurus</i> was painted by Dr. John Ryder on several canvasses, under the direction of Professor Cope who would use them in lectures to impress his audience.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reconstruction would be the first ever made of a sauropod dinosaur, was natural size and represented the remains of a number of individuals. The reconstruction was over fifty feet in length. Cope's collectors sent in more material from 1877 to 1878,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as Cope would get more material, he would name taxa based on these newly sent remains. Most of these additional taxa are now considered dubious or synonymous with <i>Camarasaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of collecting in Garden Park, at least four individuals and several hundred bones had been found from nearly every part of the skeleton.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Como_Bluff_finds_and_Morosaurus">Como Bluff finds and <i>Morosaurus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Como Bluff finds and Morosaurus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next <i>Camarasaurus</i> discovery came later in 1877, when a fragmentary posterior skull and a partial postcranial skeleton was discovered and collected in Quarry 1, <a href="/wiki/Como_Bluff" title="Como Bluff">Como Bluff</a>, Wyoming by crews working for <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a>. This skeleton would be the best preserved single individual of <i>Camarasaurus</i> at the time, and it was named as a new species of <i><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurus" title="Apatosaurus">Apatosaurus</a></i> in 1877. The specimen was not fully collected until 1879 and the specimen contains the majority of a juvenile's skeleton (holotype YPM 1901)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, crews working for Edward Cope in Garden Park, collected a fragmentary specimen consisting of a femur and 2 caudal vertebrae was made a new species of <i><a href="/wiki/Amphicoelias" title="Amphicoelias">Amphicoelias</a></i> by Cope which he named <i>Amphicoelias latus</i> in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This species was tentatively synonymized with <i>C. supremus</i> in 1921. In 1998, Kenneth Carpenter argued that the stratigraphic position of the find suggested it was more likely to be synonymous with <i>C. grandis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-carpenter1998_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenter1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in a 2005 study of the biostratigraphic distribution of <i>Camarasaurus</i>, Takehito Ikejiri retained it in synonymy with <i>C. supremus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, a sauropod sacrum was discovered with several other jumbled sauropod postcranial elements, again at Como Bluff. The remains were also sent to Marsh and in 1878 the sacrum was assigned to a new genus and species, <i>Morosaurus impar</i> ("unpaired stupid lizard"). <i>Morosaurus</i> would receive several new species throughout the late 19th century, even becoming part of a new family in 1892, the <a href="/wiki/Morosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Morosauridae">Morosauridae</a>. A majority of <i>Morosaurus</i> species are now considered dubious,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the type species, or reclassified.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, a new species of <i>Morosaurus</i> was named based on a partial skull and skeleton from Como Bluff. <i>Morosaurus lentus</i> was the name given to the skeleton (holotype YPM 1910)<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the skeleton was mounted in the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Peabody Museum of Natural History">Yale Peabody Museum</a> fossil hall in 1930. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Dinosaur_Rush_finds">Second Dinosaur Rush finds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Dinosaur Rush finds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMNH_467_Camarasaurus_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/AMNH_467_Camarasaurus_skull.jpg/220px-AMNH_467_Camarasaurus_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/AMNH_467_Camarasaurus_skull.jpg/330px-AMNH_467_Camarasaurus_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/AMNH_467_Camarasaurus_skull.jpg/440px-AMNH_467_Camarasaurus_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>Skull of <i>Camarasaurus</i> sp. AMNH 467 at the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1890s, the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum</a> found additional <i>Morosaurus</i> material at <a href="/wiki/Como_Bluff" title="Como Bluff">Como Bluff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fruita,_Colorado" title="Fruita, Colorado">Fruita</a> respectively. Mostly consisting of limb material, the new <i>Morosaurus</i> material led to new reconstructions of <a href="/wiki/Sauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropod">sauropod</a> manus and pes structure.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AMNH made an important discovery in 1899 at their <a href="/wiki/Bone_Cabin_Quarry" title="Bone Cabin Quarry">Bone Cabin Quarry</a> in Wyoming with the discovery of the first complete <i>Camarasaurus</i> skull and mandible with associated cervical vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major reassessment of <i>Morosaurus</i> and <i>Camarasaurus</i> came in 1901, a reassessment by <a href="/wiki/Elmer_S._Riggs" title="Elmer S. Riggs">Elmer Riggs</a> concluded that of the five <i>Morosaurus</i> species named by Marsh, only three were valid.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Morosaurus grandis</i>, <i>Morosaurus lentus</i>, and <i>Morosaurus agilis</i> (now known as <i><a href="/wiki/Smitanosaurus" title="Smitanosaurus">Smitanosaurus</a></i>) were accepted as valid, with <i>Morosaurus impar</i> synonymous with <i>M. grandis</i>. Possible synonymy between <i>Morosaurus</i> and <i>Camarasaurus</i> was also suggested by Riggs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, the first mounted skeleton of a sauropod was mounted at the AMNH of a <i>Brontosaurus</i>, the skull of the mount was notoriously based on material that was likely from a <i>Camarasaurus</i> from Como Bluff.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Carnegie Museum had an important <i>Camarasaurus</i> discovery in 1909 of a nearly complete skeleton of a juvenile, now under specimen number CM 11338. The specimen was notably found articulated in a death pose and is prominently displayed at the Carnegie Museum hall.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore1925_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore1925-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earl Douglass discovered the specimen and it was collected from 1909 to 1910 by Carnegie Museum crew working at <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument" title="Dinosaur National Monument">Dinosaur National Monument</a>. This skeleton was not described until 1925 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Gilmore" title="Charles W. Gilmore">Charles W. Gilmore</a> This specimen was referred to <i>Camarasaurus lentus</i>. The skeleton is one of the best sauropod specimens known, with almost every element preserved in articulation including the fragile cervical vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore1925_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore1925-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another <i>Camarasaurus</i> skeleton was found in 1918, again at <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument" title="Dinosaur National Monument">Dinosaur National Monument</a> by Carnegie crews, this specimen can be viewed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a>. The specimen, known as USNM V 13786, was traded to the USNM in 1935 and prep work started on the specimen in 1936 at the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Centennial_Exposition" title="Texas Centennial Exposition">Texas Centennial Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> where it could be viewed by visitors of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preparation work would continue until 1947 when the skeleton was mounted in a death pose in the fossil hall.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USNM's <i>Camarasaurus</i> was also referred to <i>C. lentus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, W. J. Holland would name <i>Uintasaurus douglassi</i> based another sauropod specimen from DNM that was discovered by the Carnegie Museum in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type specimen was incomplete, consisting of 5 anterior cervical vertebrae,<sup id="cite_ref-:20_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a synonym of <i>Camarasaurus lentus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional <i>Camarasaurus</i> material was found at near Black Mesa in western Oklahoma during the 1940s<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been referred to <i>Camarasaurus supremus</i><sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>,</i> the material consists of many large vertebrae and some skull elements.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurgent_discoveries">Resurgent discoveries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resurgent discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathetosaurus_skeleton_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cathetosaurus_skeleton_1.jpg/273px-Cathetosaurus_skeleton_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cathetosaurus_skeleton_1.jpg/410px-Cathetosaurus_skeleton_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cathetosaurus_skeleton_1.jpg/546px-Cathetosaurus_skeleton_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Mounted skeleton of <i>Camarasaurus</i> sp. SMA 0002 at the <a href="/wiki/Aathal_Dinosaur_Museum" title="Aathal Dinosaur Museum">Sauriermuseum Aathal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>No major discoveries would come for <i>Camarasaurus</i> until in 1967, <a href="/wiki/James_A._Jensen" title="James A. Jensen">James Jensen</a> collected a well preserved and articulated partial postcranial skeleton, including majority of the vertebral column, at <a href="/wiki/Dry_Mesa_Quarry" title="Dry Mesa Quarry">Uncompahgre Hill</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a><sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was deposited at <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> under specimen number BYU 9740.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skeleton wasn't full prepared until years later,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was described in 1988 as a new genus and species of <a href="/wiki/Camarasauridae" title="Camarasauridae">Camarasaurid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cathetosaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathetosaurus">Cathetosaurus</a> lewisi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>C. lewisi</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s original description was brief, but later in 1996 the skeleton was given a full osteology and placed as a species of <i>Camarasaurus</i> by John McIntosh and colleagues. In their paper, they determined that <i>C. supremus, C. grandis, C. lentus,</i> and <i>C. lewisi</i> were valid.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Octavio Mateus and Emanuel Tschopp argued that <i>C. lewisi</i> was actually its own genus based on a specimen found at Howe Quarry in 1992<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that they referred to the species.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research by Tschopp concluded that the Howe Quarry specimen was most likely to represent <i>Camarasaurus</i> after all.<sup id="cite_ref-tschopp2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tschopp2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, most researchers considered <i>C. lewisi</i> to be a species of <i>Camarasaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tschopp2019_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tschopp2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, another substantial and articulated skeleton of <i>Camarasaurus</i> was collected, this skeleton by Jeffrie Parker and colleagues near the AMNH's <a href="/wiki/Bone_Cabin_Quarry" title="Bone Cabin Quarry">Bone Cabin Quarry</a> at Como Bluff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMilesClowardParker19961–5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMilesClowardParker19961–5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This skeleton was referred to <i>Camarasaurus grandis</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMilesClowardParker199630_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMilesClowardParker199630-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is one of the most complete specimens assigned to the species, it now resides at the <a href="/wiki/Gunma_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Gunma Museum of Natural History">Gunma Museum of Natural History</a> in Tokyo under specimen number GMNH-PV 101.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMilesClowardParker19966_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMilesClowardParker19966-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1992 saw yet another <i>Camarasaurus</i> skeleton discovery further north at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howe_Quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howe Quarry (page does not exist)">Howe Quarry</a>, Wyoming by crews working for the <a href="/wiki/Aathal_Dinosaur_Museum" title="Aathal Dinosaur Museum">Sauriermuseum Aathal</a> in Switzerland. The skeleton is one of the best known, with nearly every element articulated and skin impressions from the skull and hindlimb.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specimen, SMA 002, has not yet gotten a full identification, but has been suggested to be a specimen of <i>C. lewisi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, several fragmentary remains of <i>Camarasaurus</i> were described from western <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:17_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extending the northeastern and southern range of the genus, with the New Mexican remains from the <a href="/wiki/Summerville_Formation" title="Summerville Formation">Summerville Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northernmost specimen of <i>Camarasaurus</i> was discovered in 2005 in the Snowy Mountains region of central Montana and consists of a nearly complete skull and several postcranial elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster2017_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fossil record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camarasaurus_lentus_Carnegie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Camarasaurus_lentus_Carnegie.jpg/220px-Camarasaurus_lentus_Carnegie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Camarasaurus_lentus_Carnegie.jpg/330px-Camarasaurus_lentus_Carnegie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Camarasaurus_lentus_Carnegie.jpg/440px-Camarasaurus_lentus_Carnegie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3573" data-file-height="2797" /></a><figcaption>CM 11338, the most complete known <i>Camarasaurus</i> specimen</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Camarasaurus</i> fossils are very common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2020_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 500 specimens are known, including many isolated bones and about 50 partial skeletons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster201752–53_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster201752–53-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is found in a wide area over the western United States, from as far north as Montana to as far south as New Mexico, in rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Formation" title="Morrison Formation">Morrison Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster201754_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster201754-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this abundance, <i>Camarasaurus</i> is a very well-known sauropod. A juvenile specimen of <i>Camarasaurus</i>, CM 11338, is the most complete sauropod skeleton ever discovered. Numerous skulls are known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcIntoshBerman19952_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcIntoshBerman19952-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though complete necks are rarely found in sauropods, five specimens of <i>Camarasaurus</i> preserve all or nearly all of the cervical vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor20226_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20226-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most identifiable specimens of <i>Camarasaurus</i> belong to one of two species, <i>C. grandis</i> and <i>C. lentus</i>; <i>C. lewisi</i> and <i>C. supremus</i> are rarer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster201748_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster201748-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camarasaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Camarasaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg/220px-Camarasaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Camarasaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg/330px-Camarasaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Camarasaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg/440px-Camarasaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6732" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>Scale diagram of three known species of <i>Camarasaurus</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camarasaurs1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Camarasaurs1.jpg/220px-Camarasaurs1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Camarasaurs1.jpg/330px-Camarasaurs1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Camarasaurs1.jpg/440px-Camarasaurs1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="1655" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of a <i>C. supremus</i> herd</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Camarasaurus</i> is among the most common and frequently well-preserved sauropod dinosaurs uncovered and has been well described in numerous publications.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gilmore1925_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore1925-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to other Macronarians, it had the typical large naris, long forelimbs, and short tail compared to the contemporary Diplodocids.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Camarasaurus</i> was a medium-sized sauropod compared to contemporary species in the same formation, but in the <a href="/wiki/Tithonian" title="Tithonian">Tithonian</a> reached large sizes with <i>C. supremus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum size of the most common species, <i>C. lentus</i>, was about 15 m (49 ft) in length. The largest species, <i>C. supremus</i>, reached a maximum length of 18 meters (59 ft) - 23 m (75 ft) and, a maximum estimated weight of 47 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a> (51.8 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">tons</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Benton,_Michael_J,_Prehistoric_Life_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton,_Michael_J,_Prehistoric_Life-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Gregory S. Paul estimated its weight at 23 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a> (25.4 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">tons</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-paul2016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in 2020, John Foster estimated its weight at 42.3 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a> (46.6 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">tons</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2020_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arched <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> of <i>Camarasaurus</i> was remarkably square and the blunt snout had many <a href="/wiki/Skull#fenestrae" title="Skull">fenestrae</a>. The robust skull of <i>Camarasaurus</i> preserves much better than many other sauropods, unlike the gracile skulls that <a href="/wiki/Diplodocidae" title="Diplodocidae">Diplodocids</a> that are also found in the Morrison Formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19-cm-long (7.5-in) <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">teeth</a> were shaped like <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisels</a> (spatulate) and arranged evenly along the jaw. The strength of the teeth indicates that <i>Camarasaurus</i> probably ate coarser plant material than the slender-toothed <a href="/wiki/Diplodocid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplodocid">diplodocids</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A specimen of <i>Camarasaurus</i> called SMA 0002 (which has also been assigned to <i><a href="/wiki/Cathetosaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathetosaurus">Cathetosaurus</a></i>) from Wyoming's Howe-Stephens Quarry, referred to as "E.T.", shows evidence of soft tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the jaw line, ossified remains of what appear to have been the animal's gums have been recovered, indicating that it had deep-set teeth covered by gums, with only the tips of the crowns protruding. The teeth were, upon death, pushed further out from their sockets as the gums retracted, dried, and tightened through decay. The examinations of the specimen also indicate that the teeth were covered by tough outer scales and possibly a beak of some variety, though this is not known for certain.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The neck of <i>Camarasaurus</i> was of only moderate length by sauropod standards. It was composed of 12 vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore1925367_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore1925367-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the cervical neural spines were bifurcated, with more vertebrae developing bifurcated neural spines as the animal grew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedelTaylor201311–12_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedelTaylor201311–12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other sauropods, the vertebrae of the neck and torso contained chambers that in life were filled by air sacs connected to the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>. The air sacs could take up more than half of the space inside the vertebrae, making them as highly <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_pneumaticity" title="Skeletal pneumaticity">pneumatic</a> as the bones of birds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorWedel201314–15_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorWedel201314–15-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is these chambers that give <i>Camarasaurus</i> its name, "chambered lizard". </p><p>The tail of <i>Camarasaurus</i> was composed of 53 vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore1925367_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore1925367-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMilesClowardParker199615_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMilesClowardParker199615-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_species">Classification and species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification and species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Camarasaurus</i> is the type genus of the family <a href="/wiki/Camarasauridae" title="Camarasauridae">Camarasauridae</a>, members of which are medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronarian</a> sauropods that mostly date to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a>. Camarasaurids had shorter forelimbs than hindlimbs, large scapulocoracoids, and longer tails than necks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMilesClowardParker1996_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMilesClowardParker1996-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Edward Cope described <i>Camarasaurus</i> in 1877, he believed it was a dinosaur closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Cetiosaurus" title="Cetiosaurus">Cetiosaurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bothriospondylus" title="Bothriospondylus">Bothriospondylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithopsis" title="Ornithopsis">Ornithopsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anchisaurus" title="Anchisaurus">Anchisaurus</a></i> (<i>Megadactylus</i>), and <i>Pneumatosteus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but didn’t name a group for these taxa until the description of <i>Amphicoelias</i> when he erected Camarasauridae.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Camarasaurus</i> is the only taxon uncontroversially regarded as a valid genus of camarasaurid. It contains four species: <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_grandis" title="Camarasaurus grandis">C. grandis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_lentus" title="Camarasaurus lentus">C. lentus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_lewisi" title="Camarasaurus lewisi">C. lewisi</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_supremus" title="Camarasaurus supremus">C. supremus</a></i>. <i>C. lewisi</i> may represent a distinct genus, <i>Cathetosaurus</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhasaurus" title="Lourinhasaurus">Lourinhasaurus</a></i>, the type species of which was formerly assigned to <i>Camarasaurus</i>, is regarded as a camarasaurid by most studies, though it has also been considered to be a basal eusauropod.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A simplified cladogram of basal Macronaria after Tan et al (2020) is shown below: </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Eusauropoda" title="Eusauropoda">Eusauropoda</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Turiasauria" title="Turiasauria">Turiasauria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jobaria" title="Jobaria">Jobaria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neosauropoda" title="Neosauropoda">Neosauropoda</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Diplodocoidea" title="Diplodocoidea">Diplodocoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Camarasaurus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bellusaurus" title="Bellusaurus">Bellusaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Europasaurus" title="Europasaurus">Europasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tehuelchesaurus" title="Tehuelchesaurus">Tehuelchesaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Galvesaurus" title="Galvesaurus">Galvesaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Euhelopus" title="Euhelopus">Euhelopus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Titanosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosauriformes">Titanosauriformes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><i>Camarasaurus</i> is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> macronarian, more closely related to the common ancestor of all macronarians than to more <a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">derived</a> forms like <i><a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Camarasaurus</i> is regarded as containing four valid species by most researchers: <i>C. grandis</i>, <i>C. lentus</i>, <i>C. lewisi</i>, and <i>C. supremus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tschopp2019_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tschopp2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>C. supremus</i>, the species named by Cope in 1877, is the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a>. <i>C. grandis</i> was named in 1877 and <i>C. lentus</i> in 1889. The fourth species, <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus_lewisi" title="Camarasaurus lewisi">C. lewisi</a></i>, is of uncertain affinities. It was originally described as a distinct genus, <i>Cathetosaurus</i>, in 1988, but reclassified as a species of <i>Camarasaurus</i> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-jensen1988_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jensen1988-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcintosh1996a_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcintosh1996a-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have suggested that <i>Cathetosaurus</i> should be reinstated as a distinct genus,<sup id="cite_ref-:14_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tschopp2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tschopp2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tschopp2019_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tschopp2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas others have suggested that <i>C. lewisi</i> may be synonymous with another <i>Camarasaurus</i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster201750–51_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodruffFoster201750–51-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cope_Quarry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cope_Quarry.jpg/219px-Cope_Quarry.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cope_Quarry.jpg/329px-Cope_Quarry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cope_Quarry.jpg/438px-Cope_Quarry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><i>Camarasaurus supremus</i> vertebrae at Quarry 1 in Garden Park c. 1878</figcaption></figure> <p><i>C. supremus</i>, as its name suggests, is the largest known species of <i>Camarasaurus</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the most massive sauropods known from the late Jurassic <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Formation" title="Morrison Formation">Morrison Formation</a>. Except for its huge size, it was nearly indistinguishable from <i>C. lentus</i>. <i>C. supremus</i> was not typical of the genus as a whole, and is known only from the latest, uppermost parts of the formation and is extremely uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <i>C. grandis,</i> <i>C. lentus,</i> and <i>C. lewisi</i> were smaller, as well as occurring in the earlier stages of the Morrison. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camarasaurus_supremus_Skeletal_Multiview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Camarasaurus_supremus_Skeletal_Multiview.png/220px-Camarasaurus_supremus_Skeletal_Multiview.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Camarasaurus_supremus_Skeletal_Multiview.png/330px-Camarasaurus_supremus_Skeletal_Multiview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Camarasaurus_supremus_Skeletal_Multiview.png/440px-Camarasaurus_supremus_Skeletal_Multiview.png 2x" data-file-width="9728" data-file-height="8150" /></a><figcaption>Multiview skeletal reconstruction of <i>C. supremus</i>.</figcaption></figure><p> Stratigraphic evidence suggests that chronological sequence aligned with the physical differences between the three species, and it describes an evolutionary progression within the Morrison Formation. <i>C. grandis</i> is the oldest species and occurred in the lowest rock layers of the Morrison. <i>C. lewisi</i> only briefly coexisted with <i>C. grandis</i> in the lowest strata of the upper Morrison until going extinct,<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is possible this is because of a lack of specimens from <i>C. lewisi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>C. lentus</i> appeared later, co-existing with <i>C. grandis</i> for several million years, possibly due to different ecological niches as suggested by differences in the spinal anatomy of the two species. At a later stage, <i>C. grandis</i> disappeared from the rock record, leaving only <i>C. lentus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then <i>C. lentus</i>, too, disappeared; at the same time, <i>C. supremus</i> appeared in the uppermost layers. This immediate succession of species, as well as the very close similarity between the two, suggests that <i>C. supremus</i> may have evolved directly from <i>C. lentus</i>, representing a larger, later-surviving population of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-foster-cgrandis_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster-cgrandis-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaulodonTeethType.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CaulodonTeethType.png/132px-CaulodonTeethType.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CaulodonTeethType.png/198px-CaulodonTeethType.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CaulodonTeethType.png/263px-CaulodonTeethType.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Teeth from the <i>Caulodon diversidens</i> holotype.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synonyms_and_dubious_species">Synonyms and dubious species</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Synonyms and dubious species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Amphicoelias latus</i> was named by Edward Cope in 1877<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on a right femur and 4 caudal vertebrae found at Garden Park and is synonymous with either <i>C. supremus</i> or <i>C. grandis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-carpenter1998_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenter1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Caulodon diversidens</i> was also named by Cope in 1877 on, now dubious, teeth that can only be placed as a Macronarian or as synonymous with <i>Camarasaurus supremus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Caulodon leptoganus</i> was named in 1878 by Cope on 2 partial teeth and is also considered to be unclassifiable beyond Macronaria or as synonymous with <i>Camarasaurus supremus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Morosaurus impar</i> was named by Marsh in 1878 as the type species of <i>Morosaurus</i>, and the material consisted only of a sacrum and possibly additional postcranial material found at <a href="/wiki/Como_Bluff" title="Como Bluff">Como Bluff</a>. It is now considered a synonym of <i>C. grandis.</i><sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Morosaurus robustus</i> was named on the basis of an ilium by Marsh in 1878 collected at Como Bluff. It is now considered a synonym of <i>C. grandis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Camarasaurus leptodirus</i> was another one of Cope's Garden Park sauropods and was named in 1879 on 3 partial cervical vertebrae, it has been suggested to be a synonym of <i>C. supremus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Diplodocus lacustris</i> was named by <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Marsh</a> in 1884 on the basis of several teeth, a premaxilla, and a maxilla from <a href="/wiki/Morrison,_Colorado" title="Morrison, Colorado">Morrison</a>, Colorado that were collected by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lakes" title="Arthur Lakes">Arthur Lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Mudge" title="Benjamin Franklin Mudge">Benjamin Mudge</a> in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the teeth and dentary of <i>D. lacustris</i> are <a href="/wiki/Flagellicaudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellicaudata">Flagellicaudatan</a>, the skull material is likely that of a <i>Camarasaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Pleurocoelus montanus</i> was also named by Marsh in 1896 as a new species of <i><a href="/wiki/Astrodon" title="Astrodon">Pleurocoelus</a></i>, the material consisting of several vertebral centra and assorted postcrania of a juvenile individual from Como Bluff. It is generally regarded as a synonym of <i>C. grandis.</i><sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Uintasaurus douglassi</i> was named in 1919 by W. J. Holland for 5 anterior cervical vertebrae from Dinosaur National Monument,<sup id="cite_ref-:20_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the species was later regarded as a synonym of <i>Camarasaurus lentus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Camarasaurus annae</i> was named by Tage Ellinger based on an anterior dorsal vertebra in 1950. This species is generally considered a synonym of <i>C.lentus.</i><sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reassigned_species">Reassigned species</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reassigned species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Morosaurus agilis</i> was named in 1889 by Marsh based on a partial skull and 3 vertebrae from Garden Park, Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species remained in taxonomic uncertainty until in 2020, it was placed in a new genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Smitanosaurus" title="Smitanosaurus">Smitanosaurus</a></i>, and reclassified as a <a href="/wiki/Dicraeosauridae" title="Dicraeosauridae">dicraeosaurid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Camarasaurus becklesiii</i> was described as <i>Pelorosaurus becklesii</i> in 1842 by <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Mantell" title="Gideon Mantell">Gideon Mantell</a> based on a partial forelimb from <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex, United Kingdom</a>. It was placed in <i>Morosaurus</i> by Marsh in 1889<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Camarasaurus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Huene" title="Friedrich von Huene">von Huene</a> in 1932<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until in 2015, it was placed in its own genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Haestasaurus" title="Haestasaurus">Haestasaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Morosaurus marchei</i> was named by Sauvage in 1898 based on an incomplete distal caudal vertebra and tooth from the Upper Jurassic strata of the <a href="/wiki/Alcoba%C3%A7a_Formation" title="Alcobaça Formation">Alcobaca Formation</a> of Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lapparent & Zbyszewski referred the holotype<sup id="cite_ref-olshevsky1991_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olshevsky1991-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vertebra to <i><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus insignis</a></i> and Madsen <i>et al</i>., 1995 referred it to <a href="/wiki/Megalosauroidea" title="Megalosauroidea">Megalosauria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referred tooth was identified as belonging to <a href="/wiki/Turiasauria" title="Turiasauria">Turiasauria</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Camarasaurus alenquerensis</i> was named as a species of <i>Apatosaurus</i> in 1957 by <a href="/wiki/Albert-F%C3%A9lix_de_Lapparent" title="Albert-Félix de Lapparent">Albert-Félix de Lapparent</a> and Georges Zbyweski on a partial postcranial skeleton from <a href="/wiki/Lourinh%C3%A3_Formation" title="Lourinhã Formation">Lourinha, Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was placed in <i>Camarasaurus</i> by John McIntosh in 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was granted a new genus in 1998, <i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhasaurus" title="Lourinhasaurus">Lourinhasaurus</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camarasaurus_lentus_skull_cast_-_Natural_History_Museum_of_Utah_-_DSC07235.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Camarasaurus_lentus_skull_cast_-_Natural_History_Museum_of_Utah_-_DSC07235.JPG/220px-Camarasaurus_lentus_skull_cast_-_Natural_History_Museum_of_Utah_-_DSC07235.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Camarasaurus_lentus_skull_cast_-_Natural_History_Museum_of_Utah_-_DSC07235.JPG/330px-Camarasaurus_lentus_skull_cast_-_Natural_History_Museum_of_Utah_-_DSC07235.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Camarasaurus_lentus_skull_cast_-_Natural_History_Museum_of_Utah_-_DSC07235.JPG/440px-Camarasaurus_lentus_skull_cast_-_Natural_History_Museum_of_Utah_-_DSC07235.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><i>C. lentus</i> skull</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Previously, scientists have suggested that <i>Camarasaurus</i> and other sauropods may have swallowed <a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">gastroliths</a> (stones) to help grind the food in the stomach, regurgitating or passing them when they became too smooth. More recent analysis, however, of the evidence for stomach stones suggests this was not the case. The strong, robust teeth of <i>Camarasaurus</i> were more developed than those of most sauropods and were replaced on average every 62 days (M. D'Emic et al.), indicating that <i>Camarasaurus</i> may have <a href="/wiki/Masticate" class="mw-redirect" title="Masticate">masticated</a> food in its mouth to some degree before swallowing.<sup id="cite_ref-WingsSander2006_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WingsSander2006-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other findings indicate that <i>Camarasaurus</i> spp. preferred vegetation different from other sauropods, allowing them to share the same environment without competing.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long-bone <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> enables researchers to estimate the age that a specific individual reached. A study by Griebeler <i>et al.</i> (2013) examined long-bone histological data and concluded that the <i>Camarasaurus</i> sp. <b>CM 36664</b> weighed 14,247 kilograms (15.7 short tons), reached sexual maturity at 20 years and died at age 26.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eagle <i>et al.</i> performed <a href="/wiki/Clumped_isotopes" title="Clumped isotopes">clumped isotope thermometry</a> on the enamel covering the teeth of various Jurassic sauropods, including <i>Camarasaurus</i>. Temperatures of 32.4–36.9 °C (90.3–98.4 °F) were obtained, which is comparable to that of modern mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-te_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Camarasaurus</i> grew in size quickly to limit the time it would be vulnerable to predation. This would imply it had a relatively high metabolic rate as a juvenile.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Paleopathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paleopathology" title="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</a></div> <p>A <i>Camarasaurus</i> pelvis recovered from <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument" title="Dinosaur National Monument">Dinosaur National Monument</a> in Utah shows gouging attributed to <i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ageofdinosaurscamarasaurus_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ageofdinosaurscamarasaurus-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the ilium of the <i>C. lewisi</i> holotype there are large Theropod bite marks.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, a partial <i>C. grandis</i> skeleton was discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Small_Stegosaurus_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryan Small Stegosaurus Quarry">Bryan Small Stegosaurus Quarry</a> of the Morrison Formation near <a href="/wiki/Canon_City,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon City, Colorado">Canon City, Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001365_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001365-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This specimen preserved a partial right humerus cataloged as DMNH 2908 and associated vertebrae from the back and tail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001365_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001365-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, Lorie McWhinney, Kenneth Carpenter, and Bruce Rothschild published a description of a pathology observed on the humerus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They noted a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juxtacortical_lesion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juxtacortical lesion (page does not exist)">juxtacortical lesion</a> 25 by 18 cm wide made of bone that resembled woven fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Woven_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Woven bone">woven bone</a> forms in accessory dental bone, in other locations, it is a sign of injury or illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The woven bone's "undulating fibrous bundles" were observed oriented in the direction of the <i>m. brachialis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lesion's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fusion" class="extiw" title="wikt:fusion">fusion</a> and lack of <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a> at its near and far ends indicate the periostitis was inactive or healed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McWhinney and the other researchers argued that this injury would have been a continuous source of hardship for the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would have exerted pressure on the muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pressure would have compressed the muscles' blood vessels and nerves, reducing the range of motion of both the limb's <a href="/wiki/Flexor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor">flexor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor muscles">extensor muscles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect would have hindered the <i><a href="/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">M. brachialis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/M._brachoradialis" class="mw-redirect" title="M. brachoradialis">m. brachoradialis</a></i>, and to a lesser degree the <i><a href="/wiki/M._biceps_brachii" class="mw-redirect" title="M. biceps brachii">m. biceps brachii</a></i> to the lesion's position on the humerus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers inferred that the inflammation of the muscles and <a href="/wiki/Periosteum" title="Periosteum">periosteum</a> would have caused additional complications in the lower region of the fore limb, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001369_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001369-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lesion would also have caused long-term <a href="/wiki/Fasciitis" title="Fasciitis">fasciitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myosistis" class="mw-redirect" title="Myosistis">myosistis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cumulative effect of these pathological processes would have moderate to severe effects on the ability of the limb to move and "made everyday activities such as foraging for food and escaping predators harder to accomplish."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help determine the cause of the pathology, McWhinney and the other researchers performed a <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> in 3-mm increments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001370_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001370-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CT scan found that the mass had a consistent <a href="/wiki/Radiodensity" title="Radiodensity">radiodensity</a> and was separated from the cortex of the bone by a <a href="/wiki/Radiolucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiolucent">radiolucent</a> line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001370–371_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001370–371-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No evidence was found of stress fracture or infectious processes like osteomyelitis or infectious periostitis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001370_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001370-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also ruled out <a href="/wiki/Osteochondroma" title="Osteochondroma">osteochondroma</a> because the axis of the spur is 25° relative to the vertical axis of the humerus, whereas an osteochondroma would have formed at 90° to the axis of the humerus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other candidates identified by the scientists for the origin of the spur-bearing lesion included: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_osteoarthropathy" title="Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy">Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy</a> – although this was ruled out by the presence of the spur-like process<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001372–373_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001372–373-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoid_osteoma" title="Osteoid osteoma">Osteoid osteoma</a> – but this would not explain the spur or <a href="/wiki/Osteoblastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoblastic">osteoblastic</a> reaction<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001373–374_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001373–374-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_splints" title="Shin splints">Shin splints</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tibial_stress_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibial stress syndrome">tibial stress syndrome</a> – a possible origin, as many symptoms would be held in common, but shin splints would not explain the spur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001374_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001374-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myositis_ossificans_traumatica_(circumscripta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Myositis ossificans traumatica (circumscripta)">Myositis ossificans traumatica (circumscripta)</a> – Possible, but unlikely source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001374–375_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001374–375-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_injury" title="Avulsion injury">Avulsion injury</a> – McWhinney and the other researchers considered an avulsion injury caused by "repetitive overexertion of the muscles" to be the most likely source for the lesion on the humerus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers believed the lesion to have originated with the avulsion of the <i>m. brachialis</i> causing the formation of "a downward-sloping elliptical mass".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bone spur was caused by an osteoblastic response following a tear at the base of the <i>m. brachioradialis</i> caused by its flexor motion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoecology">Paleoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Paleoecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinosaur_National_Monument_Camarasaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dinosaur_National_Monument_Camarasaurus.jpg/220px-Dinosaur_National_Monument_Camarasaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dinosaur_National_Monument_Camarasaurus.jpg/330px-Dinosaur_National_Monument_Camarasaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dinosaur_National_Monument_Camarasaurus.jpg/440px-Dinosaur_National_Monument_Camarasaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Skull in mudstone matrix, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument" title="Dinosaur National Monument">Dinosaur National Monument</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Morrison Formation, situated along the eastern flank of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, is home to a fossil-rich stretch of <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> rock. A large number of dinosaur species can be found here, including relatives of <i>Camarasaurus</i> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurus" title="Apatosaurus">Apatosaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i>, but camarasaurs are the most abundant of the dinosaurs in the formation.<sup id="cite_ref-foster-csupremus-abundance_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster-csupremus-abundance-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Camarasaurus</i> fossils have been found in almost every major locality and have one of the greatest known distributions of Morrison dinosaurs, with fossils found in localities from New Mexico to Montana and Utah to Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-ikejiri2005_7-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikejiri2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a>, the Morrison sedimentary layers range between 156.3 million years ago (Mya) at the base, to 146.8 Mya at the top, which places it in the late <a href="/wiki/Oxfordian_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfordian stage">Oxfordian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimmeridgian" title="Kimmeridgian">Kimmeridgian</a>, and early <a href="/wiki/Tithonian" title="Tithonian">Tithonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Faunal_stages" class="mw-redirect" title="Faunal stages">stages</a> of the Late Jurassic period.<sup id="cite_ref-TCR06_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCR06-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAB98_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAB98-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its environment is interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Semiarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiarid">semiarid</a> with distinct <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a>. </p><p>Dinosaur and <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace fossils">trace fossils</a> are found particularly in the Morrison Basin, which stretches from New Mexico to Alberta and Saskatchewan and was formed when the precursors to the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains started pushing up to the west. Eroded material from their east-facing <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basins</a> was carried by streams and <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and deposited in <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swampy</a> lowlands, lakes, river channels, and <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DAR89_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAR89-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation is similar in age to the <a href="/wiki/Lourinh%C3%A3_Formation" title="Lourinhã Formation">Lourinha Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ad%C3%B3n_Calc%C3%A1reo_Formation" title="Cañadón Calcáreo Formation">Cañadón Calcáreo Formation</a> in Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Camarasauridae" title="Camarasauridae">Camarasaurid</a> fossils have been found at the 2 formations.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1877, it became the center of the <a href="/wiki/Bone_Wars" title="Bone Wars">Bone Wars</a>, a fossil-collecting rivalry between early paleontologists <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Drinker Cope</a>, with <i>Camarasaurus</i> itself being discovered and named by the latter Paleontologist during the conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleofauna">Paleofauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Paleofauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Morrison Formation records an environment and time dominated by gigantic sauropod dinosaurs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Barosaurus" title="Barosaurus">Maraapunisaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amphicoelias" title="Amphicoelias">Amphicoelias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barosaurus" title="Barosaurus">Barosaurus</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurus" title="Apatosaurus">Apatosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brontosaurus" title="Brontosaurus">Brontosaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i>. Dinosaurs living alongside <i>Camarasaurus</i> included the herbivorous <a href="/wiki/Ornithischians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithischians">ornithischians</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Camptosaurus" title="Camptosaurus">Camptosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dryosaurus" title="Dryosaurus">Dryosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurus" title="Stegosaurus">Stegosaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Nanosaurus" title="Nanosaurus">Nanosaurus</a></i>. Predators in this paleoenvironment included the <a href="/wiki/Theropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropods">theropods</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Saurophaganax" title="Saurophaganax">Saurophaganax</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Torvosaurus" title="Torvosaurus">Torvosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus">Ceratosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marshosaurus" title="Marshosaurus">Marshosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stokesosaurus" title="Stokesosaurus">Stokesosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ornitholestes" title="Ornitholestes">Ornitholestes</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i>, which accounted for up to 75% of theropod specimens, and was at the top <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic level</a> of the Morrison <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JF07_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JF07-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JRF03a_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRF03a-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Camarasaurus</i> is commonly found at the same sites as <i>Allosaurus</i>, <i>Apatosaurus</i>, <i>Stegosaurus</i>, and <i>Diplodocus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other organisms in this region included <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">ray-finned fishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphenodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodontia">sphenodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, terrestrial and aquatic <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorpha" title="Crocodylomorpha">crocodylomorphs</a>, and several species of <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Harpactognathus" title="Harpactognathus">Harpactognathus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mesadactylus" title="Mesadactylus">Mesadactylus</a></i>. Early mammals present were <a href="/wiki/Docodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Docodonts">docodonts</a> (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Docodon" title="Docodon">Docodon</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Multituberculates" class="mw-redirect" title="Multituberculates">multituberculates</a>, symmetrodonts, and <a href="/wiki/Triconodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Triconodonts">triconodonts</a>. The flora of the period has been revealed by fossils of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">green algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">ginkgoes</a>, and several families of <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>. Vegetation varied from river-lining forests of <a href="/wiki/Tree_fern" title="Tree fern">tree ferns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallery_forest" title="Gallery forest">gallery forests</a>), to fern <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> with occasional trees such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i>-like conifer <i><a href="/wiki/Brachyphyllum" title="Brachyphyllum">Brachyphyllum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KC06_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KC06-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cope, E.D., 1877a, On a gigantic saurian from the Dakota Epoch of Colorado: Paleontological Bulletin, v. 25, p. 5-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001364_71-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001">McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001367_72-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001">McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001376_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001">McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001369-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001369_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001">McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001370-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001370_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001370_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001">McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001</a>, p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001370–371-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001370–371_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001">McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001</a>, pp. 370–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001372–373-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001372–373_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001">McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001</a>, pp. 372–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001373–374-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001373–374_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001">McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001</a>, pp. 373–374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001374-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001374_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcWhinneyCarpenterRothschild2001">McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li 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M.; POL, DIEGO; SALGADO, LEONARDO (August 24, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2011.00723.x">"Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Tehuelchesaurus benitezii (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia"</a>. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>163</b> (2): 605–662. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2011.00723.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00723.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F71888">11336/71888</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4082">0024-4082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Osteology+and+phylogenetic+relationships+of+Tehuelchesaurus+benitezii+%28Dinosauria%2C+Sauropoda%29+from+the+Upper+Jurassic+of+Patagonia&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=605-662&rft.date=2011-08-24&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F71888&rft.issn=0024-4082&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2011.00723.x&rft.aulast=CARBALLIDO&rft.aufirst=JOS%C3%89+L.&rft.au=RAUHUT%2C+OLIVER+W.+M.&rft.au=POL%2C+DIEGO&rft.au=SALGADO%2C+LEONARDO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1096-3642.2011.00723.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamarasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327-329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JF07-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JF07_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2007" class="citation book cs1">Foster, John (2007). "<i>Allosaurus fragilis</i>". <i>Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 170–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34870-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34870-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34870-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77830875">77830875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allosaurus+fragilis&rft.btitle=Jurassic+West%3A+The+Dinosaurs+of+the+Morrison+Formation+and+Their+World&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=170-176&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F77830875&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34870-8&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamarasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRF03a-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JRF03a_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2003" class="citation book cs1">Foster, John R. (2003). <i>Paleoecological Analysis of the Vertebrate Fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain Region, U.S.A</i>. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, <b>23</b>. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paleoecological+Analysis+of+the+Vertebrate+Fauna+of+the+Morrison+Formation+%28Upper+Jurassic%29%2C+Rocky+Mountain+Region%2C+U.S.A.&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.series=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Science+Bulletin%2C+%27%27%2723%27%27%27&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Science&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamarasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodsonBehrensmeyerBakkerMcIntosh1980" class="citation journal cs1">Dodson, Peter; Behrensmeyer, A.K.; Bakker, Robert T.; McIntosh, John S. 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"Taphonomy and paleoecology of the dinosaur beds of the Jurassic Morrison Formation". <i>Paleobiology</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 208–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0094837300025768">10.1017/S0094837300025768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&rft.atitle=Taphonomy+and+paleoecology+of+the+dinosaur+beds+of+the+Jurassic+Morrison+Formation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-232&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0094837300025768&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Behrensmeyer%2C+A.K.&rft.au=Bakker%2C+Robert+T.&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamarasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KC06-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KC06_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Carpenter" title="Kenneth Carpenter">Carpenter, Kenneth</a> (2006). "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod <i>Amphicoelias fragillimus</i>". In Foster, John R.; Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.). <i>Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation</i>. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 36. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 131–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biggest+of+the+big%3A+a+critical+re-evaluation+of+the+mega-sauropod+Amphicoelias+fragillimus&rft.btitle=Paleontology+and+Geology+of+the+Upper+Jurassic+Morrison+Formation&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.series=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Science+Bulletin&rft.pages=131-138&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Science&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamarasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCope1878" class="citation journal cs1">Cope, E. D. (1878). "On the Vertebrata of the Dakota Epoch of Colorado". <i>Paleontological Bulletin</i>. <b>17</b> (28): 233–247. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/982303">982303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleontological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=On+the+Vertebrata+of+the+Dakota+Epoch+of+Colorado&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=233-247&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F982303%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamarasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCope1879" class="citation journal cs1">Cope, E. D. (1879). "New Jurassic Dinosauria". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="American Naturalist">American Naturalist</a></i>. <b>13</b>: 401–404.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=New+Jurassic+Dinosauria&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=401-404&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamarasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodsonBrittCarpenterForster1993" class="citation book cs1">Dodson, Peter; Britt, Brooks; Carpenter, Kenneth; Forster, Catherine A.; Gillette, David D.; Norell, Mark A.; Olshevsky, George; Parrish, J. Michael; Weishampel, David B. (January 1, 1993). <i>The Age of Dinosaurs</i>. Publications International, LTD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7853-0443-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7853-0443-2"><bdi>978-0-7853-0443-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Dinosaurs&rft.pub=Publications+International%2C+LTD.&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7853-0443-2&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Britt%2C+Brooks&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Forster%2C+Catherine+A.&rft.au=Gillette%2C+David+D.&rft.au=Norell%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Olshevsky%2C+George&rft.au=Parrish%2C+J.+Michael&rft.au=Weishampel%2C+David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamarasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2007" class="citation book cs1">Foster, J. (2007). <i>Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34870-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34870-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34870-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jurassic+West%3A+The+Dinosaurs+of+the+Morrison+Formation+and+Their+World&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34870-8&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamarasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2020" class="citation book cs1">Foster, John Russell (2020). <i>Jurassic West: the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and their world</i>. Life of the past (2nd ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-05158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-05158-5"><bdi>978-0-253-05158-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jurassic+West%3A+the+dinosaurs+of+the+Morrison+Formation+and+their+world&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.series=Life+of+the+past&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-253-05158-5&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamarasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1919" class="citation report cs1">Holland, W. J. (1919). "Section V. Paleontology". 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href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451207">5451207</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28562606">28562606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+first+specimen+of+Camarasaurus+%28Dinosauria%3A+Sauropoda%29+from+Montana%3A+The+northernmost+occurrence+of+the+genus&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0177423&rft.date=2017-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451207%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1277423W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28562606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0177423&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=D.+Cary&rft.au=Foster%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamarasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sauropodomorpha" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sauropodomorpha" title="Template:Sauropodomorpha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sauropodomorpha" title="Template talk:Sauropodomorpha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sauropodomorpha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sauropodomorpha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sauropodomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Sauropsida_*_Clade:_Avemetatarsalia_*_Clade:_Dinosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Sauropodomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sauropodomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buriolestes" title="Buriolestes">Buriolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoraptor" title="Eoraptor">Eoraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantoscelus" title="Gigantoscelus">Gigantoscelus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guaibasaurus" title="Guaibasaurus">Guaibasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbiresaurus" title="Mbiresaurus">Mbiresaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pampadromaeus" title="Pampadromaeus">Pampadromaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panphagia" title="Panphagia">Panphagia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saturnaliidae" title="Saturnaliidae">Saturnaliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buriolestes" title="Buriolestes">Buriolestes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoraptor" title="Eoraptor">Eoraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromogisaurus" title="Chromogisaurus">Chromogisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhandumirim" title="Nhandumirim">Nhandumirim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pampadromaeus" title="Pampadromaeus">Pampadromaeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panphagia" title="Panphagia">Panphagia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia_tupiniquim" title="Saturnalia tupiniquim">Saturnalia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bagualosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagualosauria">Bagualosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcusaurus" title="Arcusaurus">Arcusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asylosaurus" title="Asylosaurus">Asylosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagualosaurus" title="Bagualosaurus">Bagualosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Efraasia" title="Efraasia">Efraasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nambalia" title="Nambalia">Nambalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantydraco" title="Pantydraco">Pantydraco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thecodontosaurus" title="Thecodontosaurus">Thecodontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unaysauridae" title="Unaysauridae">Unaysauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaklapallisaurus" title="Jaklapallisaurus">Jaklapallisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocollum" title="Macrocollum">Macrocollum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unaysaurus" title="Unaysaurus">Unaysaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Plateosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateosauria">Plateosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateosauravus" title="Plateosauravus">Plateosauravus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruehleia" title="Ruehleia">Ruehleia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xixiposaurus" title="Xixiposaurus">Xixiposaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateosauridae" title="Plateosauridae">Plateosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euskelosaurus" title="Euskelosaurus">Euskelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gresslyosaurus" title="Gresslyosaurus">Gresslyosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Issi" title="Issi">Issi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachysauriscus" title="Pachysauriscus">Pachysauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateosaurus" title="Plateosaurus">Plateosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yimenosaurus" title="Yimenosaurus">Yimenosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Massopoda" title="Massopoda">Massopoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gryponyx" title="Gryponyx">Gryponyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gyposaurus" title="Gyposaurus">Gyposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignavusaurus" title="Ignavusaurus">Ignavusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kholumolumo" title="Kholumolumo">Kholumolumo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musankwa" title="Musankwa">Musankwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarahsaurus" title="Sarahsaurus">Sarahsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuebingosaurus" title="Tuebingosaurus">Tuebingosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Riojasauridae" title="Riojasauridae">Riojasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucnemesaurus" title="Eucnemesaurus">Eucnemesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riojasaurus" title="Riojasaurus">Riojasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massospondylidae" title="Massospondylidae">Massospondylidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adeopapposaurus" title="Adeopapposaurus">Adeopapposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coloradisaurus" title="Coloradisaurus">Coloradisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glacialisaurus" title="Glacialisaurus">Glacialisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignavusaurus" title="Ignavusaurus">Ignavusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyesaurus" title="Leyesaurus">Leyesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lufengosaurus" title="Lufengosaurus">Lufengosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massospondylus" title="Massospondylus">Massospondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngwevu" title="Ngwevu">Ngwevu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pradhania" title="Pradhania">Pradhania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarahsaurus" title="Sarahsaurus">Sarahsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingxiulong" title="Xingxiulong">Xingxiulong</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropodiformes">Sauropodiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuxiongosaurus" title="Chuxiongosaurus">Chuxiongosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jingshanosaurus" title="Jingshanosaurus">Jingshanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_shouhu" title="Qianlong shouhu">Qianlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seitaad" title="Seitaad">Seitaad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingxiulong" title="Xingxiulong">Xingxiulong</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yizhousaurus" title="Yizhousaurus">Yizhousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunnanosaurus" title="Yunnanosaurus">Yunnanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anchisauria" title="Anchisauria">Anchisauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aardonyx" title="Aardonyx">Aardonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anchisaurus" title="Anchisaurus">Anchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelotia" title="Camelotia">Camelotia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irisosaurus" title="Irisosaurus">Irisosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamplughsaura" title="Lamplughsaura">Lamplughsaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonerasaurus" title="Leonerasaurus">Leonerasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melanorosaurus" title="Melanorosaurus">Melanorosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meroktenos" title="Meroktenos">Meroktenos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mussaurus" title="Mussaurus">Mussaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulanesaura" title="Pulanesaura">Pulanesaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sefapanosaurus" title="Sefapanosaurus">Sefapanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">Sauropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Buriolestes schultzi"><img alt="Buriolestes schultzi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png/140px-Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png/210px-Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png/280px-Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="3357" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantydraco_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pantydraco caducus"><img alt="Pantydraco caducus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pantydraco_BW.jpg/140px-Pantydraco_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pantydraco_BW.jpg/210px-Pantydraco_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pantydraco_BW.jpg/280px-Pantydraco_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Massospondylus_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Massospondylus carinatus"><img alt="Massospondylus carinatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Massospondylus_reconstruction.png/140px-Massospondylus_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Massospondylus_reconstruction.png/210px-Massospondylus_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Massospondylus_reconstruction.png/280px-Massospondylus_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="579" /></a></span> </p> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis"><img alt="Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png/140px-Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png/210px-Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png/280px-Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Sauropoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">Sauropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sauropoda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">Sauropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amygdalodon" title="Amygdalodon">Amygdalodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blikanasaurus" title="Blikanasaurus">Blikanasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinshakiangosaurus" title="Chinshakiangosaurus">Chinshakiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongxianosaurus" title="Gongxianosaurus">Gongxianosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isanosaurus" title="Isanosaurus">Isanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonerasaurus" title="Leonerasaurus">Leonerasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulanesaura" title="Pulanesaura">Pulanesaura</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protognathosaurus" title="Protognathosaurus">Protognathosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schleitheimia" title="Schleitheimia">Schleitheimia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuebingosaurus" title="Tuebingosaurus">Tuebingosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lessemsauridae" title="Lessemsauridae">Lessemsauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antetonitrus" title="Antetonitrus">Antetonitrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingentia" title="Ingentia">Ingentia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ledumahadi" title="Ledumahadi">Ledumahadi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lessemsaurus" title="Lessemsaurus">Lessemsaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Gravisauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravisauria">Gravisauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeodontosaurus" title="Archaeodontosaurus">Archaeodontosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotasaurus" title="Kotasaurus">Kotasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ohmdenosaurus" title="Ohmdenosaurus">Ohmdenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhoetosaurus" title="Rhoetosaurus">Rhoetosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanpasaurus" title="Sanpasaurus">Sanpasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhongosaurus" title="Zizhongosaurus">Zizhongosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulcanodontidae" title="Vulcanodontidae">Vulcanodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tazoudasaurus" title="Tazoudasaurus">Tazoudasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vulcanodon" title="Vulcanodon">Vulcanodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eusauropoda" title="Eusauropoda">Eusauropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Algoasaurus" title="Algoasaurus">Algoasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatosaurus" title="Asiatosaurus">Asiatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagualia" title="Bagualia">Bagualia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barapasaurus" title="Barapasaurus">Barapasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellusaurus" title="Bellusaurus">Bellusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cetiosauriscus" title="Cetiosauriscus">Cetiosauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dashanpusaurus" title="Dashanpusaurus">Dashanpusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dystrophaeus" title="Dystrophaeus">Dystrophaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janenschia" title="Janenschia">Janenschia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jobaria" title="Jobaria">Jobaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebulasaurus" title="Nebulasaurus">Nebulasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perijasaurus" title="Perijasaurus">Perijasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shunosaurus" title="Shunosaurus">Shunosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinophorosaurus" title="Spinophorosaurus">Spinophorosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehuelchesaurus" title="Tehuelchesaurus">Tehuelchesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volkheimeria" title="Volkheimeria">Volkheimeria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cetiosauridae" title="Cetiosauridae">Cetiosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cetiosaurus" title="Cetiosaurus">Cetiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chebsaurus" title="Chebsaurus">Chebsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferganasaurus" title="Ferganasaurus">Ferganasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lapparentosaurus" title="Lapparentosaurus">Lapparentosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagosaurus" title="Patagosaurus">Patagosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamenchisauridae" title="Mamenchisauridae">Mamenchisauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Analong" title="Analong">Analong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anhuilong" title="Anhuilong">Anhuilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cetiosauriscus" title="Cetiosauriscus">Cetiosauriscus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuanjiesaurus" title="Chuanjiesaurus">Chuanjiesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datousaurus" title="Datousaurus">Datousaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eomamenchisaurus" title="Eomamenchisaurus">Eomamenchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huangshanlong" title="Huangshanlong">Huangshanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudiesaurus" title="Hudiesaurus">Hudiesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jingiella" title="Jingiella">Jingiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamelisaurus" title="Klamelisaurus">Klamelisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamenchisaurus" title="Mamenchisaurus">Mamenchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omeisaurus" title="Omeisaurus">Omeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qijianglong" title="Qijianglong">Qijianglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhomaleopakhus" title="Rhomaleopakhus">Rhomaleopakhus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tienshanosaurus" title="Tienshanosaurus">Tienshanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonganosaurus" title="Tonganosaurus">Tonganosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wamweracaudia" title="Wamweracaudia">Wamweracaudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinjiangtitan" title="Xinjiangtitan">Xinjiangtitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanmousaurus" title="Yuanmousaurus">Yuanmousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zigongosaurus" title="Zigongosaurus">Zigongosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turiasauria" title="Turiasauria">Turiasauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanzia" title="Amanzia">Amanzia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellusaurus" title="Bellusaurus">Bellusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haestasaurus" title="Haestasaurus">Haestasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janenschia" title="Janenschia">Janenschia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losillasaurus" title="Losillasaurus">Losillasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mierasaurus" title="Mierasaurus">Mierasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moabosaurus" title="Moabosaurus">Moabosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narindasaurus" title="Narindasaurus">Narindasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oplosaurus" title="Oplosaurus">Oplosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehuelchesaurus" title="Tehuelchesaurus">Tehuelchesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tendaguria" title="Tendaguria">Tendaguria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turiasaurus" title="Turiasaurus">Turiasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zby" title="Zby">Zby</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neosauropoda" title="Neosauropoda">Neosauropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocoidea" title="Diplodocoidea">Diplodocoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below ↓ )</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below ↓ )</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dubious_sauropods" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious sauropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bothriospondylus" title="Bothriospondylus">Bothriospondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardiodon" title="Cardiodon">Cardiodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodocus" title="Dinodocus">Dinodocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantosaurus" title="Gigantosaurus">Gigantosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neosodon" title="Neosodon">Neosodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qinlingosaurus" title="Qinlingosaurus">Qinlingosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultrasaurus" title="Ultrasaurus">Ultrasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulcanodon_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vulcanodon karibaensis"><img alt="Vulcanodon karibaensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/140px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/210px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/280px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="224" /></a></span></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barapasaurus_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barapasaurus tagorei"><img alt="Barapasaurus tagorei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/140px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/210px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/280px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patagosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patagosaurus fariasi"><img alt="Patagosaurus fariasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/140px-Patagosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/210px-Patagosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/280px-Patagosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="845" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turiasaurus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turiasaurus riodevnesis"><img alt="Turiasaurus riodevnesis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turiasaurus1.jpg/140px-Turiasaurus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turiasaurus1.jpg/210px-Turiasaurus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turiasaurus1.jpg/280px-Turiasaurus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2507" data-file-height="1261" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Diplodocoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocoidea" title="Diplodocoidea">Diplodocoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diplodocoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocoidea" title="Diplodocoidea">Diplodocoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haplocanthosaurus" title="Haplocanthosaurus">Haplocanthosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocimorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplodocimorpha">Diplodocimorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rebbachisauridae" title="Rebbachisauridae">Rebbachisauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agustinia" title="Agustinia">Agustinia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazonsaurus" title="Amazonsaurus">Amazonsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campananeyen" title="Campananeyen">Campananeyen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comahuesaurus" title="Comahuesaurus">Comahuesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzharatitanis" title="Dzharatitanis">Dzharatitanis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Histriasaurus" title="Histriasaurus">Histriasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lavocatisaurus" title="Lavocatisaurus">Lavocatisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maraapunisaurus" title="Maraapunisaurus">Maraapunisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nopcsaspondylus" title="Nopcsaspondylus">Nopcsaspondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidersaura" title="Sidersaura">Sidersaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenoposeidon" title="Xenoposeidon">Xenoposeidon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zapalasaurus" title="Zapalasaurus">Zapalasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khebbashia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khebbashia">Khebbashia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limaysaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limaysaurinae">Limaysaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathartesaura" title="Cathartesaura">Cathartesaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limaysaurus" title="Limaysaurus">Limaysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rayososaurus" title="Rayososaurus">Rayososaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rebbachisaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebbachisaurinae">Rebbachisaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demandasaurus" title="Demandasaurus">Demandasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itapeuasaurus" title="Itapeuasaurus">Itapeuasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katepensaurus" title="Katepensaurus">Katepensaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigersaurus" title="Nigersaurus">Nigersaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebbachisaurus" title="Rebbachisaurus">Rebbachisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataouinea" title="Tataouinea">Tataouinea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flagellicaudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellicaudata">Flagellicaudata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dicraeosauridae" title="Dicraeosauridae">Dicraeosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amargasaurus" title="Amargasaurus">Amargasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amargatitanis" title="Amargatitanis">Amargatitanis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bajadasaurus" title="Bajadasaurus">Bajadasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachytrachelopan" title="Brachytrachelopan">Brachytrachelopan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicraeosaurus" title="Dicraeosaurus">Dicraeosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyslocosaurus" title="Dyslocosaurus">Dyslocosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaatedocus" title="Kaatedocus">Kaatedocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lingwulong" title="Lingwulong">Lingwulong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilmatueia" title="Pilmatueia">Pilmatueia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smitanosaurus" title="Smitanosaurus">Smitanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suuwassea" title="Suuwassea">Suuwassea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tharosaurus" title="Tharosaurus">Tharosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocidae" title="Diplodocidae">Diplodocidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurinae" title="Apatosaurinae">Apatosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphicoelias" title="Amphicoelias">Amphicoelias</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurus" title="Apatosaurus">Apatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantosaurus" title="Atlantosaurus">Atlantosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brontosaurus" title="Brontosaurus">Brontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocinae" title="Diplodocinae">Diplodocinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardetosaurus" title="Ardetosaurus">Ardetosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barosaurus" title="Barosaurus">Barosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinheirosaurus" title="Dinheirosaurus">Dinheirosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galeamopus" title="Galeamopus">Galeamopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaatedocus" title="Kaatedocus">Kaatedocus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leinkupal" title="Leinkupal">Leinkupal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Supersaurus" title="Supersaurus">Supersaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tornieria" title="Tornieria">Tornieria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dicraeosaurus hansemanni"><img alt="Dicraeosaurus hansemanni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg/140px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg/210px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg/280px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="718" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diplodocus carnegii"><img alt="Diplodocus carnegii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg/140px-Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg/210px-Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg/280px-Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5362" data-file-height="2578" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Macronaria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macronaria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abrosaurus" title="Abrosaurus">Abrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aragosaurus" title="Aragosaurus">Aragosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bashunosaurus" title="Bashunosaurus">Bashunosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daanosaurus" title="Daanosaurus">Daanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dashanpusaurus" title="Dashanpusaurus">Dashanpusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europasaurus" title="Europasaurus">Europasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haestasaurus" title="Haestasaurus">Haestasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuzhoulong" title="Yuzhoulong">Yuzhoulong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camarasauridae" title="Camarasauridae">Camarasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Camarasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhasaurus" title="Lourinhasaurus">Lourinhasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosauriformes">Titanosauriformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrodon" title="Astrodon">Astrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duriatitan" title="Duriatitan">Duriatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucamerotus" title="Eucamerotus">Eucamerotus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fushanosaurus" title="Fushanosaurus">Fushanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusuisaurus" title="Fusuisaurus">Fusuisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithopsis" title="Ornithopsis">Ornithopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelorosaurus" title="Pelorosaurus">Pelorosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rugocaudia" title="Rugocaudia">Rugocaudia</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachiosauridae" title="Brachiosauridae">Brachiosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abydosaurus" title="Abydosaurus">Abydosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlasaurus" title="Atlasaurus">Atlasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedarosaurus" title="Cedarosaurus">Cedarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galvesaurus" title="Galvesaurus">Galvesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffatitan" title="Giraffatitan">Giraffatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusotitan" title="Lusotitan">Lusotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonorasaurus" title="Sonorasaurus">Sonorasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soriatitan" title="Soriatitan">Soriatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venenosaurus" title="Venenosaurus">Venenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vouivria" title="Vouivria">Vouivria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somphospondyli" title="Somphospondyli">Somphospondyli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angolatitan" title="Angolatitan">Angolatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkharavia" title="Arkharavia">Arkharavia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrophocaudia" title="Astrophocaudia">Astrophocaudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrosaurus" title="Austrosaurus">Austrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brohisaurus" title="Brohisaurus">Brohisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brontomerus" title="Brontomerus">Brontomerus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chubutisaurus" title="Chubutisaurus">Chubutisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongbeititan" title="Dongbeititan">Dongbeititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europatitan" title="Europatitan">Europatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuititan" title="Fukuititan">Fukuititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garumbatitan" title="Garumbatitan">Garumbatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangxititan" title="Jiangxititan">Jiangxititan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiutaisaurus" title="Jiutaisaurus">Jiutaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liaoningotitan" title="Liaoningotitan">Liaoningotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabuesaurus" title="Ligabuesaurus">Ligabuesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liubangosaurus" title="Liubangosaurus">Liubangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceanotitan" title="Oceanotitan">Oceanotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padillasaurus" title="Padillasaurus">Padillasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pukyongosaurus" title="Pukyongosaurus">Pukyongosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruixinia" title="Ruixinia">Ruixinia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroposeidon" title="Sauroposeidon">Sauroposeidon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sibirotitan" title="Sibirotitan">Sibirotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tastavinsaurus" title="Tastavinsaurus">Tastavinsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triunfosaurus" title="Triunfosaurus">Triunfosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euhelopodidae" title="Euhelopodidae">Euhelopodidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australodocus" title="Australodocus">Australodocus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiayusaurus" title="Chiayusaurus">Chiayusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erketu" title="Erketu">Erketu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euhelopus" title="Euhelopus">Euhelopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gannansaurus" title="Gannansaurus">Gannansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gobititan" title="Gobititan">Gobititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huabeisaurus" title="Huabeisaurus">Huabeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huanghetitan" title="Huanghetitan">Huanghetitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangshanosaurus" title="Jiangshanosaurus">Jiangshanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phuwiangosaurus" title="Phuwiangosaurus">Phuwiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiaowanlong" title="Qiaowanlong">Qiaowanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silutitan" title="Silutitan">Silutitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambatitanis" title="Tambatitanis">Tambatitanis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tangvayosaurus" title="Tangvayosaurus">Tangvayosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yongjinglong" title="Yongjinglong">Yongjinglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunmenglong" title="Yunmenglong">Yunmenglong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasauria" title="Diamantinasauria">Diamantinasauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australotitan" title="Australotitan">Australotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasaurus" title="Diamantinasaurus">Diamantinasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarmientosaurus" title="Sarmientosaurus">Sarmientosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Savannasaurus" title="Savannasaurus">Savannasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintonotitan" title="Wintonotitan">Wintonotitan</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">Titanosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelorosaurus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pelorosaurus brevis"><img alt="Pelorosaurus brevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pelorosaurus2.jpg/140px-Pelorosaurus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pelorosaurus2.jpg/210px-Pelorosaurus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pelorosaurus2.jpg/280px-Pelorosaurus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3712" /></a></span></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sauroposeidon proteles"><img alt="Sauroposeidon proteles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg/140px-Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg/210px-Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg/280px-Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></span> </p> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wintonotitan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wintonotitan wattsi"><img alt="Wintonotitan wattsi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wintonotitan.png/140px-Wintonotitan.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wintonotitan.png/210px-Wintonotitan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wintonotitan.png/280px-Wintonotitan.png 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Titanosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">Titanosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Titanosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">Titanosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdarainurus" title="Abdarainurus">Abdarainurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aegyptosaurus" title="Aegyptosaurus">Aegyptosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andesaurus" title="Andesaurus">Andesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angolatitan" title="Angolatitan">Angolatitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arackar" title="Arackar">Arackar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argyrosaurus" title="Argyrosaurus">Argyrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atacamatitan" title="Atacamatitan">Atacamatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austroposeidon" title="Austroposeidon">Austroposeidon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baotianmansaurus" title="Baotianmansaurus">Baotianmansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrosasaurus" title="Barrosasaurus">Barrosasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baurutitan" title="Baurutitan">Baurutitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonatitan" title="Bonatitan">Bonatitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borealosaurus" title="Borealosaurus">Borealosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brasilotitan" title="Brasilotitan">Brasilotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Choconsaurus" title="Choconsaurus">Choconsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daxiatitan" title="Daxiatitan">Daxiatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangosaurus" title="Dongyangosaurus">Dongyangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnoughtus" title="Dreadnoughtus">Dreadnoughtus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaltitan" title="Elaltitan">Elaltitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epachthosaurus" title="Epachthosaurus">Epachthosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandititan" title="Gandititan">Gandititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamititan" title="Hamititan">Hamititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huabeisaurus" title="Huabeisaurus">Huabeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangshanosaurus" title="Jiangshanosaurus">Jiangshanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaijutitan" title="Kaijutitan">Kaijutitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karongasaurus" title="Karongasaurus">Karongasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laplatasaurus" title="Laplatasaurus">Laplatasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabuesaurus" title="Ligabuesaurus">Ligabuesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magyarosaurus" title="Magyarosaurus">Magyarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malarguesaurus" title="Malarguesaurus">Malarguesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malawisaurus" title="Malawisaurus">Malawisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mnyamawamtuka" title="Mnyamawamtuka">Mnyamawamtuka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narambuenatitan" title="Narambuenatitan">Narambuenatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninjatitan" title="Ninjatitan">Ninjatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Normanniasaurus" title="Normanniasaurus">Normanniasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nullotitan" title="Nullotitan">Nullotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pellegrinisaurus" title="Pellegrinisaurus">Pellegrinisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrobrasaurus" title="Petrobrasaurus">Petrobrasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitekunsaurus" title="Pitekunsaurus">Pitekunsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapetosaurus" title="Rapetosaurus">Rapetosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukwatitan" title="Rukwatitan">Rukwatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruyangosaurus" title="Ruyangosaurus">Ruyangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tastavinsaurus" title="Tastavinsaurus">Tastavinsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tengrisaurus" title="Tengrisaurus">Tengrisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiamat_valdecii" title="Tiamat valdecii">Tiamat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traukutitan" title="Traukutitan">Traukutitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trigonosaurus" title="Trigonosaurus">Trigonosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonidosaurus" title="Sonidosaurus">Sonidosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uberabatitan" title="Uberabatitan">Uberabatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volgatitan" title="Volgatitan">Volgatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xianshanosaurus" title="Xianshanosaurus">Xianshanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasauria" title="Diamantinasauria">Diamantinasauria</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lirainosaurinae" title="Lirainosaurinae">Lirainosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampelosaurus" title="Ampelosaurus">Ampelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsinganosaurus" title="Atsinganosaurus">Atsinganosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garrigatitan" title="Garrigatitan">Garrigatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lirainosaurus" title="Lirainosaurus">Lirainosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lohuecotitan" title="Lohuecotitan">Lohuecotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mansourasaurus" title="Mansourasaurus">Mansourasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paludititan" title="Paludititan">Paludititan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eutitanosauria" title="Eutitanosauria">Eutitanosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inawentu" title="Inawentu">Inawentu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menucocelsior" title="Menucocelsior">Menucocelsior</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colossosauria" title="Colossosauria">Colossosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antarctosaurus" title="Antarctosaurus">Antarctosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baalsaurus" title="Baalsaurus">Baalsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonitasaura" title="Bonitasaura">Bonitasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chucarosaurus" title="Chucarosaurus">Chucarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epachthosaurus" title="Epachthosaurus">Epachthosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jainosaurus" title="Jainosaurus">Jainosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quetecsaurus" title="Quetecsaurus">Quetecsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tengrisaurus" title="Tengrisaurus">Tengrisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vahiny" title="Vahiny">Vahiny</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rinconsauria" title="Rinconsauria">Rinconsauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adamantisaurus" title="Adamantisaurus">Adamantisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxakalisaurus" title="Maxakalisaurus">Maxakalisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muyelensaurus" title="Muyelensaurus">Muyelensaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overosaurus" title="Overosaurus">Overosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panamericansaurus" title="Panamericansaurus">Panamericansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinconsaurus" title="Rinconsaurus">Rinconsaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolosaurini" title="Aeolosaurini">Aeolosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeolosaurus" title="Aeolosaurus">Aeolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrudatitan" title="Arrudatitan">Arrudatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bravasaurus" title="Bravasaurus">Bravasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caieiria" title="Caieiria">Caieiria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondwanatitan" title="Gondwanatitan">Gondwanatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Punatitan" title="Punatitan">Punatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shingopana" title="Shingopana">Shingopana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lognkosauria" title="Lognkosauria">Lognkosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drusilasaura" title="Drusilasaura">Drusilasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzharatitanis" title="Dzharatitanis">Dzharatitanis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futalognkosaurus" title="Futalognkosaurus">Futalognkosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangxititan" title="Jiangxititan">Jiangxititan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mendozasaurus" title="Mendozasaurus">Mendozasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notocolossus" title="Notocolossus">Notocolossus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagotitan" title="Patagotitan">Patagotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puertasaurus" title="Puertasaurus">Puertasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saltasauroidea" title="Saltasauroidea">Saltasauroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bustingorrytitan" title="Bustingorrytitan">Bustingorrytitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titanomachya" title="Titanomachya">Titanomachya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Udelartitan" title="Udelartitan">Udelartitan</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nemegtosauridae" title="Nemegtosauridae">Nemegtosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemegtosaurus" title="Nemegtosaurus">Nemegtosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaesitosaurus" title="Quaesitosaurus">Quaesitosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tapuiasaurus" title="Tapuiasaurus">Tapuiasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saltasauridae" title="Saltasauridae">Saltasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Igai" title="Igai">Igai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isisaurus" title="Isisaurus">Isisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qingxiusaurus" title="Qingxiusaurus">Qingxiusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaesitosaurus" title="Quaesitosaurus">Quaesitosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthocoelicaudiinae" title="Opisthocoelicaudiinae">Opisthocoelicaudiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abditosaurus" title="Abditosaurus">Abditosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alamosaurus" title="Alamosaurus">Alamosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baurutitan" title="Baurutitan">Baurutitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnoughtus" title="Dreadnoughtus">Dreadnoughtus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthocoelicaudia" title="Opisthocoelicaudia">Opisthocoelicaudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pellegrinisaurus" title="Pellegrinisaurus">Pellegrinisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qunkasaura" title="Qunkasaura">Qunkasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuchengtitan" title="Zhuchengtitan">Zhuchengtitan</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saltasaurinae" title="Saltasaurinae">Saltasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abditosaurus" title="Abditosaurus">Abditosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonatitan" title="Bonatitan">Bonatitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibirania" title="Ibirania">Ibirania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxakalisaurus" title="Maxakalisaurus">Maxakalisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neuquensaurus" title="Neuquensaurus">Neuquensaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paralititan" title="Paralititan">Paralititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocasaurus" title="Rocasaurus">Rocasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saltasaurus" title="Saltasaurus">Saltasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamanasaurus" title="Yamanasaurus">Yamanasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dubious_titanosaurs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious titanosaurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bruhathkayosaurus" title="Bruhathkayosaurus">Bruhathkayosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylodoniscus" title="Campylodoniscus">Campylodoniscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clasmodosaurus" title="Clasmodosaurus">Clasmodosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypselosaurus" title="Hypselosaurus">Hypselosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuticosaurus" title="Iuticosaurus">Iuticosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loricosaurus" title="Loricosaurus">Loricosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrurosaurus" title="Macrurosaurus">Macrurosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microcoelus" title="Microcoelus">Microcoelus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mongolosaurus" title="Mongolosaurus">Mongolosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titanosaurus" title="Titanosaurus">Titanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andesaurus_LM.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Andesaurus delgadoi"><img alt="Andesaurus delgadoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andesaurus_LM.png/140px-Andesaurus_LM.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andesaurus_LM.png/210px-Andesaurus_LM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andesaurus_LM.png/280px-Andesaurus_LM.png 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="1674" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmpelosaurusDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ampelosaurus atacis"><img alt="Ampelosaurus atacis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/140px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/210px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/280px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="380" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Futalognkosaurus dukei"><img alt="Futalognkosaurus dukei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="734" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Saltasaurus loricatus"><img alt="Saltasaurus loricatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/140px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/210px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/280px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_in_sauropodomorph_research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics in sauropodomorph research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sauropod_neck_posture" title="Sauropod neck posture">Sauropod neck posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauropod_hiatus" title="Sauropod hiatus">Sauropod hiatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sauropod_species" title="List of sauropod species">List of sauropod species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Camarasaurus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14419" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q14419">Q14419</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Camarasaurus">Camarasaurus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4531400">4531400</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4822799">4822799</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4126832">4126832</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38697">38697</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&oldid=1245716593">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camarasaurus&oldid=1245716593</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Macronarians" title="Category:Macronarians">Macronarians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dinosaurs_of_the_Morrison_Formation" 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