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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle of 1592 during the Anglo-Spanish War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Flores (1592)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Spanish_War_(1585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Spanish War (1585)">Anglo–Spanish War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earl_of_Cumberland_and_the_Madre_de_Dios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Earl_of_Cumberland_and_the_Madre_de_Dios.jpg/300px-The_Earl_of_Cumberland_and_the_Madre_de_Dios.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Earl_of_Cumberland_and_the_Madre_de_Dios.jpg/450px-The_Earl_of_Cumberland_and_the_Madre_de_Dios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Earl_of_Cumberland_and_the_Madre_de_Dios.jpg/600px-The_Earl_of_Cumberland_and_the_Madre_de_Dios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="562" /></a></span><br />The battle between the Earl of Cumberland and the <i>Madre de Dios</i> envisaged in a 19th-century English drawing</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>20 May – 13 August 1592</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, off <a href="/wiki/Flores_Island_(Azores)" title="Flores Island (Azores)">Flores Island (Azores)</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&params=39_30_43_N_31_10_55_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°30′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°10′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.51194°N 31.18194°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.51194; -31.18194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> English victory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimões200455–60_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimões200455–60-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Portugal under Philip of Spain</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Furtado_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="André Furtado de Mendonça">André de Mendonça</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Alonso de Bazán">Alonso de Bazán</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Burgh_(officer)" title="John Burgh (officer)">John Burgh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Clifford,_3rd_Earl_of_Cumberland" title="George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland">Earl of Cumberland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Various Spanish & Portuguese ships</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 9 warships<br />7 support ships<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Carrack</a> captured,<br />1 Carrack destroyed,<br />1 <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a> captured<br />3 other ships captured or burned<br />1,000 killed, wounded or captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 120 killed or wounded<br />3 ships sunk in storm<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Unknown to disease</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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(1585–1604)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Caribbean and South America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)" title="Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)">San Juan de Ulúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_expedition_of_1572%E2%80%931573" title="Francis Drake's expedition of 1572–1573">Drake's 1572-73 expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation" title="Francis Drake's circumnavigation">Drake's circumnavigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="Battle of São Vicente">São Vicente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)" title="Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1586)" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine" title="Raid on St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish%27s_circumnavigation" title="Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation">Cavendish's circumnavigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts%27_West_Indies_and_Virginia_expedition" title="Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition">Spanish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Western_Cuba" title="Blockade of Western Cuba">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport%27s_1592_expedition" title="Newport's 1592 expedition">Hispaniola <b>·</b> Bay of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Puerto_Caballos_(1594)" title="Raid on Puerto Caballos (1594)">1st Puerto Caballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_San_Mateo_Bay" title="Action of San Mateo Bay">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_expedition" title="Raleigh's El Dorado expedition">Trinidad <b>·</b> Orinoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston%E2%80%93Somers_expedition" title="Preston–Somers expedition">La Guaira <b>·</b> Caracas <b>·</b> Coro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">1st San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama" title="Drake's Assault on Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinos" title="Battle of Pinos">Pinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">2nd San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Tabasco_(1599)" title="Raid on Tabasco (1599)">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Portobello_(1601)" title="Capture of Portobello (1601)">Portobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_Caballos_(1603)" title="Battle of Puerto Caballos (1603)">2nd Puerto Caballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Santiago_de_Cuba_(1603)" title="Raid on Santiago de Cuba (1603)">Santiago de Cuba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Atlantic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Franca_do_Campo" title="Battle of Vila Franca do Campo">Vila Franca do Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Azores" title="Conquest of the Azores">Terceira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition_(1585)" title="Newfoundland expedition (1585)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Bermuda_(1585)" title="Action off Bermuda (1585)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Santiago_(1585)" title="Capture of Santiago (1585)">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portudal%E2%80%93Joal_Massacre" title="Portudal–Joal Massacre">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_Voyage_of_1589" title="Azores Voyage of 1589">1st Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1591)" title="Battle of Flores (1591)">1st Flores</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Faial" title="Action of Faial">Faial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Palmas" title="Battle of Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_Voyage" title="Islands Voyage">2nd Azores</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt_(1574)" title="Battle of the Scheldt (1574)">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pantelleria_(1586)" title="Battle of Pantelleria (1586)">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard" title="Singeing the King of Spain's Beard">1st Cádiz <b>·</b>Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada (1st Calais <b>·</b> Gravelines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada (Corunna <b>·</b> Lisbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayona_Islands_(1590)" title="Battle of Bayona Islands (1590)">Bayona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Gibraltar_(1590)" title="Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1590)">1st Gibraltar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Gibraltar_(1591)" title="Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1591)">2nd Gibraltar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Berlengas_(1591)" title="Battle of the Berlengas (1591)">Berlengas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1591)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591)">Gulf of Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Battle of the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bay_of_Biscay_(1592)" title="Battle of the Bay of Biscay (1592)">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Mount%27s_Bay" title="Raid on Mount's Bay">Mount's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Cawsand" title="Attack on Cawsand">Cawsand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">2nd Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">Cornwall <b>·</b> West Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sesimbra_Bay" title="Battle of Sesimbra Bay">Sesimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Narrow_Seas" title="Battle of the Narrow Seas">Dover Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Cadiz_(1604)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Cadiz (1604)">Gulf of Cádiz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Low Countries and Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Goes" title="Relief of Goes">Goes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Middelburg_(1572%E2%80%931574)" title="Siege of Middelburg (1572–1574)">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haarlem" title="Siege of Haarlem">Haarlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1573)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1573)">1st Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delft_(1573)" title="Battle of Delft (1573)">Delft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Valkenburg_(1574)" title="Capture of Valkenburg (1574)">Valkenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schoonhoven_(1575)" title="Siege of Schoonhoven (1575)">Schoonhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rijmenam_(1578)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rijmenam (1578)">Rijmenam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borgerhout" title="Battle of Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="English Fury at Mechelen">Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)">1st Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kollum" title="Battle of Kollum">Kollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noordhorn" title="Battle of Noordhorn">Noordhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Niezijl" title="Siege of Niezijl">Niezijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lochem_(1582)" title="Siege of Lochem (1582)">Lochem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lier_(1582)" title="Siege of Lier (1582)">Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eindhoven_(1583)" title="Siege of Eindhoven (1583)">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenbergen_(1583)" title="Battle of Steenbergen (1583)">Steenbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aalst_(1584)" title="Capture of Aalst (1584)">Aalst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_IJsseloord" title="Siege of IJsseloord">Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)" title="Siege of Grave (1586)">1st Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1586)" title="Siege of Venlo (1586)">Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Axel" title="Capture of Axel">Axel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1586%E2%80%931590)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590)">1st Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen" title="Battle of Zutphen">1st Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1587)" title="Siege of Sluis (1587)">1st Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)">Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1589)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1589)">2nd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1590)" title="Capture of Breda (1590)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zutphen_(1591)" title="Siege of Zutphen (1591)">2nd Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1591)" title="Siege of Deventer (1591)">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delfzijl" title="Capture of Delfzijl">Delfzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knodsenburg" title="Siege of Knodsenburg">Knodsenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1591)" title="Siege of Hulst (1591)">1st Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)" title="Siege of Nijmegen (1591)">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1592)">2nd Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1592)">1st Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Geertruidenberg_(1593)" title="Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593)">3rd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1593)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1593)">2nd Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)" title="Siege of Groningen (1594)">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1595)" title="Siege of Huy (1595)">Huy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1595)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1595)">1st Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lippe" title="Battle of the Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1596)" title="Siege of Hulst (1596)">2nd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1597)" title="Battle of Turnhout (1597)">Turnhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1597)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1597)">2nd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Meurs_(1597)" title="Siege of Meurs (1597)">Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1597)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1597)">2nd Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_(1597)" title="Siege of Bredevoort (1597)">Bredevoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_(1597)" title="Capture of Enschede (1597)">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ootmarsum" title="Capture of Ootmarsum">Ootmarsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1597)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)">Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1597)" title="Siege of Lingen (1597)">Lingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenckenschans_(1599)" title="Siege of Schenckenschans (1599)">Schenckenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaltbommel" title="Siege of Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rees_(1599)" title="Siege of Rees (1599)">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Andreas_(1600)" title="Siege of San Andreas (1600)">San Andreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort">Nieuwpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1601)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1601)">3rd Rheinberg <b>·</b> 2nd Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch_(1601)" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (1601)">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1602)" title="Siege of Grave (1602)">2nd Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_of_Hoogstraten#Mutiny_&_siege" title="Mutiny of Hoogstraten">Hoogstraten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)" title="Siege of Sluis (1604)">Ardenburg <b>·</b> Oostberg <b>·</b> 2nd Sluis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arques" title="Battle of Arques">Arques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ivry" title="Battle of Ivry">Ivry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1590)" title="Siege of Paris (1590)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Laudran" title="Battle of Château-Laudran">Château-Laudran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591%E2%80%931592)" title="Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec" title="Siege of Caudebec">Caudebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craon" title="Battle of Craon">Craon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaye" title="Battle of Blaye">Blaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Morlaix_(1594)" title="Siege of Morlaix (1594)">Morlaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Crozon" title="Siege of Fort Crozon">Crozon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">2nd Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)" title="Siege of Amiens (1597)">Amiens</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ireland</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carrigafoyle_Castle" title="Siege of Carrigafoyle Castle">Carrigafoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smerwick" title="Siege of Smerwick">Smerwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Irish West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale" title="Siege of Kinsale">Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castlehaven" title="Battle of Castlehaven">Castlehaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Flores (1592)</b>, also known as <b>Cruising Voyage to the Azores of 1592</b>, or the <b>Capture of the Madre de Deus</b> describes a series of naval engagements that took place from 20 May to 19 August 1592, during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585)">Anglo-Spanish War</a>. The battle was part of an expedition by an English fleet initially led by Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, and then by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Burgh_(officer)" title="John Burgh (officer)">John Burgh</a>. The expedition involved the capture of a number of Portuguese and Spanish ships including the large Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Madre_de_Deus" title="Madre de Deus">Madre de Deus</a></i>, after a long naval battle off the island of <a href="/wiki/Flores_Island_(Azores)" title="Flores Island (Azores)">Flores in the Azores</a>. The expedition, particularly the capture of the great carrack, was a financial and military success. The rich cargo aboard the carrack, which at the time equaled nearly half the size of the Kingdom of England's royal annual revenue, was subject to mass theft when it arrived in <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmouth, England">Dartmouth, England</a>, followed by quarrels over the shares of the <a href="/wiki/Prize_(law)" title="Prize (law)">prize</a>. The expedition had formative consequences for the English both financially and on the future of English exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach1994214–15_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELach1994214–15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By virtue of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> that joined the crowns of Portugal and Spain in 1580, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Treaty_of_1373" title="Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373">Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373</a> had fallen in abeyance. As the Anglo–Spanish War was ongoing, Portuguese shipping was a fair target for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. Sir Walter Raleigh, having only just been released from the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, received a <a href="/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)" title="Commission (remuneration)">commission</a> from <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> for an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. He outfitted a sixteen ship <a href="/wiki/Naval_squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval squadron">naval squadron</a> of which two, the <i>Garland</i> and <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Foresight_(1570)" title="English ship Foresight (1570)"><i>Foresight</i></a> belonged to the Queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition">Expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Hilliard_-_George_Clifford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nicholas_Hilliard_-_George_Clifford.jpg/160px-Nicholas_Hilliard_-_George_Clifford.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nicholas_Hilliard_-_George_Clifford.jpg/240px-Nicholas_Hilliard_-_George_Clifford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Nicholas_Hilliard_-_George_Clifford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>George Clifford, seen here in a miniature by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a>, helped to assemble and finance the expedition</figcaption></figure> <p>The expedition was a private venture much like the <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">Drake-Norris expedition</a>, supported by limited assistance and subsidies from the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its objective was to pillage Spanish and Portuguese ships within the Atlantic, off the Spanish coast or within the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and to make a profit from which the Queen's portion would amount to a large sum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raleigh appointed John Burgh as his vice-admiral and was joined in commission with Frobisher, who had knowledge of maritime affairs. <a href="/wiki/George_Clifford,_3rd_Earl_of_Cumberland" title="George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland">George Clifford, the Earl of Cumberland</a>, had the largest <a href="/wiki/Equity_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity stake">stake</a> in the expedition and helped Raleigh to finance and gather the fleet. The majority of the fleet was owned by investors; the ship <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Dainty_(1588)" title="English ship Dainty (1588)"><i>Dainty</i></a> for example was owned by <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a>, but was captained by another, which varies according to sources, Thomas Thompson<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or John Norton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet included notables such as <a href="/wiki/William_Monson_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Monson (Royal Navy officer)">William Monson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crosse_(MP)" title="Robert Crosse (MP)">Robert Crosse</a>, captain of the <i>Foresight</i>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Purchas" title="Samuel Purchas">Samuel Purchas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hawkins" title="Richard Hawkins">Richard Hawkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport" title="Christopher Newport">Christopher Newport</a>, captain of the <i>Golden Dragon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expedition launched from <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth</a>, setting sail on 6 May 1592 after delays due to bad weather. The planned voyage to the West Indies was put on hold as supplies had already been depleted during the delay. Instead the fleet intended to head towards the Azores to intercept a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a> or Portuguese carracks heading homeward from the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>. Initially Raleigh commanded, but on the following day, 7 May, the fleet was overtaken by Frobisher in the <a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_pinnace" title="Full-rigged pinnace">pinnace</a> <i>Disdain</i>. Raleigh was given letters from the Queen ordering his immediate recall to England, and thus Frobisher took command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 May a storm struck just off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Finisterre" title="Cape Finisterre">Cape Finisterre</a>, scattering the majority of the fleet; three small ships were sunk and <i>Garland</i> very nearly <a href="/wiki/Foundered" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundered">foundered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearing <a href="/wiki/Cape_St_Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape St Vincent">Cape St Vincent</a> on the Portuguese coast, the fleet split into two sections as ordered by Raleigh. One, under Burgh, headed to the Azores to lie in wait for Spanish and Portuguese ships. The other, under Frobisher in <i>Garland</i> with Clifford, cruised off Cape St. Vincent with the strategy to pin the Spanish fleet against their own <a href="/wiki/Lee_shore" title="Lee shore">lee coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_engagements">First engagements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First engagements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_-_A_Man,_called_Sir_Martin_Frobisher_Kt_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/British_-_A_Man%2C_called_Sir_Martin_Frobisher_Kt_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/160px-British_-_A_Man%2C_called_Sir_Martin_Frobisher_Kt_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/British_-_A_Man%2C_called_Sir_Martin_Frobisher_Kt_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-British_-_A_Man%2C_called_Sir_Martin_Frobisher_Kt_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/British_-_A_Man%2C_called_Sir_Martin_Frobisher_Kt_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/320px-British_-_A_Man%2C_called_Sir_Martin_Frobisher_Kt_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="3210" /></a><figcaption>Sir Martin Frobisher, assumed to be the subject of this portrait, took command of the fleet when Raleigh was recalled.</figcaption></figure> <p>The fleet sailed further south, and by the end of May encountered the <i>Santa Clara</i>, an armed, 600-ton Spanish <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a>, just off Cape St. Vincent. The English captured the ship after heavy resistance, taking whatever goods the Spanish had failed to retrieve from her burnt-out hull. She was carrying a large amount of ironware valued at £7,000 and was sailing to <a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar de Barrameda</a> where further freight was destined for the West Indies. With the capture, the fleet separated, leaving the prize and goods in the hands of Frobisher and Clifford.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the fleet continued south from the Cape in early June, Burgh in the <i>Roebuck</i> took a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Flyboat" title="Flyboat">flyboat</a> after a long chase that brought him near the Spanish coast. The flyboat's master revealed that a great fleet was prepared at <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar de Barrameda</a>. Having received intelligence that Raleigh was fitted out with a strong force for the West Indies, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> had provided a large fleet to oppose Raleigh and to escort the rich East India carracks to port. Don <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Alonso de Bazán">Alonso de Bazán</a>, brother to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz">Marquis of Santa Cruz</a> and Captain General of the Armada, was to pursue and intercept Raleigh's fleet. As Burgh's men were burning the flyboat, part of the Spanish fleet was spotted, and Burgh, having rejoined his own fleet, soon sailed to the Azores.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews196473_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews196473-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further north off Portugal, Frobisher's position became untenable, although he captured a prize fresh from <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a> laden with <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> heading to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> on 18 June and a few days later captured a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frobisher's group returned to England from Cape St. Vincent having missed Alvaro de Bazán's fleet further south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burgh did not have to wait long: on 25 June his scout ships spotted a large vessel approaching them near <a href="/wiki/Corvo_Island" title="Corvo Island">Corvo Island</a>, the northernmost of the Azores.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Santa_Cruz">Santa Cruz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Santa Cruz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vessel, the 800-ton Portuguese carrack <i>Santa Cruz</i>, was pursued by three of Cumberland's ships. A storm arrived and forced the English away from the lee shore, but <i>Santa Cruz</i> was beached on the coast of Corvo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman200474–75_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman200474–75-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following morning, once the storm had passed, the Portuguese who had disembarked set up entrenchments nearby, taking off the cargo and burning the vessel. Burgh immediately dispatched 100 soldiers who waded ashore and easily dispersed those who guarded the shore; after some resistance the site was captured, and the Portuguese fled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cargo burnt inside the ship although some was salvaged by the English. Prisoners were taken, including the ship's <a href="/wiki/Purser" title="Purser">purser</a> and two foreign gunners. Under threat of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> they confessed that within fifteen days, three other carracks would arrive at the island. The fleet of five carracks had departed from <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and were headed for <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and consisted of the <i>Santa Cruz</i>, <i>Buen Jesus admiral</i>, <i>Madre de Deus</i>, <i>San Bernardo</i>, and <i>San Christophoro</i>. <i>Madre de Deus</i> was the largest of the fleet, a thirty-two gun vessel of 1,600 tons and was one of the Portuguese crown's greatest and one of the largest sailing ships ever built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1986_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the news, the English ships waited and raided the villages on Corvo for supplies. For the month of July the English ships formed a picket line spaced about six miles apart along a north/south axis. From the southern flank near Flores Island, the order of ships was <i>Dainty</i>, <i>Golden Dragon</i>, <i>Roebuck</i>, <i>Tiger</i>, <i>Sampson</i>, <i>Prudence</i>, and <i>Foresight</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> The Spanish fleet, which had been sighted briefly, seemed no longer a threat; Alvaro de Bazan had made a major miscalculation: he disobeyed orders and headed further west, allowing the English to first reach the area of interception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrack_Madre_de_Deus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Carrack_Madre_de_Deus.jpg/300px-Carrack_Madre_de_Deus.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Carrack_Madre_de_Deus.jpg/450px-Carrack_Madre_de_Deus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Carrack_Madre_de_Deus.jpg/600px-Carrack_Madre_de_Deus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Model of the Portuguese carrack <i>Madre de Deus</i>, in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Museum_(Lisbon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Museum (Lisbon)">Maritime Museum (Lisbon)</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madre_de_Deus">Madre de Deus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Madre de Deus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 August <i>Dainty</i> sighted a large ship heading directly towards them and as it drew nearer, its enormous size became apparent. The carrack was far larger than <i>Santa Cruz</i>, fully three times the size of England's biggest ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1986_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Madre de Deus</i> was attacked by the much smaller <i>Dainty</i>. Around midday Newport's <i>Golden Dragon</i>, followed by <i>Roebuck</i> - bigger than <i>Dainty</i>, but only a fraction of the <i>Madre</i>, joined the fray.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were followed at two-hour intervals by <i>Foresight</i> and <i>Prudence</i> in the evening. The <i>Dainty</i> had her foremast shot away and was out of the battle for five hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> </p><p>The English hoped to avoid sinking their opponent and to prevent her from running aground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The damage on <i>Madre de Deus's</i> defences was becoming serious. With her bow rigging all but disabled, Burgh sent <i>Roebuck</i> which then crashed into <i>Madre de Deus</i>, followed by <i>Foresight</i>. Both moved directly under her main guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> The English boarded her in the dark at 10 pm. <i>Golden Dragon</i>, <i>Sampson,</i> and <i>Tiger</i> and the repaired <i>Dainty</i> came up in support. The English took the ship after a bloody hand-to-hand combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews196473_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews196473-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bloody decks of <i>Madre De Deus</i> were strewn with bodies, especially around the helm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2004_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carrack was nearly destroyed when a cabin full of cartridges caught fire, and only quick English action saved the prize. Burgh spared Captain Fernão de Mendonça and the rest of the wounded, sending them ashore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burgh was trying to keep his own <i>Roebuck</i> afloat, as it had sustained damage when it crashed into <i>Madre</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> Only when Burgh came aboard and claimed the prize in the name of the Queen did pillaging stop. Sailors were stripped of "stolen" goods; however, this proved only temporary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The carrack was quickly repaired, heavily guarded by all ships, and the expedition set sail for England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimões200455–60_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimões200455–60-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bazan now closed in on the English but he was too late; for a hundred leagues he pursued the English in vain before returning to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet reached the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in early September without incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/150px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/225px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/300px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption>Sir Walter Raleigh, by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the fleet sailed back to England, Burgh produced an inventory - the report mentions: </p> <blockquote><p>"<i>Gods great favor towards our nation, who by putting this purchase into our hands hath manifestly discovered those secret trades & Indian riches, which hitherto lay strangely hidden, and cunningly concealed from us</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124">: 124 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Among these riches were chests filled with jewels and pearls, gold and silver coins, <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a>, bolts of the highest-quality cloth, fine tapestries, 425 tons of <a href="/wiki/Cubeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubeb">pepper</a>, 45 tons of <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, 35 tons of <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, 3 tons of <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">mace</a> and 3 of <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, 2.5 tons of <a href="/wiki/Styrax_benzoin" title="Styrax benzoin">benjamin</a> (a highly aromatic balsamic resin used for perfumes and medicines), 25 tons of the precious red dye <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a> and 15 tons of <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125–27">: 125–27 </span></sup> An inventory was taken: </p> <blockquote> <p><i>"spices, drugs, silks, calicos, quilts, carpets and colors, &c. The spices were pepper, cloves, maces, nutmegs, cinnamon and greene <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>: the drugs were benjamin, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirabilis_(plant)" title="Mirabilis (plant)">mirabilis</a>, aloes zocotrina,</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Camphor_Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Camphor Laurel">camphire</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">damasks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">taffatas</a>, alto bassos, that is, counterfeit, <a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">cloth of gold</a>, unwrought China silk, sleeved silk, white twisted silk,</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>curled <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">cypresse</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Calico_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (textile)">calicos</a> were book-calicos, calico-launes, broad white calicos, fine starched calicoes, course white calicos, brown broad calicos, brown course calicos. There were also canopies, and course diapertowels, quilts of course <a href="/wiki/Sarcenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcenet">sarcenet</a> and of calico, carpets like those of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turky</a>; whereunto are to be added the pearl, <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">muske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civet" title="Civet">civet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">amber-griece</a>. The rest of the wares were many in number, but less in value; as <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">elephants teeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese porcelain">porcelain vessels of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coco-nuts</a>, hides, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebenwood</a> as black as jet, bested of the same, <a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">cloth of the rind's of trees</a> very strange for the matter, and artificial in workmanship"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598570_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598570-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> There was also a <a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">rutter</a> and a document, printed at <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Macau">Macau</a> in 1590, containing valuable information on the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> trade. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Hakluyt</a> observed that it was "enclosed in a case of sweet <a href="/wiki/Cedar_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar wood">Cedar wood</a>, and lapped up almost an hundredfold in fine Calicut-cloth, as though it had been some incomparable jewel".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth1592.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Elizabeth1592.jpg/150px-Elizabeth1592.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Elizabeth1592.jpg/225px-Elizabeth1592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Elizabeth1592.jpg/300px-Elizabeth1592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Queen Elizabeth I made a 2000% profit from the expedition</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Madre de Deus</i> entered Dartmouth harbor on 7 September, towering over the other ships and the town's small houses as it sailed by. The only vessel guarding the great ship was <i>Roebuck</i>, as the other vessels had slipped off to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth, England">Portsmouth</a> to sell off some of the plunder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing like <i>Madre</i> had ever been seen in England - the <a href="/wiki/Frame_(nautical)" title="Frame (nautical)">frame</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Beakhead" title="Beakhead">beakhead</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a> was 165 feet (50 m) long. The breadth at the broadest <a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">deck</a>, was just over 46 feet (14 m) and her <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a> was 26 feet (7.9 m) at her arrival in Dartmouth. Her several decks; consisted of a main <a href="/wiki/Orlop" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlop">orlop</a>, three main decks, and a <a href="/wiki/Forecastle" title="Forecastle">forecastle</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">spar</a> deck of two floors each. The length of the <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> was 100 feet (30 m), the <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">main-mast</a> was 121 feet (37 m), and its <a href="/wiki/Circumference" title="Circumference">circumference</a> at the partners was just over 10 feet (3.0 m). The <a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">main-yard</a> was 106 feet (32 m) long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_theft">Mass theft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mass theft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Carrack_%27Madre_de_Dios%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Great_Carrack_%27Madre_de_Dios%27.jpg/220px-Great_Carrack_%27Madre_de_Dios%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Great_Carrack_%27Madre_de_Dios%27.jpg/330px-Great_Carrack_%27Madre_de_Dios%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Great_Carrack_%27Madre_de_Dios%27.jpg/440px-Great_Carrack_%27Madre_de_Dios%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>The arrival of the Great Carrack 'Madre de Dios' at Dartmouth Harbour, 18th Sept 1592, 19th century illustration.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Madre de Deus</i> attracted all manner of traders, dealers, cutpurses, and thieves from miles around, from as far as <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and beyond. At seeing this huge vessel, pandemonium broke out amongst the townspeople; they visited the floating castle and sought out drunken sailors in <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">taverns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a>, buying, stealing, pinching, and fighting for the takings. Local fishermen as well ventured aboard, further depleting the cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English law at the time provided that a large share of the loot was owed to the sovereign. When <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth</a> discovered the extent of the theft, she sent Raleigh to reclaim her money and punish the looters. He swore, "If I meet any of them coming up, if it be upon the wildest heath in all the way, I mean to strip them as naked as they were ever born, for Her Majesty has been robbed and that of the most rare things."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Raleigh had restored order, a cargo estimated at half a million <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a> nearly, almost half the wealth of the English treasury at the time and perhaps the second-largest treasure ever after the Ransom of <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a>, had been reduced to £140,000.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, ten freighters were needed to carry the treasure around the coast and up the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> to London. In all the expedition as a whole yielded Elizabeth a 20-fold return on her investment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews196473_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews196473-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Burgh and Clifford however were disappointed in what they were given and they and other investors contested their share. Clifford received nothing, although as special compensation, the queen allotted him a sum in consideration of his money venture.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB00_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB00-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Burgh there was no compensation, and bitter quarrels continued, leading to a fatal <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a> two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB01_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB01-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alonso de Bazan, despite having a greater fleet, failed to intercept any English ship, lost two large carracks and was disgraced by the King of Spain for his negligence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast the English learned that the fleet should not divide itself as had been done before capturing <i>Madre de Deus</i>, making a more effective force. When later ships were brought into the Thames for unloading, the dockers were made to dress in "suits of canvas <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">doublet</a> without pockets" to reduce opportunities for theft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The taste of the riches of the East galvanized English interest in the region. <i>Madre de Deus's</i> rutter from Macau was a forerunner to voyages that would end up establishing the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach1994214–15_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELach1994214–15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1603 the newly formed company itself would end up with a <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">trading factory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bantam_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantam (city)">Bantam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson199145_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson199145-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1591)" title="Battle of Flores (1591)">Battle of Flores (1591)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(ship)" title="Santa Catarina (ship)">Santa Catarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sesimbra_Bay" title="Battle of Sesimbra Bay">Battle of Sesimbra Bay</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicheno2012304–06_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicheno2012">Bicheno 2012</a>, p. 304–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimões200455–60-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimões200455–60_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimões200455–60_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimões2004">Simões 2004</a>, p. 55–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHakluyt1598">Hakluyt 1598</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeallKingsford1912_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeallKingsford1912">Seall & Kingsford 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELach1994214–15-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach1994214–15_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach1994214–15_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLach1994">Lach 1994</a>, p. 214–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScott1911" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William Robert (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKk8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA98"><i>The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720. Volume I., Companies for Foreign Trade, Colonization, Fishing and Mining by</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+and+Finance+of+English%2C+Scottish+and+Irish+Joint-Stock+Companies+to+1720.+Volume+I.%2C+Companies+for+Foreign+Trade%2C+Colonization%2C+Fishing+and+Mining+by&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKk8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett_Boddie1974" class="citation book cs1">Bennett Boddie, John (1974). <i>Colonial Surry</i>. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Surry&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Com&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bennett+Boddie&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1899367–68_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbett1899">Corbett 1899</a>, p. 367–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001395–96_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2001">McDermott 2001</a>, p. 395–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews196473-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews196473_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews196473_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews196473_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1964">Andrews 1964</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeinwand2006_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeinwand2006">Leinwand 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">Westerlies</a> converge near the Azores, where ships coming from both areas would pass.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman200474–75-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman200474–75_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2004">Edelman 2004</a>, p. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1986-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1986_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1986_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1986">Smith 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2004_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2004_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2004">Edelman 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "aloe" of <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Dracaena_cinnabari" title="Dracaena cinnabari">Dracaena cinnabari</a></i>, a source of blood-red dye; the plant that is now known as <i><a href="/wiki/Aloe_succotrina" title="Aloe succotrina">Aloe succotrina</a></i> is limited to the <i><a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">fynbos</a></i> of South Africa and was never an item of commerce.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unwoven silk fibres might be in the sleeve or spun into "twist" that could be woven; stranded silk <a href="/wiki/Embroidery_thread" title="Embroidery thread">embroidery threads</a> were described as sleaved or sleided in the sixteenth century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598570-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1598570_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHakluyt1598">Hakluyt 1598</a>, p. 570.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewes1996" class="citation book cs1">Andrewes, William J. H. (1996). <i>The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium</i>. Harvard University. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780964432901" title="Special:BookSources/9780964432901"><bdi>9780964432901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Longitude%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+Longitude+Symposium&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780964432901&rft.aulast=Andrewes&rft.aufirst=William+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB00-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNB00_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clifford, George"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Clifford,_George">"Clifford, George" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clifford%2C+George&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB01-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNB01_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burgh, John"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Burgh,_John">"Burgh, John" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burgh%2C+John&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson199145-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson199145_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson1991">Olson 1991</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt" class="citation web cs1">Pratt, James Norwood. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teamuse.com/article_001004.html">"John Company and Tea's Arrival in England"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Company+and+Tea%27s+Arrival+in+England&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=James+Norwood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teamuse.com%2Farticle_001004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1964" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Kenneth R (1964). <i>Elizabethan Privateering: English Privateering During the Spanish War, 1585–1603</i>. Cambridge University Press, First Edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04032-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04032-7"><bdi>978-0-521-04032-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabethan+Privateering%3A+English+Privateering+During+the+Spanish+War%2C+1585%E2%80%931603&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+First+Edition&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04032-7&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicheno2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bicheno" title="Hugh Bicheno">Bicheno, Hugh</a> (2012). <i>Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas</i>. Conway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-174-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-174-3"><bdi>978-1-84486-174-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Sea+Dogs%3A+How+England%27s+Mariners+Became+the+Scourge+of+the+Seas&rft.pub=Conway&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84486-174-3&rft.aulast=Bicheno&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2002" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, H. V. (2002). <i>The Worlds of the East India Company</i>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-073-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-073-3"><bdi>978-1-84383-073-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worlds+of+the+East+India+Company&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-073-3&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=H.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Corbett" title="Julian Corbett">Corbett, Sir Julian Stafford</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/draketudornavy02corb"><i>Drake and the Tudor Navy: With a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drake+and+the+Tudor+Navy%3A+With+a+History+of+the+Rise+of+England+as+a+Maritime+Power&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Sir+Julian+Stafford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdraketudornavy02corb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman2004" class="citation book cs1">Edelman, Charles (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yT2YBt-iHgcC&pg=PA74"><i>Shakespeare's Military Language: A Dictionary</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7777-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7777-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-7777-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+Military+Language%3A+A+Dictionary&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-7777-4&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyT2YBt-iHgcC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Edwards_(librarian)" title="Edward Edwards (librarian)">Edward Edwards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FK5CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA59"><i>The life of Sir Walter Ralegh</i></a> (1868), vol. II, p. 59.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2012" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Roger (2012). <i>A General History of Voyages and Travels to the End of the 18th Century</i>. Vol. 7. Ulan Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00A8A44EU">B00A8A44EU</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+History+of+Voyages+and+Travels+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century&rft.pub=Ulan+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00A8A44EU%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakluyt1598" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Hakluyt, Richard</a> (1598). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.03.0070%3Anarrative%3D570"><i>The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation</i></a>. p. 570.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principal+Navigations%2C+Voyages%2C+Traffiques+and+Discoveries+of+the+English+Nation&rft.pages=570&rft.date=1598&rft.aulast=Hakluyt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.03.0070%253Anarrative%253D570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox_Laughton" title="John Knox Laughton">John Knox Laughton</a>: <i>The taking of the Madre de Dios</i>, incluido en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navalmiscellany02laug"><i>The naval miscellany</i></a> (1902), vol. II, page. 87.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLach1994" class="citation book cs1">Lach, Donald F. (1994). <i>Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery. Book 1</i>. University Of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46731-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46731-3"><bdi>978-0-226-46731-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+Century+of+Discovery.+Book+1&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46731-3&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes,_David_Saul1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Landes" title="David Landes">Landes, David Saul</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_and_Poverty_of_Nations:_Why_Some_Are_So_Rich_and_Some_So_Poor" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor"><i>The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31888-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31888-5"><bdi>0-393-31888-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wealth+and+Poverty+of+Nations%3A+Why+Some+Are+So+Rich+and+Some+So+Poor&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-393-31888-5&rft.au=Landes%2C+David+Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinwand2006" class="citation book cs1">Leinwand, Theodore B. (2006). <i>Theatre, Finance and Society in Early Modern England</i>. Cambridge University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03466-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03466-1"><bdi>978-0-521-03466-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre%2C+Finance+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03466-1&rft.aulast=Leinwand&rft.aufirst=Theodore+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2001" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, James (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinfrobishere0000mcde"><i>Martin Frobisher: Elizabethan Privateer Edition</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08380-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08380-4"><bdi>978-0-300-08380-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Frobisher%3A+Elizabethan+Privateer+Edition&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08380-4&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinfrobishere0000mcde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1991" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James S. (1991). <i>Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism</i>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26257-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26257-9"><bdi>978-0-313-26257-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+European+Imperialism&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26257-9&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeallKingsford1912" class="citation journal cs1">Seall, Francis; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lethbridge_Kingsford" title="Charles Lethbridge Kingsford">Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge</a> (1912). "The naval miscellany". <i>The Taking of the Madre de Dios, Anno 1592</i>. <b>XL</b>: 85–121. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16986103">16986103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Taking+of+the+Madre+de+Dios%2C+Anno+1592&rft.atitle=The+naval+miscellany&rft.volume=XL&rft.pages=85-121&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16986103&rft.aulast=Seall&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Kingsford%2C+Charles+Lethbridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimões2004" class="citation book cs1">Simões, Ferdinando Oliveira (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6WM5NAAACAAJ"><i>Carrack of the Route to India "Madre de Deus" 1589–1592</i></a>. Museu de Marinha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carrack+of+the+Route+to+India+%22Madre+de+Deus%22+1589%E2%80%931592&rft.pub=Museu+de+Marinha&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%B5es&rft.aufirst=Ferdinando+Oliveira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6WM5NAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1986" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Roger (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060952/http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss06.html">"Early Modern Ship-types, 1450–1650"</a>. The Newberry Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss06.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Ship-types%2C+1450%E2%80%931650&rft.pub=The+Newberry+Library&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newberry.org%2Fsmith%2Fslidesets%2Fss06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_links">External links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuga2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rogerio_Miguel_Puga" title="Rogerio Miguel Puga">Puga, Rogério Miguel</a> (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36100506">"The Presence of the "Portugals" in Macau and Japan in Richard Hakluyt's <i>Navigations</i>"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies</i>. <b>5</b>: 81–116. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0874-8438">0874-8438</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Redalyc" title="Redalyc">Redalyc</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Portuguese%2FJapanese+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Presence+of+the+%22Portugals%22+in+Macau+and+Japan+in+Richard+Hakluyt%27s+Navigations&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=81-116&rft.date=2002-12&rft.issn=0874-8438&rft.aulast=Puga&rft.aufirst=Rog%C3%A9rio+Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fredalyc.org%2Farticulo.oa%3Fid%3D36100506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flores+%281592%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&oldid=1251277524">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flores_(1592)&oldid=1251277524</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1592_in_England" title="Category:1592 in England">1592 in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1592_in_Europe" title="Category:1592 in Europe">1592 in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1592_in_Portugal" title="Category:1592 in Portugal">1592 in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1592_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:1592 in the British Empire">1592 in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1592_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:1592 in the Spanish Empire">1592 in the Spanish Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_the_Azores" title="Category:Military history of the Azores">Military history of the Azores</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1592" title="Category:Conflicts in 1592">Conflicts in 1592</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_the_Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Category:Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_Cite_DNB_template" title="Category:Articles incorporating Cite DNB template">Articles incorporating Cite DNB template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2017">Use dmy dates from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 October 2024, at 09:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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