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searchaux" style="display:none">Any of several styles of historic handwriting</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the European style of writing. For the Chinese style of calligraphy, see <a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical script</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_chancery_hand_1418.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/English_chancery_hand_1418.png/330px-English_chancery_hand_1418.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/English_chancery_hand_1418.png/495px-English_chancery_hand_1418.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/English_chancery_hand_1418.png/660px-English_chancery_hand_1418.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>English chancery hand. Facsimile letter from <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a>, 1418.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "<b>chancery hand</b>" can refer to either of two distinct styles of <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">historical handwriting</a>. </p><p>A chancery hand was at first a form of <a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a> for business transactions that developed in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery" title="Apostolic Chancery">Lateran chancery</a> (the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Cancelleria Apostolica</i></span>) of the 13th century, then spread to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, notably through the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> after 1350.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early "chancery hand" is a form of <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a>. Versions of it were adopted by royal and ducal <a href="/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)" title="Chancery (medieval office)">chanceries</a>, which were often staffed by clerics who had taken <a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">minor orders</a>. </p><p>A later <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> "chancery hand", also developed in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Vatican</a> but based on <a href="/wiki/Humanist_minuscule" title="Humanist minuscule">humanist minuscule</a> (itself based on <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a>), was introduced in the 1420s by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Niccoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Niccoli">Niccolò Niccoli</a>; it was the manuscript origin of the typefaces we recognize as <i><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blackletter_chancery">Blackletter chancery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancery_hand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Blackletter chancery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about names of precursors outside of England.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chancery_hand" title="Talk:Chancery hand">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_chancery_hand">English chancery hand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancery_hand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: English chancery hand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval England">medieval England</a> each of the royal departments tended to develop its own characteristic hand: the chancery hand used in the royal chancery at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a> from the mid-century was employed for <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writs</a>, enrolments, patents, and engrossing of royal letters; its use continued for the enrollment of acts of Parliament until 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English chancery hand was already an arcane speciality by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> recorded (Thursday 12 July 1660):<sup id="cite_ref-Pepys_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pepys-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Up early and by coach to <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">White Hall</a> with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pett" title="Peter Pett">Commissioner Pett</a>, where, after we had talked with my Lord, I went to the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_England" title="Privy Seal of England">Privy Seal</a> and got my bill perfected there, and at the Signet: and then to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, and met with Mr. Kipps, who directed me to Mr. Beale to get my patent engrossed; but he not having time to get it done in Chancery-hand, I was forced to run all up and down <a href="/wiki/Chancery_Lane" title="Chancery Lane">Chancery-lane</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Six_Clerks" title="Six Clerks">Six Clerks</a>' Office but could find none that could write the hand, that were at leisure.</p></blockquote> <p><span class="anchor" id=""Italian_hand""></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cursive_chancery_hand">Cursive chancery hand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancery_hand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cursive chancery hand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cancelleresca</i></span>" and "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cancelleresca formata</i></span>".<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chancery_hand" title="Talk:Chancery hand">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cancellaresca_corsiva_1518.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cancellaresca_corsiva_1518.png/330px-Cancellaresca_corsiva_1518.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cancellaresca_corsiva_1518.png/495px-Cancellaresca_corsiva_1518.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Cancellaresca_corsiva_1518.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>Chancery cursive (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cancelleresca corsiva</i></span>) hand. Papal Letter to <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II of Denmark</a>, 21 April 1518 (Royal Archives)</figcaption></figure> <p>The later <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cancelleresca corsiva</i></span> ("cursive chancery hand"), often called "Chancery Cursive", developed from <a href="/wiki/Humanist_minuscule" title="Humanist minuscule">Humanist minuscule</a>, itself the progeny of <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a>, in the mid-15th century as "a cursive form of the humanistic minuscule".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England and France at the time it was known as <i>Italic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English it is often changed in spelling to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cancellaresca corsiva</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian scribe <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Vicentino_degli_Arrighi" title="Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi">Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi</a>'s 1522 influential pamphlet on handwriting called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La Operina</i></span> was the first book on writing the <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic</a> script known as cursive chancery hand.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a scribe in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Curia" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Curia">Papal Curia</a>, which had refined cursive chancery hand in its infancy during the latter half of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While considered a cursive, this "papal hand" was "strongly disciplined in form, regular in movement and slightly, if at all, inclined from the perpendicular."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cursive chancery hand the pen was held slanted at a 45° angle for speed, but it could also produce beautiful <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphic</a> writing. In 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> the cursive chancery hand was employed in correspondence, everyday business, and documents of minor formal importance. </p><p>It was adapted as the model for the <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic typeface</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, from punches cut by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Griffo" title="Francesco Griffo">Francesco Griffo</a> and first used in 1500 for the small portable series of inexpensive classics that issued from the Aldine press. </p><p>In 16th-century England it became known as the "Italian hand" to distinguish it from the angular, cramped, <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a>-derived English chancery hand which had been developed earlier and independently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancery_hand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a> – Wordless open semantic form of writing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarda" title="Bastarda">Bastarda</a> – Blackletter script used in France and Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a> – Historic European script and typeface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_hand" title="Book hand">Book hand</a> – Legible handwriting style</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a> – Visual art related to writing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_hand" title="Court hand">Court hand</a> – Style of handwriting used in medieval English law courts (also known as law hand, Anglicana, cursiva antiquior, or charter hand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">Cursive</a> – Style of penmanship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_(writing_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand (writing style)">Hand (writing style)</a> – style of handwritten document<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">Handwriting</a> – Writing created by a person with a writing implement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_script" title="Italic script">Italic script</a> – Style of handwriting and calligraphy developed in Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a> – Study of handwriting and manuscripts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a> – Technique of writing with the hand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronde_script_(calligraphy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronde script (calligraphy)">Ronde script (calligraphy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda (script)</a> – Medieval blackletter script</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_hand" title="Round hand">Round hand</a> – Type of handwriting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_hand" title="Secretary hand">Secretary hand</a> – Style of European handwriting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapfino" title="Zapfino">Zapfino</a> –  a digital typeface that simulates an italic chancery hand, designed by Hermann Zapf</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancery_hand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFisherRichardsonFisher" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, John; Richardson, Malcolm; Fisher, Jane L. (eds.). <i>An Anthology of Chancery English</i>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anthology+of+Chancery+English&rft.pages=3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancery+hand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/palaeography/doc10/intro.htm">"Palaeography"</a>. <i>UK National Archives</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Palaeography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fpalaeography%2Fdoc10%2Fintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancery+hand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pepys-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pepys_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepys1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Pepys, Samuel</a> (1893) [1660]. Wheatley, Henry B (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4122/4122.txt"><i>The Diary of Samuel Pepys</i></a>. London: George Bell & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+Samuel+Pepys&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Pepys&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F4122%2F4122.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancery+hand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison2009" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Stanley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-G2tQVnPiCAC&pg=PA274"><i>Selected Essays On the History of Letter-forms in Manuscript and Print</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521183161" title="Special:BookSources/9780521183161"><bdi>9780521183161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Essays+On+the+History+of+Letter-forms+in+Manuscript+and+Print&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521183161&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-G2tQVnPiCAC%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancery+hand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cancellaresca%2520corsiva">"Cancellaresca corsiva"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cancellaresca+corsiva&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcancellaresca%252520corsiva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancery+hand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1990" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Alexander S. (1990). <i>Anatomy of a Typeface</i>. David R. Godine. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-332-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-332-7"><bdi>978-0-87923-332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Typeface&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=David+R.+Godine&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87923-332-7&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Alexander+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancery+hand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancery_hand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenskin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Benskin, Michael (2004). "Chancery Standard". <i>Current Issues in Linguistic Theory</i>. <b>252</b>: 1–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fcilt.252.03ben">10.1075/cilt.252.03ben</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4764-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4764-3"><bdi>978-90-272-4764-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Issues+in+Linguistic+Theory&rft.atitle=Chancery+Standard&rft.volume=252&rft.pages=1-40&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fcilt.252.03ben&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4764-3&rft.aulast=Benskin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancery+hand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsley1980" class="citation book cs1">Osley, A. S. (1980). <i>Scribes and Sources: Handbook of Chancery Hand in the Sixteenth Century</i>. Boston: Godine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11315-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-11315-X"><bdi>0-571-11315-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scribes+and+Sources%3A+Handbook+of+Chancery+Hand+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Godine&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-571-11315-X&rft.aulast=Osley&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancery+hand" class="Z3988"></span> Facsimile selections from a range of continental and English writing masters.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobecki2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sobecki, Sebastian (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fres%2Fhgaa050">"The Handwriting of Fifteenth-Century Privy Seal and Council Clerks"</a>. <i>The Review of English Studies</i>. <b>72</b> (304): 253–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fres%2Fhgaa050">10.1093/res/hgaa050</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Handwriting+of+Fifteenth-Century+Privy+Seal+and+Council+Clerks&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=304&rft.pages=253-279&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fres%2Fhgaa050&rft.aulast=Sobecki&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fres%252Fhgaa050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancery+hand" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancery_hand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610130529/http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/scripts/examples/chancery1.htm">Medieval writing: 15th century English chancery hand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203034649/http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/scripts/examples/chancery2.htm">Medieval writing: 16th century English chancery hand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/pal-hist.htm">Palaeography: Historical Notes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/92200/cancellaresca-corsiva"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/List_of_online_resources_for_early_modern_English_paleography">List of online resources for early modern English paleography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/palaeography/">Palaeography: reading old handwriting 1500 - 1800 A practical online tutorial</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_calligraphy" title="Template:European calligraphy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_calligraphy" title="Template talk:European calligraphy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_calligraphy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European calligraphy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_handwritten_European_scripts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">handwritten</a> European <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">scripts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient<br /> and medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustic_capitals" title="Rustic capitals">Rustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarda" title="Bastarda">Bastarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a> <ul><li>Ustav</li> <li>Poluustav</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic">Serbian Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosančica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Glagolitic">Angular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_hand" title="Court hand">Court hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_capitals" title="Lombardic capitals">Lombardic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/100px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/150px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/200px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1011" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">Cursive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_script" title="Johannine script">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_minuscule" title="Humanist minuscule">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_script" title="Italic script">Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_hand" title="Round hand">Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_hand" title="Secretary hand">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_hand" title="Library hand">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_lettering" title="Technical lettering">Technical lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperplate_script" title="Copperplate script">Copperplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencerian_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencerian Method">Spencerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronde_script" title="Ronde script">Ronde</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cursive" title="Russian cursive">Russian cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skoropis" title="Skoropis">Skoropis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_skoropys" title="Ukrainian skoropys">Ukrainian skoropys</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Shorthand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teaching_script" title="Teaching script">Teaching scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barchowsky_Fluent_Handwriting" title="Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting">Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Nealian" title="D'Nealian">D'Nealian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getty-Dubay_Italic" title="Getty-Dubay Italic">Getty-Dubay Italic</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Grundschrift" title="Grundschrift">Grundschrift</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Method" title="Palmer Method">Palmer</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift" title="Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift">Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaner-Bloser_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaner-Bloser Method">Zaner-Bloser</a></li></ul> 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