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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Spanish landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Siege</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Siege-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Siege subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Kinsale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Kinsale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Battle of Kinsale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Kinsale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_moves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_moves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Initial moves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_moves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_rout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_rout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Irish rout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_rout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_rout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_rout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Spanish rout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_rout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Surrender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Kinsale" title="Batalla de Kinsale – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Kinsale" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Kinsale" title="Bataille de Kinsale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Kinsale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Chionn_tS%C3%A1ile" title="Cath Chionn tSáile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Chionn tSáile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ums%C3%A1tri%C3%B0_um_Kinsale" title="Umsátrið um Kinsale – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Umsátrið um Kinsale" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Kinsale" title="Assedio di Kinsale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Kinsale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C4%99%C5%BCenie_Kinsale" title="Oblężenie Kinsale – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oblężenie Kinsale" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Kinsale" title="Batalha de Kinsale – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Kinsale" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Битва при Кинсейле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Кинсейле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A4gringen_av_Kinsale" title="Belägringen av Kinsale – Swedish" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle in England's conquest of Gaelic Ireland</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Kinsale</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinsale-1601-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kinsale-1601-02.jpg/300px-Kinsale-1601-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kinsale-1601-02.jpg/450px-Kinsale-1601-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kinsale-1601-02.jpg/600px-Kinsale-1601-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="1630" /></a></span><br />Map of the siege of Kinsale, 1602</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>2 October 1601 – 3 January 1602</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Kinsale&params=51.6986_N_8.5122_W_region:IE_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°41′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">8°30′44″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.6986°N 8.5122°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.6986; -8.5122</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> English victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Irish loyalists</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Neill_Clan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/22px-O%27Neill_Clan.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/33px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/44px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of participants in the Nine Years' War">Irish confederacy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devon">Charles Blount</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Carew,_1st_Earl_of_Totnes" title="George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes">George Carew</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Leveson_(admiral)" title="Richard Leveson (admiral)">Richard Leveson</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Donogh_O%27Brien,_4th_Earl_of_Thomond" title="Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond">Donogh O'Brien</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Neill_Clan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/22px-O%27Neill_Clan.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/33px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/44px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_2nd_Earl_of_Tyrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_del_%C3%81guila" title="Juan del Águila">Juan del Águila</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Neill_Clan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/22px-O%27Neill_Clan.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/33px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/44px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Roe_O%27Donnell" title="Hugh Roe O'Donnell">Hugh Roe O'Donnell</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Neill_Clan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/22px-O%27Neill_Clan.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/33px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/44px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tyrrell" title="Richard Tyrrell">Richard Tyrrell</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 11,800 infantry<br />857 cavalry<sup id="cite_ref-Falls_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falls-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Irish alliance</b><br />6,000<br /><b>Spanish</b><br />3,500 <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown casualties<br />many deserted, sick or dead to disease<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Irish alliance</b><br />1,200 killed, wounded or captured (many later executed)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Spanish</b><br />100 killed or wounded<br />3,400 surrendered<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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(Ireland)"><span class="wrap">Nine Years' War</span></a><br />(Ireland)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belleek" title="Battle of Belleek">Belleek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Enniskillen_(1594)" title="Siege of Enniskillen (1594)">Enniskillen </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ford_of_the_Biscuits" title="Battle of the Ford of the Biscuits">Ford of the Biscuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_on_the_Blackwater_Fort" title="Assault on the Blackwater Fort">Blackwater Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontibret" title="Battle of Clontibret">Clontibret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_gunpowder_explosion" title="Dublin gunpowder explosion">Dublin gunpowder explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrickfergus_(1597)" title="Battle of Carrickfergus (1597)">Carrickfergus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford" title="Battle of the Yellow Ford">Yellow Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deputy%27s_Pass" title="Battle of Deputy's Pass">Deputy's Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cahir_Castle" title="Siege of Cahir Castle">Cahir Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curlew_Pass" title="Battle of Curlew Pass">Curlew Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moyry_Pass" title="Battle of Moyry Pass">Moyry Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lifford" title="Battle of Lifford">Lifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Donegal" title="Siege of Donegal">Donegal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castlehaven" title="Battle of Castlehaven">Castlehaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunboy" title="Siege of Dunboy">Dunboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dursey_massacre" title="Dursey massacre">Dursey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Dungannon" title="Burning of Dungannon">Dungannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of participants in the Nine Years' War">Participants</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585–1604)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585–1604)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)"><span class="wrap">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Caribbean and South America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)" title="Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)">San Juan de Ulúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_expedition_of_1572%E2%80%931573" title="Francis Drake's expedition of 1572–1573">Drake's 1572-73 expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation" title="Francis Drake's circumnavigation">Drake's circumnavigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="Battle of São Vicente">São Vicente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)" title="Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1586)" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine" title="Raid on St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish%27s_circumnavigation" title="Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation">Cavendish's circumnavigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts%27_West_Indies_and_Virginia_expedition" title="Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition">Spanish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Western_Cuba" title="Blockade of Western Cuba">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport%27s_1592_expedition" title="Newport's 1592 expedition">Hispaniola <b>·</b> Bay of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Puerto_Caballos_(1594)" title="Raid on Puerto Caballos (1594)">1st Puerto Caballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_San_Mateo_Bay" title="Action of San Mateo Bay">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_expedition" title="Raleigh's El Dorado expedition">Trinidad <b>·</b> Orinoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston%E2%80%93Somers_expedition" title="Preston–Somers expedition">La Guaira <b>·</b> Caracas <b>·</b> Coro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">1st San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama" title="Drake's Assault on Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinos" title="Battle of Pinos">Pinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">2nd San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Tabasco_(1599)" title="Raid on Tabasco (1599)">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Portobello_(1601)" title="Capture of Portobello (1601)">Portobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_Caballos_(1603)" title="Battle of Puerto Caballos (1603)">2nd Puerto Caballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Santiago_de_Cuba_(1603)" title="Raid on Santiago de Cuba (1603)">Santiago de Cuba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Atlantic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Franca_do_Campo" title="Battle of Vila Franca do Campo">Vila Franca do Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Azores" title="Conquest of the Azores">Terceira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition_(1585)" title="Newfoundland expedition (1585)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Bermuda_(1585)" title="Action off Bermuda (1585)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Santiago_(1585)" title="Capture of Santiago (1585)">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portudal%E2%80%93Joal_Massacre" title="Portudal–Joal Massacre">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_Voyage_of_1589" title="Azores Voyage of 1589">1st Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1591)" title="Battle of Flores (1591)">1st Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1592)" title="Battle of Flores (1592)">2nd Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Faial" title="Action of Faial">Faial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Palmas" title="Battle of Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_Voyage" title="Islands Voyage">2nd Azores</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt_(1574)" title="Battle of the Scheldt (1574)">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pantelleria_(1586)" title="Battle of Pantelleria (1586)">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard" title="Singeing the King of Spain's Beard">1st Cádiz <b>·</b>Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada (1st Calais <b>·</b> Gravelines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada (Corunna <b>·</b> Lisbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayona_Islands_(1590)" title="Battle of Bayona Islands (1590)">Bayona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Gibraltar_(1590)" title="Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1590)">1st Gibraltar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Gibraltar_(1591)" title="Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1591)">2nd Gibraltar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Berlengas_(1591)" title="Battle of the Berlengas (1591)">Berlengas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1591)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591)">Gulf of Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Battle of the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bay_of_Biscay_(1592)" title="Battle of the Bay of Biscay (1592)">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Mount%27s_Bay" title="Raid on Mount's Bay">Mount's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Cawsand" title="Attack on Cawsand">Cawsand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">2nd Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">Cornwall <b>·</b> West Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sesimbra_Bay" title="Battle of Sesimbra Bay">Sesimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Narrow_Seas" title="Battle of the Narrow Seas">Dover Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Cadiz_(1604)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Cadiz (1604)">Gulf of Cádiz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Low Countries and Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Goes" title="Relief of Goes">Goes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Middelburg_(1572%E2%80%931574)" title="Siege of Middelburg (1572–1574)">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haarlem" title="Siege of Haarlem">Haarlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1573)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1573)">1st Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delft_(1573)" title="Battle of Delft (1573)">Delft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Valkenburg_(1574)" title="Capture of Valkenburg (1574)">Valkenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schoonhoven_(1575)" title="Siege of Schoonhoven (1575)">Schoonhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rijmenam_(1578)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rijmenam (1578)">Rijmenam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borgerhout" title="Battle of Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="English Fury at Mechelen">Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)">1st Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kollum" title="Battle of Kollum">Kollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noordhorn" title="Battle of Noordhorn">Noordhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Niezijl" title="Siege of Niezijl">Niezijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lochem_(1582)" title="Siege of Lochem (1582)">Lochem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lier_(1582)" title="Siege of Lier (1582)">Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eindhoven_(1583)" title="Siege of Eindhoven (1583)">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenbergen_(1583)" title="Battle of Steenbergen (1583)">Steenbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aalst_(1584)" title="Capture of Aalst (1584)">Aalst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_IJsseloord" title="Siege of IJsseloord">Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)" title="Siege of Grave (1586)">1st Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1586)" title="Siege of Venlo (1586)">Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Axel" title="Capture of Axel">Axel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1586%E2%80%931590)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590)">1st Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen" title="Battle of Zutphen">1st Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1587)" title="Siege of Sluis (1587)">1st Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)">Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1589)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1589)">2nd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1590)" title="Capture of Breda (1590)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zutphen_(1591)" title="Siege of Zutphen (1591)">2nd Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1591)" title="Siege of Deventer (1591)">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delfzijl" title="Capture of Delfzijl">Delfzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knodsenburg" title="Siege of Knodsenburg">Knodsenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1591)" title="Siege of Hulst (1591)">1st Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)" title="Siege of Nijmegen (1591)">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1592)">2nd Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1592)">1st Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Geertruidenberg_(1593)" title="Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593)">3rd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1593)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1593)">2nd Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)" title="Siege of Groningen (1594)">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1595)" title="Siege of Huy (1595)">Huy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1595)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1595)">1st Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lippe" title="Battle of the Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1596)" title="Siege of Hulst (1596)">2nd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1597)" title="Battle of Turnhout (1597)">Turnhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1597)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1597)">2nd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Meurs_(1597)" title="Siege of Meurs (1597)">Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1597)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1597)">2nd Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_(1597)" title="Siege of Bredevoort (1597)">Bredevoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_(1597)" title="Capture of Enschede (1597)">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ootmarsum" title="Capture of Ootmarsum">Ootmarsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1597)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)">Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1597)" title="Siege of Lingen (1597)">Lingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenckenschans_(1599)" title="Siege of Schenckenschans (1599)">Schenckenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaltbommel" title="Siege of Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rees_(1599)" title="Siege of Rees (1599)">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Andreas_(1600)" title="Siege of San Andreas (1600)">San Andreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort">Nieuwpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1601)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1601)">3rd Rheinberg <b>·</b> 2nd Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch_(1601)" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (1601)">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1602)" title="Siege of Grave (1602)">2nd Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_of_Hoogstraten#Mutiny_&_siege" title="Mutiny of Hoogstraten">Hoogstraten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)" title="Siege of Sluis (1604)">Ardenburg <b>·</b> Oostberg <b>·</b> 2nd Sluis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arques" title="Battle of Arques">Arques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ivry" title="Battle of Ivry">Ivry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1590)" title="Siege of Paris (1590)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Laudran" title="Battle of Château-Laudran">Château-Laudran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591%E2%80%931592)" title="Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec" title="Siege of Caudebec">Caudebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craon" title="Battle of Craon">Craon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaye" title="Battle of Blaye">Blaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Morlaix_(1594)" title="Siege of Morlaix (1594)">Morlaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Crozon" title="Siege of Fort Crozon">Crozon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">2nd Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)" title="Siege of Amiens (1597)">Amiens</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ireland</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carrigafoyle_Castle" title="Siege of Carrigafoyle Castle">Carrigafoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smerwick" title="Siege of Smerwick">Smerwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Irish West Coast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castlehaven" title="Battle of Castlehaven">Castlehaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>siege of Kinsale</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Léigear Chionn tSáile</i>), also known as the <b>battle of Kinsale</b>, was the ultimate battle in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>'s conquest of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>, commencing in October 1601, near the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a>, and at the climax of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a>—a campaign by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_2nd_Earl_of_Tyrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Roe_O%27Donnell" title="Hugh Roe O'Donnell">Hugh Roe O'Donnell</a> and other Irish lords against English rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to Spanish involvement and the strategic advantages to be gained, the battle also formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War</a>, the wider conflict of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> England against <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></div> <p>Ireland had been claimed as a <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">lordship</a> by the <a href="/wiki/English_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="English Crown">English Crown</a> since 1175 but had never been fully subjected. By the 1350s, England's sphere of influence had shrunk to <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a>, the area around <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, with the rest of the country under the rule of Gaelic lords. The Tudor monarchs, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>, attempted to reassert their authority in Ireland with a policy of conquest and colonisation. In 1594, forces in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> under the previously loyal <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Earl of Tyrone">Earl of Tyrone</a>, Hugh O'Neill, rebelled. Hugh Roe O'Donnell and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Maguire_(Lord_of_Fermanagh)" title="Hugh Maguire (Lord of Fermanagh)">Hugh Maguire</a> joined Tyrone's rebellion. A string of battlefield victories from 1593 to 1599, and an expansion of the war from Ulster through the midlands and into <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, had wrested control of most of the island from the English Crown. By the end of 1599, the English controlled little beyond the walled towns and regional garrisons.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a> in 1588, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> decided to take advantage of the Irish rebels in order to create a new front in the war against England. Spanish aid was offered to the Irish rebels in the expectation that tying the English down in Ireland might draw English resources away from their allies in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Estates">Dutch Estates</a>, which were engaged in a long rebellion against Spanish rule, and provide another base for <a href="/wiki/Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateers">privateers</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirkers" title="Dunkirkers">Dunkirkers</a>, to disrupt English and Dutch shipping. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">2nd Spanish Armada</a> aimed at supporting the rebels, but it was smashed by storms off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Finisterre" title="Cape Finisterre">Cape Finisterre</a> in October 1596. The ill Philip sent forth <a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">another armada</a> the following year, but this too failed due to storms, bad luck and bad planning.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GrahamInt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrahamInt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_landing">Spanish landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spanish landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Philip II's death, <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a> continued to provide direct support (material support had been sent for years) to the Irish rebels fighting England. In 1601, Philip sent Don <a href="/wiki/Juan_del_%C3%81guila" title="Juan del Águila">Juan del Águila</a> and Don <a href="/wiki/Diego_Brochero" title="Diego Brochero">Diego Brochero</a> to Ireland with 6,000 men and a significant amount of arms and ammunition. Bad weather separated the ships and nine of them, carrying the majority of the veteran soldiers and gunpowder, had to turn back. The remaining 4,000 men disembarked at Kinsale, just south of <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, on 2 October 1601. Another force commanded by Alonso de Ocampo managed to land at <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_County_Cork" title="Baltimore, County Cork">Baltimore</a>. The Spaniards rushed to fortify these footholds to withstand the approaching English armies.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Spanish army had secured the town of Kinsale, they failed to expand their base into the surrounding region and were vulnerable to becoming besieged by English forces. On hearing of the Spanish landing, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devon">Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy</a>, the assigned <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy of Ireland</a>, weakened the garrisons around the Pale and rushed to Kinsale with as many men as he could take.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege">Siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_and_Battle_of_Kinsale,_1601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Siege_and_Battle_of_Kinsale%2C_1601.jpg/300px-Siege_and_Battle_of_Kinsale%2C_1601.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Siege_and_Battle_of_Kinsale%2C_1601.jpg/450px-Siege_and_Battle_of_Kinsale%2C_1601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Siege_and_Battle_of_Kinsale%2C_1601.jpg/600px-Siege_and_Battle_of_Kinsale%2C_1601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Siege and battle of Kinsale, 1601 from <i>Pacata Hibernia</i>, 1633</figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 October, Mountjoy laid siege to Kinsale and reinforcements were brought in through <a href="/wiki/Oysterhaven" title="Oysterhaven">Oysterhaven</a>, bringing the army's numbers up to 12,000. This included a large force under Irish nobleman <a href="/wiki/Donogh_O%27Brien,_4th_Earl_of_Thomond" title="Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond">Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond</a>. However many of these were Irish levies, and many were not suited to siege warfare, especially in winter. Many fell ill, leaving about 7,500 capable of fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Falls_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falls-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the Gaelic Earls O'Neill and his ally O'Donnell considered their positions. Their difficulty was that the Spanish had landed on the south coast of Ireland, far away from the areas under control of the Irish chieftains. In order to bring aid to the Spanish troops they would have to lead their troops into regions where support for their cause was doubtful. They hesitated for weeks as autumn turned into a particularly wet and stormy winter. The besieged Spanish garrison began to suffer from the lack of supplies and privation, and O'Neill was forced to go to their aid. He fully understood that should this first Spanish force suffer defeat, he would be unlikely to receive further military help.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision of the Spanish to land at Kinsale forced O'Neill to agree with his more impetuous ally, Red Hugh O'Donnell, to abandon his hitherto successful guerilla tactics and risk open confrontation. A large force would be necessary; larger than they could afford to lose. They set out on a 300-mile (480 km) winter march, separately to ease supply, O'Neill with 2500 foot and 500 horse and O'Donnell with 1500 foot and 300 horse. After a few deceptions and some hard marching in hazardous conditions, the two forces rendezvoused and encamped at <a href="/wiki/Kinalmeaky" title="Kinalmeaky">Kinalmeaky</a> to rest and provision the army where they were joined by additional forces from <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lord Mountjoy's forces were incapable of surrounding the town of Kinsale and its surrounding area (now called Belgooly), but they seized some higher ground and subjected the Spanish forces to constant artillery fire. The English navy under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_Leveson_(admiral)" title="Richard Leveson (admiral)">Richard Leveson</a> arrived with a squadron of ten ships and cut off the town from the sea. The English cavalry rode through the surrounding countryside destroying livestock and crops, while both sides called for allegiance from the population. O'Neill and O'Donnell were hesitant about leaving Ulster vulnerable to attack by marching south, especially given the lack of supplies for their troops. When they set out, they successfully cut English supply lines across the island and, by December, the shortage of supplies and the severe weather had begun to take a toll on the besieging English army, with many dying of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reinforcements arrived from Spain at <a href="/wiki/Castlehaven" title="Castlehaven">Castlehaven</a>, and on 24 December 1601 (<a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar#From_Julian_to_Gregorian" title="Julian calendar">English date</a>, 3 January 1602 for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a> Irish and Spanish armies) moved into position at Coolcarron about three miles from the English camp. At about midnight the Irish in two columns, led by Hugh O'Neill and O'Donnell, set out from their camp at Coolcarron and marched for the ridgeline at Ardmartin overlooking the English encampment. The English scouts of Sir Richard Greames horse on outpost that night had been supposedly made aware of these movements when they observed the lit match of the Irish arquebusiers in the gloomy pre dawn moving into position on Ardmartin. Mountjoy being immediately made aware of the intelligence that the Irish were within three quarters of a mile of his camp beat to arms and sent the Marshal Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wingfield,_1st_Viscount_Powerscourt_(first_creation)" title="Richard Wingfield, 1st Viscount Powerscourt (first creation)">Richard Wingfield</a> to further appraise the situation who quickly returned to confirm the message. Mountjoy meantime organized his troops to defend the main and lesser camps. However the situation was dire for the English as desertion, sickness and casualties had reduced the besieging army by nearly 50%. The great camp on the Northside was entrusted to the command of Colonel Sir Benjamin Berry with five regiments of foot, the Lord Deputys (715 men) of whom he was Lieutenant Colonel, the Lord Presidents (536 men), the Earl of Clanrickards (529 men), Lord Audlies (370 men) and Colonel Sir Richard Moryson (541). The lesser camp was commanded by the Earl of Thomond with his own regiment (572 men) and three others, Colonel Sir Richard Percy (544 men), Colonel Sir Charles Wilmot (454 men) and Colonel Sir Christopher Laurence (747 men). Mountjoy satisfied that his camps were protected as best they could be led his remaining forces to the Northwest to meet the Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Kinsale">Battle of Kinsale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of Kinsale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg/200px-Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg/300px-Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Spanish commander Juan Del Águila</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_moves">Initial moves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initial moves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irish force that arrived at Ardmartin in the pre-dawn consisted of over 6,000 men in two columns: 400 Leinster men under Richard Tyrrell, 1,000 Munstermen, 159 Spaniards in five companies of foot, 2500 foot and 500 light horse under O'Neill and 1500 foot and 300 light horse under O'Donnell. Many accounts speak of three battles; the vanguard, the center, and the rearguard, but it would seem that a small squadron volant (559 men) was formed from a part of O'Neill's column consisting of Tyrrell's Leinstermen and the Spanish foot. As Mountjoy left camp in the company of Carew, the Lord President, all that was immediately available to the English were the remaining 400 horse of the severely depleted cavalry approximately nine troops in total. These mounted men along with Sir Henry Powers Squadron Volant (449 men) had been sent under the command of Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wingfield,_1st_Viscount_Powerscourt_(first_creation)" title="Richard Wingfield, 1st Viscount Powerscourt (first creation)">Richard Wingfield</a> to observe the movements of the Irish and ascertain their intentions. Powers squadron volant was an ad-hoc regiment created by combining about 40 men from each of the eleven regiments making up the siege force. These troops had been used for the outposts and had been on duty the last three nights on constant alert to any alarms originating from the Irish camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advancing toward Ardmartin, Wingfield observed the Irish Squadron Volant under Richard Tyrell approaching the Earl of Thomond's camp who upon seeing the English, halted. Following behind was the main battle of O'Neill about 400 yards distant advancing in good order along the ridge line screened by their cavalry. At this stage, Mountjoy joined up with Wingfield's forces, and seeing the Irish in force decided to offer battle immediately. He ordered Sergeant Major John Berkeley to return to camp and bring up the two reserve regiments of Colonel Sir Oliver St John's (515 men) and Colonel Sir Henry Follyot's (595 men) to support Wingfield. O'Neill noting the advance of the English called a halt and ordered his forces to retire off Ardmartin back towards the Millwater. Wingfield losing sight of the Irish retiring off the ridgeline asked for permission to pursue and attack with his mounted men. Having gained the summit of Ardmartin, he could see the whole panoply of countryside stretched before him over which the two Irish units had fallen back in good order. The Irish had retired directly down the hill and across a ford where having passed a boggy area they formed up on the solid ground on the other side. O'Neill's likely intention was that the boggy ground would offer protection against the English horse and funnel the English across the fords into his waiting shot. At this point, the Earl of Clanrickard was insistent that the Marshal immediately move off the heights and cross the ford to engage the Irish. Whatever the purpose of O'Neills decision to retire he had firmly passed the initiative back to Mountjoy and was taking the fateful choice that was to cost him a battle, a campaign, a war and a kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irish_rout">Irish rout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Irish rout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wingfield immediately formed a forlorn hope with a company of foot (100 men) under Lieutenant Cowel supported by Sir Henry Danvers' Horse (100 men). This combined all arms force engaged the Irish skirmishers on the opposite side of the bog and feeding in more shot managed to force the Irish to retire on their main battle. Lieutenant Alferez Bustamente watching from within the Spanish ranks commented with disgust that his allies after a minor skirmish at the first ford had called a further retreat and forded another stream in their rear. Now on solid ground with the Millwater between them, O'Neill's battle made another stand and waited for the English army's next move. During this time it is likely that the Spanish officers attempted to rearrange the Irish forces into the classic Spanish fighting formation the <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a> which in itself was a complex operation even for the most experienced of forces. Many of O'Neills Ulstermen may have already been familiar with this maneuver but the recent Cork volunteers and the wilder wood kern may have found it a claustrophobic and terrifying endeavor to stand motionless and packed together to await the attack. Indeed it was contrary if not alien to the Irish style of fighting that was signified by their former hit-and-run successes at <a href="/wiki/Clontibret" title="Clontibret">Clontibret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford" title="Battle of the Yellow Ford">Yellowford</a>. Meanwhile, the English were also reorganizing their forces at the western end of the valley getting ready to move onto the open plain to engage O'Neill. From the east side of the stream, Mountjoy could see that the Irish and Spaniards had lined up in two units with a forlorn hope of shot in skirmish order guarding the passage of the ford to their front and the horse formed up behind the battle in reserve. A couple of hundred meters farther upstream the Irish retirement had exposed another route across the bog which was exploited by the English horse. The troops of Clanrickard, Greames, Tasse, Fleming, Danvers, Godolphin, and Mitchell about 250 riders under the Marshal were able to splash across and outflank the Irish main battle line. According to William Farmer the cavalry surgeon, the passage had been forced and held by Wingfield, Greames, and the loudly enthusiastic Richard de Burgh who routed the mounted Irish scouts guarding it. The sight of the English horse forming up on the open ground to their right rear caused the Irish skirmishers to fall back on the main battle abandoning the ford and allowing the observant Mountjoy to push more troops across the first ford.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary eyewitnesses suggest that the English horse immediately charged the Irish in an attempt to break them but the Tercio was able to stand firm and with a bristling hedgehog of pikes repulsed the horsemen who about faced and had to retire. Colonel Henry Powers noted that it caused 'the rebels to give a great shout' in triumph. Thinking the English horse to be in rout O'Neill called up his light horse from reserve to exploit this supposed reverse. O'Neill's cavalry totaling about 500 riders was made up of the elite of Gaelic society composed of the chiefs and gentlemen of the varied septs they were mounted on small Irish horses without stirrups and were armed with light spears and javelins or darts. The Irish horse galloped forward in pursuit but by this time the disciplined English horse had reformed and presented a solid front to their lighter-mounted Irish opponents. Lieutenant Bustamente noted at that moment the English horse was supported by 200 shot of the squadron volant who upon crossing the stream loosed off a volley that unhorsed a few Irish riders and brought down one horse causing them to break and flee, straight back into O'Neill's main battle disorganizing it and causing part of it to flee. Seeing their opportunity the English horse led by Wingfield charged home into the disorganized Irish battle and caused a total rout of O'Neill's men who were ferociously pursued without quarter by the cavalry. De Burgh, the <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>-born Earl of Clarickard, was particularly bloodthirsty instructing his troopers to "put them to the sword". But O'Neills Trumpeter Shane Sheale noted that the Irish troops within the ranks of De Burghs troop took pity on their rebellious countrymen and actually prodded the fleeing Irish off the field with the butt end of their staves. This small act of mercy likely reduced considerably the death toll. With the rout of O'Neills battle, Mountjoy sent word to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Roe" title="Francis Roe">Captain Francis Roe</a> who was Lieutenant Colonel of St John's Regiment to advance with his men across the bog and charge the flank of Tyrrell's Squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_rout">Spanish rout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish rout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irish squadron volant seeing the rout of O'Neill's main force and receiving some fire from St John's skirmishers began to retire, and the Irish began to flee on foot. The Irish began to outpace their more heavily equipped Spanish allies who upon finding themselves abandoned, closed ranks, and retreated to a small hillock. They were then set upon by the Lord Deputy's troop of Horse led by Sir William Godolphin. Surrounded by the English horse the outcome was inevitable as one by one the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy" title="Cross of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> flags fell from the grip of their fallen defenders. However, English sources state that the Spanish under Captain Don Alonzo Del Campo presented their pikes and resisted fiercely but were overwhelmed and hacked to pieces. Del Campo, Captain Pereyra, seven Lieutenants, and forty men were captured unhurt with up to seventy men killed. Quartermaster Lopez de Soto states that one hundred and forty were killed or captured and three of the five companies' colors were taken. Of the main officers on the field only Lieutenant Bustamente amid the chaos managed to escape with about sixty other Spaniards who after three days without sleep were stunned by the defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Donnell's rearguard for some reason arrived late to the battle and was not engaged. Seeing the rout of O'Neill retired back the way he had come. With his decision to retreat from Ardmartin, O'Neill turned the initiative over to the English. and although he retreated in good order his troops were not adequately trained or disciplined to stand in Tercio formation and absorb punishment as was that formations design. Most of the Irish fled back to Ulster, though a few remained to continue the war with O'Sullivan Beare and Dermot Maol MacCarthy Reagh.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrender">Surrender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Surrender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English resumed their encirclement of Kinsale, Del Águila saw his position as hopeless without effective action from the Irish lords. The Spanish, who had lost many men in the siege, gave up the town to Mountjoy "on Terms" and were allowed to sail back to Spain, not knowing that another Spanish force had been sent and was within a few days of arriving. The Spanish were given honourable terms and surrendered Kinsale with their colours flying, and it was agreed that they were to be conveyed back to Spain on giving up their other garrisons of Dunboy, Baltimore, and Castlehaven.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The further Spanish force which had been sent never landed. On receipt of news of Águila's surrender, they promptly turned back to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KINSALE._Co_CORK.IRELAND..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/KINSALE._Co_CORK.IRELAND..jpg/220px-KINSALE._Co_CORK.IRELAND..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/KINSALE._Co_CORK.IRELAND..jpg/330px-KINSALE._Co_CORK.IRELAND..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/KINSALE._Co_CORK.IRELAND..jpg/440px-KINSALE._Co_CORK.IRELAND..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Kinsale's port today</figcaption></figure> <p>The Irish light horse was not suited to shock action, and was no match for the English horse. Even as decimated as they were, the English still had the advantage in horseflesh, tactics, discipline, and offensive arms. It also showed the strength of the English cavalry techniques using the couched lance, as compared with the Irish method of no stirrup and overarm spear thrusting. The resulting tactics showed that the Irish infantry was poorly trained for a pitched battle in formation against a well-drilled professional army and for years the English had been praying for a chance to get the Irish on a broad open field. The result that the English were easily able to defeat and rout three times their number showed the weakness of the Irish forces in a conventional battle. Yet the Irish had repulsed the first charge and only were broken when they opened their ranks to their fleeing cavalry. In relation to the rout of the Irish, it was common practice for the Irish to break into a running retreat when in trouble but this time there was no bog or wood to flee into only a wide open field where they were at the mercy of the English horse. The Irish forces were also too far apart, as evidenced by O'Donnells late arrival. Neither did the Irish horsemen offer any protective screen or flank protection to their footmen allowing the English cavalry to dominate tactical proceedings. Most importantly O'Neill had shown a fatal caution when on top of Ardmartin by retreating to the Millwater when what was needed was decisive action to bring the Spaniards out of Kinsale.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This loss put an end to Spanish help in Ireland and to much of the Irish resistance. The Ulster forces returned to their home province, and after two more years of attrition, the last of them surrendered in 1603, just after the death of Queen Elizabeth. In the following year, England and Spain agreed to make peace with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1604" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London, 1604">Treaty of London</a>. </p><p>O'Donnell went to <a href="/wiki/Castlehaven" title="Castlehaven">Castlehaven</a> and took a ship to Spain. He was well received there but died a few months later, said to be by poisoning by <a href="/wiki/George_Carew,_1st_Earl_of_Totnes" title="George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes">George Carew</a>'s spy, <a href="/wiki/James_%22Spanish%22_Blake" title="James "Spanish" Blake">Blake</a>. </p><p>O'Neill returned to his native Ulster and continued to fight, but his aura of invincibility was broken. He submitted to the crown at <a href="/wiki/Mellifont_Abbey" title="Mellifont Abbey">Mellifont</a> on 30 March 1603, where he received generous terms. Four years later he decided to go to Spain. O'Neill was accompanied by many supporters and other chieftains in what is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>". Their intention was always to raise an army and oust English authority in their home province, but the territories they had left behind were soon divided up in the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a>, and they were never able to return. </p><p>The English administration saw the ideal opportunity to seize most of the land of Ulster, and to bring in <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland Scotland">Lowland Scots</a> and northern English settlers to farm it. The English had achieved their objectives of destroying the old Gaelic order, ridding themselves of the clan system and the more troublesome chieftains. </p><p>The result of the battle of Kinsale was devastating to the existing Irish culture and way of life, as the old Gaelic system was finally broken. As the Gaelic aristocracy fled to continental Europe, they left behind a power vacuum that the authority of the English filled.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish battles">Irish battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">History of Ireland (1536–1691)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Falls-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falls_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falls_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Falls p.299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandler p.465</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corvisier/Childs p.423</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis p.231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandler p.466</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canny p. 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiram Morgan (ed) <i>The battle of Kinsale</i> (Cork, 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill, A kingdom near lost: English military recovery in ireland, 1600-03, p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrahamInt-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GrahamInt_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham pp. 212–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'Faolain1970" class="citation cs2">O'Faolain, Sean (1970), <i>The Great O'Neill, biography of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, 1550-1616</i>, The Mercier Press Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853421405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853421405"><bdi>978-0853421405</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+O%27Neill%2C+biography+of+Hugh+O%27Neill%2C+Earl+of+Tyrone%2C+1550-1616&rft.pub=The+Mercier+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0853421405&rft.aulast=O%27Faolain&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Kinsale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan pg. 229</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>León Arsenal, Fernando Prado, <i>Rincones de historia española</i> (EDAF, 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-414-2050-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-414-2050-2">978-84-414-2050-2</a></li> <li>Richard Bagwell, <i>Ireland under the Tudors</i> 3 vols. (London, 1885–1890)</li> <li><i>Calendar of State Papers: Carew MSS.</i> 6 vols (London, 1867–1873).</li> <li><i>Calendar of State Papers: Ireland</i> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Canny" title="Nicholas Canny">Nicholas Canny</a> <i>The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: A Pattern Established, 1565–76</i> (London, 1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85527-034-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85527-034-9">0-85527-034-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Canny" title="Nicholas Canny">Nicholas Canny</a> <i>Making Ireland British, 1580–1650</i> (Oxford University Press, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820091-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820091-9">0-19-820091-9</a>.</li> <li>André Corvisier, John Childs <i>A dictionary of military history and the art of war</i> (Wiley-Blackwell, 1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16848-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16848-5">978-0-631-16848-5</a></li> <li>Davis, Paul K. (2001). "Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo." Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Steven G. Ellis <i>Tudor Ireland</i> (London, 1985) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49341-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49341-2">0-582-49341-2</a>.</li> <li>Colm Lennon <i>Sixteenth Century Ireland — The Incomplete Conquest</i> (Dublin, 1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-12462-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-12462-7">0-312-12462-7</a>.</li> <li>Samuel Lewis, <i>A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland: Comprising the Several Counties; Cities; Boroughs; Corporate, Market, and Post Towns; Parishes; and Villages; with Historical and Statistical Descriptions: Embellished with Engravings of the Arms of the Cities, Bishoprics, Corporate Towns, and Boroughs; and of the Seals of the Several Municipal Corporations</i> (S. Lewis, 1837)</li> <li>Gerard Anthony Hayes McCoy <i>Irish Battles</i> (Belfast, 1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86281-212-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86281-212-7">0-86281-212-7</a>.</li> <li>Hiram Morgan (ed) <i>The Battle of Kinsale</i> (Cork, 2006).</li> <li>Hiram Morgan. <i>Tyrone's Rebellion: The Outbreak of the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland (Royal Historical Society Studies in History)</i> (1999). Boydell Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-683-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-683-5">0-85115-683-5</a></li> <li>John O'Donovan (ed.) <i>Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters</i> (1851).</li> <li>Standish O'Grady (ed.) "<i>Pacata Hibernia</i>" 2 vols. (London, 1896).</li> <li>James O'Neill, "A Kingdom near lost: English military recovery in Ireland, 1600-03", <i>British Journal for Military History</i>, Vol 3, Issue 1 (2016), pp 26–47.</li> <li>James O'Neill, <i>The Nine Years War, 1593-1603: O'Neill, Mountjoy and the military revolution</i>, (Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2017).</li> <li>John Powell, <i>Magill's Guide to Military History, Volumen 3</i> (Salem Press, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89356-014-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89356-014-0">978-0-89356-014-0</a></li> <li>ESTEBAN RIBAS, Alberto Raúl y SANCLEMENTE DE MINGO, Tomás: La batalla de Kinsale. HRM. Zaragoza, 2013.</li> <li>J.J. Silke <i>The Siege of Kinsale</i></li> <li>Stanley Sandler, <i>Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia, Volumen 1</i> (ABC-CLIO, 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-344-5">978-1-57607-344-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kinsale&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-real-battle-of-kinsale-a-three-way-tussle-of-titanic-egos-1.2097244">The real battle of Kinsale: a three-way tussle of titanic egos</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491255#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95002150">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539527905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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