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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rules subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prohibited_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibited_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prohibited foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibited_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permitted_and_forbidden_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permitted_and_forbidden_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Permitted and forbidden animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permitted_and_forbidden_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_meat_and_milk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_meat_and_milk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Separation of meat and milk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_meat_and_milk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosher_slaughter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosher_slaughter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Kosher slaughter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosher_slaughter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation_of_meats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_of_meats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Preparation of meats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_of_meats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosher_utensils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosher_utensils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Kosher utensils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosher_utensils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passover_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passover_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Passover laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passover_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produce_of_the_Land_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produce_of_the_Land_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Produce of the Land of Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produce_of_the_Land_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Vegetables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pareve_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pareve_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Pareve foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pareve_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannabis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannabis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Cannabis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannabis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tobacco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tobacco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Tobacco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tobacco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetically_modified_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetically_modified_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Genetically modified foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetically_modified_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supervision_and_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supervision_and_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Supervision and marketing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supervision_and_marketing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Supervision and marketing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Supervision_and_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hashgacha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hashgacha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Hashgacha</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hashgacha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product_labeling_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_labeling_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Product labeling standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_labeling_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_kosher_supervision_and_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_kosher_supervision_and_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>History of kosher supervision and marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_kosher_supervision_and_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Legal usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adherence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adherence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Adherence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adherence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differentiations_in_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differentiations_in_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Differentiations in practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differentiations_in_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Linguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosher_salt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosher_salt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Kosher salt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosher_salt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pickles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pickles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Pickles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pickles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strictness_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strictness_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Strictness degrees</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strictness_degrees-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Strictness degrees subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Strictness_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mehadrin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mehadrin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Mehadrin</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mehadrin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Badatz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badatz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Badatz</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badatz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suriname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suriname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Suriname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suriname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Kashrut</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaschrut" title="Kaschrut – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kaschrut" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="كشروت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كشروت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9Frut" title="Kaşrut – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kaşrut" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Кашрут – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кашрут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachrout" title="Kachrout – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kachrout" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixer_(judaisme)" title="Caixer (judaisme) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caixer (judaisme)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kashrut" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1rut" title="Kašrut – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kašrut" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kashrut" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koscher" title="Koscher – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Koscher" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCdische_Speisegesetze" title="Jüdische Speisegesetze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jüdische Speisegesetze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AD%CF%81" title="Κοσέρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοσέρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kashrut" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Dera" title="Koŝera – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koŝera" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaxrut" title="Kaxrut – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaxrut" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="کوشر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacherout" title="Cacherout – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cacherout" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher" title="Kosher – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kosher" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%88%EB%A3%A8%ED%8A%B8" title="카슈루트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카슈루트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Կաշրութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաշրութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1er" title="Košer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Košer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher" title="Kosher – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kosher" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher" title="Kosher – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kosher" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casherut" title="Casherut – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Casherut" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="כשרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כשרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher" title="Kosher – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kosher" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kashrut" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1ruts" title="Kašruts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kašruts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ser" title="Kóser – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kóser" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="كشروت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كشروت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasyrut" title="Kasyrut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kasyrut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasjroet" title="Kasjroet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kasjroet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="カシュルート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カシュルート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koscher" title="Koscher – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koscher" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasjr%C3%BAt" title="Kasjrút – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kasjrút" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kashrut" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszerno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Koszerność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koszerność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashrut" title="Cashrut – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cashrut" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C8%99rut" title="Kașrut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kașrut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Кашрут – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кашрут" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher" title="Kosher – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kosher" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1rut" title="Kašrut – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kašrut" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Кашрут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кашрут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1er" title="Košer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Košer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1er" title="Košer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Košer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher" title="Kosher – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kosher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kashrut" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="கஷ்ருட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கஷ்ருட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95" title="คัชรุต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คัชรุต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Fer" title="Koşer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koşer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Кашрут – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кашрут" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="کشروت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کشروت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kashrut" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amagn%C3%AE_casher" title="Amagnî casher – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Amagnî casher" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="כשרות – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כשרות" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A" title="犹太教饮食规定 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犹太教饮食规定" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Kashrut</i></span></b> (also <b><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashruth</i></span></b> or <b><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrus</i></span></b>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כַּשְׁרוּת</span>‎</span></span>) is a set of <a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">dietary laws</a> dealing with the foods that Jewish people are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>. Food that may be consumed is deemed <b>kosher</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> in English, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">כּשר</span>), from the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a> pronunciation of the term that in <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> is pronounced <i>kashér</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כָּשֵׁר</span>‎), meaning "fit" (in this context: "fit for consumption"). Food that may not be consumed, however, is deemed <b>treif</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span></span> in English, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">טרײף</span>), also spelled <b>treyf</b> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">טריף</span>). In case of objects the opposite of kosher is pasúl (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/u/: 'u' in 'influence'">u</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> in English, Yiddish: פָּסוּל). </p><p>Although the details of the laws of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span> are numerous and complex, they rest on a few basic principles: </p> <ul><li>Only certain types of mammals, birds, and fish, <a href="/wiki/Kosher_animals" title="Kosher animals">meeting specific criteria</a> are kosher; the consumption of the flesh of any animals that do not meet these criteria, such as <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, is forbidden, except for <a href="/wiki/Kosher_locust" title="Kosher locust">locusts</a>, which are the only kosher invertebrate.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The most basic eating rule in the Torah is that blood is not to be consumed; therefore, as a step to being kosher, mammals and birds must be slaughtered according to a process known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">shechita</a></i></span>, in which a certified ritual slaughterer, called a <i>shochet</i>, severs the trachea, esophagus, carotid arteries, and jugular veins in a single, quick cut using an ultra-sharp instrument called a <i>chalaf</i>; doing so causes rapid and massive blood loss.</li> <li>The meat must still go through a process known as <i>koshering</i> or <i>kashering</i> to be considered fit for consumption. The three approved methods are broiling, roasting, and soaking & salting.</li> <li>Meat and meat derivatives <a href="/wiki/Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law" title="Milk and meat in Jewish law">may never be mixed</a> with milk and milk derivatives. Separate equipment for the storage and preparation of meat-based and dairy-based foods must be used.</li></ul> <p>Every food that is considered kosher is also categorized as follows: </p> <ul><li><u>Meat products</u>, (also called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">b'sari</i></span> or <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fleishig" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleishig">fleishig</a></i></span>), are those that contain kosher meat, such as beef, lamb, or venison; kosher poultry, such as chicken, goose, duck, or turkey; or derivatives of meat such as animal gelatin; additionally, non-animal products that were processed on equipment used for meat or meat-derived products must also be considered as meat (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">b'chezkat basar</i></span>).</li> <li><u>Dairy products,</u> (also called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">c'halavi</i></span> or <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Milchig" class="mw-redirect" title="Milchig">milchig</a></i></span>), contain milk or any derivatives such as butter or cheese; additionally, non-dairy products that were processed on equipment used for milk or milk-derived products must also be considered as milk (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">b'chezkat chalav</i></span>).</li> <li><i><u><a href="/wiki/Pareve" title="Pareve">Pareve</a></u></i> (also called <i>parve</i>, <i>parveh; meaning</i> "neutral"), products contain neither meat, milk, nor their respective derivatives; they include foods such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_halal_and_kosher_fish" title="List of halal and kosher fish">kosher fish</a>, eggs from <a href="/wiki/Kosher_animals#Modern_practical_considerations" title="Kosher animals">permitted birds</a>, grains, <a href="/wiki/Produce" title="Produce">produce</a>, and other edible vegetation. They remain pareve if they are not mixed with or processed using equipment that is used for any meat or dairy products.</li></ul> <p>While any produce that grows from the earth, such as fruits, grains, vegetables, and mushrooms, is always permissible, laws regarding the status of certain agricultural produce, especially that grown in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tithes_in_Judaism" title="Tithes in Judaism">tithes</a> and produce of the <a href="/wiki/Shemitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemitta">Sabbatical year</a>, impact their permissibility for consumption. </p><p>Most of the basic laws of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span> are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>'s books of <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>. Their details and practical application, however, are set down in the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a>, (eventually codified in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>), and elaborated on in the later rabbinical literature. Although the Torah does not state the rationale for most <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span> laws, some suggest that they are only tests of obedience,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have suggested philosophical, practical, and hygienic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the past century, many <a href="/wiki/Kosher_certification_agency" title="Kosher certification agency"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span> certification agencies</a> have started to certify products, manufacturers, and restaurants as kosher, usually authorizing the use of a proprietary symbol or certificate, called a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hechsher</i></span>, to be displayed by the food establishment or on the product, which indicates that they are in compliance with the kosher laws. This labeling is also used by some non-Jewish people, examples of which include those whose religions (including <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>) expect adherence to a similar set of dietary laws, people with allergies to dairy foods, and vegans, who use the various kosher designations to determine whether a food contains meat or dairy-derived ingredients. </p><p>The laws of Kashrut are a major area covered in traditional rabbinic ordination; see <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva#Jewish_law" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva § Jewish law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semikhah#Varieties_of_ordination" title="Semikhah">Semikhah § Varieties of ordination</a>. And numerous scholarly and popular works exist on these topics,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering both practice and theory. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanations">Explanations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Explanations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical">Philosophical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a> divides the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a> (or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mitzvot</i></span>) into three groups—laws that have a rational explanation and would probably be enacted by most orderly societies (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mishpatim</i></span>), laws that are understood after being explained, but would not be legislated without the Torah's command (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">eidot</i></span>), and laws that do not have a rational explanation (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chukim</i></span>). </p><p>Some Jewish scholars say that <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span> should be categorized as laws for which there is no particular explanation since the human mind is not always capable of understanding divine intentions. In this line of thinking, the dietary laws were given as a demonstration of God's authority, and man must obey without asking why.<sup id="cite_ref-Is_there_a_reason_why_we_are_required_to_keep_kosher?_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Is_there_a_reason_why_we_are_required_to_keep_kosher?-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> concurs that all the statutes of the Torah are decrees, he is of the view that whenever possible, one should seek out reasons for the Torah's commandments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some theologians have said that the laws of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span> are symbolic in character: kosher animals represent <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a>, while non-kosher animals represent <a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">vices</a>. The 1st-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas" title="Letter of Aristeas">Letter of Aristeas</a> argues that the laws "have been given [...] to awake pious thoughts and to form the character".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view reappears in the work of the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Torah prohibits "cooking the kid (goat, sheep, calf) in its mother's milk". While the Torah does not provide a reason, it has been suggested that the practice was perceived as cruel and insensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a> believes that everyday life is imbued with channels connecting with <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Divinity</a>, the activation of which it sees as helping the <a href="/wiki/Shechinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shechinah">Divine Presence</a> to be drawn into the physical world;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasidism argues that the food laws are related to the way such channels, termed 'sparks of holiness', interact with various animals. These 'sparks of holiness' are released whenever a Jew manipulates any object for a 'holy reason', (which includes eating);<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, not all animal products are capable of releasing their 'sparks of holiness'.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hasidic argument is that animals are imbued with signs that reveal the release of these sparks, and the signs are expressed in the biblical categorization of ritually 'clean' and ritually 'unclean'.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the reason for <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span> is that it is a decree from the Torah, there have been attempts to provide scientific support for the view that Jewish food laws have an incidental health benefit. One of the earliest is that of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a></i>. </p><p>In 1953, <a href="/wiki/David_Macht" title="David Macht">David Macht</a>, an Orthodox Jew and proponent of the theory of biblical scientific foresight, conducted <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxicity</a> experiments on many kinds of animals and fish.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experiment involved <a href="/wiki/Lupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin">lupin</a> seedlings being supplied with extracts from the meat of various animals; Macht reported that in 100% of cases, extracts from ritually 'unclean' meat inhibited the seedling's growth more than that from ritually 'clean' meats.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, these explanations are controversial. Scholar <a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Lester L. Grabbe</a>, writing in the <i>Oxford Bible Commentary</i> on Leviticus, says "[a]n explanation now almost universally rejected is that the laws in this section<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have hygiene as their basis. Although some of the laws of ritual purity roughly correspond to modern ideas of physical cleanliness, many of them have little to do with hygiene. For example, there is no evidence that the 'unclean' animals are intrinsically bad to eat or to be avoided in a Mediterranean climate, as is sometimes asserted."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibited_foods">Prohibited foods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prohibited foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">Kosher foods</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosher_BethDin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kosher_BethDin.jpg/220px-Kosher_BethDin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kosher_BethDin.jpg/330px-Kosher_BethDin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kosher_BethDin.jpg/440px-Kosher_BethDin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3601" data-file-height="2705" /></a><figcaption>Kosher <a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">airline meal</a> approved by <a href="/wiki/The_Johannesburg_Beth_Din" class="mw-redirect" title="The Johannesburg Beth Din">The Johannesburg Beth Din</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The laws of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span> can be classified according to the origin of the prohibition (Biblical or rabbinical) and whether the prohibition concerns the food itself or a mixture of foods.<sup id="cite_ref-Forst_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forst-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biblically prohibited foods include:<sup id="cite_ref-Forst_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forst-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_animals" title="Kosher animals">Non-kosher animals</a><sup id="cite_ref-lev_11_3_8_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lev_11_3_8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—any mammals without certain identifying characteristics (<a href="/wiki/Cloven_hoof" title="Cloven hoof">cloven hooves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">rumination</a>); any birds of prey; any fish without fins or scales (thus excluding <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>, for instance).<div style="line-height: 0.22em;"><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> All <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a> are non-kosher apart from certain types of locust, on which most communities lack a clear tradition. No <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a> are kosher.</li> <li>Carrion (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">nevelah</i></span>)—meat from a kosher animal that has not been slaughtered according to the laws of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">shechita</a></i></span>. This prohibition includes animals that have been slaughtered by non-Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Injured (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Terefah" title="Terefah">terefah</a></i></span>)—an animal with a significant defect or injury, such as a fractured bone or particular types of lung adhesions.</li> <li>Blood (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">dam</i></span>)—the blood of kosher mammals and fowl is removed through salting, with special procedures for the <a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">liver</a>, which is very rich in blood.</li> <li>Particular fats (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chelev" title="Chelev">chelev</a></i></span>)—particular parts of the abdominal fat of cattle, goats and sheep must be removed by a process called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nikkur" title="Nikkur">nikkur</a></i></span>.</li> <li>The twisted nerve (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gid_hanasheh" title="Gid hanasheh">gid hanasheh</a></i></span>)—the <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a>, as according to Genesis 32:32 the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>'s was damaged when he fought with an angel, so may not be eaten and is removed by <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">nikkur</i></span>.</li> <li>A limb of a living animal (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Living_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">ever min ha-chai</a></i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—according to Jewish law, God forbade <a href="/wiki/Noahide_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Noahide laws">Noah and his descendants</a> to consume flesh torn from a live animal. Hence, Jewish law considers this prohibition applicable even to non-Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore, a Jew may not give or sell such meat to a non-Jew.</li> <li>Untithed food (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">tevel</i></span>)—produce of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> requires the removal of certain <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a>, which in ancient times were given to the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">kohanim</a></i></span> (priests), <a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levites</a> and the poor (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heave_offering" class="mw-redirect" title="Heave offering">terumah</a></i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/First_tithe" title="First tithe">maaser rishon</a></i></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Poor_tithe" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor tithe">maasar ani</a></i></span> respectively) or taken to the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City of Jerusalem</a> to be eaten there (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Maaser_sheni" class="mw-redirect" title="Maaser sheni">maaser sheni</a></i></span>).</li> <li>Fruit during the first three years (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Orlah" title="Orlah">orlah</a></i></span>)—according to Leviticus 19:23,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fruit from a tree in the first three years after planting may not be consumed (both in the Land of Israel and the diaspora).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This applies also to the fruit of the vine—grapes, and wine produced from them.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New grain (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chadash" title="Chadash">chadash</a></i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the Bible prohibits newly grown grain (planted after <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> the previous year) until the second day of Passover; there is debate as to whether this law applies to grain grown outside the Land of Israel.</li> <li>Wine of libation (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">yayin nesekh</a></i></span>)—wine that may have been dedicated to idolatrous practices.</li></ul> <p>Biblically prohibited mixtures include:<sup id="cite_ref-Forst_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forst-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mixtures of meat and milk<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law" title="Milk and meat in Jewish law">basar be-chalav</a></i></span>)—this law derives from the broad interpretation of the commandment not to "cook a kid in its mother's milk";<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other non-kosher foods are permitted for non-dietary use (e.g. to be sold to non-Jews), but Jews are forbidden to benefit from mixtures of meat and milk in any way.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Different species of plants grown together (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(prohibition)" title="Kil'ayim (prohibition)">kilayim</a></i></span>)—in the Land of Israel different species of plants are to be grown separately and not in close proximity according to Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:9–11. <ul><li>A specific subdivision of this law is <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kil'ei ha-kerem</i></span>, the prohibition of planting any grain or vegetable near a <a href="/wiki/Grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevine">grapevine</a>; this law applies to Jews throughout the world, and a Jew may not derive benefit from such produce.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Rabbinically prohibited foods include:<sup id="cite_ref-Forst_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forst-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Non-Jewish milk (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Cholov_Yisroel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholov Yisroel">chalav akum</a></i></span>)—milk that may have an admixture of milk from non-kosher animals (see below for current views on this prohibition).</li> <li>Non-Jewish cheese (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">gevinat akum</i></span>)—cheese that may have been produced with non-kosher <a href="/wiki/Rennet" title="Rennet">rennet</a>.</li> <li>Non-Jewish wine (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">stam yeinam</i></span>)—wine that while not produced for idolatrous purposes may otherwise have been poured for such a purpose or alternatively when consumed will lead to intermarriage.</li> <li>Food cooked by a non-Jew (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bishul_Yisrael" title="Bishul Yisrael">bishul akum</a></i></span>)—this law was enacted for concerns of <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism" title="Interfaith marriage in Judaism">intermarriage</a>. (Minor)</li> <li>Non-Jewish bread (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pas_Yisroel" title="Pas Yisroel">pat akum</a></i></span>)—this law was enacted for concerns of intermarriage.</li> <li>Health risk (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">sakanah</i></span>)—certain foods and mixtures are considered a health risk, such as mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and meat.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permitted_and_forbidden_animals">Permitted and forbidden animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Permitted and forbidden animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoof_montage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hoof_montage.jpg/220px-Hoof_montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hoof_montage.jpg/330px-Hoof_montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Hoof_montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cloven_hoof" title="Cloven hoof">Cloven hooves</a> in goats (upper left), pigs (lower left), and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> (lower right). Horse hooves (upper right) are not cloven.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Unclean_animal" title="Unclean animal">Unclean animal</a></div> <p>Only meat from particular species is permissible. Mammals that both chew their cud (<a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminate</a>) and have <a href="/wiki/Cloven_hoof" title="Cloven hoof">cloven hooves</a> can be kosher. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the camel, the <a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">hyrax</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a> because they have no cloven hooves, and the pig because it does not ruminate) are specifically excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-lev_11_3_8_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lev_11_3_8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, a rabbinical ruling determined that <a href="/wiki/Giraffes" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraffes">giraffes</a> and their milk are eligible to be considered kosher. The giraffe has both split hooves and chews its cud, characteristics of animals considered kosher. Findings from 2008 show that giraffe milk curdles, meeting kosher standards. Although kosher, the giraffe is not slaughtered today because the process would be very costly. Giraffes are difficult to restrain, and their use for food could cause the species to become endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-kosher birds are listed outright in the Torah,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the exact zoological references are disputed and some references refer to families of birds (24 are mentioned). The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to four signs provided by the <a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">sages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">dores</i></span> (predatory bird) is not kosher. Additionally, kosher birds possess three physical characteristics: an extra toe in the back (which does not join the other toes in supporting the leg), a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">zefek</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a>), and a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">korkoban</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a>) with a peelable <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a>. However, individual Jews are barred from merely applying these regulations alone; an established tradition (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">masorah</i></span>) is necessary to allow birds to be consumed, even if it can be substantiated that they meet all four criteria. The only exception to this is the turkey. There was a time when certain authorities considered the signs sufficient, so Jews started eating this bird without a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">masorah</i></span> because it possesses all the signs (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">simanim</i></span>) in Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish must have fins and scales to be kosher.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and other non-fish water <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> are not kosher.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Kosher_fish_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher fish list">kosher species of fish</a>.) Insects are not kosher, except for certain species of <a href="/wiki/Kosher_locust" title="Kosher locust">kosher locust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any animal that eats other animals, whether they kill their food or eat <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is generally not kosher, as well as any animal that has been partially eaten by other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class </th> <th>Forbidden kinds </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mammals </td> <td>Carnivores; animals that do not chew the cud (e.g., the pig); animals that do not have cloven hooves (e.g., the camel, the <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a>, the horse and the <a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">hyrax</a>); bats </td></tr> <tr> <td>Birds </td> <td>Birds of prey; scavengers </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reptiles and amphibians </td> <td>All </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water animals </td> <td>All non-fish. Among fish, all those that do not have both fins and scales </td></tr> <tr> <td>Insects </td> <td>All, except particular types of locust or grasshopper that, according to most, cannot be identified today </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_meat_and_milk">Separation of meat and milk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Separation of meat and milk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law" title="Milk and meat in Jewish law">Milk and meat in Jewish law</a></div> <p>Meat and milk (or derivatives) may not be mixed<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the sense that meat and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> are not served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together. </p><p>Observant Jews have separate sets of dishes, and sometimes different kitchens, for meat and milk, and wait anywhere between one and six hours after eating meat before consuming milk products.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">milchig</i></span> and <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">fleishig</i></span> (literally "milky" and "meaty") utensils and dishes are the commonly referred-to Yiddish delineations between dairy and meat ones, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Shulchan Aruch, a six-hour waiting period is recommended between consuming meat and dairy. During this time, it is generally advised to abstain from brushing and rinsing the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shelomo_Dov_Goitein" title="Shelomo Dov Goitein">Shelomo Dov Goitein</a> writes, "the dichotomy of the kitchen into a meat and a milk section, so basic in an observant Jewish household, is [...] never mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Geniza</a>." Goitein believed that in the early Middle Ages Jewish families kept only one set of cutlery and cooking ware.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/David_C._Kraemer" title="David C. Kraemer">David C. Kraemer</a>, the practice of keeping separate sets of dishes developed only in the late 14th and 15th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible observant Jews before then waited overnight for the meat or dairy gravy absorbed in a pot's walls to become insignificant ([[[:he:נותן טעם לפגם#נותן טעם לפגם בכלים|lifgam]]] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 7) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span>) before using the pot for the other foodstuff (meat or dairy).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosher_slaughter">Kosher slaughter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kosher slaughter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">Shechita</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Schect.jpg/220px-Schect.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Schect.jpg/330px-Schect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Schect.jpg/440px-Schect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>A 15th-century depiction of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">shechita</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Mammals and fowl must be slaughtered by a trained individual (a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shochet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochet">shochet</a></i></span>) using a special method of slaughter, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">shechita</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shechita</i></span> slaughter severs the <a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery" title="Carotid artery">carotid artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a> in a single continuous cutting movement with an <a href="/wiki/Shechita#The_knife" title="Shechita">unserrated, sharp knife</a>. Failure to meet any of these criteria renders the meat of the animal non-kosher. </p><p>The body of the slaughtered animal must be checked after slaughter to confirm that the animal had no medical condition or defect that would have caused it to die of its own accord within a year, which would make the meat unsuitable.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These conditions (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Terefah" title="Terefah">treifot</a></i></span>) include 70 different categories of injuries, diseases, and abnormalities whose presence renders the animal non-kosher. </p><p>It is forbidden to consume certain parts of the animal, such as certain fats (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chelev" title="Chelev">chelev</a></i></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerves</a> from the legs, the process of <a href="/wiki/Nikkur" title="Nikkur">excision</a> being done by experts before the meat is sold. </p><p>As much blood as possible must be removed<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashering</i></span> process; this is usually done through soaking and salting the meat, but the <a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">liver</a>, as it is rich in blood, is grilled over an open flame.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish (and kosher locusts, for those who follow the traditions permitting them) must be killed before being eaten, but no particular method has been specified in Jewish law.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_ritual_slaughter" title="Legal aspects of ritual slaughter">Legal aspects of ritual slaughter</a> are governed not only by Jewish law but civil law as well. </p><p>Some believe that this ensures the animal dies instantly without <a href="/wiki/Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_hayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tza'ar ba'alei hayyim">unnecessary suffering</a>, but many <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> activists view the process as cruel, claiming that the animal may not lose consciousness immediately, and activists have called for it to be banned.<sup id="cite_ref-theAgeArticle_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theAgeArticle-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparation_of_meats">Preparation of meats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Preparation of meats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When an animal is ritually slaughtered (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shechted</i></span>) the raw meat is traditionally cut, salted, and rinsed, prior to cooking. Salting of raw meat draws out the blood that lodges on the inner surface of the meat. The salting is done with coarse grain salt, commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Kosher_salt" title="Kosher salt">kosher salt</a>, after which the meat is laid over a grating or <a href="/wiki/Colander" title="Colander">colander</a> to allow for drainage, remaining so for the duration of time that it takes to walk one <a href="/wiki/Biblical_mile" title="Biblical mile">biblical mile</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (approximately 18–24 minutes). Afterwards, the residue of salt is rinsed away with water, and the meat cooked. </p><p>Meat that is roasted requires no prior salting, as fire causes a natural purging of blood. </p><p><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Turei Zahav</i></span> ("Taz"), a 17th-century commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulchan Arukh">Shulchan Arukh</a></i>, ruled that the pieces of meat can be "very thick" when salting.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite Jewish">Yemenite Jewish</a> practice, however, follows <a href="/wiki/Saadiah_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadiah Gaon">Saadiah Gaon</a>, who required that the meat not be larger than half a "rotal" (i.e. roughly 216 grams (7.6 oz)) when salting.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the effects of the salt to penetrate. </p><p>Some Orthodox Jewish communities require the additional stricture of submersing raw meat in boiling water prior to cooking it, a practice known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḥaliṭah</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חליטה</span>), "blanching."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was believed to constrict the blood lodged within the meat, to prevent it from oozing out when the meat was eaten. The raw meat is left in the pot of boiling water for as long as it takes for the meat to whiten on its outer layer. </p><p>If someone wanted to use the water for soup after making <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḥaliṭah</i></span> in the same pot, they could simply scoop out the film, froth and scum that surface in the boiling water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥaliṭah</i></span> is not required when roasting meat over a fire, as the fire constricts the blood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosher_utensils">Kosher utensils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kosher utensils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosher_dishes_P7160076.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kosher_dishes_P7160076.JPG/220px-Kosher_dishes_P7160076.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kosher_dishes_P7160076.JPG/330px-Kosher_dishes_P7160076.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kosher_dishes_P7160076.JPG/440px-Kosher_dishes_P7160076.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Kosher dairy dishes from the 19th century in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum,_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Museum, Berlin">Jewish Museum, Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Utensils used for non-kosher foods become non-kosher, and make even otherwise kosher food prepared with them non-kosher. </p><p>Some such utensils, depending on the material they are made from, can be made suitable for preparing kosher food again by immersion in boiling water or by the application of a blowtorch. </p><p>Food prepared in a manner that violates the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></i></span> (Sabbath) may not be eaten; although in certain instances it is permitted after the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shabbat</i></span> is over.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passover_laws">Passover laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Passover laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosher_for_Passover_orange_juice.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kosher_for_Passover_orange_juice.JPG/220px-Kosher_for_Passover_orange_juice.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kosher_for_Passover_orange_juice.JPG/330px-Kosher_for_Passover_orange_juice.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kosher_for_Passover_orange_juice.JPG/440px-Kosher_for_Passover_orange_juice.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>The label on a bottle of <a href="/wiki/Orange_juice" title="Orange juice">orange juice</a> certifying that it is kosher for <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> has stricter dietary rules, the most important of which is the prohibition on eating <a href="/wiki/Leavened_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Leavened bread">leavened bread</a> or derivatives of this, which are known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chametz" title="Chametz">chametz</a></i></span>. This prohibition is derived from Exodus 12:15.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utensils used in preparing and serving <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chametz</i></span> are also forbidden on Passover unless they have been ritually cleansed (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashered</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Observant Jews often keep separate sets of meat and dairy utensils for Passover use only. In addition, some groups follow various eating restrictions on Passover that go beyond the rules of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span>, such as not eating <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kitniyot" title="Kitniyot">kitniyot</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gebrochts" title="Gebrochts">gebrochts</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produce_of_the_Land_of_Israel">Produce of the Land of Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Produce of the Land of Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biblical rules also control the use of agriculture produce, for example, with respect to their tithing, or when it is permitted to eat them or to harvest them, and what must be done to make them suitable for human consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For produce grown in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> a modified version of the biblical <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a> must be applied, including <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Terumat_hamaaser" title="Terumat hamaaser">Terumat HaMaaser</a></i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Maaser_Rishon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maaser Rishon">Maaser Rishon</a></i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Maaser_Sheni" class="mw-redirect" title="Maaser Sheni">Maaser Sheni</a></i></span>, and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Maasar_Ani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasar Ani">Maasar Ani</a></i></span> (untithed produce is called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">tevel</i></span>); the fruit of the first three years of a tree's growth or replanting are forbidden for eating or any other use as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Orlah_prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlah prohibition">orlah</a></i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produce grown in the Land of Israel on the seventh year obtains <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">k'dushat shvi'it</i></span>, and unless managed carefully is forbidden as a violation of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shmita" title="Shmita">Shmita</a></i></span> (Sabbatical Year). </p><p>Some rules of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span> are subject to different rabbinical opinions. For example, many hold that the rule against eating <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yoshon" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoshon">chadash</a></i></span> (new grain) before the 16th of the month <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a> does not apply outside the Land of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetables">Vegetables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vegetables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barley_bug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Barley_bug.jpg/220px-Barley_bug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Barley_bug.jpg/330px-Barley_bug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Barley_bug.jpg/440px-Barley_bug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pupa#Cocoon" title="Pupa">cocoon</a> found among <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barleycorns</a> in a commercially available bag of barley. Foods such as <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> need to be checked to avoid eating insects.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although plants and minerals are nearly always kosher, vegetarian restaurants and producers of vegetarian foods are required to obtain a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hechsher" title="Hechsher">hechsher</a></i></span>, certifying that a rabbinical organization has approved their products as being kosher, because the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hechsher</i></span> usually certifies that certain vegetables have been checked for insect infestation and steps have been taken to ensure that cooked food meets the requirements of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bishul_Yisrael" title="Bishul Yisrael">bishul Yisrael</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a> must be checked for insect infestation. The proper procedure for inspecting and cleaning varies by species, growing conditions, and views of individual rabbis.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pareve_foods">Pareve foods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pareve foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pareve" title="Pareve">Pareve</a></div> <p>A pareve food is one which is neither meat nor dairy. Fish fall into this category, as well as any food that is not animal-derived. <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">Eggs</a> are also considered pareve despite being an animal product.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some processes convert a meat- or dairy-derived product into a pareve one. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rennet" title="Rennet">rennet</a> is sometimes made from stomach linings, yet is acceptable for making kosher cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelatins derived from kosher animal sources (which were ritually slaughtered) are also pareve.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other gelatin-like products from non-animal sources such as <a href="/wiki/Agar_agar" class="mw-redirect" title="Agar agar">agar agar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrageenan" title="Carrageenan">carrageenan</a> are pareve by nature. Fish gelatin, like all kosher fish products, is pareve. </p><p>Jewish law generally requires that bread be kept pareve (i.e., not kneaded with meat or dairy products nor made on meat or dairy equipment).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Kashrut</i></span> has procedures by which equipment can be cleaned of its previous non-kosher or meat/dairy use, but those may be inadequate for vegetarians, those with allergies, or adherents to other religious laws. </p><p>For example, dairy manufacturing equipment can be cleaned well enough that the rabbis grant pareve status to products manufactured with it but someone with a strong allergic sensitivity to dairy products might still react to the dairy residue. This is why some products that are legitimately pareve carry "milk" warnings.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannabis">Cannabis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cannabis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Judaism" title="Cannabis and Judaism">Cannabis and Judaism</a></div> <p>For cannabis grown in Israel, the plants must observe <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shmittah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shmittah">shmittah</a></i></span>, but this does not apply to cannabis from elsewhere. At least one brand of cannabis edibles is certified to follow the laws of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-IfYouEatIt_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IfYouEatIt-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tobacco">Tobacco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tobacco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Jewish_law" title="Smoking in Jewish law">Smoking in Jewish law</a></div> <p>Although it is not a food product, some <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> receives a year-long kosher for Passover certification. This year-long certification means that the tobacco is certified also for <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> where different restrictions may be in place. Tobacco may, for example, come into contact with some <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chametz" title="Chametz">chametz</a></i></span> grains that are strictly forbidden during Passover and the certification is a guarantee that it is free from this type of contamination. </p><p>In Israel, this certification is given by a private <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span> rabbinic group <a href="/wiki/Badatz_Beit_Yosef" title="Badatz Beit Yosef">Beit Yosef</a>, but the Chief Rabbinate has objected to granting of any certification by rabbis because of health risks from tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-tabak_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabak-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetically_modified_foods">Genetically modified foods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Genetically modified foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a>, a whole new type of food has been brought into the world<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and scholars in both academia and Judaic faith have differing viewpoints on whether these new strains of foods are to be considered kosher or not. The first <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_animal" title="Genetically modified animal">genetically modified animal</a> approved by the FDA for human consumption is the <a href="/wiki/AquAdvantage_salmon" title="AquAdvantage salmon">AquAdvantage salmon</a> and, while salmon is normally an acceptably kosher food, this modified organism has a <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> from a non-kosher organism. </p><p>In 2015, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a> released a document regarding genetically modified organisms, stating that modification of gene sequences via the introduction of foreign DNA in order to convey a specific capability in the new organism is allowable, that entirely new species should not be intentionally created, and that the health implications of genetically modified foods must be considered on an individual basis.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some put forth that this intermixing of species is against the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and thus against Jewish Law and non-kosher. Others argue that the one in sixty parts law of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kashrut</i></span> is of significance, and that the foreign gene accounts for less than 1/60 of the animal and thus the modified salmon is kosher.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supervision_and_marketing">Supervision and marketing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Supervision and marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hashgacha"><i>Hashgacha</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hashgacha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain foods must be prepared in whole or in part by Jews. This includes <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">grape wine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> certain cooked foods (<i><a href="/wiki/Bishul_Yisrael" title="Bishul Yisrael">bishul akum</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> (<i>g'vinat akum</i>), and according to some also butter (<i>chem'at akum</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-YD115_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YD115-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dairy products (Hebrew: חלב ישראל <a href="/wiki/Chalav_Yisrael" title="Chalav Yisrael">chalav Yisrael</a> "milk of Israel"),<sup id="cite_ref-YD115_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YD115-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pas_Yisroel" title="Pas Yisroel">Pas Yisroel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Product_labeling_standards">Product labeling standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Product labeling standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OUKosher.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OUKosher.JPG/180px-OUKosher.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OUKosher.JPG/270px-OUKosher.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OUKosher.JPG/360px-OUKosher.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The circled U means a product is certified as kosher by the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a> (OU). "Pareve" means no ingredients are derived from milk or meat.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosher_labels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kosher_labels.jpg/180px-Kosher_labels.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kosher_labels.jpg/270px-Kosher_labels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kosher_labels.jpg/360px-Kosher_labels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>Kosher labels on salt and sugar packages in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hechsher" title="Hechsher">Hechsher</a></div> <p>Although reading the label of food products can identify obviously non-kosher ingredients, some countries allow manufacturers to omit identification of certain ingredients. Such "hidden" ingredients may include <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavorings</a>, among other <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">additives</a>; in some cases, for instance, the use of <i>natural</i> flavorings, these ingredients are more likely to be derived from non-kosher substances.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, certain products, such as fish, have a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Seafood_mislabelling" title="Seafood mislabelling">mislabeling</a>, which may result in a non-kosher fish being sold in a package labeled as a species of kosher fish.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Producers of foods and food additives can contact Jewish religious authorities to have their products certified as <i>kosher</i>: this involves a visit to the manufacturing facilities by an individual rabbi or a committee from a rabbinic organization, who will inspect the production methods and contents and, if everything is sufficiently <i>kosher</i> a certificate would be issued.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OK_kosher_D_symbol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/OK_kosher_D_symbol.jpg/150px-OK_kosher_D_symbol.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/OK_kosher_D_symbol.jpg/225px-OK_kosher_D_symbol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/OK_kosher_D_symbol.jpg/300px-OK_kosher_D_symbol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/OK_Kosher_Certification" title="OK Kosher Certification">OK Kosher Certification</a> (circled K) symbol with a dairy designation on a bag of <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip" title="Chocolate chip">chocolate chips</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Manufacturers sometimes identify the products that have received such certification by adding particular graphical symbols to the label. These symbols are known in Judaism as <i><a href="/wiki/Hechsher" title="Hechsher">hechsherim</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hechshers_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hechshers-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to differences in <i>kashrut</i> standards held by different organizations, the <i>hechsheirim</i> of certain Jewish authorities may at times be considered invalid by other Jewish authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Certification_mark" title="Certification mark">certification marks</a> of the various rabbis and organisations are too numerous to list, but one of the most commonly used in the United States of America is that of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Congregations" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Orthodox Congregations">Union of Orthodox Congregations</a>, who use a <i>U</i> inside a circle ("O-U"), symbolising the initials of <i>Orthodox Union</i>. In Britain, commonly used symbols are the "KLBD" logo of the <a href="/wiki/London_Beth_Din" title="London Beth Din">London Beth Din</a> and the "MK" logo of the Manchester Beth Din.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single <i>K</i> is sometimes used as a symbol for <i>kosher</i>, but since many countries do not allow letters to be <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarked</a> (the method by which other symbols are protected from misuse), it only indicates that the company producing the product claims that it is kosher.<sup id="cite_ref-Kosherfest_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosherfest-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stempel_potwierdzaj%C4%85cy_koszerno%C5%9B%C4%87,_M%C5%BB_44d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stempel_potwierdzaj%C4%85cy_koszerno%C5%9B%C4%87%2C_M%C5%BB_44d.jpg/220px-Stempel_potwierdzaj%C4%85cy_koszerno%C5%9B%C4%87%2C_M%C5%BB_44d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stempel_potwierdzaj%C4%85cy_koszerno%C5%9B%C4%87%2C_M%C5%BB_44d.jpg/330px-Stempel_potwierdzaj%C4%85cy_koszerno%C5%9B%C4%87%2C_M%C5%BB_44d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stempel_potwierdzaj%C4%85cy_koszerno%C5%9B%C4%87%2C_M%C5%BB_44d.jpg/440px-Stempel_potwierdzaj%C4%85cy_koszerno%C5%9B%C4%87%2C_M%C5%BB_44d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3135" /></a><figcaption>Stamp for identifying food as kosher. Collection of Auschwitz Jewish Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the certification symbols are accompanied by additional letters or words to indicate the category of the product, according to Jewish law;<sup id="cite_ref-Kosherfest_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosherfest-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the categorization may conflict with legal classifications, especially in the case of food that Jewish law regards as <i>dairy</i>, but legal classification does not. </p> <ul><li>D—Dairy</li> <li>DE—Dairy equipment</li> <li>M—Meat, including <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a></li> <li><i>Pareve</i>—Food that is neither meat nor dairy</li> <li>Fish</li> <li>P—<a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>-related (<i>P</i> is not used for <i>Pareve</i>)</li></ul> <p>In many cases constant supervision is required because, for various reasons such as changes in manufacturing processes, products that once were kosher may cease to be so. For example, a kosher lubricating oil may be replaced by one containing <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a>, which many rabbinic authorities view as non-kosher. Such changes are often coordinated with the supervising rabbi or supervising organization to ensure that new packaging does not suggest any <i>hechsher</i> or <i>kashrut</i>. In some cases, however, existing stocks of pre-printed labels with the <i>hechsher</i> may continue to be used on the now non-kosher product. An active <a href="/wiki/Grapevine_(gossip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevine (gossip)">grapevine</a> among the Jewish community discusses which products are now questionable, as well as products which have become kosher but whose labels have yet to carry the <i>hechsher</i>. Some newspapers and periodicals also discuss <i>kashrut</i> products.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Products labeled <a href="/wiki/Kosher-style" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher-style">kosher-style</a> are non-kosher products that have characteristics of kosher foods, such as all-beef <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">hot dogs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-zeldes_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeldes-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or are flavored or prepared in a manner consistent with <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> practices, like <a href="/wiki/Dill_pickles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dill pickles">dill pickles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pickle_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pickle-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designation usually refers to <a href="/wiki/Delicatessen" title="Delicatessen">delicatessen</a> items. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_kosher_supervision_and_marketing">History of kosher supervision and marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: History of kosher supervision and marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosher_McDonald%27s,_Abasto_Shopping,_Buenos_Aires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kosher_McDonald%27s%2C_Abasto_Shopping%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg/220px-Kosher_McDonald%27s%2C_Abasto_Shopping%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kosher_McDonald%27s%2C_Abasto_Shopping%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg/330px-Kosher_McDonald%27s%2C_Abasto_Shopping%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kosher_McDonald%27s%2C_Abasto_Shopping%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg/440px-Kosher_McDonald%27s%2C_Abasto_Shopping%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Kosher <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Food producers often look to expand their markets or marketing potential, and offering kosher food has become a way to do that. The uniqueness of kosher food was advertised as early as 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911 <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> became the first company to advertise one of their products, Crisco, as kosher.<sup id="cite_ref-Heinze1992_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinze1992-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next two decades, companies such as <a href="/wiki/Lender%27s_Bagels" title="Lender's Bagels">Lender's Bagels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_House" title="Maxwell House">Maxwell House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manischewitz" title="Manischewitz">Manischewitz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Empire_Kosher" title="Empire Kosher">Empire</a> evolved and gave the kosher market more shelf-space. In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_National" title="Hebrew National">Hebrew National</a> hotdogs launched a "we answer to a higher authority" campaign to appeal to Jews and non-Jews alike. From that point on, "kosher" became a symbol for both quality and value. The kosher market quickly expanded, and with it more opportunities for kosher products. Menachem Lubinsky, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Kosherfest" title="Kosherfest">Kosherfest</a> trade fair, estimates as many as <span class="nowrap">14 million</span> kosher consumers and <span class="nowrap">$40 billion</span> in sales of kosher products in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Kosherfest-history_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosherfest-history-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Forces">Israeli Defense Forces</a> decided to allow female kosher supervisors to work in its kitchens on military bases, and the first women kosher inspectors were certified in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_usage">Legal usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legal usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civil_laws_regarding_Kashrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil laws regarding Kashrut">Civil laws regarding Kashrut</a></div> <p>Advertising standards laws in many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (August 2014)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> jurisdictions prohibit the use of the phrase <i>kosher</i> in a product's labeling unless the producer can show that the product conforms to Jewish dietary laws; however, different jurisdictions often define the legal qualifications for conforming to Jewish dietary laws differently. For example, in some places the law may require that a rabbi certify the <i>kashrut</i> nature, in others the rules of <i>kosher</i> are fully defined in law, and in others still it is sufficient that the manufacturer only believes that the product complies with Jewish dietary regulations. In several cases, laws restricting the use of the term <i>kosher</i> have later been determined to be illegal religious interference.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the cost of certification for mass-produced items is typically minuscule<sup id="cite_ref-Snopes_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snopes-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brunvand_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunvand-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is usually more than offset by the advantages of being certified.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunvand_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunvand-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975 <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> estimated the cost per item for obtaining kosher certification at 6.5 millionths of a cent ($0.000000065) per item for a <a href="/wiki/General_Foods" title="General Foods">General Foods</a> frozen-food item.<sup id="cite_ref-adl_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adl-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2005 report by <a href="/wiki/Burns_%26_McDonnell" title="Burns & McDonnell">Burns & McDonnell</a>, most U.S. national certifying agencies are non-profit, only charging for supervision and on-site work, for which the on-site supervisor "typically makes less per visit than an auto mechanic does per hour". However, re-engineering an existing manufacturing process can be costly.<sup id="cite_ref-B&M_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certification usually leads to increased revenues by opening up additional markets to <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> who keep kosher, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> who keep <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a> who keep the main laws of Kosher Diet, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lactose-intolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactose-intolerant">lactose-intolerant</a> who wish to avoid dairy products (products that are reliably certified as <i>pareve</i> meet this criterion).<sup id="cite_ref-adl_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adl-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ou_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ou-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bw_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levenson2_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levenson2-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a>, one of the largest <i>kashrut</i> organizations in the United States, claims that "when positioned next to a competing non-kosher brand, a kosher product will do better by 20%".<sup id="cite_ref-OU20percent_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OU20percent-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some European Jewish communities, kosher supervision of meat includes a "tax" used to fund Jewish education in the community, which makes kosher meat more expensive than the cost of supervision alone would imply.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adherence">Adherence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Adherence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Jews partially observe <i>kashrut,</i> by abstaining from pork or shellfish or by not drinking milk with meat dishes. Some keep kosher at home but eat in non-kosher restaurants. In 2012, one analysis of the specialty food market in North America estimated that only 15% of kosher consumers were Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kosher meat is regularly consumed by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> when <i><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a></i> is not available.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, and people with allergies to dairy foods often consider the <i>kosher-pareve</i> designation as an assurance that a food contains no animal-derived ingredients, including milk and all of its derivatives.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since <i>kosher-pareve</i> foods may contain honey, eggs, or fish, <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegans</a> cannot rely on the certification.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About a sixth of <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a> or 0.3% of the American population fully keep kosher, and many more of them do not strictly follow all of the rules but still abstain from some prohibited foods, especially pork. The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a>, preaches a health message which expects adherence to the kosher dietary laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Folklore_and_Ethnology_Review_1996_p._122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Folklore_and_Ethnology_Review_1996_p.-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quick_Frozen_Foods_1977_p._123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quick_Frozen_Foods_1977_p.-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surveys conducted in 2013 and 2020 found that 22% of <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a> by religion claimed to keep kosher in their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pork consumption in particular seems to be a bigger taboo than other non-Kosher eating practices among Jews, with 41% claiming to at least abstain from eating pork.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Jews are generally less strict about Kosher laws when compared to <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a>. Nearly three times as many Israeli Jews reported that they commit to keeping kosher in their homes and 84% do not eat pork.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Differentiations_in_practice">Differentiations in practice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Differentiations in practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Kosher style" allows for variation in adherence to kashrut, reflecting different practices within the Jewish community. For some, kosher style implies abstinence from non-kosher animals, like pork and shellfish, and the avoidance of mixing meat and dairy in meals. These individuals may consume meat from animals that are kosher but not necessarily slaughtered according to kashrut standards. </p><p>The notion of "kosher style" serves individuals and communities navigating between strict religious observance and cultural identification with Jewish culinary traditions. Hasia Diner, a professor of American Jewish history at New York University, suggests that "kosher-style" represents a balancing act between tradition and assimilation, providing a sense of Jewish identity through food without strict adherence to kashrut.<sup id="cite_ref-From_Pickles_to_Salmon,_the_Joys_of_Kosher-Style_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From_Pickles_to_Salmon,_the_Joys_of_Kosher-Style-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This flexible practice emerged in the 1920s amongst Jews assimilating into American society, who sought connection to their heritage without fully observing dietary laws. The term is broad and encompasses foods that could be kosher, like chicken noodle soup or pareve meals (neither meat nor dairy), even if they don't meet halakhic standards. Diner points out the term is “oxymoronic,” creating an illusion of kashrut where the true emphasis is on a style of cuisine rather than compliance with religious dietary laws.<sup id="cite_ref-From_Pickles_to_Salmon,_the_Joys_of_Kosher-Style_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From_Pickles_to_Salmon,_the_Joys_of_Kosher-Style-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the meaning of "kosher style" has evolved and expanded, reflecting changes within Jewish communities and broader society. In contemporary practice, "kosher style" is often encountered at social events and gatherings, where meals might exclude certain non-kosher items but not adhere strictly to kashrut. The exact definition may vary between communities and individuals, reflecting diverse interpretations and practices related to Jewish dietary laws. The term also relates to products marketed as "kosher style," prompting some regions to establish legislation to clarify labeling and prevent consumer misunderstanding. For instance, kosher-style pickles might be produced without kosher certification or supervision but are associated with Jewish culinary tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-From_Pickles_to_Salmon,_the_Joys_of_Kosher-Style_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From_Pickles_to_Salmon,_the_Joys_of_Kosher-Style-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Etymology">Etymology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sklep_koszerny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sklep_koszerny.jpg/220px-Sklep_koszerny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sklep_koszerny.jpg/330px-Sklep_koszerny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sklep_koszerny.jpg/440px-Sklep_koszerny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Kosher shop in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, using the Polish spelling of "kosher"</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Ancient Hebrew</a> the word <i>kosher</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">כשר</span>) means <i>be advantageous</i>, <i>proper</i>, <i>suitable</i>, or <i>succeed</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the <a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a> Hebrew and English Lexicon. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> it generally refers to <i>kashrut</i> but it can also sometimes mean "proper". For example, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> uses <i>kosher</i> in the sense of "virtuous" when referring to <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> as a "kosher king"; Darius, a <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> king (reigned 522–486 BCE), fostered the building of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In colloquial <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kosher" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:kosher">kosher</a></i> often means "legitimate", "acceptable", "permissible", "genuine", or "authentic".<sup id="cite_ref-Partridge_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partridge-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phythian_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phythian-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>kosher</i> can also form part of some common product names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kosher_salt">Kosher salt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Kosher salt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes <i>kosher</i> is used as an abbreviation of <i>koshering</i>, meaning the process for making something <i>kosher</i>; for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Kosher_salt" title="Kosher salt">kosher salt</a></i> is a form of salt with irregularly shaped crystals, making it particularly suitable for preparing meat according to the rules of <i>kashrut</i>, because the increased surface area of the crystals absorbs blood more effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case the type of salt refers to kosher style salt. Salt may also be kosher certified salt, or both. Certified kosher salt follows <i>kashrut</i> guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the term "coarse kosher salt" is used to designate salt that is both kosher style and kosher certified.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "fine kosher salt" is sometimes used for salt that is certified kosher but not kosher style.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pickles">Pickles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pickles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kosher</i> can occur as a synonym for <i>Jewish tradition</i>; for example, a <i>kosher dill</i> <a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber" title="Pickled cucumber">pickle</a> is simply a pickle made in the traditional manner of Jewish New York City pickle-makers, using a generous addition of garlic to the brine, and is not necessarily compliant with the traditional Jewish food laws.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strictness_degrees">Strictness degrees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Strictness degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mehadrin"><i>Mehadrin</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mehadrin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mehadrin</i> is a term most commonly used with the meaning of enhanced or stricter kashrut rules.<sup id="cite_ref-mi_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mi-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> is still debated,<sup id="cite_ref-lashon_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lashon-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its initial halachic use related specifically to lighting candles on <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-torah_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torah-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later it became widely used in regard to dietary laws,<sup id="cite_ref-mi_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mi-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ended up loosely covering almost every aspect of Jewish observance<sup id="cite_ref-strap_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strap-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Mehadrin_bus_lines" title="Mehadrin bus lines">mehadrin bus lines</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Badatz"><i>Badatz</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Badatz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Badatz</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_acronym" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew acronym">Hebrew acronym</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Beth_Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Din">Beth Din</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsedek" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsedek">Tsedek</a></i> and is used as a name for organisations which supervise the production of kosher foods. They typically only certify <a href="#''mehadrin''"><i>mehadrin</i></a>-level products, but are not the only agencies specialised in applying enhanced <i>mehadrin</i> rules, since there are non-badatz agencies also doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-mi_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mi-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suriname">Suriname</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Suriname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>treef</b> (<a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a>, derived from <a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Sranan Tongo</a> <i>trefu</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">food taboo</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> certain groups of people have long adhered to belief in treef, especially among people of African descent. The consumption of certain foods is prohibited, in the belief that it could cause major diseases, particularly leprosy.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These prohibitions can vary individually, but it is inextricably related to conditions in the family. A treef is inherited from the father's side, but it can be revealed in a dream, often by a woman. In addition, a woman must take into account special food taboos during pregnancy. There is great importance attached to the treef; if a child observes the treef of his father, and yet experiences a skin condition, this is seen as a strong indication that the child was begotten by the woman with another man. Finally treef also be acquired later in life by wearing certain charms that compel you to abstain from certain foods.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word is derived from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, due to influence of <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> who came to Suriname in the 17th century. This is also the source of Sranan <i>kaseri</i> 'ritually clean, <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the term <i>kosher</i> relates mainly to food, it sometimes occurs in other contexts. Some Orthodox retailers sell <a href="/wiki/Kosher_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher phone">kosher cell phones</a>—stripped-down devices with limited features.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px 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title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu dietary laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic dietary laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal%C4%81l" class="mw-redirect" title="Halāl">Halāl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco-Kashrut" title="Eco-Kashrut">Eco-Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Jewish vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_certification_agency" title="Kosher certification agency">Kosher certification agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_food_preparation" title="Sabbath food preparation">Sabbath food preparation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax" title="Kosher 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/16px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/25px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/33px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21847517">"Eating locusts: The crunchy, kosher snack taking Israel by swarm"</a> (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, <i><a href="/wiki/Guide_for_the_Perplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide for the Perplexed">Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> (ed. M. Friedländer), Part III (chapter 26), New York 1956, p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, <i><a href="/wiki/Guide_for_the_Perplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide for the Perplexed">Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> (ed. M. Friedländer), Part III (chapter 48), New York 1956, p. 371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a>, commentary to Leviticus 11:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sefer_ha-Chinuch" title="Sefer ha-Chinuch">Sefer ha-Chinuch</a>, commandments 73 and 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the example the series by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Pfeuffer" title="Aharon Pfeuffer">Aharon Pfeuffer</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Is_there_a_reason_why_we_are_required_to_keep_kosher?-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Is_there_a_reason_why_we_are_required_to_keep_kosher?_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/is-there-a-reason-why-we-are-required-to-keep-kosher/">"Is there a reason why we are required to keep kosher?"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+reason+why+we+are+required+to+keep+kosher%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fis-there-a-reason-why-we-are-required-to-keep-kosher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">Korbanot</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Temurah_(Halacha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temurah (Halacha)">Temurah</a> 4:13 (in eds. Frankel; "Rambam L'Am")</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Letter of Aristeas</i>, 145–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Dietary Laws". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Judaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Judaica">Encyclopedia Judaica</a></i>. Jerusalem: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keter_Publishing_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keter Publishing House (page does not exist)">Keter Publishing House</a>. 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dietary+Laws&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Judaica&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Keter+Publishing+House&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb2006" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Roger S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LldeLvqQNsC&pg=PA45"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks Online. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517872-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517872-2"><bdi>978-0-19-517872-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religion+and+Ecology&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Oxford+Handbooks+Online&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517872-2&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LldeLvqQNsC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span> quoting <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_Rabbah" title="Deuteronomy Rabbah">Deuteronomy Rabbah</a> 6:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChill1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Chill" title="Abraham Chill">Chill, Abraham</a> (1974). <i>The mitzvot: the commandments and their rationale</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloch_Publishing_Company" title="Bloch Publishing Company">Bloch Publishing Company</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8197-0376-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8197-0376-7"><bdi>978-0-8197-0376-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mitzvot%3A+the+commandments+and+their+rationale&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Bloch+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8197-0376-7&rft.aulast=Chill&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneersohn" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchak_Schneersohn" title="Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn">Schneersohn, Yosef Yitzchak</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/73827/jewish/The-Chassidic-Masters-on-Food.htm">"The Chassidic Masters on Food and Eating"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chassidic+Masters+on+Food+and+Eating&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft.aulast=Schneersohn&rft.aufirst=Yosef+Yitzchak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F73827%2Fjewish%2FThe-Chassidic-Masters-on-Food.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauber" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yanki_Tauber" title="Yanki Tauber">Tauber, Yanki</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/73850/jewish/Meat.htm">"Meat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tanya+Chapter+8&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft.aulast=Borukhovich&rft.aufirst=Shneur+Zalman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Ftanya%2Ftanya_cdo%2Faid%2F7887%2Fjewish%2FChapter-8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829062317/http://www.rabbifriedman.org/sichaReeh.asp">Re'eh</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived August 29, 2007), rabbifriedman.org (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbifriedman.org/sichaReeh.asp">the original</a> on August 29, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacht1953" class="citation journal cs1">Macht, David I. (September–October 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070630112056/http://members.dslextreme.com/users/hollymick/Macht1953.pdf">"An Experimental Pharmalogical Appreciation of Leviticus XI and Deuteronomy XIV"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the History of Medicine</i>. <b>XXXVII</b> (5): 444–450. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.dslextreme.com/users/hollymick/Macht1953.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=An+Experimental+Pharmalogical+Appreciation+of+Leviticus+XI+and+Deuteronomy+XIV&rft.volume=XXXVII&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=444-450&rft.date=1953-09%2F1953-10&rft.aulast=Macht&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.dslextreme.com%2Fusers%2Fhollymick%2FMacht1953.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacht1953">Macht 1953</a> op. cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#1">Leviticus 11–15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i>, eds. J. Barton and J. Muddiman. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001: 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forst-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forst_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forst_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forst_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forst_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForst1994" class="citation book cs1">Forst, Binyomin (1994). <i>The laws of kashrus: a comprehensive exposition of their underlying concepts and applications</i>. Brooklyn, N.Y: Mesorah Publications. pp. 32–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-103-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-103-0"><bdi>978-0-89906-103-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laws+of+kashrus%3A+a+comprehensive+exposition+of+their+underlying+concepts+and+applications&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+N.Y&rft.pages=32-49&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89906-103-0&rft.aulast=Forst&rft.aufirst=Binyomin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lev_11_3_8-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev_11_3_8_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev_11_3_8_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#3">Leviticus 11:3–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0514.htm#3">Deuteronomy 14:3–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, <i>Hullin</i> 13a (on Mishnah <i>Hullin</i> 1:1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0109.htm#4">Genesis 9:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoron-spalter2008" class="citation book cs1">Doron-spalter, Pinchos (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kPARAQAAIAAJ"><i>Major Concepts of the Talmud: An Encyclopedic Resource Guide, Volume 1</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Targum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Targum Press">Targum Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56871-465-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56871-465-3"><bdi>978-1-56871-465-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Concepts+of+the+Talmud%3A+An+Encyclopedic+Resource+Guide%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Targum+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56871-465-3&rft.aulast=Doron-spalter&rft.aufirst=Pinchos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkPARAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0319.htm#23">Leviticus 19:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattegay,_Lubrich2018" class="citation book cs1">Battegay, Lubrich, Caspar, Naomi (2018). <i>Jewish Switzerland: 50 Objects Tell Their Stories</i>. Basel: Christoph Merian. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783856168476" title="Special:BookSources/9783856168476"><bdi>9783856168476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Switzerland%3A+50+Objects+Tell+Their+Stories&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Christoph+Merian&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783856168476&rft.aulast=Battegay%2C+Lubrich&rft.aufirst=Caspar%2C+Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlech2009" class="citation book cs1">Blech, Zushe Yosef (January 27, 2009). <i>Kosher Food Production</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2093-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2093-4"><bdi>978-0-8138-2093-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosher+Food+Production&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-2093-4&rft.aulast=Blech&rft.aufirst=Zushe+Yosef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#14">Leviticus 23:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#19">Exodus 23:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0234.htm#26">Exodus 34:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0514.htm#21">Deuteronomy 14:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1149824/jewish/Meat-Milk.htm">"Meat & Milk - Parshat Mishpatim"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meat+%26+Milk+-+Parshat+Mishpatim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1149824%2Fjewish%2FMeat-Milk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yoreh_De%27ah" title="Yoreh De'ah">Yoreh De'ah</a></i> 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a comprehensive review of the issue involving the difficulty that neither the hyrax nor the hare are ruminants, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlifkin2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natan_Slifkin" title="Natan Slifkin">Slifkin, Rabbi Nosson</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHsRAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Camel, the Hare & the Hyrax: A Study of the Laws of Animals with One Kosher Sign in Light of Modern Zoology</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Zoo Torah in association with Targum/Feldheim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56871-312-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56871-312-0"><bdi>978-1-56871-312-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camel%2C+the+Hare+%26+the+Hyrax%3A+A+Study+of+the+Laws+of+Animals+with+One+Kosher+Sign+in+Light+of+Modern+Zoology&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Zoo+Torah+in+association+with+Targum%2FFeldheim&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56871-312-0&rft.aulast=Slifkin&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Nosson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHsRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher2008" class="citation news cs1">Butcher, Tim (June 6, 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/2084281/Giraffe-is-kosher-Israeli-vets-have-ruled.html">"Giraffe is kosher, rabbis rule in Israel"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/2084281/Giraffe-is-kosher-Israeli-vets-have-ruled.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Giraffe+is+kosher%2C+rabbis+rule+in+Israel&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael%2F2084281%2FGiraffe-is-kosher-Israeli-vets-have-ruled.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, <i>Yoreh De'ah</i> 82:1–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZivotofsky" class="citation web cs1">Zivotofsky, Ari Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407105109/http://www.kashrut.com-archive.info/articles/giraffe/">"What's the Truth About Giraffe Meat!"</a>. <i>Kashrut.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashrut.com-archive.info/articles/giraffe/">the original</a> on April 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kashrut.com&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Truth+About+Giraffe+Meat%21&rft.aulast=Zivotofsky&rft.aufirst=Ari+Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashrut.com-archive.info%2Farticles%2Fgiraffe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0514.htm#12">Deuteronomy 14:12–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Bavli" title="Bavli">Bavli</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Chullin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chullin">Chullin</a></i> 3:22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZivotofsky" class="citation web cs1">Zivotofsky, Ari Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashrut.com/articles/turk_part2/">"Is Turkey Kosher?, part 2"</a>. <i>Kashrut.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kashrut.com&rft.atitle=Is+Turkey+Kosher%3F%2C+part+2&rft.aulast=Zivotofsky&rft.aufirst=Ari+Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashrut.com%2Farticles%2Fturk_part2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZivotofsky" class="citation web cs1">Zivotofsky, Ari Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashrut.com/articles/turk_part3/">"Is Turkey Kosher?, part 3"</a>. <i>Kashrut.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kashrut.com&rft.atitle=Is+Turkey+Kosher%3F%2C+part+3&rft.aulast=Zivotofsky&rft.aufirst=Ari+Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashrut.com%2Farticles%2Fturk_part3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#9">Leviticus 11:9–12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, <i>Yoreh De'ah</i> 83 and 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, <i>Yoreh De'ah</i> 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#13">Leviticus 11:13–31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0222.htm#30">Exodus 22:30–31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301201928/http://www.koshercertification.org.uk/whatdoe.html">"What Does Kosher Mean? - section 2.4"</a>. <i>koshercertification.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koshercertification.org.uk/whatdoe.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=koshercertification.org.uk&rft.atitle=What+Does+Kosher+Mean%3F+-+section+2.4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koshercertification.org.uk%2Fwhatdoe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, <i>Yoreh De'ah</i> 87 <i>et seq</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/kashrut.html">"Kashrut: Jewish Dietary Laws"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashrut%3A+Jewish+Dietary+Laws&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2Fkashrut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A halachic answer on the topic of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshiv.co.il/en/shelot_vetshuvot/after-eating-meat-can-i-use-dental-floss-and-rinsing-my-mouth-and-eat-milk-with-out-waiting-6-hours/">after eating meat, can I use dental floss, and rinsing my mouth, and eat milk without waiting 6 hours</a> on the website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshiv.co.il/en/home-page1/">"Meshiv Kahlahah"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goitein, Shelomo Dov. <i>A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Vol. IV. p. 252</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22161-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22161-1">978-0-520-22161-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kraemer, David C. (2007). <i>Jewish Eating and Identity Through the Ages</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. 99–121. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47640-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47640-9">978-0-415-47640-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oqimta.org.il/oqimta/5776/adams4.pdf">"The Development of a Waiting Period Between Meat and Dairy: 9th – 14th Centuries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oqimta: Studies in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature. 4: 79-84, note 222</i>. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oqimta%3A+Studies+in+Talmudic+and+Rabbinic+Literature.+4%3A+79-84%2C+note+222&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+a+Waiting+Period+Between+Meat+and+Dairy%3A+9th+%E2%80%93+14th+Centuries&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oqimta.org.il%2Foqimta%2F5776%2Fadams4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0512.htm#21">Deuteronomy 12:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, <i>Yoreh De'ah</i> 1–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0317.htm#10">Leviticus 17:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, <i>Yoreh De'ah</i> 66–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/jl/m/mm/48958906.html">"ABCs of Kosher"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aish_HaTorah" title="Aish HaTorah">Aish HaTorah</a>. 9 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/172409/locusts-go-biblical-but-are-they-kosher/">the original</a> on March 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Daily+Forward&rft.atitle=Locusts+Go+Biblical+%E2%80%93+But+Are+They+Kosher%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.forward.com%2Fforward-thinking%2F172409%2Flocusts-go-biblical-but-are-they-kosher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theAgeArticle-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theAgeArticle_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/sheep-killing-branded-cruel/2007/08/02/1185648061374.html?page=2">"Sheep killing branded cruel"</a>. The Age. 2007-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sheep+killing+branded+cruel&rft.pub=The+Age&rft.date=2007-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fsheep-killing-branded-cruel%2F2007%2F08%2F02%2F1185648061374.html%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2977086.stm">"Halal and Kosher slaughter 'must end'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2003-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Check+for+Insects%3F&rft.pub=Star-K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstar-k.org%2Fcons-insectintro.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ok.org/Content.asp?ID=63">"Meat, Dairy and Pareve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OK_Kosher_Certification" title="OK Kosher Certification">OK Kosher Certification</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meat%2C+Dairy+and+Pareve&rft.pub=OK+Kosher+Certification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ok.org%2FContent.asp%3FID%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The rennet must be kosher, either microbial or from special productions of animal rennet using kosher calf stomachs." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oukosher.org/index.php/articles/single/2828/">Oukosher.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306151416/http://oukosher.org/index.php/articles/single/2828/">Archived</a> 2012-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved August 10, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oukosher.org/blog/industrial-kosher/the-fascinating-story-of-kosher-gelatin-or-how-a-product-from-beef-can-be-used-in-dairy-delicacies">"Kosher Gelatin:How a Product from Beef Can be Used in Dairy Delicacies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OU_Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="OU Kosher">OU Kosher</a>. 2009-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosher+Gelatin%3AHow+a+Product+from+Beef+Can+be+Used+in+Dairy+Delicacies&rft.pub=OU+Kosher&rft.date=2009-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foukosher.org%2Fblog%2Findustrial-kosher%2Fthe-fascinating-story-of-kosher-gelatin-or-how-a-product-from-beef-can-be-used-in-dairy-delicacies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kashrut.com/articles/bread/">"Bread"</a>. <i>www.kashrut.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kashrut.com&rft.atitle=Bread&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashrut.com%2Farticles%2Fbread%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star-k.org/kashrus/kk-KosherConsumerMisconsumptions.htm">"Kosher Consumer Misconsumptions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star-K" title="Star-K">Star-K</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosher+Consumer+Misconsumptions&rft.pub=Star-K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.star-k.org%2Fkashrus%2Fkk-KosherConsumerMisconsumptions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IfYouEatIt-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IfYouEatIt_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuster2016" class="citation news cs1">Schuster, Ruth (7 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/kosher-washing-medical-marijuana-1.5387374">"Marijuana Is Always Kosher, as Long as You Smoke It"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. Tel Aviv<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Marijuana+Is+Always+Kosher%2C+as+Long+as+You+Smoke+It&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2Fkosher-washing-medical-marijuana-1.5387374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tabak-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tabak_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-get-kosher-cigarettes-for-passover/">"Rabbis fired up over kosher cigarettes for Passover"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a></i>. 2013-03-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Rabbis+fired+up+over+kosher+cigarettes+for+Passover&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fisraelis-get-kosher-cigarettes-for-passover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins, Rabbi David S. 10 November 2015. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/2011-2020/nevins-gmos.pdf">Halakhic Perspectives on Genetically Modified Organisms</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, <i>Yoreh De'ah</i> 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, <i>Yoreh De'ah</i> 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YD115-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YD115_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YD115_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, <i>Yoreh De'ah</i> 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many rely on lenient rulings by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Feinstein" title="Moshe Feinstein">Moshe Feinstein</a> in <i>Teshuvot Igrot Moshe</i>, <i>Yoreh De'ah</i> 1:47 and other 20th century rabbinic authorities who rule that strict government supervision prevents the admixture of non-kosher milk, making supervision unnecessary. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Chaim_Jachter" class="citation web cs1">Rabbi Chaim Jachter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koltorah.org/halachah/chalav-yisrael-rabbi-soloveitchiks-view-by-rabbi-howard-jachter">"Chalav Yisrael – Part I: Rav Soloveitchik's View"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford Chabad Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+foods+are+kosher%3F&rft.pub=Oxford+Chabad+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordchabad.org%2Ftemplates%2Farticlecco_cdo%2Faid%2F307920%2Fjewish%2FKosher-Foods.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2011" class="citation news cs1">Rosenthal, Elizabeth (May 26, 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/27/science/earth/27fish.html">"Tests Reveal Mislabeling of Fish"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/27/science/earth/27fish.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosherfest.com/about-kosher/glossary-of-kosher-terms">the original</a> on February 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Kosher+Terms&rft.pub=Kosherfest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosherfest.com%2Fabout-kosher%2Fglossary-of-kosher-terms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ok.org/Content.asp?ID=116">"Kosher Supervision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OK_Kosher_Certification" title="OK Kosher Certification">OK Kosher Certification</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/07/08/know-your-wiener/">the original</a> on July 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dining+Chicago&rft.atitle=Know+your+wiener%21&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft.aulast=Zeldes&rft.aufirst=Leah+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diningchicago.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F07%2F08%2Fknow-your-wiener%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pickle-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pickle_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeldes2010" class="citation web cs1">Zeldes, Leah A. (July 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130712/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/07/20/chicago-hot-dog-yellow-mustard-neon-green-relish/#pickle">"Origins of neon relish and other Chicago hot dog conundrums"</a>. <i>Dining Chicago</i>. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/07/20/chicago-hot-dog-yellow-mustard-neon-green-relish#pickle">the original</a> on July 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25938-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25938-5"><bdi>978-0-415-25938-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Partridge+Dictionary+of+Slang+and+Unconventional+English%3A+Volume+2%2C+J-Z&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25938-5&rft.au=Eric+Partridge&rft.au=Tom+Dalzell&rft.au=Terry+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmAdUqLrKw4YC%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phythian-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phythian_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.A._Phythian1976" class="citation book cs1">B.A. Phythian (1976). <i>A concise dictionary of English slang and colloquialisms</i>. The Writer, Inc. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87116-099-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87116-099-7"><bdi>978-0-87116-099-7</bdi></a>. <q>Kosher Genuine. Fair. Acceptable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+dictionary+of+English+slang+and+colloquialisms&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=The+Writer%2C+Inc&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87116-099-7&rft.au=B.A.+Phythian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151230171127/http://legacy.mos.org/sln/sem/ksalt.html">"Kosher Salt"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.mos.org/sln/SEM/ksalt.html">the original</a> on 2015-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosher+Salt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.mos.org%2Fsln%2FSEM%2Fksalt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seasalt.com/salt-101/about-salt/kosher-salt-guide">"Kosher Salt Guide"</a>. <i>seasalt.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seasalt.com&rft.atitle=Kosher+Salt+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseasalt.com%2Fsalt-101%2Fabout-salt%2Fkosher-salt-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mortonsalt.com/home-product/morton-coarse-kosher-salt/">"Morton® Coarse Kosher Salt"</a>. Morton Salt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morton%C2%AE+Coarse+Kosher+Salt&rft.pub=Morton+Salt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mortonsalt.com%2Fhome-product%2Fmorton-coarse-kosher-salt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diamondcrystalsalt.com/product/fine-kosher-salt">"Fine Kosher Salt | Diamond Crystal® Salt"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fine+Kosher+Salt+%26%23124%3B+Diamond+Crystal%C2%AE+Salt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diamondcrystalsalt.com%2Fproduct%2Ffine-kosher-salt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowenRalph" class="citation web cs1">Bowen, Dana; Ralph, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyfoodmuseum.org/_pkwhat.htm">"FROM PICKLE DAY EXHIBITS: What is a Pickle?"</a>. New York Food Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Kosher Dills are made the same way, but generous doses of garlic are added to the brine at the end. Just because they're called 'kosher dills' doesn't mean they are produced according to Kosher law - you have to check the label to see if Rabbinical supervision certified that particular brand Kosher.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FROM+PICKLE+DAY+EXHIBITS%3A+What+is+a+Pickle%3F&rft.pub=New+York+Food+Museum&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.au=Ralph%2C+Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyfoodmuseum.org%2F_pkwhat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mi-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mi_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mi_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mi_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/70846/in-israel-what-is-the-difference-between-lmehadrin-and-badatz">"In Israel, what is the difference between l'mehadrin and badatz"</a> at "Mi Yodeya", 7 December 2009. Accessed 23 October 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lashon-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lashon_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.balashon.com/2009/12/mehadrin-and-hadran.html?m=1">"mehadrin and hadran"</a> at "Balashon: Hebrew Language Detective", 7 December 2009. Accessed 23 October 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-torah-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-torah_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torah.org/learning/yomtov-chanukah-5755-vol1no62/">"Chanukah: Mehadrin – An Understanding of the Concept"</a>, by Rabbi Yehudah Prero for Torah.org. Accessed 23 October 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strap-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strap_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.5tjt.com/mehadrin-is-relative">"Mehadrin Is Relative"</a> by Mordechai Schmutter for the "5 Towns Jewish Times", 21 September 2023. Accessed 23 October 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtveld1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lou_Lichtveld" title="Lou Lichtveld">Lichtveld, Lodewijk 'Lou'</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNMYAAAAYAAJ"><i>Cultureel mozaïek van Suriname</i></a>. Walburg Pers. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6011-073-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6011-073-7"><bdi>978-90-6011-073-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultureel+moza%C3%AFek+van+Suriname&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Walburg+Pers&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-90-6011-073-7&rft.aulast=Lichtveld&rft.aufirst=Lodewijk+%27Lou%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNMYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtveld1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lou_Lichtveld" title="Lou Lichtveld">Lichtveld, Lodewijk 'Lou'</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNMYAAAAYAAJ"><i>Cultureel mozaïek van Suriname</i></a>. Walburg Pers. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6011-073-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6011-073-7"><bdi>978-90-6011-073-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultureel+moza%C3%AFek+van+Suriname&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Walburg+Pers&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-90-6011-073-7&rft.aulast=Lichtveld&rft.aufirst=Lodewijk+%27Lou%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNMYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Wexler, Paul</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA475"><i>Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05404-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05404-1"><bdi>978-3-447-05404-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+and+Non-Jewish+Creators+of+%22Jewish%22+Languages%3A+With+Special+Attention+to+Judaized+Arabic%2C+Chinese%2C+German%2C+Greek%2C+Persian%2C+Portuguese%2C+Slavic+%28modern+Hebrew%2FYiddish%29%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Karaite%2C+and+Semitic+Hebrew%2FLadino%3B+a+Collection+of+Reprinted+Articles+from+Across+Four+Decades+with+a+Reassessment&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05404-1&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIc5Kth7aiusC%26pg%3DPA475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-01-26/orthodox-jews-united-kingdom-offer-kosher-certified-cell-phones">"Orthodox Jews in United Kingdom offer 'kosher' certified cell phones"</a>. PRI. January 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Jews+in+United+Kingdom+offer+%27kosher%27+certified+cell+phones&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2012-01-26%2Forthodox-jews-united-kingdom-offer-kosher-certified-cell-phones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoselit2007" class="citation web cs1">Joselit, Jenna Weissman (4 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/10616/kosher-tech/">"Kosher Tech"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>. <q>In much the same way that the designations 'kosher' and 'treyf' are used to refer not only to ritually acceptable foodstuffs but also to socially acceptable or unacceptable forms of behavior, these designations are now being publicly applied to the latest forms of technology as well. Advertisements placed recently in Der Yid and Der Blatt, two of the Satmar community's Yiddish newspapers, made clear in strong and unequivocal language that only certain cell phones were acceptable: those that bore the rabbinic endorsement, the hekhsher, of the Vaad Harabanim Le Inyenei Tikshoret, the Rabbinic Commission on Communications. [...] On the rabbinically approved phone, there's no Internet, no camera, no text-messaging options. A 'kosher cell phone' is one that resembles nothing so much as, well, a phone. What's more, calls are limited to those within the network of other 'kosher cell phone' users who, as it happens, are readily identifiable by the sequencing of their phone numbers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Kosher+Tech&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft.aulast=Joselit&rft.aufirst=Jenna+Weissman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F10616%2Fkosher-tech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_H._DresnerSeymour_SiegelDavid_M._Pollock1982" class="citation book cs1">Samuel H. Dresner; Seymour Siegel; David M. Pollock (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishdietarylaw0000unse"><i>The Jewish Dietary Laws</i></a></span>. United Synagogue Book Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8381-2105-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8381-2105-4"><bdi>978-0-8381-2105-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Dietary+Laws&rft.pub=United+Synagogue+Book+Service&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8381-2105-4&rft.au=Samuel+H.+Dresner&rft.au=Seymour+Siegel&rft.au=David+M.+Pollock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishdietarylaw0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>'s guide to kashrut, published by the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a> & <a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue_of_Conservative_Judaism" title="United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism">United Synagogue</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsidor_Grunfeld1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Grunfeld" title="Isidor Grunfeld">Isidor Grunfeld</a> (1982). <i>The Jewish Dietary Laws: Dietary laws regarding plants and vegetables, with particular reference to the produce of the Holy Land</i>. Soncino Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900689-22-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900689-22-2"><bdi>978-0-900689-22-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Dietary+Laws%3A+Dietary+laws+regarding+plants+and+vegetables%2C+with+particular+reference+to+the+produce+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Soncino+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-900689-22-2&rft.au=Isidor+Grunfeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Klein" title="Isaac Klein">Isaac Klein</a>, <i>A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice</i>, JTSA, 1992, pp. 302–378 (for laws of kashrut in general) & 110–117 (for <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Kraemer" title="David C. Kraemer">David C. Kraemer</a>, <i>Jewish Eating and Identity Throughout the Ages</i>, Routledge, 2008</li> <li>James M. Lebeau, <i>The Jewish Dietary Laws: Sanctify Life</i>, <a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue_of_Conservative_Judaism" title="United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism">United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism</a>, New York, 1983</li> <li>Yacov Lipschutz, <i>Kashruth: A Comprehensive Background and Reference Guide to the Principles of Kashruth</i>. New York: Mesorah Publications Ltd, 1989</li> <li>Jordan D. Rosenblum, <i>The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2016.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan_D._Rosenblum2010" class="citation book cs1">Jordan D. Rosenblum (2010-05-17). <i>Food and Identity in Early Rabbinic Judaism</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19598-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19598-0"><bdi>978-0-521-19598-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Identity+in+Early+Rabbinic+Judaism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19598-0&rft.au=Jordan+D.+Rosenblum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashrut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Guy Darshan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/83670204/Pork_Consumption_as_an_Identity_Marker_in_Ancient_Israel_The_Textual_Evidence_JSJ_53_4_5_2022_">"Pork Consumption as an Identity Marker in Ancient Israel: The Textual Evidence,"</a> Journal for the Study of Judaism 53,4-5 (2022)</li> <li>Yasir Qadhi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimmatters.org/2012/06/22/is-kosher-meat-%E1%B8%A5alal-a-comparison-of-the-halakhic-and-shar%CA%BFi-requirements-for-animal-slaughter/">"Is Kosher Meat Halal? A Comparison of the Halakhic and Shar’i Requirements for Animal Slaughter"</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashrut&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.kashrut.com/">Kashrut.com</a> (a food scientist's site on kashrut)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kashrut" title="Template talk:Kashrut"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kashrut" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kashrut"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kashrut" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kashrut</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #eeeeee">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law" title="Milk and meat in Jewish law">Milk and meat in Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareve" title="Pareve">Pareve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hechsher" title="Hechsher">Hechsher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashgiach" title="Mashgiach">Mashgiach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitul" title="Bitul">Bitul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(prohibition)" title="Kil'ayim (prohibition)">Kil'ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_by_ingredient" title="Kosher by ingredient">Kosher by ingredient</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #eeeeee">Kosher meat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_animals" title="Kosher animals">Kosher animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">Shechita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Living_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">limb of a live animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreleg,_cheeks_and_maw#"Kosher"_status" title="Foreleg, cheeks and maw">Foreleg, cheeks and maw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_against_slaughtering_an_animal_and_its_offspring_on_the_same_day" title="Prohibition against slaughtering an animal and its offspring on the same day">Prohibition against slaughtering an animal and its offspring on the same day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelev" title="Chelev">Chelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkur" title="Nikkur">Nikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gid_hanasheh" title="Gid hanasheh">Gid hanasheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terefah" title="Terefah">Terefah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_pekuah" title="Ben pekuah">Ben pekuah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">Kosher foods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishul_Yisrael" title="Bishul Yisrael">Bishul Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalav_Yisrael" title="Chalav Yisrael">Chalav Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pas_Yisroel" title="Pas Yisroel">Pas Yisroel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadash" title="Chadash">Chadash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlah" title="Orlah">Orlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_locust" title="Kosher locust">Kosher locust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_halal_and_kosher_fish" title="List of halal and kosher fish">Kosher fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/Kosher_certification_agency" title="Kosher certification agency">Kosher certification agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badatz" title="Badatz">Badatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Rabbinical_Council" title="Chicago Rabbinical Council">Chicago Rabbinical Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthKosher_Kosher_Certification" class="mw-redirect" title="EarthKosher Kosher Certification">EarthKosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_Check" title="Kosher Check">Kosher Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal-K" title="Seal-K">Seal-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashruth_Council_of_Canada" title="Kashruth Council of Canada">Kashruth Council of Canada (COR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_Supervision_of_America" title="Kosher Supervision of America">Kosher Supervision of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Beth_Din" title="London Beth Din">London Beth Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Kosher" title="Montreal Kosher">Montreal Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OK_Kosher_Certification" title="OK Kosher Certification">OK Kosher Certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union_Kosher" title="Orthodox Union Kosher">Orthodox Union Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_California" title="Rabbinical Council of California">Rabbinical Council of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star-K" title="Star-K">Star-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet-K" title="Tablet-K">Tablet-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav_HaYosher" title="Tav HaYosher">Tav HaYosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_K" title="Triangle K">Triangle K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Synagogues" title="Union of Orthodox Synagogues">Union of Orthodox Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_Australia" title="Kosher Australia">Kosher Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #eeeeee">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_laws_regarding_kashrut" title="Civil laws regarding kashrut">Civil laws regarding kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_kashrut" title="Criticism of kashrut">Criticism of kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_airline_meal" title="Kosher airline meal">Kosher airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_restaurant" title="Kosher restaurant">Kosher restaurant</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kosher_restaurants" title="List of kosher restaurants">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_style" title="Kosher style">Kosher style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tourism" title="Kosher tourism">Kosher tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magen_Tzedek" title="Magen Tzedek">Magen Tzedek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_life" title="Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_life" title="Template talk:Jewish life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Jewish life</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and infancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_birthday" title="Hebrew birthday">Hebrew birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Zachar" title="Shalom Zachar">Shalom Zachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit milah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/72px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/108px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/144px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menora.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/64px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/96px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/128px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coming of age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upsherin" title="Upsherin">Upsherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimpel" title="Wimpel">Wimpel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">Ritual washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">Prayers and blessings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Grace after meals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriageable age in Judaism">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Role of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichus" title="Yichus">Yichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Matchmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">Engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Ketubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">Chuppah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheva_Brachot" title="Sheva Brachot">Sheva Brachot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">Mikvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Divorce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religious practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daf_Yomi" title="Daf Yomi">Daf Yomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyum" title="Siyum">Siyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidush" class="mw-redirect" title="Chidush">Chidush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machzor" title="Machzor">Machzor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra Kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)" title="Shiva (Judaism)">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Tehillim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit" title="Yahrzeit">Yahrzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit_candle" title="Yahrzeit candle">Yahrzeit candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor" title="Yizkor">Yizkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_for_the_dead_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics for the dead in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_nutrition_and_healthy_diets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diets" title="Template:Diets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diets" title="Template talk:Diets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_nutrition_and_healthy_diets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Main articles</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">Hunger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_diet" title="Atlantic diet"> Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">Meat analogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vegetarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Ovo-lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Supplement diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_food" title="Therapeutic food">Therapeutic food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-solid diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-calorie_diet" title="Very-low-calorie diet">Very-low-calorie diet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific <br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">Calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_diet" title="Cardiac diet">Cardiac diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic diet">Diabetic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimination_diet" title="Elimination diet">Elimination diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_restriction_diet" title="Fluid restriction diet">Fluid restriction diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free,_casein-free_diet" title="Gluten-free, casein-free diet">Gluten-free and casein-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Intermittent fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_sodium_diet" title="Low sodium diet">Low-sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-FODMAP_diet" title="Low-FODMAP diet">Low-FODMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">Low-carbohydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">Low-fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fiber/low-residue_diet" title="Low-fiber/low-residue diet">Low-fiber/low-residue diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-protein_diet" title="Low-protein diet">Low-protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotrophic_diet" title="Monotrophic diet">Monotrophic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_by_mouth" title="Nothing by mouth">NPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_diet" title="Renal diet">Renal diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_diet" title="Soft diet">Soft diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_carbohydrate_diet" title="Specific carbohydrate diet">Specific carbohydrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_ball_diet" title="Cotton ball diet">Cotton ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIND_diet" title="MIND diet">MIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Time Restricted Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_nutrition_in_the_United_States" title="History of military nutrition in the United States">U.S. military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Diet" title="The Cambridge Diet">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Cleanse" title="Master Cleanse">Master Cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">Junk food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfood" title="Superfood">Superfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_4-Hour_Body" title="The 4-Hour Body">Slow-Carb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diet_food" title="Diet food">Diet food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Nutrition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">Selenocysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Vitamin B<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Vitamin B<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Vitamin B<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Vitamin B<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Vitamin B<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Vitamin B<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_in_biology" title="Iodine in biology">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Nutritional <br />advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_A_Day" title="5 A Day">5 A Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_Council_of_California" title="Dairy Council of California">Dairy Council of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_pyramid_(nutrition)" title="Food pyramid (nutrition)">Food pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_%26_Veggies_%E2%80%93_More_Matters" title="Fruits & Veggies – More Matters">Fruits & Veggies – More Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_eating_pyramid" title="Healthy eating pyramid">Healthy eating pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Diet_Pyramid" title="Latin American Diet Pyramid">Latin American Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Diet_Pyramid" title="Mediterranean Diet Pyramid">Mediterranean Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPlate" title="MyPlate">MyPlate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPyramid" title="MyPyramid">MyPyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diets" title="Category:Diets">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diet">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Diets" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Diets">Cookbook</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal,</a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Categories/Health_and_fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Contents/Categories/Health and fitness">Health and fitness portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191498#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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