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sefirot</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ten_sefirot-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ten sefirot subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ten_sefirot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Names_in_Cordoveran_Kabbalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_in_Cordoveran_Kabbalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Names in Cordoveran Kabbalah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_in_Cordoveran_Kabbalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Man-metaphor_in_Kabbalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Man-metaphor_in_Kabbalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Man-metaphor in Kabbalah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Man-metaphor_in_Kabbalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_dimensions_and_the_powers_of_the_soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_dimensions_and_the_powers_of_the_soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Inner dimensions and the powers of the soul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_dimensions_and_the_powers_of_the_soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_four_worlds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_four_worlds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The four worlds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_four_worlds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA_(%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="سيفروت (قبالة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيفروت (قبالة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sefirot" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sefirot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sefirot" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephiroth" title="Sephiroth – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sephiroth" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84" title="Σεφιρότ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεφιρότ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot_(C%C3%A1bala)" title="Sefirot (Cábala) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sefirot (Cábala)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sefirot" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="سفیروت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سفیروت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephiroth_(Kabbale)" title="Sephiroth (Kabbale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sephiroth (Kabbale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sefirot" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sefirot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95fir%C5%8Dt" title="Sĕfirōt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sĕfirōt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94)" title="ספירה (קבלה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספירה (קבלה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szefir%C3%A1k" title="Szefirák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szefirák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA_(%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87)" title="سيفروت (قباله) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيفروت (قباله)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefira" title="Sefira – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sefira" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sefirot" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arborele_sephiroth" title="Arborele sephiroth – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arborele sephiroth" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Сфирот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сфирот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfira" title="Sfira – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sfira" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sefirot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sefirot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ktreewnames.png/192px-Ktreewnames.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ktreewnames.png/288px-Ktreewnames.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Ktreewnames.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="626" usemap="#ImageMap_a0c821e104977544" /></span><map name="ImageMap_a0c821e104977544"><area href="/wiki/Keter" shape="circle" coords="97,27,19" alt="Keter" title="Keter" /><area href="/wiki/Binah_(Kabbalah)" shape="circle" coords="31,65,19" alt="Binah" title="Binah" /><area href="/wiki/Chokmah" shape="circle" coords="163,65,19" alt="Chokmah" title="Chokmah" /><area href="/wiki/Da%27at" shape="circle" coords="97,103,19" alt="Da'at" title="Da'at" /><area href="/wiki/Gevurah" shape="circle" coords="31,142,19" alt="Gevurah" title="Gevurah" /><area href="/wiki/Chesed_(Kabbalah)" shape="circle" coords="163,141,19" alt="Chesed" title="Chesed" /><area href="/wiki/Tiferet" shape="circle" coords="97,180,19" alt="Tiferet" title="Tiferet" /><area href="/wiki/Hod_(Kabbalah)" shape="circle" coords="31,217,19" alt="Hod" title="Hod" /><area href="/wiki/Netzach" shape="circle" coords="163,217,19" alt="Netzach" title="Netzach" /><area href="/wiki/Yesod" shape="circle" coords="97,256,19" alt="Yesod" title="Yesod" /><area href="/wiki/Malkuth" shape="circle" coords="97,332,19" alt="Malkuth" title="Malkuth" /></map><figcaption>The Sefiroth in Jewish Kabbalah</figcaption></figure> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:30px;padding:0px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ktreewnames.png" title="View the image description page for this diagram"><img alt="View the image description page for this diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/16px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/32px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding:0px; text-size:80%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">The Tree of Life</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-top:0px; width: 30px; padding-right:5px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sefirot" title="Template:Sefirot"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sefirot" title="Template talk:Sefirot"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sefirot" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sefirot"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sefirot</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪr/: 'irr' in 'mirror'">ɪr</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">סְפִירוֹת</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">səp̄īrōṯ</i></span>, plural of <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">σφαῖρα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'sphere'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emanation#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:emanation">emanations</a></i>, are the 10 attributes/emanations in <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through which <a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a> ("infinite space") reveals itself and continuously creates both the physical realm and the <a href="/wiki/Seder_hishtalshelut" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder hishtalshelut">seder hishtalshelut</a> (the chained descent of the metaphysical <a href="/wiki/Four_Worlds" title="Four Worlds">Four Worlds</a>). The term is alternatively transliterated into English as <i>sephirot/sephiroth</i>, singular <i>sefira/sephirah</i>. </p><p>As revelations of the creator's will (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רצון</span></span> <i>rāṣon</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn-SherbokCohn-Sherbok199449_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn-SherbokCohn-Sherbok199449-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sefirot should not be understood as ten gods, but rather as ten different channels through which the one God reveals His will. In later Jewish literature, the ten sefirot refer either to the ten manifestations of God; the ten powers or faculties of the soul; or the ten structural forces of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternative configurations of the sefirot are interpreted by various schools in the historical evolution of Kabbalah, with each articulating differing spiritual aspects. The tradition of enumerating 10 is stated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></i>, "Ten sefirot of nothingness, ten and not nine, ten and not eleven".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan199738_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan199738-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As altogether 11 sefirot are listed across the various schemes, two (<a href="/wiki/Keter" title="Keter">Keter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Da%27at" title="Da'at">Da'at</a>) are seen as unconscious and conscious manifestations of the same principle, conserving the 10 categories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sefirot are described as channels of divine creative life force or consciousness through which the unknowable divine essence is revealed to mankind. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidic philosophy</a>, which has sought to internalise the experience of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a> into daily inspiration (<i><a href="/wiki/Devekut" title="Devekut">devekut</a></i>), this inner life of the sefirot is explored, and the role they play in man's service of God in this world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ein_Sof">Ein Sof</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ein Sof"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a> (lit: without end) is an important concept in Jewish Kabbalah. Generally translated as "infinity" and "endless", the Ein Sof represents the formless state of the universe before the self-materialization of God. In other words, the Ein Sof is God before he decided to become God as we now know him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn-Sherbok20069_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn-Sherbok20069-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sefirot are divine emanations that come from the Ein Sof in a manner often described as a flame. The sefirot emanate from above to below. As the first Sefira is closest to Ein Sof, it is the least comprehensible to the human mind, while in turn the last is the best understood because it is closest to the material world that humanity dwells on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn-Sherbok20069_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn-Sherbok20069-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ten_sefirot">Ten sefirot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ten sefirot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">Tree of life (Kabbalah)</a></div> <link 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kabbalah" title="Category:Kabbalah">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0;font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:10px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esoteric symbolism"><img alt="Esoteric symbolism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg/75px-Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg/113px-Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg/150px-Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzimtzum" title="Tzimtzum">Tzimtzum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr" title="Ohr">Ohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin_and_Yesh" title="Ayin and Yesh">Ayin and Yesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sefirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Worlds" title="Four Worlds">Four Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_hishtalshelut" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder hishtalshelut">Seder hishtalshelut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_path_of_the_flaming_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="The path of the flaming sword">The path of the flaming sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkabah">Merkavah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish angelic hierarchy">Jewish angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partzufim" title="Partzufim">Partzufim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qlippoth" title="Qlippoth">Qlippoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohu_and_Tikun" title="Tohu and Tikun">Tohu and Tikun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut#Philosophical" title="Kashrut">Sparks of holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Messianic rectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgul" title="Gilgul">Gilgul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">Kabbalistic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notarikon" title="Notarikon">Notarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temurah_(Kabbalah)" title="Temurah (Kabbalah)">Temurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemhamphorasch" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemhamphorasch">Shemhamphorasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzadikim_Nistarim" title="Tzadikim Nistarim">Tzadikim Nistarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_in_Kabbalah" title="Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah">Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jewish_mysticism" title="History of Jewish mysticism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Pre-Kabbalistic Jewish mysticism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heichalot" class="mw-redirect" title="Heichalot">Heichalot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chassidei_Ashkenaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chassidei Ashkenaz">Chassidei Ashkenaz</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Medieval</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahir" title="Bahir">Bahir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledano_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledano tradition">Toledano tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Prophetic Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible#Commentaries" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Kabbalistic commentaries<br />on the Bible</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Mainstream displacement of<br />rationalism with Kabbalah</a></div> <div style="padding:0.3em 0;"><i>Renaissance</i></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kabbalah" title="Christian Kabbalah">Selective influence on<br />Western thought</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Halevi_Alkabetz#Move_to_Safed" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz">Mysticism after<br />Spanish expulsion</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Mystics of<br />16th-century Safed</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordoveran_Kabbalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordoveran Kabbalah">Cordoveran Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Lurianic Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Maharal's thought</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature#Medieval_Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Popular Kabbalistic<br />Mussar</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Early modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem">Baal Shem-Nistarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbatean mystical heresies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Eybeschutz#Sabbatian_controversy" title="Jonathan Eybeschutz">Emden–Eybeschutz controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Immigration to the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Traditional Oriental Kabbalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_El_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit El Synagogue">Beit El Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">Eastern European Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisms_among_the_Jews#Hasidim_and_Mitnagdim" class="mw-redirect" title="Schisms among the Jews">Hasidic-Mitnagdic schism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Mysticism in<br />religious Zionism</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Academic interest in<br />Jewish mysticism</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Non-Orthodox interest in<br /> Jewish mysticism</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Qabalah" class="mw-redirect" title="English Qabalah">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Qaballa" title="English Qaballa">James Lees'</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mystical_exegesis" title="Jewish mystical exegesis">Mystical exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Minhag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Customary immersion in mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_meditation" title="Jewish meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavanah" title="Kavanah">Kavanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshuvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Teshuvah">Teshuvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devekut" title="Devekut">Deveikut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Nusach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_Chatzot" title="Tikkun Chatzot">Tikkun Chatzot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot#All-night_Torah_study" title="Shavuot">Tikkun Leil Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzaddik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzaddik">Pilgrimage to Tzadik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_(grave)" title="Ohel (grave)">Pilgrimage to holy grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer at Meron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism_in_Judaism" title="Asceticism in Judaism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Kabbalah" title="Practical Kabbalah">Practical Kabbalah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_List_of_Jewish_Kabbalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline List of Jewish Kabbalists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 100s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Four Who Entered the Pardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon bar Yochai">Simeon bar Yochai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1100s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Blind" title="Isaac the Blind">Isaac the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azriel_(Jewish_mystic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azriel (Jewish mystic)">Azriel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1200s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Abraham Abulafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Abraham_Gikatilla" title="Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla">Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_de_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses de Leon">Moses de Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Recanati" title="Menahem Recanati">Menahem Recanati</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1300s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Bahya ben Asher</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1400s</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1500s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ibn_Gabbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meir ibn Gabbai">Meir ibn Gabbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Ephraim_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph ben Ephraim Karo">Joseph Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Alkabetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Alkabetz">Shlomo Alkabetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Alshich" title="Moshe Alshich">Moshe Alshich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero" title="Moses ben Jacob Cordovero">Moses ben Jacob Cordovero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyim_ben_Joseph_Vital" title="Hayyim ben Joseph Vital">Chaim Vital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Judah Loew ben Bezalel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1600s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Horowitz" title="Isaiah Horowitz">Isaiah Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Azulai" title="Abraham Azulai">Abraham Azulai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1700s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_ibn_Attar" title="Chaim ibn Attar">Chaim ibn Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dov_Ber_of_Mezeritch" title="Dov Ber of Mezeritch">Dov Ber of Mezeritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto">Moshe Chaim Luzzatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Sharabi" title="Shalom Sharabi">Shalom Sharabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Joseph_David_Azulai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Joseph David Azulai">Chaim Joseph David Azulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Adler" title="Nathan Adler">Nathan Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneur Zalman of Liadi">Schneur Zalman of Liadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Volozhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Volozhin">Chaim Volozhin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1800s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Ish_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Ish Chai">Ben Ish Chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Eliyashiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Eliyashiv">Shlomo Eliyashiv</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1900s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Ashlag" title="Yehuda Ashlag">Yehuda Ashlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sali" title="Baba Sali">Baba Sali</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Role</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruach_HaKodesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruach HaKodesh">Ruach HaKodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(Jewish_exegesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardes (Jewish exegesis)">Pardes exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudical_hermeneutics" title="Talmudical hermeneutics">Talmudical hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Jewish commentaries<br />on the Bible</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Eras of Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeridat_ha-dorot" title="Yeridat ha-dorot">Generational descent in Halacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeridat_ha-dorot#Generational_ascent_in_Kabbalah" title="Yeridat ha-dorot">Generational ascent in Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Hakira_–_investigation" title="Jewish philosophy">Hakira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Classic Mussar literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ashkenaz" title="Nusach Ashkenaz">Ashkenazi Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardi Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Contemporary_Jewish_philosophies" title="Jewish philosophy">Modern Jewish philosophies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Jewish studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_transcendence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine transcendence">Divine transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_immanence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine immanence">Divine immanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Judaism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine providence (Judaism)">Divine providence</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">Kabbalistic reasons<br />for the 613 Mitzvot</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah:_Primary_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalah: Primary texts">Primary texts</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kabbalah" title="Template:Kabbalah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kabbalah" title="Template talk:Kabbalah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kabbalah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kabbalah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_hebrew.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_hebrew.svg/220px-Tree_of_life_hebrew.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_hebrew.svg/330px-Tree_of_life_hebrew.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_hebrew.svg/440px-Tree_of_life_hebrew.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>The path of the flaming sword</figcaption></figure> <p>The singular, <i>sefira</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ספירה</span></span> <i>səpirā</i>), was a loanword from <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">σφαῖρα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'sphere'<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). However, early Kabbalists presented several other etymological possibilities: a "counting" or "enumeration"; or from the same <a href="/wiki/Triliteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral">triliteral</a> root: <i>sefer</i> "text," <i>sippur</i> "recounting a story," <i>sfar</i> ("boundary" - ספר), and <i>sofer</i>, or <i>safra</i> "scribe"; or <i>sappir</i> "sapphire." This term had complex connotations within Kabbalah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original reference to the sefirot is found in the ancient <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></i> "The Book of Formation," attributed to the first Jewish patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the names of the sefirot as given in later Kabbalah are not specified there, but rather are only identified by their attributes "forward," "backward," "right," "left," "down," "up," "light," "darkness," "good" and "evil." Further references to the sefirot, now with their later-accepted names, are elaborated on in the medieval Kabbalistic text of the <i><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></i>, which is one of the core texts of Kabbalah. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero" title="Moses ben Jacob Cordovero">Cordoveran</a> Kabbalah, the forces of creation are considered autonomous forces that evolve independently. By contrast, in Lurean or <a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Lurianic Kabbalah</a> (the Kabbalah of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>), the sefirot are perceived as a constellation of forces in active dialogue with one another at every stage of that evolution. Luria described the sefirot as complex and dynamically interacting entities known as <i><a href="/wiki/Partzufim" title="Partzufim">partzufim</a></i> "faces," each with its own symbolically human-like persona.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keter, the Crown, is the first sefirah. It is the superconscious intermediary between God and the other, conscious sefirot. Three different levels, or "heads," are identified within Keter. In some contexts, the highest level of Keter is called "The unknowable head," <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second level is "the head of nothingness" (<i>reisha d'ayin</i>), and the third level is "the long head" (<i>reisha d'arich</i>). These three heads correspond to the superconscious levels of faith, pleasure and will in the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first sefirah, <a href="/wiki/Keter" title="Keter">Keter</a>, describes the divine <a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">superconscious</a> <a href="/wiki/Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">Will</a> that is beyond conscious <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a>. The next three sefirot (<a href="/wiki/Chokmah" title="Chokmah">Chokmah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binah_(Kabbalah)" title="Binah (Kabbalah)">Binah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Da%27at" title="Da'at">Da'at</a>) describe three levels of conscious divine intellect. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Da%27at" title="Da'at">Da'at</a> represents Keter in its knowable form, the concept of knowledge. Will and knowledge are corresponding somewhat dependent opposites. The seven subsequent sefirot (<a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gevurah" title="Gevurah">Gevurah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiferet" title="Tiferet">Tiferet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netzach" title="Netzach">Netzach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hod_(Kabbalah)" title="Hod (Kabbalah)">Hod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yesod" title="Yesod">Yesod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malkuth" title="Malkuth">Malkuth</a>) describe the primary and secondary conscious divine emotions. The sefirot of the left side and the sefira of <a href="/wiki/Malkuth" title="Malkuth">Malkuth</a> are feminine, as the female principle in Kabbalah describes a <a href="/wiki/Kli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kli">vessel</a> that receives the outward male <a href="/wiki/Ohr" title="Ohr">light</a>, then inwardly nurtures and gives birth to the sefirot below them. Kabbalah sees the human soul as mirroring the divine (after <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 1:27, "God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him, male and female He created them"), and more widely, all creations as reflections of their life source in the sefirot. Therefore, the sefirot also describe the spiritual life of man, break down man's psychological processes, and constitute the conceptual paradigm in Kabbalah for understanding everything. This relationship between the soul of man and the divine gives Kabbalah one of its two central metaphors in describing divinity, alongside the other <a href="/wiki/Ohr" title="Ohr">Ohr</a> (light) metaphor. However, Kabbalah repeatedly stresses the need to avoid all corporeal interpretation. Through this, the sefirot are related to the structure of the body and are reformed into <i><a href="/wiki/Partzufim" title="Partzufim">partzufim</a></i> (personas). Underlying the structural purpose of each sefirah is a hidden motivational force which is understood best by comparison with a corresponding psychological state in human spiritual experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its early 12th-century dissemination, Kabbalah garnered <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Kabbalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Kabbalah">criticism from some rabbis</a> who adhered to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a> for its alleged introduction of diversity into Jewish monotheism. The seeming plurality of the One God is a result of the <a href="/wiki/Seder_hishtalshelus" title="Seder hishtalshelus">spiritual evolution</a> of God's light, which introduced a diversity of emanations from the infinite divine essence. This was necessary due to the inability of humanity to exist in God's infinite presence. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God does not change; rather, it is our ability to perceive his emanations that is modified. This is stressed in Kabbalah to avoid heretical notions of any plurality in the Godhead. One parable to explain this is the difference between the <i>Ma'or</i> "Luminary" and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ohr" title="Ohr">ohr</a></i> "Light" that it emanates, like the difference between the single body of the sun and the multiple rays of sunlight that illuminate a room.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_in_Cordoveran_Kabbalah">Names in Cordoveran Kabbalah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Names in Cordoveran Kabbalah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kabbalah, there is a direct correspondence between the Hebrew name of any spiritual or physical phenomenon and its manifestations in the mundane world. The Hebrew name represents the unique essence of the object. This reflects the belief that the universe is created through the <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorical</a> speech of God, as stated in the first chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>. Kabbalah expounds on the names of the sefirot and their nuances, including their <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a> (numerical values), to reach an understanding of these emanations of God's essence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchochet1998Chapter_on_the_sefirot_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchochet1998Chapter_on_the_sefirot-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th-century rational synthesis of Moses ben Jacob Cordovero (Cordoveran Kabbalah), the first complete systemization of Kabbalah, the sefirot are listed from highest to lowest:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchochet1998Chapter_on_the_sefirot_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchochet1998Chapter_on_the_sefirot-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category: </th> <th>Sefirah: </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Super-conscious</b> </td> <td>1 <i>Keter</i> - "Crown" </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Conscious intellect</b> </td> <td>2 <i>Chokmah</i> - "Wisdom" <p>3 <i>Binah</i> - "Understanding" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Conscious emotions</b> </td> <td>(Primary emotions:) <p>4 <i>Chesed</i> - "Kindness" <br />5 <i>Gevurah</i> - "Discipline" <br />6 <i>Tiferet</i> - "Glory" <br />(Secondary emotions:) <br />7 <i>Netzach</i> - "Victory" <br />8 <i>Hod</i> - "Splendour" <br />9 <i>Yesod</i> - "Foundation" <br />(Vessel to bring action:) <br />10 <i>Malkuth</i> - "Kingdom" <i>Kingship</i> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Man-metaphor_in_Kabbalah">Man-metaphor in Kabbalah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Man-metaphor in Kabbalah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_in_Kabbalah" title="Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah">Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah</a></div> <p>Kabbalah uses subtle <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_in_Kabbalah" title="Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah">anthropomorphic</a> analogies and metaphors to describe <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a>, both the God-world relationship, and the inner nature of the divine. These include the metaphor of the soul-body relationship, the functions of human soul-powers, the configuration of human bodily form, and female-male influences in the divine. Kabbalists repeatedly warn and stress the need to divorce their notions from any corporality, dualism, plurality, or spatial and temporal connotations. As "the Torah speaks in the language of Man",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the empirical terms are necessarily imposed upon human experience in this world. Once the analogy is described, its limitations are then related to stripping the kernel of its husk to arrive at a truer conception. Nonetheless, Kabbalists carefully chose their terminology to denote subtle connotations and profound relationships in the divine spiritual influences. More accurately, as they see the emanation of the material world from the spiritual realms, the analogous anthropomorphisms and material metaphors themselves derive through cause and effect from their precise root analogies on High. </p><p>Describing the material world below in general, and humans in particular, as created in the "image" of the world above is not restricted in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> to Kabbalah, but abounds more widely in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Biblical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrashic" class="mw-redirect" title="Midrashic">Midrashic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talmudic" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic">Talmudic</a> and philosophical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchochet1998ch._1,_"Anthropomorphism_and_Metaphors"_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchochet1998ch._1,_"Anthropomorphism_and_Metaphors"-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kabbalah extends the Man-metaphor more radically to anthropomorphise particular divine manifestations on high, while repeatedly stressing the need to divest analogies from impure materialistic corporality. Classical <a href="/wiki/Proof_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof text">proof texts</a> on which it bases its approach include, "From my flesh I envisage God",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rabbinic analogy "As the soul permeates the whole body...sees but is not seen...sustains the whole body...is pure...abides in the innermost precincts...is unique in the body...does not eat and drink...no man knows where its place is...so the Holy One, Blessed is He..."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the metaphor of light, the Man-metaphor is central in Kabbalah. Nonetheless, it too has its limitations, needs qualification, and breaks down if taken as a literal, corporeal comparison. Its limitations include the effect of the body on the soul, while the World effects no change in God; and the distinct, separate origins of the soul and the body, while in relation to God's omnipresence, especially in its acosmic Hasidic development, all creation is nullified in its source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inner_dimensions_and_the_powers_of_the_soul">Inner dimensions and the powers of the soul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inner dimensions and the powers of the soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kochos_hanefesh" title="Kochos hanefesh">Kochos hanefesh</a></div> <p>As all levels of Creation are constructed around the 10 sefirot, their names in Kabbalah describe the particular role each plays in forming reality. These are the external dimensions of the sefirot, describing their functional roles in channelling the divine, creative <i>Ohr</i> (Light) to all levels. As the sefirot are viewed to comprise both metaphorical "lights" and "<a href="/wiki/Kli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kli">vessels</a>", their structural role describes the particular identity each sefirah possesses from its characteristic vessel. Underlying this functional structure of the sefirot, each one possesses a hidden, inner spiritual motivation that inspires its activity. This forms the particular characteristic of inner light within each sefirah. </p><p>Understanding the sefirot throughout Jewish mysticism is achieved by their correspondence to the human soul. This applies to the outer, Kabbalistic structure of the sefirot. It applies even more to their inner dimensions, which correspond to inner psychological qualities in human perception. Identifying the essential spiritual properties of the soul gives the best insight into their divine source, and in the process reveals the spiritual beauty of the soul. In <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic thought">Hasidic thought</a> these inner dimensions of the sefirot are called the Powers of the Soul (<i>Kochos HaNefesh</i>). Hasidism sought the internalisation of the abstract ideas of Kabbalah, both outwardly in joyful sincerity of <a href="/wiki/Dveikus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dveikus">dveikus</a> in daily life, acts of loving-kindness and prayer; and inwardly in its profound new articulation of Jewish mystical thought, by relating it to the inner life of man.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articulation of the sefirot in <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidic philosophy</a> is primarily concerned with their inner dimensions, and exploring the direct, enlivening contribution of each in man's spiritual worship of God.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kabbalah focuses on the esoteric manifestations of God in creation, the vessels of divinity. Hasidut looks at the lights that fill these vessels, how the structures reveal the divine essence, and how this inwardness can be perceived. This difference can be seen in the names of these two stages of Jewish mysticism. "Kabbalah" in Hebrew is derived from "kabal" (to "receive" as a vessel). "Hasidut" is from "chesed" ("loving-kindness"), considered the first and greatest sefirah, also called "Greatness", the wish to reveal and share. The names of the sefirot come from Kabbalah, and describe the Divine effect that each has upon Creation, but not their inner qualities. Hasidic thought uses new descriptive terms for the inner dimensions of the sefirot:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sefirah:<br /><small>Outer function in Divinity and soul</small> </th> <th>Inner experience:<br /><small>Inner Divine motivation and human soul response</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Above conscious:<br /><a href="/wiki/Keter" title="Keter">Keter</a>-Crown </td> <td>Essence of Keter:<br />Emunah – "Faith"<br />(expresses essence of soul in Infinite)<br /><br />Inner Keter:<br />Taanug-unconscious source of "Delight"<br />(soul rooted in delight)<br /><br />Outer Keter:<br />Ratzon-unconscious transcendent "Will"<br />(soul expresses through will) </td></tr> <tr> <td>First revelation of intellect:<br /><a href="/wiki/Chochmah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochmah">Chochmah</a>-Insight of Wisdom </td> <td>Bittul – "Selflessness"<br />(Revelation inspires self nullification) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grasped Intellect:<br /><a href="/wiki/Binah_(Kabbalah)" title="Binah (Kabbalah)">Binah</a>-Understanding </td> <td>Simchah – "Joy"<br />(Understanding awakens joy) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assimilated Intellect:<br /><a href="/wiki/Daat" class="mw-redirect" title="Daat">Daat</a>-Knowledge </td> <td>Yichud – "Union"<br />(Union with idea awakens emotions)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillern.d._23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillern.d.-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Primary emotion of giving:<br /><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a>-Loving-kindness </td> <td>Ahavah – "Love" of God and Divine in all things<br />(Response of Divine giving) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Primary emotion of restriction:<br /><a href="/wiki/Gevurah" title="Gevurah">Gevurah</a>-Might/Severity </td> <td>Yirah – "Fear" of God<br />(Mystical awe of Divinity) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Primary emotion of balance:<br /><a href="/wiki/Tiferet" title="Tiferet">Tiferet</a>-Beautiful harmony<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Rachamim – "Mercy/Compassion"<br />(Balances kindness with restriction) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secondary emotion of giving:<br /><a href="/wiki/Netzach" title="Netzach">Netzach</a>-Victory/Eternity </td> <td>Bitachon – "Confidence"<br />(Confidence inspires determination) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secondary emotion of restriction:<br /><a href="/wiki/Hod_(Kabbalah)" title="Hod (Kabbalah)">Hod</a>-Splendour/Thanksgiving </td> <td>Temimut – "Sincerity/Earnestness"<br />(Sincere response to Divine Glory) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secondary emotion of balance:<br /><a href="/wiki/Yesod" title="Yesod">Yesod</a>-Foundation </td> <td>Emet – "Truth"<br />(Drive to verify connection in task) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Emotional vessel for action:<br /><a href="/wiki/Malchut" class="mw-redirect" title="Malchut">Malchut</a>-Kingship </td> <td>Shechinah - "Divine Presence"<br />(The Highest Light) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_four_worlds">The four worlds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The four worlds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Four_Worlds" title="Four Worlds">Four Worlds</a></div> <p>These ten levels are associated with Kabbalah's four different "Worlds" or planes of existence, the main part from the perspective of the descending "chain of progression" (<i>Seder hishtalshelut</i>), that links the infinite divine <i>Ein Sof</i> with the finite, physical realm. In all Worlds, the 10 sefirot radiate, and are the divine channels through which every level is continuously created from nothing. Since they are the attributes through which the unknowable, infinite divine essence becomes revealed to the creations, all ten emanate in each World. Nonetheless, the structure of the Four Worlds arises because in each one, certain sefirot predominate. Each World is spiritual, apart from the lower aspect of the final World, which is the <i>Asiyah Gashmi</i> ("Physical Asiyah"), the physical Universe. Each World is progressively grosser and further removed from consciousness of the Divine,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until in this World it is possible to be unaware of or to deny God. In descending order: </p> <ol><li><b>World of Emanation</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲצִילוּת</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Atzilut" class="mw-redirect" title="Atzilut">Atzilut</a></i>): In this level the light of the Ein Sof radiates and is united with its source. Divine Chochmah, the limitless flash of wisdom beyond grasp, predominates.</li> <li><b>World of Creation</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּרִיאָה</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beri%27ah" title="Beri'ah">Beri'ah</a></i>): In this level, is the first <a href="/wiki/Creation_ex_nihilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation ex nihilo">creation ex nihilo</a>, where the souls and angels have self-awareness, but without form. Divine Binah, the intellectual understanding, predominates.</li> <li><b>World of Formation</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְצִירָה</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yetzirah" title="Yetzirah">Yetzirah</a></i>): On this level, creation is related to form. The Divine emotional sefirot of Chesed to Yesod predominate.</li> <li><b>World of Action</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֲשִׂיָּה</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Assiah" title="Assiah">Assiah</a></i>): On this level creation is relegated to its physical aspect, the only physical realm and the lowest World, this realm with all its creatures. The Divine Kingship of Malchut predominates, the purpose of Creation.</li></ol> <p>In the Zohar and elsewhere, there are these four Worlds or planes of existence. In the Lurianic system of Kabbalah, five Worlds are counted, comprising these and a higher, fifth plane, Adam Kadmon-manifest Godhead level<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, that mediates between the Ein Sof and the four lower Worlds. </p><p>As the four Worlds link the Infinite with this realm, they also enable the soul to ascend in devotion or mystical states, towards the Divine. Each World can be understood as descriptive of dimensional levels of intentionality related to the natural human "desire to receive", and a method for the soul's progress upward toward unity with or return to the Creator. (The terminology of this formulation is based on the exposition of Lurianic Kabbalah by the 20th century Kabbalist <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Ashlag" title="Yehuda Ashlag">Yehuda Ashlag</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_Arcana" title="Major Arcana">Major Arcana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qliphoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Qliphoth">Qliphoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_path_of_the_flaming_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="The path of the flaming sword">The path of the flaming sword</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, the classic passage from the Zohar beginning "Elijah opened his discourse [...]" that is read every Friday afternoon to prepare for the Sabbath, in the Habad Siddur "<a href="/wiki/Tehillat_Hashem" title="Tehillat Hashem">Tehillat HaShem</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzweil2011261_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzweil2011261-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchulte2023" class="citation book cs1">Schulte, Christoph (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tym4EAAAQBAJ&q=zimzum"><i>Zimzum: God and the Origin of the World</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-2436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-2436-0"><bdi>978-1-5128-2436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimzum%3A+God+and+the+Origin+of+the+World&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5128-2436-0&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtym4EAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dzimzum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2020" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Geoffrey (2020). <i>The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew</i>. Vol. 1. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783746767" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783746767"><bdi>978-1783746767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tiberian+Pronunciation+Tradition+of+Biblical+Hebrew&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1783746767&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrachtenberg2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Trachtenberg" title="Joshua Trachtenberg">Trachtenberg, Joshua</a> (2004) [1939]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/jms/jms43.htm">"Glossary of Hebrew Terms"</a>. <i>Jewish Magic and Superstition</i>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812218626" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812218626"><bdi>978-0812218626</bdi></a> – via Sacred-texts.com. <q><i>Sefirot</i>—the ten creative attributes of God, according to the <i>Kabbalah</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Hebrew+Terms&rft.btitle=Jewish+Magic+and+Superstition&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0812218626&rft.aulast=Trachtenberg&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjud%2Fjms%2Fjms43.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn-SherbokCohn-Sherbok199449-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn-SherbokCohn-Sherbok199449_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn-SherbokCohn-Sherbok1994">Cohn-Sherbok & Cohn-Sherbok (1994)</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2006_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGinsburgh2006">Ginsburgh (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan199738-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan199738_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan1997">Kaplan (1997)</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn-Sherbok20069-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn-Sherbok20069_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn-Sherbok20069_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn-Sherbok2006">Cohn-Sherbok (2006)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte2023" class="citation book cs1">Schulte, Christoph (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tym4EAAAQBAJ&q=zimzum"><i>Zimzum: God and the Origin of the World</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-2436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-2436-0"><bdi>978-1-5128-2436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimzum%3A+God+and+the+Origin+of+the+World&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5128-2436-0&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtym4EAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dzimzum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneerson1986">Schneerson (1986)</a>: The acronym "RADLA" for this level is identified as the origin of the Torah of Hasidus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2007-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgh2007_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGinsburgh2007">Ginsburgh (2007)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzweil2011261-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzweil2011261_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurzweil2011">Kurzweil (2011)</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. <a href="#CITEREFZalmann.d.">Zalman (n.d.)</a>, ch. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchochet1998Chapter_on_the_sefirot-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchochet1998Chapter_on_the_sefirot_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchochet1998Chapter_on_the_sefirot_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchochet1998">Schochet (1998)</a>, Chapter on the sefirot.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berakhot (Talmud)">Berachot</a> 31b and other sources in <a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchochet1998ch._1,_"Anthropomorphism_and_Metaphors"-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchochet1998ch._1,_"Anthropomorphism_and_Metaphors"_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchochet1998">Schochet (1998)</a>, ch. 1, "Anthropomorphism and Metaphors".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> 19:26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berakhot (Talmud)">Berachot</a> 10a, Midrash Tehillim 103:4,5, Tikunei Zohar 13:28a and later Kabbalistic commentary. Cited in footnote 7, chapter 1, <i>Mystical Concepts in Chassidism</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202030707/http://www.inner.org/chassidut/chassidut.htm">Overview of Chassidut</a> from www.inner.org. Retrieved 1 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090315081622/http://inner.org/sefirot/sefirot.htm">The Ten Sefirot-Introduction</a> from www.inner.org. Retrieved 1 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327040646/http://inner.org/glossary/gloss_s.htm#Soul">"Sefirah" in Glossary of Kabbalah and Chassidut</a> at www.inner.org. Retrieved 1 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301101904/http://inner.org/powers/powers.htm">The Powers of the Soul explained</a> at www.inner.org. Retrieved 1 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillern.d.-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillern.d._23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillern.d.">Miller (n.d.)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neohasid.org/pdf/flowchart%20haggadah%202018N.pdf">"Neohasid.org's Tu Bish'vat Haggadah"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neohasid.org%27s+Tu+Bish%27vat+Haggadah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neohasid.org%2Fpdf%2Fflowchart%2520haggadah%25202018N.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn-SherbokCohn-Sherbok1994" class="citation book cs1">Cohn-Sherbok, Dan; Cohn-Sherbok, Lavinia (1994). <i>Jewish & Christian Mysticism: An Introduction</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-259-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-259-3"><bdi>978-0-85244-259-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+%26+Christian+Mysticism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85244-259-3&rft.aulast=Cohn-Sherbok&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Cohn-Sherbok%2C+Lavinia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn-Sherbok2006" class="citation book cs1">Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2006). <i>Kabbalah and Jewish Mysticism: An Introductory Anthology</i>. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-454-0"><bdi>978-1-85168-454-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabbalah+and+Jewish+Mysticism%3A+An+Introductory+Anthology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-454-0&rft.aulast=Cohn-Sherbok&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburgh2006" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburgh, Yitzchak (2006). Genuth, Moshe (ed.). <i>What You Need to Know about Kabbalah</i>. Jerusalem: Gal Einai Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-7146-119" title="Special:BookSources/965-7146-119"><bdi>965-7146-119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+You+Need+to+Know+about+Kabbalah&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Gal+Einai+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=965-7146-119&rft.aulast=Ginsburgh&rft.aufirst=Yitzchak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburgh2007" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburgh, Yitzchak (2007). <i>Kabbalah and Meditation for the Nations</i>. Canada and Israel: Gal Einai. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-7146-125" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-7146-125"><bdi>978-965-7146-125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabbalah+and+Meditation+for+the+Nations&rft.place=Canada+and+Israel&rft.pub=Gal+Einai&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-965-7146-125&rft.aulast=Ginsburgh&rft.aufirst=Yitzchak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Kaplan, Aryeh</a> (1997). <i>Sepher Yetzirah</i>. Weiser Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-855-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-855-8"><bdi>978-0-87728-855-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sepher+Yetzirah&rft.pub=Weiser+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87728-855-8&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzweil2011" class="citation book cs1">Kurzweil, A. (2011). <i>Kabbalah For Dummies</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-06862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-06862-5"><bdi>978-1-118-06862-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabbalah+For+Dummies&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-06862-5&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillern.d." class="citation web cs1">Miller, Moshe (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/380812/jewish/Emanations-Interact.htm">"Emanations Interact: The sefirot are understood in the shape of the human form"</a>. <i>Chabad.org</i>. Kabbalah Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad.org&rft.atitle=Emanations+Interact%3A+The+sefirot+are+understood+in+the+shape+of+the+human+form&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fkabbalah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F380812%2Fjewish%2FEmanations-Interact.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneerson1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Schneerson, Menachem Mendel</a> (1986). <i>On the Essence of Chassidus</i>. Translated by Y. Greenberg; S. S. Handelman. Kehot Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8266-0470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8266-0470-5"><bdi>978-0-8266-0470-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Essence+of+Chassidus&rft.pub=Kehot+Publication+Society&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8266-0470-5&rft.aulast=Schneerson&rft.aufirst=Menachem+Mendel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchochet1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Immanuel_Schochet" title="Jacob Immanuel Schochet">Schochet, Jacob Immanuel</a> (1998). <i>Mystical Concepts in Chassidism: An Introduction to Kabbalistic Concepts and Doctrines</i> (3rd ed.). Kehot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8266-0412-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8266-0412-9"><bdi>0-8266-0412-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystical+Concepts+in+Chassidism%3A+An+Introduction+to+Kabbalistic+Concepts+and+Doctrines&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Kehot&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8266-0412-9&rft.aulast=Schochet&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Immanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalmann.d." class="citation book cs1">Zalman, HaRav Shneur (n.d.). Mindel, Nissan; Schochet, Ya'acov Immanuel (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Tanya_(Judaism)" title="Tanya (Judaism)">Tanya: Likutei Amarim: Sefer Shel Benonim</a></i> [<i>It Was Taught: Collected Sayings: Book of Intermediates</i>] (Bi-Lingual Hebrew-English ed.). Kehot Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanya%3A+Likutei+Amarim%3A+Sefer+Shel+Benonim&rft.edition=Bi-Lingual+Hebrew-English&rft.pub=Kehot+Publishing&rft.aulast=Zalman&rft.aufirst=HaRav+Shneur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Ashlag" title="Yehuda Ashlag">Ashlag, Yehuda</a> (1977). <a href="/wiki/Philip_Berg" title="Philip Berg">Berg, Philip S.</a> (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/entrancetotreeof0000yehu"><i>An Entrance to the Tree of Life: A Key to the Portals of Jewish Mysticism</i></a></span>. Jerusalem: Research Centre of Kabbalah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943688-35-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943688-35-0"><bdi>978-0-943688-35-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Entrance+to+the+Tree+of+Life%3A+A+Key+to+the+Portals+of+Jewish+Mysticism&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Research+Centre+of+Kabbalah&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-943688-35-0&rft.aulast=Ashlag&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fentrancetotreeof0000yehu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._H._Chajes" title="J. H. Chajes">Chajes, J. H.</a> (2022). <i>The Kabbalistic Tree</i>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-09345-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-09345-1"><bdi>978-0-271-09345-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kabbalistic+Tree&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-271-09345-1&rft.aulast=Chajes&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dion_Fortune" title="Dion Fortune">Fortune, Dion</a> (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticalqabalah0000fort"><i>The Mystical Qabalah</i></a></span>. London: Ernest Benn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-510-41001-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-510-41001-8"><bdi>978-0-510-41001-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystical+Qabalah&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ernest+Benn&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-510-41001-8&rft.aulast=Fortune&rft.aufirst=Dion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysticalqabalah0000fort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Freer, Ian (2013). <i>The Pagan Eden: The Assyrian Origins of the Kabbalistic Tree of Life</i>. Collective Ink. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-961-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-961-6"><bdi>978-1-78099-961-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pagan+Eden%3A+The+Assyrian+Origins+of+the+Kabbalistic+Tree+of+Life&rft.pub=Collective+Ink&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78099-961-6&rft.aulast=Freer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Gray" title="William G. Gray">Gray, William G.</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/william-gray-qabalistic-concepts"><i>Qabalistic Concepts: Living the Tree</i></a></span>. Red Wheel Weiser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-000-4"><bdi>978-1-57863-000-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qabalistic+Concepts%3A+Living+the+Tree&rft.pub=Red+Wheel+Weiser&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57863-000-4&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliam-gray-qabalistic-concepts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Z%27ev_ben_Shimon_Halevi" title="Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi">Halevi, Z'ev ben Shimon</a> (2016). <i>The Kabbalistic Tree of Life</i>. Bet El Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909171-41-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909171-41-1"><bdi>978-1-909171-41-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kabbalistic+Tree+of+Life&rft.pub=Bet+El+Trust&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-909171-41-1&rft.aulast=Halevi&rft.aufirst=Z%27ev+ben+Shimon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Kaplan, Aryeh</a>, ed. (1995). <i>The Bahir</i>. Translated by Aryeh Kaplan. Aronson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56821-383-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56821-383-2"><bdi>1-56821-383-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bahir&rft.pub=Aronson&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56821-383-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Michael-Albion (1986). <i>The Secret of Secrets: The Unwritten Mysteries of Esoteric Qabbalah</i>. Heptangle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935214-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935214-08-6"><bdi>978-0-935214-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+of+Secrets%3A+The+Unwritten+Mysteries+of+Esoteric+Qabbalah&rft.pub=Heptangle+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-935214-08-6&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Michael-Albion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Scholem, Gershom</a> (1996). <i>On The Kabbalah and its Symbolism</i>. Schocken. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-1051-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-1051-2"><bdi>0-8052-1051-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+The+Kabbalah+and+its+Symbolism&rft.pub=Schocken&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8052-1051-2&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shulman, Yaacov Dovid (1996). <i>The Sefirot: Ten Emanations of Divine Power</i>. Jason Aronson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56821-929-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56821-929-5"><bdi>978-1-56821-929-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sefirot%3A+Ten+Emanations+of+Divine+Power&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56821-929-5&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=Yaacov+Dovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASefirot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inner.org/sefirot/sefirot.htm">The Ten Sefirot: Introduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/Sefirot/Sefirot.html">Diagram of 10 Sefirot and Attributes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psyche.com/psyche/qbl/comparative_sephirot.html">Sefirotic Systems in the Sefer Yetsira, Bahir and Post-Zohar Kabbalah</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> 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