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history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_times,_Holocaust_and_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_institutions,_language,_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutions,_language,_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Educational institutions, language, literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutions,_language,_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Military tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Mountain_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Mountain_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable Mountain Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Mountain_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain Jews</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergjode" title="Bergjode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bergjode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84" title="يهود الجبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهود الجبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F_y%C9%99hudil%C9%99ri" title="Dağ yəhudiləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dağ yəhudiləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="داغ یهودی‌‌‌‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داغ یهودی‌‌‌‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Планински евреи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планински евреи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorski_Jevreji" title="Gorski Jevreji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gorski Jevreji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djouhouried" title="Djouhouried – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Djouhouried" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhurim" title="Juhurim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Juhurim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor%C5%A1t%C3%AD_%C5%BDid%C3%A9" title="Horští Židé – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horští Židé" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergjuden" title="Bergjuden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bergjuden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4gijuudid" title="Mägijuudid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mägijuudid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%ADos_de_las_monta%C3%B1as" title="Judíos de las montañas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judíos de las montañas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaj_Judoj" title="Montaj Judoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Montaj Judoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یهودیان کوهستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیان کوهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juifs_des_montagnes" title="Juifs des montagnes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juifs des montagnes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լեռնական հրեաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեռնական հրեաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorski_%C5%BDidovi" title="Gorski Židovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gorski Židovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Pegunungan" title="Yahudi Pegunungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi Pegunungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrei_della_montagna" title="Ebrei della montagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebrei della montagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יהודי ההרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהודי ההרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მთის ებრაელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მთის ებრაელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сувун чувудар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сувун чувудар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegyi_zsid%C3%B3k" title="Hegyi zsidók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hegyi zsidók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84" title="يهود الجبل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهود الجبل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergjoden" title="Bergjoden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bergjoden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%B3%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E4%BA%BA" title="山岳ユダヤ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="山岳ユダヤ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasiske_fjellj%C3%B8der" title="Kaukasiske fjelljøder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaukasiske fjelljøder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydzi_g%C3%B3rscy" title="Żydzi górscy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żydzi górscy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrei_montani" title="Evrei montani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evrei montani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Горские евреи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горские евреи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorski_Jevreji" title="Gorski Jevreji – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Gorski Jevreji" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoristojuutalaiset" title="Vuoristojuutalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuoristojuutalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasiska_bergsjudar" title="Kaukasiska bergsjudar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaukasiska bergsjudar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மலை யூதர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலை யூதர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F_Yahudileri" title="Dağ Yahudileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dağ Yahudileri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Гірські євреї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гірські євреї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="高加索犹太人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高加索犹太人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish community of eastern and northern Caucasia</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mountain Jews<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יְהוּדֵי־הֶהָרִים</span>‎<br /><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Горские евреи</span></span><br /><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">Dağ yəhudiləri</i></span></span></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Judeo-Tat-language text"><span lang="jdt">джуһур</span></span><br /><i>Cuhuro</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_jewish_men.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mountain_jewish_men.jpg/220px-Mountain_jewish_men.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Mountain_jewish_men.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">2004: 150,000–270,000 (estimated)<br />1970: 50,000–53,000 <br />1959: 42,000–44,000 (estimated) <br />1941: 35,000 <br />1926: 26,000 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(estimated) <br />1897: 31,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000–140,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22,000–50,000<br /><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000–40,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">266 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">220 (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>,</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Jews">Soviet Jews</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mountain Jews</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jewish</a> subgroup of the eastern and northern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and various republics in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a>, and are a branch of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews" title="Iranian Jews">Persian Jewry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brook_p223_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook_p223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountain Jews took shape as a community after <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a> ceded the areas in which they lived to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> of 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapira_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapira-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forerunners of the Mountain Jewish community have inhabited <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Ancient Persia</a> since the 5th century BCE. The language spoken by Mountain Jews, called <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a>, is an ancient Southwest Iranian language which integrates many elements of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Ancient Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated17_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that Mountain Jews in Persia, as early as the 8th century BCE, continued to migrate east; settling in mountainous areas of the Caucasus. Mountain Jews survived numerous historical vicissitudes by settling in extremely remote and mountainous areas. They were known to be accomplished warriors and horseback riders.<sup id="cite_ref-JR_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mountain Jews are distinct from <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>. The two groups are culturally differentiated: they speak different languages and have many differences in customs and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg/220px-Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg/330px-Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg/440px-Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Synagogue at <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a>, Azerbaijan</figcaption></figure> <p>Mountain Jews, or Jews of the Caucasus, have inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> since the fifth century CE. Being the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, their migration from Persia proper to the Caucasus took place in the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> era (224–651).<sup id="cite_ref-Brook_p223_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook_p223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that they arrived in Persia from ancient Israel as early as the 8th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated19_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated19-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources attest that Mountain Jews were present in the region of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> at least since 457 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Mountain Jews only took shape as a community after <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a> ceded the areas in which they lived to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> per the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> of 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapira_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapira-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mountain Jews have an oral tradition, passed down from generation to generation, that they are descended from the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> exiled by the king of Assyria (Ashur), who ruled over northern Iraq from <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> (across the <a href="/wiki/Tigris_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris River">Tigris River</a> from the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>). The reference most likely is to <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a>, the King of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> mentioned in <a href="/wiki/II_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="II Kings">II Kings</a> 18:9–12.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to local Jewish tradition, some 19,000 Jews departed Jerusalem (used here as a generic term for the Land of Israel) and passed through Syria, Babylonia, and Persia and then, heading north, entered into Media.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mountain Jews maintained a strong military tradition. For this reason, some historians<sup id="cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believe they may be descended from Jewish military colonists, settled by <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> rulers in the Caucasus as frontier guards against <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> incursions from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a>. </p><p>A 2002 study by geneticist Dror Rosengarten found that the paternal haplotypes of Mountain Jews "were shared with other Jewish communities and were consistent with a Mediterranean origin."<sup id="cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Y-DNA <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">testing of Mountain Jews</a> has shown they have Y-DNA haplotypes related to those of other Jewish communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semitic</a> origin of Mountain Jews is also evident in their culture and language.<sup id="cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1600s–1800s:_"The_Jewish_Valley""><span id="1600s.E2.80.931800s:_.22The_Jewish_Valley.22"></span>1600s–1800s: "The Jewish Valley"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1600s–1800s: "The Jewish Valley""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 17th century, Mountain Jews formed many small settlements throughout the mountain valleys of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> One valley, located 10 km south of <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>, close to the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, was predominantly populated by Mountain Jews. Their Muslim neighbors called this area "Jewish Valley". The Jewish Valley grew to be a semi-independent Jewish state, with its spiritual and political center located in its largest settlement of Aba-Sava (1630–1800).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The valley prospered until the end of the 18th century, when its settlements were brutally destroyed in the war between Sheikh-Ali-Khan, who swore loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and Surkhai-Khan, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kumukh" title="Kumukh">Kumukh</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many Mountain Jews were slaughtered, with survivors escaping to Derbent where they received the protection of <a href="/wiki/Fatali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatali Khan">Fatali Khan</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Khanate" title="Quba Khanate">Quba Khanate</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Chechnya, Mountain Jews partially assimilated into Chechen society by forming a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Teip" title="Teip">teip</a>, the Zhugtii.<sup id="cite_ref-JaimoukhaTaips_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaimoukhaTaips-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chechen society, ethnic minorities residing in areas demographically dominated by Chechens have the option of forming a teip in order to properly participate in the developments of Chechen society such as making alliances and gaining representation in the <i>Mekhk Khell</i>, a supreme ethnonational council that is occasionally compared to a parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-UsmanovTaips_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UsmanovTaips-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teips of minority-origin have also been made by ethnic Poles, Germans, Georgians, Armenians, Kumyks, Russians, Kalmyks, Circassians, Andis, Avars, Dargins, Laks, Persians, Arabs, Ukrainians and Nogais,<sup id="cite_ref-JaimoukhaTaips_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaimoukhaTaips-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VainakhTaips_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VainakhTaips-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the German teip having been formed as recently as the 1940s when Germans in Siberian exile living among Chechens assimilated.<sup id="cite_ref-UsmanovTaips_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UsmanovTaips-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mountain Jews have also settled in the territory of modern Azerbaijan. The main Mountain Jewish settlement in Azerbaijan was and remains <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a>, also called Jerusalem of the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-visions.az_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visions.az-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russian, Qırmızı Qəsəbə was once called <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Еврейская Слобода</span></span> (translit. <i><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Yevreyskaya Sloboda</i></span></i>), "Jewish Village"; but during Soviet times it was renamed <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Красная Слобода</span></span> (translit. <i><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Krasnaya Sloboda</i></span></i>), "Red Village".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th–19th centuries, Mountain Jews resettled from the highland to the coastal lowlands but carried the name "Mountain Jews" with them. In the villages (<i><a href="/wiki/Aoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Aoul">aouls</a></i>), the Mountain Jews had settled in separate sections. In the lowland towns, they also lived in concentrated neighborhoods, but their dwellings did not differ from those of their neighbors. Mountain Jews retained the dress of the highlanders. They have continued to follow Jewish dietary laws and affirm their faith in family life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1902, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that clans of Jewish origin, who maintain many of the customs and the principal forms of religious worship of their ancestors, were discovered in the remote regions of the Eastern Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_times,_Holocaust_and_modern_history"><span id="Soviet_times.2C_Holocaust_and_modern_history"></span>Soviet times, Holocaust and modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soviet times, Holocaust and modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilaki_Synagogue,_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg/220px-Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg/330px-Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg/440px-Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>Synagogue in the Gilaki quarter of <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a>, reopened in 1941 after being closed by Bolsheviks</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1926, more than 85% of Mountain Jews in Dagestan were already classed as urban. Mountain Jews were mainly concentrated in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buynaksk" title="Buynaksk">Buynaksk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> in North Caucasus; and <a href="/wiki/Quba" title="Quba">Quba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> in Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinkus,_B._1984_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinkus,_B._1984-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, some Mountain Jews settlements in North Caucasus, including parts of their area in <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> were occupied by the German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> at the end of 1942. During this period, they killed several hundreds of Mountain Jews until the Germans retreated early 1943. On 19 August 1942, Germans killed 472 Mountain Jews near the village of Bogdanovka, and on September 20 the Germans killed 378 Jews in the village of Menzhinskoe.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of some 1000–1500 Mountain Jews were murdered during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_by_bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust by bullets">Holocaust by bullets</a>. Many Mountain Jews survived, however, because German troops did not reach all their areas; in addition, attempts succeeded to convince local German authorities that this group were "religious" but not "racial" Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-arad_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arad-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Army's advances in the area brought the <a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a> community under its protection.<sup id="cite_ref-istok.ru_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istok.ru-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mountain Jewish community of Nalchik was the largest Mountain Jewish community occupied by Nazis,<sup id="cite_ref-istok.ru_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istok.ru-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the vast majority of the population has survived. With the help of their <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardian people">Kabardian</a> neighbors, Mountain Jews of Nalchik convinced the local German authorities that they were <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a>, the native people similar to other Caucasus Mountain peoples, not related to the ethnic Jews, who merely adopted Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-istok.ru_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istok.ru-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annihilation of the Mountain Jews was suspended, contingent on racial investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-arad_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arad-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Nazis watched the village carefully, Rabbi Nachamil ben Hizkiyahu hid <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Sefer Torahs</a> by burying them in a fake burial ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was liberated a few months later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1944, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <a href="/wiki/Aardakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Aardakh">deported</a> the entire Chechen populace that surrounded the Mountain Jews in Chechnya, and moved other ethnic groups into their homes; Mountain Jews mostly refused to take the homes of deported Chechens<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while there are some reports of deported Chechens entrusting their homes to Jews in order to keep them safe.<sup id="cite_ref-EagerToGetOut_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EagerToGetOut-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the marked changes in the 1990s following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and rise of nationalism in the region, many Mountain Jews permanently left their hometowns in the Caucasus and relocated to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> or abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, many Mountain Jews left due to the Russian invasion and indiscriminate bombardment of civilian population by the Russian military.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite historically close relations between Jews and Chechens, many also suffered high rate of kidnappings and violence at the hands of armed ethnic Chechen gangs who ransomed their freedom to "Israel and the international Jewish community".<sup id="cite_ref-EagerToGetOut_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EagerToGetOut-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Mountain Jews emigrated to Israel or the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a> in Azerbaijan remains the biggest settlement of Mountain Jews in the world, with the current population over 3,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While elsewhere in the Russian Empire, Jews were prohibited from owning land (excluding the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>), at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, Mountain Jews owned land and were farmers and gardeners, growing mainly grain. Their oldest occupation was rice-growing, but they also raised <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworms</a> and cultivated tobacco and vineyards. Mountain Jews and their Christian Armenian neighbors were the main producers of wine, as Muslims were prohibited by their religion from producing or consuming alcohol. Judaism limited some types of meat consumption. Unlike their neighbors, the Jews raised few <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animals">domestic animals</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> was their third most important economic activity after farming and gardening. At the end of the 19th century, 6% of Jews were engaged in this trade. <a href="/wiki/Handicrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicrafts">Handicrafts</a> and commerce were mostly practiced by Jews in towns. </p><p>The Soviet authorities bound the Mountain Jews to <a href="/wiki/Collective_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective farm">collective farms</a>, but allowed them to continue their traditional cultivation of grapes, tobacco, and vegetables; and making wine. In practical terms, the Jews are no longer isolated from other ethnic groups. </p><p>With increasing urbanization and <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">sovietization</a> in progress, by the 1930s, a layer of <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> began to form. By the late 1960s, academic professionals, such as pharmacists, medical doctors, and engineers, were common in the community. Mountain Jews worked in more professional positions than did <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a>, though less than the Soviet Ashkenazi community, who were based in larger cities of Russia. A sizable number of Mountain Jews worked in the entertainment industry in Dagestan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The republic's dancing ensemble "<a href="/wiki/Lezginka" title="Lezginka">Lezginka</a>" was led by <a href="/wiki/Tankho_Israilov" title="Tankho Israilov">Tankho Israilov</a>, a Mountain Jew, from 1958 to 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg/220px-Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg/330px-Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg/440px-Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Mountain Jew Eric Sireni and his family with <a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">chokha</a> resting after a day of work</figcaption></figure> <p>Mountain Jews are not <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardim</a> (from the Iberian Peninsula) nor <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazim">Ashkenazim</a> (from Central Europe) but rather of Persian Jewish origin, and most of them follow <a href="/wiki/Edot_HaMizrach" class="mw-redirect" title="Edot HaMizrach">Edot HaMizrach</a> customs. Mountain Jews tenaciously held to their religion throughout the centuries, developing their own unique traditions and religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountain Jewish traditions are infused with teachings of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov,_L._2002_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov,_L._2002-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountain Jews have also developed and retained unique customs different from other Jews, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Govgil" title="Govgil">govgil</a></i>, an end-of-<a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> picnic celebration involving the whole community. </p><p>Mountain Jews have traditionally maintained a two-tiered <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbinate</a>, distinguishing between a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">dayan</a>. "Rabbi" was a title given to religious leaders performing the functions of liturgical preachers (<a href="/wiki/Maggid" title="Maggid">maggids</a>) and cantors (<a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">hazzans</a>) in synagogues ("nimaz"), teachers in Jewish schools (<a href="/wiki/Cheders" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheders">cheders</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">shochets</a>. The <i>dayan</i> was a chief rabbi of a town, presiding over <a href="/wiki/Beit_din" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit din">beit dins</a> and representing the highest religious authority for the town and nearby smaller settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dayans were elected democratically by community leaders. </p><p>The religious survival of the community was not without difficulties. In the prosperous days of the Jewish valley (roughly 1600-1800 CE), the spiritual center of Mountain Jews centered on the settlement of Aba-Sava.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many works of religious significance were written in Aba-Sava. Here, <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_ha-Katan" title="Shmuel ha-Katan">Elisha ben Schmuel Ha-Katan</a> wrote several of his <a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">piyyuts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologian Gershon Lala ben Moshke Nakdi, who lived in Aba-Sava in 18th century, wrote a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>. Rabbi Mattathia ben Shmuel ha-Kohen wrote his kabbalistic essay "Kol Hamevaser" in Aba-Sava.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the brutal destruction of Aba-Sava in roughly 1800 CE, however, the religious center of Mountain Jews moved to <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>. </p><p>Prominent rabbis of Mountain Jews in the nineteenth century included: Rabbi Gershom son of Rabbi Reuven of <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a>, Shalom ben Melek of Temir-Khan-Shura (today known as <a href="/wiki/Buynaksk" title="Buynaksk">Buynaksk</a>), Chief Rabbi of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> Jacob ben Isaac, and Rabbi Hizkiyahu ben Avraam of <a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a>, whose son, Rabbi Nahamiil ben Hizkiyahu, later played a crucial role in saving Nalchik's Jewish community from the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early decades of the Soviet Union, the government took steps to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">suppress religion</a>. Thus, in the 1930s, the Soviet Union closed synagogues belonging to Mountain Jews. The same procedures were implemented among other ethnicities and religions. Soviet authorities propagated the myth that Mountain Jews were not part of the world's Jewish people at all, but rather members of the <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tat</a> community that settled in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov,_L._2002_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov,_L._2002-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet antisemitic</a> rhetoric was intensified during <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a>'s rule. Some of the synagogues were later reopened in the 1940s. The closing of the synagogues in the 1930s was part of a communist ideology that <a href="/wiki/Anti-Religious_Campaign_in_communist_Romania" title="Anti-Religious Campaign in communist Romania">resisted</a> religion of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-visions.az_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visions.az-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg/220px-NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg/330px-NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg/440px-NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Jewish Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 1950s, there were synagogues in all major Mountain Jewish communities. By 1966, reportedly six synagogues remained;<sup id="cite_ref-Pinkus,_B._1984_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinkus,_B._1984-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some were confiscated by the Soviet authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Mountain Jews observed the rituals of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>, marriage and burial, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other precepts of Jewish faith were observed less carefully.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinkus,_B._1984_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinkus,_B._1984-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, the community's ethnic identity remained unshaken despite the Soviet efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases of intermarriage with Muslims in Azerbaijan or Dagestan were rare as both groups practice endogamy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of the Soviet Union, Mountain Jews experienced a significant religious revival, with increasing religious observance by members of the younger generation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_institutions,_language,_literature"><span id="Educational_institutions.2C_language.2C_literature"></span>Educational institutions, language, literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Educational institutions, language, literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg/220px-Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg/330px-Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg/440px-Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Class held at a primary Mountain Jewish school in <a href="/wiki/Quba" title="Quba">Quba</a>. Early 1920s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mountain Jews speak <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a>, also called Juhuri, a form of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>; it belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. Judeo-Tat has <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> (Hebrew/Aramaic/Arabic) elements on all linguistic levels.<sup id="cite_ref-elalliance.org_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elalliance.org-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other Semitic elements, Judeo-Tat has the Hebrew sound "<a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ayin</a>" (ע), whereas no neighboring languages have it. Until the early Soviet period, the language was written with semi-cursive <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. Later, Judeo-Tat books, newspapers, textbooks, and other materials were printed with a Latin alphabet and finally in Cyrillic, which is still most common today.<sup id="cite_ref-elalliance.org_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elalliance.org-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Judeo-Tat-language newspaper, <i>Zakhmetkesh</i> (Working People), was published in 1928 and operated until the second half of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, only boys were educated through <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> schools. Starting from the 1860s, many well-off families switched to home-schooling, hiring private tutors, who taught their sons not only Hebrew, but also <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, with advance of <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">sovietization</a>, Judeo-Tat became the language of instruction at newly founded elementary schools attended by both Mountain Jewish boys and girls. This policy continued until the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when schools switched to Russian as the central government emphasized acquisition of Russian as the official language of the Soviet Union. </p><p>Mountain Jewish community has had notable figures in public health, education, culture, and art.<sup id="cite_ref-portalus.ru_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalus.ru-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, the Russian government started encouraging the revival of cultural life of minorities. In Dagestan and <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a>, Judeo-Tat and Hebrew courses have been introduced in traditionally Mountain Jewish schools. In Dagestan, there is support for the revival of the Judeo-Tat-language theater and the publication of newspapers in that language.<sup id="cite_ref-portalus.ru_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalus.ru-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg/220px-Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg/330px-Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg/440px-Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Mountain Jewish woman, painted by <a href="/wiki/Max_Tilke" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Tilke">Max Tilke</a> in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_tradition">Military tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg/220px-Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg/330px-Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg/440px-Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Mountain Jew Eric Sireni wearing a <a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">chokha</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Papakha" title="Papakha">papakha</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1898</span></figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>"And we, the Tats<br />We, <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a> warriors,<br /><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Bar Kochba's</a> heirs...<br />we went into battles<br />and bitterly, heroically<br />struggled for our freedom<br /><br /> <i>-"The Song of the Mountain Jews"</i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Mountain Jews have a military tradition and have been historically viewed as fierce warriors. Some historians suggest that the group traces its beginnings to Persian-Jewish soldiers who were stationed in the Caucasus by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> kings in the fifth or sixth century to protect the area from the onslaughts of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and other nomadic invaders from the east.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men were typically heavily armed and some slept without removing their weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus,_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus%2C_1913.jpg/220px-Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus%2C_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus%2C_1913.jpg/330px-Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus%2C_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus%2C_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Jewish Girls in <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (1913)</figcaption></figure> <p>Over time the Mountain Jews adopted the dress of their <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> neighbors. Men typically wore <a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">chokhas</a> and covered their head with <a href="/wiki/Papakha" title="Papakha">papakhas</a>, many variations of which could symbolize the men's social status. Wealthier men's dress was adorned with many pieces of jewelry, including silver and gold-decorated weaponry, pins, chains, belts, or <i>kisets</i> (small purse used to hold tobacco or coins).<sup id="cite_ref-druzya.com_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-druzya.com-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women's dress was typically of simpler design in dark tones, made from <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a>, satin and later wool. They decorated the fabric with beads, gold pins or buttons, and silver gold-plated belts. Outside the house, both single and married women covered their hair with <a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">headscarves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-druzya.com_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-druzya.com-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mountain_Jews" title="Special:EditPage/Mountain Jews">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mountain+Jews%22">"Mountain Jews"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mountain+Jews%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mountain+Jews%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mountain+Jews%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mountain+Jews%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mountain+Jews%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mountain Jewish cuisine absorbed typical dishes from various <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">peoples of the Caucasus</a>, Azerbaijani and Persian cuisine, adjusting some recipes to conform to the laws of <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a>, with a great emphasis on using rice (osh) to accompany many of their dishes. Typical Mountain Jewish dishes include: </p> <ul><li><i>Chudu</i> – A type of meat pie.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shashlik" title="Shashlik">Shashlik</a></i> – skewered meat chunks, such as lamb chops or chicken wings.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolma</a></i> – vegetables such as grape leaves, onions, peppers, tomatoes and eggplants that are stuffed with minced meat, then boiled.</li> <li><i>Kurze</i> or <a href="/wiki/Dushbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Dushbara">Dushpare</a> – Dumplings that are boiled and then fried in oil on both sides until golden brown and crispy.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cabbage_rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabbage rolls">Yarpagi</a></i> – Cabbage leaves stuffed with meat and cooked with quince, lamb riblets and a sauce made of dried sour plums (alcha).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qutab" title="Qutab">Gitob</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hingel" title="Hingel">Ingar</a></i> – Square shaped dumpling soup with Meat (Chicken/Beef/Lamb), sometimes with tamarind paste added to the soup.</li> <li><i>Ingarpoli</i> – Dumplings served with tomato paste flavored minced meat on top.</li> <li><i>Dem Turshi</i> – Rice soup flavoured with garlic, dried mint and dried cherry plums.</li> <li><i>Tara</i> – Mallow stew with pieces of meat, dried cherry plum, garlic, dill and clintaro. In Baku sometimes its made vegan with chestnuts instead of meat.</li> <li><i>Nermov</i> or <i>Gendumadush</i> – Chicken or other meat stew with wheat and beans, traditionally cooked overnight from Friday to Saturday.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Dapchunda Osh</a></i> – Rice pilaf with lamb chunks, qazmaq and dried fruits such as raisin, apricots and golden plums.</li> <li><i>Osh Lobeyi</i> – Rice pilaf with cowpeas and smoked fish.</li> <li><i>Osh Kyudu</i> – Pumpkin Rice pilaf with carrots, pumpkin, qazmaq and dried fruits, traditionally served for Hannukah.</li> <li><i>Osh Mast</i> – White rice with <a href="/wiki/Qatiq" title="Qatiq">Mast</a>, a variety of yogurt, on top.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kufta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufta">Shomo-Kofte</a> bebeyi</i> – Meatballs made from minced meat and onions cooked alongside potatoes, sometimes served on rice (<i>osh</i>).</li> <li><i>Buglame</i> – (curry like stew of fish or chicken eaten with rice (<i>osh</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Eshkene</i> – Persian soup, made of Lamb, potatoes, onions, eggs, dried cherry plums, cinnamon and herbs such as cilantro, green onions, parsley and spinach, prepared for <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>.</li> <li><i>Yakhni Nisonui</i> – The <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbendi</a> variation of eshkene consist on lamb, potatoes, onions, eggs, dried cherry plums, cinnamon but without herbs, made on the first day of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>.</li> <li><i>Yakhni Nakhuti</i> – A soup made of lamb, chickpeas, potatoes and dried plums cooked in a tomato paste based soup. served with rice.</li> <li><i>Hoshalevo</i> – (honey-based treats made with sunflower seeds or walnuts) typically prepared for <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>.</li> <li><i>Bischi</i> – Fried dough topped with hot honey syrup, typically prepared for <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haroset" class="mw-redirect" title="Haroset">Hallegh</a></i> – made with mixture of apples, walnuts, honey, raisins, cinnamon and wine, a ritual dish prepared for <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pakhlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhlava">Pakhlava</a></i></li> <li><i>Fadi-shiri</i> – A milk cake made of flour, eggs, butter, milk, sugar, turmeric, raisins, walnuts, sesame seeds and poppy seeds, served during <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>.</li> <li><i>Pertesh</i> – A dish consist of a <a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">Lavash</a> bread that is soaked in honey based syrup and filled with a milk porridge inside, served for Shavuot.</li> <li><i>Khashil</i> – Sweet porridge made of flour, butter, honey, cinnamon and turmeric with a crunchy crust.</li> <li><i>Lovush Roghani</i></li> <li><i>Khashlama</i> – Boiled chunks of meat, usually beef, veal, or lamb, as well as vegetables such as bell peppers, potatoes, tomatoes and onions, in hot water.</li> <li><i>Khoyagusht</i> – Meat pie made of eggs, turmeric, slow cooked meat (usually sheep or goat) and its broth, often considered to be the "national dish" of the Mountain Jews.</li> <li><i>Khoyaghusht Kyargi</i> – Khoyagusht with chicken instead of red meat.</li> <li><i>Khoyahusht Bodimjon</i> – Khoyagusht with eggplants instead of meat, without turmeric.</li> <li><i>Nukhorush</i> – Beef or Lamb cooked with quince, raisins, dried golden prunes, dried apricots, chestnuts and flavoured with turmeric, sometimes served alongside rice (<i>osh</i>).</li> <li><i>Nukhorush marjumeki</i> – Lentil stew with potatoes, zucchini, onions, and carrots flavoured with cilantro, dill, cumin and turmeric.</li> <li><i>Gayle</i> or <i>Khayle</i> – A dish made of herbs, onion and eggs.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dovga" title="Dovga">Dugovo</a></i> – A soup made by cooking yogurt, with a little bit of rice, a variety of fresh herbs such as dill, mint, and coriander.</li> <li><i>Aragh</i> – a strong alcoholic drink made of distilled fermented mulberry juice. It can be made from both black and white mulberries.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Asido</a></i></li> <li><i>Harissa</i> – A dish of Mountain Jews from the northern regions in Dagestan made of Meat, Potatoes and dried cherry plums cooked in tomato sauce, traditionally used in weddings.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The music of Mountain Jews is mostly based in the standard liturgy, for prayer and the celebration of holidays. Celebratory music played during weddings and similar events is typically upbeat with various instruments to add layers to the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Mountain_Jews">Notable Mountain Jews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable Mountain Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omer_Adam" title="Omer Adam">Omer Adam</a>, Israeli singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_Adam" title="Udi Adam">Udi Adam</a>, Israeli general<sup id="cite_ref-stmegi.com_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmegi.com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekutiel_Adam" title="Yekutiel Adam">Yekutiel Adam</a> (1927–1982), Former Deputy <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Israel)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Israel)">Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defense Forces</a><sup id="cite_ref-stmegi.com_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmegi.com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Agarunov" title="Albert Agarunov">Albert Agarunov</a> (1969–1992), Azerbaijani soldier<sup id="cite_ref-stmegi.com_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmegi.com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Agarunov" title="Yakov Agarunov">Yakov Agarunov</a> (1907–1992), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> poet and playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Anisimov" title="Ilya Anisimov">Ilya Anisimov</a> (1862–1928), <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> ethnographer, ethnologist and engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrix" title="Astrix">Astrix</a>, producer of <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniil_Atnilov" title="Daniil Atnilov">Daniil Atnilov</a> (1913–1968), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyulboor_Davydova" title="Gyulboor Davydova">Gyulboor Davydova</a> (1892–1983), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> winegrower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizgil_Avshalumov" title="Hizgil Avshalumov">Hizgil Avshalumov</a> (1913–2001), novelist, poet and playwright<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishi_Bakhshiev" title="Mishi Bakhshiev">Mishi Bakhshiev</a> (1910–1972), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> writer and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuvakh_Dadashev" title="Manuvakh Dadashev">Manuvakh Dadashev</a> (1913–1943), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borisovich_Gavrilov" title="Mikhail Borisovich Gavrilov">Mikhail Gavrilov</a> (1926–2014), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> writer and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarit_Hadad" title="Sarit Hadad">Sarit Hadad</a>, Israeli singer<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarakh_Iliev" title="Zarakh Iliev">Zarakh Iliev</a> (born 1966) Russian businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Ilizarov" title="Gavriil Ilizarov">Gavril Abramovich Ilizarov</a> (1921–1992), Soviet physician (Mountain Jewish father, Ashkenazi Jewish mother)<sup id="cite_ref-stmegi.com_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmegi.com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telman_Ismailov" title="Telman Ismailov">Telman Ismailov</a>, businessman<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankho_Israelov" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankho Israelov">Tankho Israelov</a> (1917–1981), dancer, choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Izgiyayev" title="Sergey Izgiyayev">Sergey Izgiyayev</a> (1922–1972), author, translator, and songwriter<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Musakhanov" title="Tamara Musakhanov">Tamara Musakhanov</a> (1924–2014), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptor</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_studio_potters" title="List of studio potters">ceramist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushail_Mushailov" title="Mushail Mushailov">Mushail Mushailov</a> (1941–2007), Soviet/Russian artist and teacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Nisanov" title="God Nisanov">God Nisanov</a>, Russian businessman<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Zakharyayev" title="German Zakharyayev">German Zakharyayev</a> (born 1971) – businessman, Vice-President of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jewish_Congress" title="Russian Jewish Congress">Russian Jewish Congress</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Simeonovich_Osipov" title="Gennady Simeonovich Osipov">Gennady Simeonovich Osipov</a> (1948–2020), Russian scientist and professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Prigozhin" title="Iosif Prigozhin">Iosif Prigozhin</a>, Russian music producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lior_Refaelov" title="Lior Refaelov">Lior Refaelov</a>, Israeli football player<sup id="cite_ref-stmegi.com_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmegi.com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoya_Semenduyeva" title="Zoya Semenduyeva">Zoya Semenduyeva</a> (1929–2020), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tiviaev" title="Robert Tiviaev">Robert Tiviaev</a>, Israeli politician, former member of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Tsvaygenbaum" title="Israel Tsvaygenbaum">Israel Tsvaygenbaum</a>, Russian-American artist (Ashkenazi Jewish father, Mountain Jewish mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaffa_Yarkoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaffa Yarkoni">Yaffa Yarkoni</a> (1925–2012), Israeli singer, winner of the Israel Prize in 1998 for Hebrew song <sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Yagudaev" title="Anatoly Yagudaev">Anatoly Yagudaev</a> (1935–2014), sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhasmin">Zhasmin</a> (née <i>Sara Manakimova</i>), Russian pop singer (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekutiel_Ravayev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yekutiel Ravayev">Yekutiel Ravayev</a> (1927–1982), Mountain Jewish man who immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Eretz Israel</a> during the Ottoman era.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_Jews_with_Herzl_at_the_1st_Zionist_Congress,_Basel,_Switzerland,_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mountain Jewish delegates with Theodor Herzl at the First Zionist Congress, held in Basel, Switzerland (1897)"><img alt="Mountain Jewish delegates with Theodor Herzl at the First Zionist Congress, held in Basel, Switzerland (1897)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mountain_Jews_with_Herzl_at_the_1st_Zionist_Congress%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland%2C_1897.jpg/120px-Mountain_Jews_with_Herzl_at_the_1st_Zionist_Congress%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland%2C_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mountain_Jews_with_Herzl_at_the_1st_Zionist_Congress%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland%2C_1897.jpg/180px-Mountain_Jews_with_Herzl_at_the_1st_Zionist_Congress%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland%2C_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mountain_Jews_with_Herzl_at_the_1st_Zionist_Congress%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland%2C_1897.jpg/240px-Mountain_Jews_with_Herzl_at_the_1st_Zionist_Congress%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland%2C_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mountain Jewish delegates with <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> at the <a href="/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress" title="First Zionist Congress">First Zionist Congress</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland (1897)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasusian_Jew.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mountain Jew c. 1898"><img alt="Mountain Jew c. 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Caucasusian_Jew.jpg/84px-Caucasusian_Jew.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Caucasusian_Jew.jpg/126px-Caucasusian_Jew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Caucasusian_Jew.jpg/168px-Caucasusian_Jew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mountain Jew <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1898</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mountain Jewish woman from Dagestan. 1870–1880."><img alt="Mountain Jewish woman from Dagestan. 1870–1880." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg/78px-Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg/116px-Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg/155px-Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Mountain Jewish woman from <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>. 1870–1880.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mountain Jewish woman and her children c. 1900"><img alt="Mountain Jewish woman and her children c. 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg/84px-Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg/126px-Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg/168px-Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mountain Jewish woman and her children <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_jews_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mountain Jews of the Caucasus c. 1900"><img alt="Mountain Jews of the Caucasus c. 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mountain_jews_4.jpg/99px-Mountain_jews_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mountain_jews_4.jpg/149px-Mountain_jews_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mountain_jews_4.jpg/198px-Mountain_jews_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="305" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mountain Jews of the Caucasus <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews_in_Israel" title="Mountain Jews in Israel">Mountain Jews in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a>, the primary settlement of Azerbaijan's population of Mountain Jews (3600)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">History of the Jews in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Buynaksk" title="History of the Jews in Buynaksk">History of the Jews in Buynaksk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Derbent" title="History of the Jews in Derbent">History of the Jews in Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Makhachkala" title="History of the Jews in Makhachkala">History of the Jews in Makhachkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Mountain_Jews" title="World Congress of Mountain Jews">World Congress of Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Mountain_Jews" title="Museum of Mountain Jews">Museum of Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Dagestan" title="Judaism in Dagestan">Judaism in Dagestan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as <b>Caucasus Jews</b>, <b>Juhuro,</b> <b>Juvuro,</b> <b>Juhuri,</b> <b>Juwuri</b>, <b>Juhurim,</b> or <b>Kavkazi Jews</b>, (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְהוּדֵי־קַוְקָז</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yehudey Kavkaz</i></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יְהוּדֵי־הֶהָרִים</span>‎ <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yehudey he-Harim</i></span></i>; <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Dağ Yəhudiləri</i>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202110439/http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/mountain_jews.shtml">"The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire"</a>. <i>www.eki.ee</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/mountain_jews.shtml">the original</a> on 2 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eki.ee&rft.atitle=The+Red+Book+of+the+Peoples+of+the+Russian+Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fbooks%2Fredbook%2Fmountain_jews.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGancman" class="citation web cs1">Gancman, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-glimpse-into-azerbaijans-hidden-all-jewish-town/">"A glimpse into Azerbaijan's hidden all-Jewish town"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=A+glimpse+into+Azerbaijan%27s+hidden+all-Jewish+town&rft.aulast=Gancman&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fa-glimpse-into-azerbaijans-hidden-all-jewish-town%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Habib_Borjian" title="Habib Borjian">Habib Borjian</a> and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/19729244/Juhuri_from_the_Caucasus_to_New_York_City">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShragge" class="citation web cs1">Shragge, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamiltonjewishnews.com/features/canadas-mountain-jews">"Canada's Mountain Jews"</a>. <i>Hamilton Jewish News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hamilton+Jewish+News&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Mountain+Jews&rft.aulast=Shragge&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamiltonjewishnews.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcanadas-mountain-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul">"All-Russian population census 2020"</a>. <i>rosstat.gov.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rosstat.gov.ru&rft.atitle=All-Russian+population+census+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fvpn_popul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/integration/gesellschaft/?em_cnt=500305">"In Wien leben rund 220 kaukasische Juden"</a> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Wien+leben+rund+220+kaukasische+Juden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wienerzeitung.at%2Fthemen_channel%2Fintegration%2Fgesellschaft%2F%3Fem_cnt%3D500305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook2006" class="citation book cs1">Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). <i>The Jews of Khazaria</i> (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442203020" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442203020"><bdi>978-1442203020</bdi></a>. <q>The traditional language of the Mountain Jews, is part of the Iranian language family and contains many Hebrew elements. In Juhuri, they call themselves <i>Juhuri</i> (Derbent dialect) or <i>Juwuri</i> (Kuba dialect), <u>and in Russian they are known as <i>Gorskie Yevrey</i></u>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Khazaria&rft.pages=223&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1442203020&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brook_p223-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brook_p223_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brook_p223_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook2006" class="citation book cs1">Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). <i>The Jews of Khazaria</i> (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442203020" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442203020"><bdi>978-1442203020</bdi></a>. <q>The traditional language of the Mountain Jews, Juhuri, is part of the Iranian language family and contains many Hebrew elements. (...) In reality, <u>the Mountain Jews primarily descend from Persian Jews who came to the Caucasus during the fifth and sixth centuries.</u></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Khazaria&rft.pages=223&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1442203020&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/42649/mountain-jews">"Mountain Jews - Tablet Magazine – Jewish News and Politics, Jewish Arts and Culture, Jewish Life and Religion"</a>. <i>Tablet Magazine</i>. 26 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tablet+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mountain+Jews+-+Tablet+Magazine+%E2%80%93+Jewish+News+and+Politics%2C+Jewish+Arts+and+Culture%2C+Jewish+Life+and+Religion&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-news-and-politics%2F42649%2Fmountain-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapira-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shapira_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shapira_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/caucasus-mountain-jews-COM_0005160?s.num=5&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world&s.q=Sasanian">"Caucasus (Mountain Jews)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stillman" title="Norman Stillman">Norman A. Stillman</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World</i>. Brill Online. <q>The Mountain Jews are an Iranian-speaking community that took shape in the eastern and northern Caucasus after the areas in which they lived were annexed by Russia from Qajar Iran in 1812 and 1813.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasus+%28Mountain+Jews%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Dan+D.Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%2Fcaucasus-mountain-jews-COM_0005160%3Fs.num%3D5%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%26s.q%3DSasanian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated17-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated17_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mountain Jews: customs and daily life in the Caucasus<i>, Leʼah Miḳdash-Shema", Liya Mikdash-Shamailov, Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem), UPNE, 2002, page 17</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JR-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JR_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoluboff2012" class="citation book cs1">Goluboff, Sascha (Mar 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R_5lXa9TEEwC&pg=PA125"><i>Jewish Russians: Upheavals in a Moscow Synagogue</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812202038" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812202038"><bdi>978-0812202038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Russians%3A+Upheavals+in+a+Moscow+Synagogue&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2012-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0812202038&rft.aulast=Goluboff&rft.aufirst=Sascha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR_5lXa9TEEwC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mountain Jews: customs and daily life in the Caucasus</i>, Leʼah Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov, Liya Mikdash-Shamailov, Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem), UPNE, 2002, page 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated19-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated19_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mountain Jews: customs and daily life in the Caucasus</i>, Leʼah Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov, Liya Mikdash-Shamailov, Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem), UPNE, 2002, page 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezra#8:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ezra">Ezra 8:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grelot, “Notes d'onomastique sur les textes araméens d'Egypte,” <i>Semitica</i> <b>21</b>, 1971, esp. pp. 101-17, noted by Rüdiger.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosengarten, D (2002). "Y Chromosome Haplotypes among Members of the Caucasus Jewish Communities". Ancient Biomolecules.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017135315/http://www.stmegi.com/Blogs/View/1/5903">"Еврейское поселение Аба-Сава, Блоги на сайте СТМЭГИ"</a>. Stmegi.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmegi.com/Blogs/View/1/5903">the original</a> on 2014-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9C%D0%AD%D0%93%D0%98&rft.pub=Stmegi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmegi.com%2FBlogs%2FView%2F1%2F5903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JaimoukhaTaips-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JaimoukhaTaips_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JaimoukhaTaips_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaimoukha, Amjad. <i>The Chechens: A Handbook</i>. Page 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UsmanovTaips-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UsmanovTaips_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UsmanovTaips_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Usmanov, Lyoma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shamsali.org/taj/chechnat.html#demo">"The Chechen Nation: A Portrait of Ethnical Features"</a>. 9 January 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VainakhTaips-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VainakhTaips_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chechnyafree.ru/old/en/article.php?IBLOCK_ID=364&SECTION_ID=0&ELEMENT_ID=60853">The Vainakh Taips: Yesterday and Today</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807194945/http://www.chechnyafree.ru/old/en/article.php?IBLOCK_ID=364&SECTION_ID=0&ELEMENT_ID=60853">Archived</a> 2017-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 25 January 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-visions.az-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-visions.az_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-visions.az_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visions.az/en/news/483/75eb2f55/">"Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine ::: Islam and Secularism – the Azerbaijani Experience"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C+%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmegi.com%2FNews%2FPost%2F6939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110131646/http://www.istok.ru/library/jewish-education/history/highland/jews_9858.html">"Горские евреи в русской школе - Горские евреи. История, этнография, культура"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istok.ru/library/jewish-education/history/highland/jews_9858.html">the original</a> on 10 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jtimes.ru/juhuro/culture/2847-chudu-gorskie-pirogi">the original</a> on 19 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Times&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83+-+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+-+The+Jewish+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjtimes.ru%2Fjuhuro%2Fculture%2F2847-chudu-gorskie-pirogi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewish-music.huji.ac.il/content/music-mountain-jews">"The Music of the Mountain Jews - Jewish Music Research Centre"</a>. <i>www.jewish-music.huji.ac.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Business+News&rft.atitle=German+Zakharyaev%3A+%22I+overcome+obstacles+and+sadness+in+life+over+praying+to+God%22&rft.date=2015-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishbusinessnews.com%2F2015%2F12%2F24%2Fgerman-zakharyaev-i-overcome-obstacles-and-sadness-in-life-over-praying-to-god%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/MK/APPS/mk/mk-personal-details/819">"Knesset Members - Robert Tiviaev"</a>. <i>www.knesset.gov.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.knesset.gov.il&rft.atitle=Knesset+Members+-+Robert+Tiviaev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmain.knesset.gov.il%2Fen%2FMK%2FAPPS%2Fmk%2Fmk-personal-details%2F819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mkindexbyknesset_eng.asp?knesset=24">"Knesset Members"</a>. <i>www.knesset.gov.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.knesset.gov.il&rft.atitle=Knesset+Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknesset.gov.il%2Fmk%2Feng%2Fmkindexbyknesset_eng.asp%3Fknesset%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/yarkoni-yaffa">"Yaffa Yarkoni - Jewish Women's Archive"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yaffa+Yarkoni+-+Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fyarkoni-yaffa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2446451/">"Zhasmin"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Zhasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm2446451%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.izkor.gov.il/%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%20%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91/en_b14a72b6a0075a4bddf05b63b4112cb2">"Fallen Heros, Yekutiel Ravayev"</a>. <i>www.izkor.gov.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.izkor.gov.il&rft.atitle=Fallen+Heros%2C+Yekutiel+Ravayev.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.izkor.gov.il%2F%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%2520%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%2Fen_b14a72b6a0075a4bddf05b63b4112cb2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/caucasus-mountain-jews-COM_0005160?s.num=5&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world&s.q=Sasanian">"Caucasus (Mountain Jews)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stillman" title="Norman Stillman">Norman A. Stillman</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World</i>. Brill Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasus+%28Mountain+Jews%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Dan+D.Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%2Fcaucasus-mountain-jews-COM_0005160%3Fs.num%3D5%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%26s.q%3DSasanian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901053108/http://www.juhuro.com/">juhuro.com</a>, website created by Vadim Alhasov in 2001. Daily updates reflect the life of Mountain Jewish (juhuro) community around the globe.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newfront.us">newfront.us</a>, <i>New Frontier</i> is a monthly Mountain Jewish newspaper, founded in 2003. International circulation via its web site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keshev-k.com">keshev-k.com</a>, Israeli website of Mountain Jews</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gorskie.ru/">gorskie.ru</a>, Mountain Jews, website in Russian language</li> <li><a href="//www.ethnologue.com/language/jdt/" class="extiw" title="ethnologue:jdt/">"Judæo-Tat"</a>, <i>Ethnologue</i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the Jews in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bangladesh" title="History of the Jews in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Ossetia" title="History of the Jews in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Taiwan" title="History of the Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of the Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Ethnic groups in the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus#Language_families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvals" title="Dvals">Dvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guria#Demographics" title="Guria">Gurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerkhevians" title="Imerkhevians">Imerkhevians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javakhians" title="Javakhians">Javakhians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakhetians" title="Kakhetians">Kakhetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zans" title="Zans">Zans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aguls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_people" title="Bats people">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadz" title="Sadz">Sadz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adygeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkess" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkess">Cherkess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykhs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zoks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Loms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora#Georgia" title="Romani diaspora">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_Ossetians" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti Ossetians">Trialeti Ossetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Armenia" title="Poles in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poles in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Russians" title="Caucasus Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokans" title="Molokans">Molokans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kuban" title="Ukrainians in Kuban">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadaghis" title="Karadaghis">Karadaghis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayat_(tribe)" title="Bayat (tribe)">Bayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">in Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhaz Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountain Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities in Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities in Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Ethnic minorities in Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_Jews_and_Judaism_in_Iran_15px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Iran" title="Template:Jews and Judaism in Iran"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px_Jews_and_Judaism_in_Iran_15px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Persia_and_Iran" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in Persia and Iran"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Jews and Judaism</span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Iran</span></a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_Persian_and_Iranian_history" title="Category:Jewish Persian and Iranian history"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Persia">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_Jews" title="Category:Iranian Jews">Iranian Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian-Jewish_diaspora" title="Category:Iranian-Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_rabbis" title="Category:Iranian rabbis">Rabbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Iranian Jews in Israel">Iranian Jews in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_people_of_Jewish_descent" title="Category:Iranian people of Jewish descent">Iranian people of Jewish descent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountain Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Kurdistan" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in Kurdistan">Jews and Judaism in Kurdistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_Iran" title="Category:Antisemitism in Iran">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Zionism_in_Iran" title="Category:Anti-Zionism in Iran">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Iran_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Iran relations">Israel–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Jewish_Committee" title="Tehran Jewish Committee">Tehran Jewish Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Mountain_Jews" title="World Congress of Mountain Jews">World Congress of Mountain Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Persia_and_Iran" title="Category:Judaism in Persia and Iran">Judaism in Persia and Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judeo-Persian_languages" title="Category:Judeo-Persian languages">Judeo-Persian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Category:Persian Jewish cuisine">Persian Jewish cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_Iran" title="Category:Synagogues in Iran"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Synagogues</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrishami_Synagogue" title="Abrishami Synagogue">Abrishami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danial_Synagogue" title="Danial Synagogue">Danial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettefagh_Synagogue" title="Ettefagh Synagogue">Ettefagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Yaghoub_Synagogue" title="Ezra Yaghoub Synagogue">Ezra Yaghoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Synagogue" title="Haim Synagogue">Haim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasaniha_Synagogue" title="Khorasaniha Synagogue">Khorasaniha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molla_Hanina_Synagogue" title="Molla Hanina Synagogue">Molla Hanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol-e-Choobi_Synagogue" title="Pol-e-Choobi Synagogue">Pol-e-Choobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rah-e_Danesh_Synagogue" title="Rah-e Danesh Synagogue">Rah-e Danesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj_Synagogue" title="Sanandaj Synagogue">Sanandaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusef_Abad_Synagogue" title="Yusef Abad Synagogue">Yusef Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargarian_Synagogue" title="Zargarian Synagogue">Zargarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="(former)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><i>(former)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alliance_School,_Hamadan" title="Alliance School, Hamadan">Hamadan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alliance_School,_Kermanshah" title="Alliance School, Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurosh_School" title="Kurosh School">Kurosh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alliance_School,_Tehran" title="Alliance School, Tehran">Tehran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian Jews"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List of Iranian Jews</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_Iran" title="Category:Synagogues in Iran"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List of synagogues</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&oldid=1260426245">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jews&oldid=1260426245</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_Jews" title="Category:Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li><li><a 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