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<li id="toc-Subclasses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subclasses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Subclasses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subclasses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ligature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Ligature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looped" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looped"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Looped</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looped-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Italic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bengali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marathi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Marathi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marathi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cursive_writing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cursive_writing_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cursive writing in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cursive_writing_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cursive_writing_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cursive_writing_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cursive writing in North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cursive_writing_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Development in the 18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_English_cursive_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_English_cursive_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Decline of English cursive in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_English_cursive_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_efforts_and_effects_on_the_learning_disabled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_efforts_and_effects_on_the_learning_disabled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Conservation efforts and effects on the learning disabled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_efforts_and_effects_on_the_learning_disabled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cursive</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9" title="حروف متصلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حروف متصلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psac%C3%AD_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Psací písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psací písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgrifen_redeg" title="Ysgrifen redeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysgrifen redeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%C3%A5skrift" title="Skråskrift – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skråskrift" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreibschrift" title="Schreibschrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schreibschrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursiva" title="Cursiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cursiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manskribaj_literoj" title="Manskribaj literoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manskribaj literoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89criture_cursive" title="Écriture cursive – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écriture cursive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafie" title="Grafie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Grafie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursiva" title="Cursiva – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cursiva" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="필기체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필기체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रवाही लेखन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवाही लेखन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursif" title="Kursif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kursif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrittura_corsiva" title="Scrittura corsiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scrittura corsiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="כתב מחובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב מחובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кол жазма – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кол жазма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrive_corente" title="Scrive corente – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Scrive corente" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrijfletter" title="Schrijfletter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schrijfletter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%86%E8%A8%98%E4%BD%93" title="筆記体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="筆記体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra_cursiva" title="Letra cursiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Letra cursiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursivi" title="Kursivi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kursivi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunokirjoitus" title="Kaunokirjoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaunokirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivstil" title="Skrivstil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skrivstil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat-kamay" title="Sulat-kamay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat-kamay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4" title="కలిపి వ్రాత – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కలిపి వ్రాత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ตัวเขียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวเขียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%86%99%E4%BD%93" title="手写体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="手写体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%86%99%E4%BD%93" title="手写体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="手写体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1079418#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cursive" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style of penmanship</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Chinese cursive handwriting in calligraphy, see <a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive script (East Asia)</a>. For the style of typeface, see <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italic type</a>. For the rock band, see <a href="/wiki/Cursive_(band)" title="Cursive (band)">Cursive (band)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spencerian_example.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spencerian_example.jpg/220px-Spencerian_example.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spencerian_example.jpg/330px-Spencerian_example.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spencerian_example.jpg/440px-Spencerian_example.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Example of classic American business cursive handwriting known as <a href="/wiki/Spencerian_script" title="Spencerian script">Spencerian script</a>, from 1884</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cursive</b> (also known as <b>joined-up writing</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is any style of <a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">penmanship</a> in which characters are written joined in a flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Block_letters" title="Block letters">block letters</a>. It varies in functionality and modern-day usage across languages and regions; being used both publicly in artistic and formal documents as well as in private communication. Formal cursive is generally joined, but casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. The writing style can be further divided as "looped", "<a href="/wiki/Italic_script" title="Italic script">italic</a>", or "connected". </p><p>The cursive method is used with many alphabets due to infrequent pen lifting and beliefs that it increases writing speed. Despite this belief, more elaborate or ornamental styles of writing can be slower to reproduce. In some alphabets, many or all letters in a word are connected, sometimes making a word one single complex stroke. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cursive is a style of penmanship in which the symbols of the language are written in a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conjoin" class="extiw" title="wikt:conjoin">conjoined</a>, or flowing, manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster. This writing style is distinct from "print-script" using <a href="/wiki/Block_letters" title="Block letters">block letters</a>, in which the letters of a word are unconnected. Not all cursive <a href="/wiki/Copybook_(education)" title="Copybook (education)">copybooks</a> join all letters; formal cursive is generally joined, but casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. In the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic (script)">Cyrillic</a> alphabets, many or all letters in a word are connected (while others must not), sometimes making a word one single complex stroke. In <a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Hebrew cursive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a>, the letters are not connected. In <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, there was a cursive alphabet, known as the <a href="/wiki/Modi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Modi alphabet">'Modi'</a> script, used to write the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subclasses">Subclasses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subclasses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ligature">Ligature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ligature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligature (writing)</a></div> <p>Ligature is writing the letters of words with lines connecting the letters so that one does not have to pick up the pen or pencil between letters. Commonly some of the letters are written in a looped manner to facilitate the connections. In common printed Greek texts, the modern small letter fonts are called "cursive" (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">uncial</a>) though the letters do not connect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Looped">Looped</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Looped"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>looped cursive</i> penmanship, some <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascenders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descenders</a> have loops which provide for joins. This is generally what people refer to when they say "cursive" in the context of English.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Looped_cursive_sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Looped cursive, as taught in Britain in the mid-20th century"><img alt="The first verse of "Good King Wenceslas" in cursive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Looped_cursive_sample.jpg/120px-Looped_cursive_sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Looped_cursive_sample.jpg/180px-Looped_cursive_sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Looped_cursive_sample.jpg/240px-Looped_cursive_sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Looped cursive, as taught in Britain in the mid-20th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italic">Italic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italic_script" title="Italic script">Italic script</a></div> <p><i>Cursive italic</i> penmanship—derived from <a href="/wiki/Chancery_cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancery cursive">chancery cursive</a>—uses non-looped joins, and not all letters are joined. In italic cursive, there are no joins from g, j, q, or y, and a few other joins are discouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Italic penmanship became popular in the 15th-century Italian Renaissance. The term "italic" as it relates to handwriting is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic typed</a> letters. Many, but not all, letters in the handwriting of the Renaissance were joined, as most are today in cursive italic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of the cursive method are associated with the practical advantages of writing speed and infrequent pen-lifting to accommodate the limitations of the <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a>. Quills are fragile, easily broken, and will spatter unless used properly. They also run out of ink faster than most contemporary writing utensils. Steel <a href="/wiki/Dip_pen" title="Dip pen">dip pens</a> followed quills; they were sturdier, but still had some limitations. The individuality of the provenance of a document (see <a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a>) was a factor also, as opposed to machine <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cursive was also favoured because the writing tool was rarely taken off the paper. The term <i>cursive</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">cursif</i></span> from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cursivus</i></span>, which literally means 'running'. This term in turn derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">currere</i></span> ('to run, hasten').<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although by the 2010s, the use of cursive appeared to be on the decline, as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it seemed to be coming back into use.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bengali">Bengali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bengali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangla_cursive.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bangla_cursive.jpeg/170px-Bangla_cursive.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bangla_cursive.jpeg/255px-Bangla_cursive.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bangla_cursive.jpeg/340px-Bangla_cursive.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Half of the <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Bangladesh">National Anthem of Bangladesh</a>, written in cursive <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Bengali cursive script<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also known in Bengali as "professional writing"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) the letters are more likely to be more curvy in appearance than in standard Bengali handwriting. Also, the horizontal supporting bar on each letter (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet#The_matra" title="Bengali alphabet"><i>matra</i></a>) runs continuously through the entire word, unlike in standard handwriting. This cursive handwriting often used by literature experts differs in appearance from the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">standard Bengali alphabet</a> as it is free hand writing, where sometimes the alphabets are complex and appear different from the standard handwriting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marathi">Marathi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marathi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi script</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png/220px-Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png/330px-Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png/440px-Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A verse from the <i><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwari" title="Dnyaneshwari">Dnyaneshwari</a></i> in the Modi script</figcaption></figure> <p>Modi is a cursive script used to write <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Language">Marathi</a> that is thought to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-modi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used alongside Devanagari until the 20th century as a shorthand script for quick writing in business and administration. Due to the promotion of the <a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Balbodh</a> variant of Devanagari as the standard writing system for Marathi, Modi largely fell out of use by the mid-20th century. Since then there have been attempts to revive this script.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A distinctive feature of this script is that the head stroke is written before the letters, in order to produce a "ruled page" for writing in lines. It has several characteristics that facilitate writing so that moving from one character to the next minimises lifting the pen from the paper for dipping in ink. Some characters are "broken" versions of their Devanagari counterparts. Many characters are more circular in shape. The long 'ī' (ई) and short 'u' (उ) are used in place of the short 'i' (इ) and long 'ū' (ऊ) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-modi_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman">Roman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hocgracili.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hocgracili.jpg/220px-Hocgracili.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hocgracili.jpg/330px-Hocgracili.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hocgracili.jpg/440px-Hocgracili.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>Example of old Roman cursive</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Roman cursive</i> is a form of handwriting (or a <a href="/wiki/Script_(styles_of_handwriting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Script (styles of handwriting)">script</a>) used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> and to some extent into the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. It is customarily divided into old (or ancient) cursive, and new cursive. Old Roman cursive, also called <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, and even by <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperors</a> issuing commands. New Roman, also called <a href="/wiki/Minuscule_cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuscule cursive">minuscule cursive</a> or later cursive, developed from old cursive. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern eyes; "a", "b", "d", and "e" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are proportionate to each other rather than varying wildly in size and placement on a line. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek">Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History of the Greek alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">Greek minuscule</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_manuscript_cursive_6th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Greek_manuscript_cursive_6th_century.png/220px-Greek_manuscript_cursive_6th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Greek_manuscript_cursive_6th_century.png/330px-Greek_manuscript_cursive_6th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Greek_manuscript_cursive_6th_century.png/440px-Greek_manuscript_cursive_6th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Greek cursive script, 6th century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> has had several cursive forms in the course of its development. In antiquity, a cursive form of handwriting was used in writing on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>. It employed slanted and partly connected letter forms as well as many <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>. Some features of this handwriting were later adopted into Greek minuscule, the dominant form of handwriting in the medieval and early modern era. In the 19th and 20th centuries, an entirely new form of cursive Greek, more similar to contemporary Western European cursive scripts, was developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg/170px-Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg/255px-Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg/340px-Letter.posted.in.1894.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="2379" /></a><figcaption>An English letter from 1894, written in <i>Continuous Cursive</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakespeare-Testament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shakespeare-Testament.jpg/220px-Shakespeare-Testament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shakespeare-Testament.jpg/330px-Shakespeare-Testament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shakespeare-Testament.jpg/440px-Shakespeare-Testament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3677" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s will, written in <a href="/wiki/Secretary_hand" title="Secretary hand">secretary hand</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cursive writing was used in English before the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">Norman conquest</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_charters" title="Anglo-Saxon charters">Anglo-Saxon charters</a> typically include a boundary clause written in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> in a cursive script. A cursive handwriting style—<a href="/wiki/Secretary_hand" title="Secretary hand">secretary hand</a>—was widely used for both personal correspondence and official documents in England from early in the 16th century. </p><p>Cursive handwriting developed into something approximating its current form from the 17th century, but its use was neither uniform, nor standardized either in England itself or elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. In the English colonies of the early 17th century, most of the letters are clearly separated in the handwriting of <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(1590-1657)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bradford (1590-1657)">William Bradford</a>, though a few were joined as in a cursive hand. In England itself, Edward Cocker had begun to introduce a version of the French <i><a href="/wiki/Ronde_script_(calligraphy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronde script (calligraphy)">ronde</a></i> style, which was then further developed and popularized throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries as <a href="/wiki/Round_hand" title="Round hand">round hand</a> by John Ayers and William Banson.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cursive_writing_in_the_United_Kingdom">Cursive writing in the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cursive writing in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today there is no standardised <a href="/wiki/Teaching_script" title="Teaching script">teaching script</a> stipulated in the various <a href="/wiki/National_curriculum" title="National curriculum">national curriculums</a> for schools in the United Kingdom, only that one font style needs to be used consistently throughout the school.<sup id="cite_ref-SchoolReady_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchoolReady-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both the cursive and the continuous cursive writing styles, letters are created through joining lines and curve shapes in a particular way. Once pupils have learnt how to clearly form single letters, they are taught how single letters can be joined to form a flowing script.<sup id="cite_ref-threehandwritingstages_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-threehandwritingstages-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characteristics of cursive and continuous cursive scripts:<sup id="cite_ref-Difference_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Difference-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Cursive </th> <th>Continuous cursive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Starting point for letters </th> <td>Variable </td> <td>Always on the writing line </td></tr> <tr> <th>Finishing point for letters </th> <td colspan="2">Always on the writing line (except for <i>o, b, v</i> and <i>w</i>, which have a top exit stroke) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Single letter formation </th> <td>Letters taught with exit strokes only </td> <td>Letters taught with entry and exit strokes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Whether cursive or continuous cursive is to be favoured remains a subject of debate. While many schools in the United Kingdom are opting to teach continuous cursive throughout the year groups, often starting in <a href="/wiki/Reception_(school)" title="Reception (school)">Reception</a>, critics have argued that conjoined writing styles leave many children struggling with the high level of gross and fine motor coordination required.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cursive_writing_in_North_America">Cursive writing in North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cursive writing in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries">Development in the 18th and 19th centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Development in the 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the American colonies, on the eve of their independence from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, it is notable that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> joined most, but not all the letters when drafting the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>. However, a few days later, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Matlack" title="Timothy Matlack">Timothy Matlack</a> professionally re-wrote the presentation copy of the Declaration in a fully joined, cursive hand. Eighty-seven years later, in the middle of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> drafted the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a> in a cursive hand that would not look out of place today. </p><p>Not all such cursive, then or now, joined all of the letters within a word. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HandwritingOfOneJohnJay(NotTheFamousOne).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/HandwritingOfOneJohnJay%28NotTheFamousOne%29.jpg/220px-HandwritingOfOneJohnJay%28NotTheFamousOne%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/HandwritingOfOneJohnJay%28NotTheFamousOne%29.jpg/330px-HandwritingOfOneJohnJay%28NotTheFamousOne%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/HandwritingOfOneJohnJay%28NotTheFamousOne%29.jpg/440px-HandwritingOfOneJohnJay%28NotTheFamousOne%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4535" data-file-height="3747" /></a><figcaption>Cursive handwriting from the 19th-century US</figcaption></figure> <p>In both the British Empire and the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, before the typewriter, professionals used cursive for their correspondence. This was called a "fair hand", meaning it looked good, and firms trained all their clerks to write in exactly the same script. </p><p>Although women's handwriting had noticeably different particulars from men's<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (December 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the general forms were not prone to rapid change. In the mid-19th century, most children were taught the contemporary cursive; in the United States, this usually occurred in second or third grade (around ages seven to nine). Few simplifications appeared as the middle of the 20th century approached.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the 1960s, a movement originally begun by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Standard" title="Paul Standard">Paul Standard</a> in the 1930s to replace looped cursive with cursive italic penmanship resurfaced. It was motivated by the claim that cursive instruction was more difficult than it needed to be; that conventional (looped) cursive was unnecessary, and it was easier to write in cursive italic. Because of this, various new forms of cursive italic appeared, including <a href="/wiki/Getty-Dubay_Italic" title="Getty-Dubay Italic">Getty-Dubay Italic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barchowsky_Fluent_Handwriting" title="Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting">Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting</a>. In the 21st century, some of the surviving cursive writing styles are <a href="/wiki/Spencerian_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencerian Method">Spencerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmer_Method" title="Palmer Method">Palmer Method</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%27Nealian_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Nealian Method">D'Nealian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zaner-Bloser_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaner-Bloser Method">Zaner-Bloser</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_of_English_cursive_in_the_United_States">Decline of English cursive in the United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Decline of English cursive in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cursive.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cursive.png/220px-Cursive.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cursive.png/330px-Cursive.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cursive.png/440px-Cursive.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/D%27Nealian" title="D'Nealian">D'Nealian script</a>, a cursive alphabet, shown in <a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">upper case</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cursive_handwriting_instruction_in_the_United_States" title="Cursive handwriting instruction in the United States">Cursive handwriting instruction in the United States</a></div> <p>One of the earliest forms of new technology that caused the decline of handwriting was the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen" title="Ballpoint pen">ballpoint pen</a>, patented in 1888 by John Loud. Two brothers, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3" title="László Bíró">László</a> and György Bíró, further developed the ballpoint pen by changing the design and using different ink that dried quickly. Unlike older pen designs, this new invention guaranteed that the ink would not smudge and did not require such careful penmanship. After World War II, the ballpoint pen was mass-produced and sold cheaply, changing how people wrote. Over time, the emphasis on using cursive declined slowly,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (August 2017)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> and was later impacted by other technologies such as the phone, computer, and keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cursive has been in decline throughout the 21st century because it is no longer perceived as necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fairfax Education Association, the largest teachers' union in Fairfax County, Virginia, has called cursive a "dying art". </p><p>On the 2006 <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a>, an American university matriculation exam, only 15 percent of the students wrote their essay answers in cursive.<sup id="cite_ref-washpost_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washpost-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, students might be discouraged from using cursive on standardized tests because they will receive lower marks if their answers are hard to read, and some graders may have difficulties reading cursive.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in 2007, a survey of 200 teachers of first through third grades in all 50 American states, 90 percent of respondents said their schools required the teaching of cursive,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a nationwide survey in 2008 found elementary school teachers lacking formal training in teaching handwriting; only 12 percent reported having taken a course in how to teach it.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the American states of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> announced that their schools would no longer be required to teach cursive (but will still be permitted to), and instead will be required to teach "keyboard proficiency". Nationwide <a href="/wiki/Common_Core_State_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Core State Standards">Common Core State Standards</a> (which do not include instruction in cursive) were proposed in 2009 and had been adopted by 44 states as of July 2011 - all of which have debated whether to augment them with cursive.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Newsfeed_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Newsfeed-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservation_efforts_and_effects_on_the_learning_disabled">Conservation efforts and effects on the learning disabled</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conservation efforts and effects on the learning disabled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Conservation_efforts_and_cognitive_benefits"></span> Many historical documents, such as the United States Constitution, are written in cursive—some argue the inability to read cursive therefore precludes one from being able to fully appreciate such documents in their original format.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the decline in the day-to-day use of cursive, it is being reintroduced to the curriculum of some schools in the United States<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (December 2021)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> passed cursive handwriting legislation in 2023, adding to a wave of state legislation between 2013 and 2023 that requires the incorporation of cursive handwriting into elementary education.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other states such as <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> had already mandated cursive in schools as a part of the Back to Basics program designed to maintain the integrity of cursive handwriting.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cursive instruction is required by grade 5 in Illinois, starting with the 2018–2019 school year.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> argue that cursive is not worth teaching in schools and "in the 1960s cursive was implemented because of preference and not an educational basis; Hawaii and Indiana have replaced cursive instruction with 'keyboard proficiency' and 44 other states are currently weighing similar measures."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a> argued that writing with straight lines is more difficult than writing with curved lines and children would benefit from learning cursive first.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students with <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>, who have difficulty learning to read because their brains have difficulty associating sounds and letter combinations efficiently, have found that cursive can help them with the decoding process because it integrates hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills and other brain and memory functions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, students with <a href="/wiki/Dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia">dysgraphia</a> may be badly served, or even substantially hindered, by demands for cursive.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German">German</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alphabet sample of German "Kurrentschrift"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg/150px-Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg/225px-Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg/300px-Deutsche_Kurrentschrift.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1869" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alphabet sample of German "Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/150px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/225px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/300px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></i></span> (left, pre-19th century) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift" title="Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift">Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift</a></i></span> (right, from 1969)</div></div></div></div> <p>Up to the 19th century, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></i></span> (also known as <i>German cursive</i>) was used in German-language longhand. Kurrent was not used exclusively, but rather in parallel to modern cursive (which is the same as English cursive). Writers used both cursive styles: location, contents and context of the text determined which style to use. A successor of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurrent</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></i></span>, was widely used in the period 1911–1941 until the Nazi Party banned it and its printed equivalent <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></i></span>. German speakers brought up with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sütterlin</i></span> continued to use it well into the post-war period. </p><p>Today, three different styles of cursive writing are taught in German schools, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lateinische Ausgangsschrift (page does not exist)">Lateinische Ausgangsschrift</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateinische_Ausgangsschrift" class="extiw" title="de:Lateinische Ausgangsschrift">de</a>]</sup> (introduced in 1953), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schulausgangsschrift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schulausgangsschrift (page does not exist)">Schulausgangsschrift</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulausgangsschrift" class="extiw" title="de:Schulausgangsschrift">de</a>]</sup> (1968), and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift" title="Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift">Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift</a></i></span> (1969).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German National Primary Schoolteachers' Union has proposed replacing all three with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Grundschrift" title="Grundschrift">Grundschrift</a></i></span>, a simplified form of non-cursive handwriting adopted by <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> schools.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian">Russian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Cursive_Cyrillic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Russian_Cursive_Cyrillic.svg/220px-Russian_Cursive_Cyrillic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Russian_Cursive_Cyrillic.svg/330px-Russian_Cursive_Cyrillic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Russian_Cursive_Cyrillic.svg/440px-Russian_Cursive_Cyrillic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>The standard modern Russian Cyrillic cursive alphabet with uppercase and lowercase letters, used in school education</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_cursive" title="Russian cursive">Russian cursive</a></div> <p>The <i>Russian Cursive <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a></i> alphabet is used (instead of <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">the block letters</a>) when handwriting the modern <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>. While several letters resemble Latin counterparts, many of them represent different sounds. Most handwritten Russian, especially personal letters and schoolwork, uses the cursive Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet although use of block letters in private writing has been rising.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most children in Russian schools are taught in the first grade how to write using this Russian script. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese">Chinese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive script (East Asia)</a></div> <p>Cursive forms of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_written_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese written language">Chinese characters</a> are used in calligraphy; "running script" is the <a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">semi-cursive</a> form and "<a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">rough script</a>" (mistakenly called "grass script" due to literal misinterpretation) is the cursive. The running aspect of this script has more to do with the formation and connectedness of strokes <i>within</i> an individual character than with connections between characters as in Western connected cursive. The latter are rare in <a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">hanzi</a> and in the derived Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> characters which are usually well separated by the writer. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semi-cursive_style_Calligraphy_of_Chinese_poem_by_Mo_Ruzhong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Semi-cursive style Calligraphy of Chinese poem by Mo Ruzheng"><img alt="Semi-cursive style Calligraphy of Chinese poem by Mo Ruzheng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Semi-cursive_style_Calligraphy_of_Chinese_poem_by_Mo_Ruzhong.jpg/56px-Semi-cursive_style_Calligraphy_of_Chinese_poem_by_Mo_Ruzhong.jpg" decoding="async" width="56" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Semi-cursive_style_Calligraphy_of_Chinese_poem_by_Mo_Ruzhong.jpg/84px-Semi-cursive_style_Calligraphy_of_Chinese_poem_by_Mo_Ruzhong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Semi-cursive_style_Calligraphy_of_Chinese_poem_by_Mo_Ruzhong.jpg/112px-Semi-cursive_style_Calligraphy_of_Chinese_poem_by_Mo_Ruzhong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="2005" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Semi-cursive style Calligraphy of Chinese poem by Mo Ruzheng</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_classical_poem_in_cursive_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Classical poem in cursive script at Treasures of Ancient China exhibit"><img alt="Classical poem in cursive script at Treasures of Ancient China exhibit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_classical_poem_in_cursive_script.jpg/120px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_classical_poem_in_cursive_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_classical_poem_in_cursive_script.jpg/180px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_classical_poem_in_cursive_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_classical_poem_in_cursive_script.jpg/240px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_classical_poem_in_cursive_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Classical poem in cursive script at Treasures of Ancient China exhibit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cursive_characters_dragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eight cursive characters for dragon"><img alt="Eight cursive characters for dragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cursive_characters_dragon.jpg/120px-Cursive_characters_dragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cursive_characters_dragon.jpg/180px-Cursive_characters_dragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cursive_characters_dragon.jpg/240px-Cursive_characters_dragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1102" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eight cursive characters for dragon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligraphy_of_Cursive_and_Semi-cursive_styleby_Dong_Qichang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calligraphy of both cursive and semi-cursive by Dong Qichang"><img alt="Calligraphy of both cursive and semi-cursive by Dong Qichang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calligraphy_of_Cursive_and_Semi-cursive_styleby_Dong_Qichang.jpg/120px-Calligraphy_of_Cursive_and_Semi-cursive_styleby_Dong_Qichang.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calligraphy_of_Cursive_and_Semi-cursive_styleby_Dong_Qichang.jpg/180px-Calligraphy_of_Cursive_and_Semi-cursive_styleby_Dong_Qichang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calligraphy_of_Cursive_and_Semi-cursive_styleby_Dong_Qichang.jpg/240px-Calligraphy_of_Cursive_and_Semi-cursive_styleby_Dong_Qichang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calligraphy of both cursive and semi-cursive by <a href="/wiki/Dong_Qichang" title="Dong Qichang">Dong Qichang</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quatrain_on_Heavenly_Mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Four columns in cursive script quatrain poem, Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain. Attributed to Emperor Gaozong of Song, the tenth Chinese Emperor of the Song dynasty"><img alt="Four columns in cursive script quatrain poem, Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain. Attributed to Emperor Gaozong of Song, the tenth Chinese Emperor of the Song dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Quatrain_on_Heavenly_Mountain.jpg/120px-Quatrain_on_Heavenly_Mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Quatrain_on_Heavenly_Mountain.jpg/180px-Quatrain_on_Heavenly_Mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Quatrain_on_Heavenly_Mountain.jpg/240px-Quatrain_on_Heavenly_Mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Four columns in cursive script <a href="/wiki/Quatrain" title="Quatrain">quatrain</a> poem, Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain. Attributed to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gaozong of Song">Emperor Gaozong of Song</a>, the tenth Chinese Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZhiYong1000charcter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One page of the album "Thousand Character classic in formal and Cursive script" attributed to Zhi Yong"><img alt="One page of the album "Thousand Character classic in formal and Cursive script" attributed to Zhi Yong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/ZhiYong1000charcter.jpg/53px-ZhiYong1000charcter.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/ZhiYong1000charcter.jpg/79px-ZhiYong1000charcter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/ZhiYong1000charcter.jpg/106px-ZhiYong1000charcter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One page of the album "Thousand Character classic in formal and Cursive script" attributed to Zhi Yong</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Handwriting-aaa3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Table of 19th-century Greek cursive letter forms"><img alt="Table of 19th-century Greek cursive letter forms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greek_Handwriting-aaa3.png/120px-Greek_Handwriting-aaa3.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greek_Handwriting-aaa3.png/180px-Greek_Handwriting-aaa3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greek_Handwriting-aaa3.png/240px-Greek_Handwriting-aaa3.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Table of 19th-century Greek cursive letter forms</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta-caminha-folio01r.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Letter to Manuel I of Portugal by Pêro Vaz de Caminha reporting the discovery of Brazil (1 May 1500)"><img alt="Letter to Manuel I of Portugal by Pêro Vaz de Caminha reporting the discovery of Brazil (1 May 1500)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carta-caminha-folio01r.png/86px-Carta-caminha-folio01r.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carta-caminha-folio01r.png/129px-Carta-caminha-folio01r.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carta-caminha-folio01r.png/173px-Carta-caminha-folio01r.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_P%C3%AAro_Vaz_de_Caminha" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of Pêro Vaz de Caminha">Letter to Manuel I of Portugal by Pêro Vaz de Caminha</a> reporting the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (1 May 1500)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lessing_Kleist-Brief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A letter from Lessing to Kleist, written in Kurrent (14 March 1758)"><img alt="A letter from Lessing to Kleist, written in Kurrent (14 March 1758)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lessing_Kleist-Brief.jpg/88px-Lessing_Kleist-Brief.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lessing_Kleist-Brief.jpg/132px-Lessing_Kleist-Brief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lessing_Kleist-Brief.jpg/176px-Lessing_Kleist-Brief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="3040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A letter from <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Christian_von_Kleist" title="Ewald Christian von Kleist">Kleist</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a> (14 March 1758)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Declaration of Independence (4 July 1776)"><img alt="United States Declaration of Independence (4 July 1776)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg/101px-United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg/152px-United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg/202px-United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3923" data-file-height="4656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> (4 July 1776)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bold_running_hand_script_exemplar_by_Joseph_Carstairs_published_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bold running hand exemplar by English chirographer Joseph Carstairs (1820)"><img alt="Bold running hand exemplar by English chirographer Joseph Carstairs (1820)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bold_running_hand_script_exemplar_by_Joseph_Carstairs_published_1820.jpg/120px-Bold_running_hand_script_exemplar_by_Joseph_Carstairs_published_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bold_running_hand_script_exemplar_by_Joseph_Carstairs_published_1820.jpg/180px-Bold_running_hand_script_exemplar_by_Joseph_Carstairs_published_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bold_running_hand_script_exemplar_by_Joseph_Carstairs_published_1820.jpg/240px-Bold_running_hand_script_exemplar_by_Joseph_Carstairs_published_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bold running hand exemplar by English chirographer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_carstairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph carstairs">Joseph Carstairs</a> (1820)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spencerian_example.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of classic American business handwriting known as Spencerian script (1884)"><img alt="Example of classic American business handwriting known as Spencerian script (1884)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spencerian_example.jpg/72px-Spencerian_example.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spencerian_example.jpg/108px-Spencerian_example.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Spencerian_example.jpg/144px-Spencerian_example.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of classic American business handwriting known as <a href="/wiki/Spencerian_script" title="Spencerian script">Spencerian script</a> (1884)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarda" title="Bastarda">Bastarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_hand" title="Book hand">Book hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancery_hand" title="Chancery hand">Chancery hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_hand" title="Court hand">Court hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive script (East Asia)</a> (Grass script)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Nealian_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Nealian Method">D'Nealian Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Emphasis (typography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_(writing_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand (writing style)">Hand (writing style)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cursive_hieroglyphs" title="Cursive hieroglyphs">Cursive hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_script" title="Italic script">Italic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Method" title="Palmer Method">Palmer Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronde_script_(calligraphy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronde script (calligraphy)">Ronde script (calligraphy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_hand" title="Round hand">Round hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_hand" title="Secretary hand">Secretary hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencerian_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencerian Method">Spencerian Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a> – German Cursive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaner-Bloser_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaner-Bloser Method">Zaner-Bloser Method</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=cursive&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcursive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRueb2019" class="citation news cs1">Rueb, Emily S. (13 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/13/education/cursive-writing.html">"Cursive Seemed to Go the Way of Quills and Parchment. Now It's Coming Back"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cursive+Seemed+to+Go+the+Way+of+Quills+and+Parchment.+Now+It%27s+Coming+Back.&rft.date=2019-04-13&rft.aulast=Rueb&rft.aufirst=Emily+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F13%2Feducation%2Fcursive-writing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdakChaudhuriBlumenstein2016" class="citation conference cs1">Adak, Chandranath; Chaudhuri, Bidyut B.; Blumenstein, Michael (23–26 October 2016). 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Shenzhen, China. pp. 429–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICFHR.2016.0086">10.1109/ICFHR.2016.0086</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-0981-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-0981-7"><bdi>978-1-5090-0981-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Offline+Cursive+Bengali+Word+Recognition+Using+CNNS+with+a+Recurrent+Model&rft.btitle=Offline+Cursive+Bengalese+Word+Recognition+Using+CNNs+with+a+Recurrent+Model&rft.place=Shenzhen%2C+China&rft.pages=429-434&rft.date=2016-10-23%2F2016-10-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICFHR.2016.0086&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-0981-7&rft.aulast=Adak&rft.aufirst=Chandranath&rft.au=Chaudhuri%2C+Bidyut+B.&rft.au=Blumenstein%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-modi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-modi_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-modi_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2011" class="citation web cs1">Pandey, Anshuman (5 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11212r2-n4034-modi.pdf">"N4034: Proposal to Encode the Modi Script in ISO/IEC 10646"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N4034%3A+Proposal+to+Encode+the+Modi+Script+in+ISO%2FIEC+10646&rft.pub=ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2&rft.date=2011-11-05&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Anshuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2011%2F11212r2-n4034-modi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Band-of-researchers-enthusiasts-strive-to-keep-Modi-script-alive/articleshow/30761335.cms">"Band of researchers, enthusiasts strive to keep Modi script alive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 21 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210021102/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Band-of-researchers-enthusiasts-strive-to-keep-Modi-script-alive/articleshow/30761335.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Band+of+researchers%2C+enthusiasts+strive+to+keep+Modi+script+alive&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpune%2FBand-of-researchers-enthusiasts-strive-to-keep-Modi-script-alive%2Farticleshow%2F30761335.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cardenio, Or, the Second Maiden's Tragedy</i>, pp. 131–3: By William Shakespeare, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_(handwriting_expert)" title="Charles Hamilton (handwriting expert)">Charles Hamilton</a>, John Fletcher (Glenbridge Publishing Ltd., 1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944435-24-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-944435-24-6">0-944435-24-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhalley1980" class="citation book cs1">Whalley, Joyce Irene (1980). <i>The Art of Calligraphy, Western Europe & America</i>. 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(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachhandwriting.blog/2019/08/29/be-school-ready-what-letter-font-is-your-childs-school-teaching/">online</a>), 29 August 2019, access date 30 March 2022 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-threehandwritingstages-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-threehandwritingstages_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Teach handwriting: The three handwriting stages (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachhandwriting.co.uk/three-stages-handwriting.html">online</a>), access date 30 March 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Difference-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Difference_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">What's The Difference between Cursive and Continuous Cursive Handwriting Fonts? (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachhandwriting.blog/2017/11/09/whats-the-difference-between-cursive-and-continuous-cursive-handwriting-fonts/">online</a>), 9 November 2017, access date 30 March 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angela Webb: 'Continuous Cursive: Cure or Curse?', <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Handwriting_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Handwriting Association (page does not exist)">National Handwriting Association</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nha-handwriting.org.uk/handwriting/articles/continuous-cursive-cure-or-curse/">online</a>), access date 30 March 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2018" class="citation news cs1">Heller, Karen (2 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/from-punishing-to-pleasurable-how-cursive-writing-is-looping-back-into-our-hearts/2018/08/31/aa180b9c-aa06-11e8-a8d7-0f63ab8b1370_story.html">"From punishing to pleasurable, how cursive writing is looping back into our hearts"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=From+punishing+to+pleasurable%2C+how+cursive+writing+is+looping+back+into+our+hearts&rft.date=2018-09-02&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Ffrom-punishing-to-pleasurable-how-cursive-writing-is-looping-back-into-our-hearts%2F2018%2F08%2F31%2Faa180b9c-aa06-11e8-a8d7-0f63ab8b1370_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiesbrecht2015" class="citation news cs1">Giesbrecht, Josh (28 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/08/ballpoint-pens-object-lesson-history-handwriting/402205/">"How The Ballpoint Pen Killed Cursive"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=German+teachers+campaign+to+simplify+handwriting+in+schools&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft.aulast=Pidd&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjun%2F29%2Fgermany-teachers-handwriting-schools-schreibschrift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cursive" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cursive">Cursive</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130331132116/http://hans.presto.tripod.com/penman/">The Golden Age of American Penmanship</a>, including scans of the January 1932 issue of <a href="/wiki/Austin_Norman_Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Norman Palmer">Austin Norman Palmer</a>'s <i>American Penman</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/Pages/handwriting.aspx">Normal and Bold Victorian Modern Cursive electronic fonts for downloading</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726042948/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1912419,00.html">Mourning the Death of Handwriting</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine article on the demise of cursive handwriting</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/09/04/opinion/20090908_opart.html">Op-Art: The Write Stuff</a>, a <i>New York Times</i> article on the advantages of italic hand over both full cursive and block printing</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italic-handwriting.org/exemplars">The Society for Italic Handwriting</a>, supporters of teaching a simplified cursive hand</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/archive/technology-and-cursive">Has Technology Killed Cursive Handwriting?</a>—<a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a>, 11 June 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cursivelogic.com/why-cursive/">Why Cursive Still Matters in Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parentology.com/is-cursive-writing-coming-back-it-looks-like-it/">Cursive Coming Back in the US Schools</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdm16884.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16884coll103/id/398">Hausam's practical writing course. 1917</a> State Library of Kansas' KGI Online Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_calligraphy" title="Template:European calligraphy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_calligraphy" title="Template talk:European calligraphy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_calligraphy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European calligraphy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_handwritten_European_scripts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">handwritten</a> European <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">scripts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient<br /> and medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustic_capitals" title="Rustic capitals">Rustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarda" title="Bastarda">Bastarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a> <ul><li>Ustav</li> <li>Poluustav</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic">Serbian Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosančica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Glagolitic">Angular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_hand" title="Court hand">Court hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_capitals" title="Lombardic capitals">Lombardic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/100px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/150px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/200px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1011" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancery_hand" title="Chancery hand">Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_script" title="Johannine script">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_minuscule" title="Humanist minuscule">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_script" title="Italic script">Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_hand" title="Round hand">Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_hand" title="Secretary hand">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_hand" title="Library hand">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_lettering" title="Technical lettering">Technical lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperplate_script" title="Copperplate script">Copperplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencerian_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencerian Method">Spencerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronde_script" title="Ronde script">Ronde</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cursive" title="Russian cursive">Russian cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skoropis" title="Skoropis">Skoropis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_skoropys" title="Ukrainian skoropys">Ukrainian skoropys</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Shorthand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teaching_script" title="Teaching script">Teaching scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barchowsky_Fluent_Handwriting" title="Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting">Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Nealian" title="D'Nealian">D'Nealian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getty-Dubay_Italic" title="Getty-Dubay Italic">Getty-Dubay Italic</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Grundschrift" title="Grundschrift">Grundschrift</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Method" title="Palmer Method">Palmer</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift" title="Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift">Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaner-Bloser_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaner-Bloser Method">Zaner-Bloser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079418#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4179986-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Écriture cursive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119339209">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Écriture cursive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119339209">BnF data</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cursive&oldid=1257898011">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cursive&oldid=1257898011</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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