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this location"><span class="latitude">48°20′24.57″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°32′6.95″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.3401583°N 4.5352639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.3401583; -4.5352639</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1594 siege</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Fort Crozon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Spanish_War_(1585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Spanish War (1585)">Anglo–Spanish War</a> <br />and the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pointe_des_Espagnols_-_Vue_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_mer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pointe_des_Espagnols_-_Vue_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_mer.jpg/300px-Pointe_des_Espagnols_-_Vue_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_mer.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pointe_des_Espagnols_-_Vue_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_mer.jpg/450px-Pointe_des_Espagnols_-_Vue_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_mer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pointe_des_Espagnols_-_Vue_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_mer.jpg/600px-Pointe_des_Espagnols_-_Vue_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_mer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><br />Pointe des Espagnols – present day area where siege took place</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 October – 19 November 1594</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Present day <a href="/wiki/Pointe_des_Espagnols" title="Pointe des Espagnols">Pointe des Espagnols</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Fort_Crozon&params=48_20_24.57_N_4_32_6.95_W_scale:10000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°20′24.57″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°32′6.95″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.3401583°N 4.5352639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.3401583; -4.5352639</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Anglo-French victory<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="England"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png/46px-Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="497" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png/46px-Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="497" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_VI_d%27Aumont" title="Jean VI d'Aumont">Jean VI d'Aumont</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England"><img alt="Kingdom of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)" title="John Norris (soldier)">John Norreys</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England"><img alt="Kingdom of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A9_de_Paredes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomé de Paredes (page does not exist)">Tomé de Paredes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_del_%C3%81guila" title="Juan del Águila">Juan del Águila</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England"><img alt="Kingdom of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> 3,000 troops,<br />10 ships & 1,200 sailors<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png/46px-Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="497" /></a></span> 3,000 infantry,<br />300 cavalry & 400 knights<sup id="cite_ref-McFee264_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFee264-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-State_Papers_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_Papers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 400 (Crozon)<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan215_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan215-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<br />4,000 (Relief)<sup id="cite_ref-Wernham533_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham533-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 700 killed & wounded or sick & dead to disease<sup id="cite_ref-Loades_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loades-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> (Crozon) 400; only 13 survivors <sup id="cite_ref-Wernham533_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham533-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(relief) Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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of Religion"><span class="wrap">French Wars of Religion</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/First_French_War_of_Religion_(1562-1563)" class="mw-redirect" title="First French War of Religion (1562-1563)">First; 1562–1563</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/First_French_War_of_Religion_in_the_provinces" title="First French War of Religion in the provinces">Conflict in the provinces</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1562)" title="Siege of Rouen (1562)">Rouen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vergt" title="Battle of Vergt">Vergt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dreux" title="Battle of Dreux">Dreux</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1563)" title="Siege of Orléans (1563)">Orléans</a></dt></dl> <hr /> <p><b>Second; 1567–1568</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1567)" title="Battle of Saint-Denis (1567)">Saint-Denis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chartres_(1568)" title="Siege of Chartres (1568)">Chartres</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Third; 1568–1570</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarnac" title="Battle of Jarnac">Jarnac</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Roche-l%27Abeille" title="Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille">La Roche-l'Abeille</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Poitiers_(1569)" title="Siege of Poitiers (1569)">Poitiers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez_(1569)" title="Battle of Orthez (1569)">Orthez</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moncontour" title="Battle of Moncontour">Moncontour</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Saint-Jean_d%27Ang%C3%A9ly_(1569)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Saint-Jean d'Angély (1569) (page does not exist)">Saint-Jean d'Angély</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arney-le-Duc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Arney-le-Duc (page does not exist)">Arney-le-Duc</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Fourth; 1572–1573</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sommi%C3%A8res#Siege_of_Sommières_1573" title="Sommières">Sommières</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sancerre" title="Siege of Sancerre">Sancerre</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1572%E2%80%931573)" title="Siege of La Rochelle (1572–1573)">La Rochelle</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Fifth; 1574–1576</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dormans" title="Battle of Dormans">Dormans</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Sixth; 1577</b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_La_Charit%C3%A9-sur-Loire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of La Charité-sur-Loire (page does not exist)">La Charité-sur-Loire</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Issoire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Issoire (page does not exist)">Issoire</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Brouage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Brouage (page does not exist)">Brouage</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Seventh; 1580</b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_La_F%C3%A8re_(1580)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of La Fère (1580) (page does not exist)">La Fère</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Henrys" title="War of the Three Henrys">War of the Three Henrys</a> (1585–1589)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coutras" title="Battle of Coutras">Coutras</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimory" title="Battle of Vimory">Vimory</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Auneau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Auneau (page does not exist)">Auneau</a>; <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades" title="Day of the Barricades">Day of the Barricades</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_Henry_IV_of_France" title="Succession of Henry IV of France">Succession of Henry IV of France</a> (1589–1594)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arques" title="Battle of Arques">Arques</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ivry" title="Battle of Ivry">Ivry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1590)" title="Siege of Paris (1590)">Paris</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Laudran" title="Battle of Château-Laudran">Château-Laudran</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591%E2%80%931592)" title="Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)">Rouen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec" title="Siege of Caudebec">Caudebec</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craon" title="Battle of Craon">Craon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_campaigns" title="Luxembourg campaigns">1st Luxembourg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaye" title="Battle of Blaye">Blaye</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Morlaix_(1594)" title="Siege of Morlaix (1594)">Morlaix</a>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fort Crozon</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_campaigns" title="Luxembourg campaigns">2nd Luxembourg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontaine-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Battle of Fontaine-Française">Fontaine-Française</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Ham_(1595)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Ham (1595) (page does not exist)">Ham</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Le_Catelet_(1595)" title="Siege of Le Catelet (1595)">Le Catelet</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Doullens" title="Siege of Doullens">Doullens</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cambrai_(1595)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Cambrai (1595) (page does not exist)">Cambrai</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">Calais</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_La_F%C3%A8re_(1596)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of La Fère (1596) (page does not exist)">La Fère</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ardres_(1596)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ardres (1596) (page does not exist)">Ardres</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)" title="Siege of Amiens (1597)">Amiens</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585–1604)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585–1604)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)"><span class="wrap">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Caribbean and South America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)" title="Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)">San Juan de Ulúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_expedition_of_1572%E2%80%931573" title="Francis Drake's expedition of 1572–1573">Drake's 1572-73 expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation" title="Francis Drake's circumnavigation">Drake's circumnavigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="Battle of São Vicente">São Vicente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)" title="Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1586)" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine" title="Raid on St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish%27s_circumnavigation" title="Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation">Cavendish's circumnavigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts%27_West_Indies_and_Virginia_expedition" title="Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition">Spanish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Western_Cuba" title="Blockade of Western Cuba">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport%27s_1592_expedition" title="Newport's 1592 expedition">Hispaniola <b>·</b> Bay of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Puerto_Caballos_(1594)" title="Raid on Puerto Caballos (1594)">1st Puerto Caballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_San_Mateo_Bay" title="Action of San Mateo Bay">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_expedition" title="Raleigh's El Dorado expedition">Trinidad <b>·</b> Orinoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston%E2%80%93Somers_expedition" title="Preston–Somers expedition">La Guaira <b>·</b> Caracas <b>·</b> Coro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">1st San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama" title="Drake's Assault on Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinos" title="Battle of Pinos">Pinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">2nd San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Tabasco_(1599)" title="Raid on Tabasco (1599)">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Portobello_(1601)" title="Capture of Portobello (1601)">Portobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_Caballos_(1603)" title="Battle of Puerto Caballos (1603)">2nd Puerto Caballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Santiago_de_Cuba_(1603)" title="Raid on Santiago de Cuba (1603)">Santiago de Cuba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Atlantic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Franca_do_Campo" title="Battle of Vila Franca do Campo">Vila Franca do Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Azores" title="Conquest of the Azores">Terceira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition_(1585)" title="Newfoundland expedition (1585)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Bermuda_(1585)" title="Action off Bermuda (1585)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Santiago_(1585)" title="Capture of Santiago (1585)">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portudal%E2%80%93Joal_Massacre" title="Portudal–Joal Massacre">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_Voyage_of_1589" title="Azores Voyage of 1589">1st Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1591)" title="Battle of Flores (1591)">1st Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1592)" title="Battle of Flores (1592)">2nd Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Faial" title="Action of Faial">Faial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Palmas" title="Battle of Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_Voyage" title="Islands Voyage">2nd Azores</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt_(1574)" title="Battle of the Scheldt (1574)">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pantelleria_(1586)" title="Battle of Pantelleria (1586)">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard" title="Singeing the King of Spain's Beard">1st Cádiz <b>·</b>Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada (1st Calais <b>·</b> Gravelines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada (Corunna <b>·</b> Lisbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayona_Islands_(1590)" title="Battle of Bayona Islands (1590)">Bayona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Gibraltar_(1590)" title="Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1590)">1st Gibraltar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Gibraltar_(1591)" title="Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1591)">2nd Gibraltar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Berlengas_(1591)" title="Battle of the Berlengas (1591)">Berlengas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1591)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591)">Gulf of Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Battle of the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bay_of_Biscay_(1592)" title="Battle of the Bay of Biscay (1592)">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Mount%27s_Bay" title="Raid on Mount's Bay">Mount's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Cawsand" title="Attack on Cawsand">Cawsand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">2nd Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">Cornwall <b>·</b> West Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sesimbra_Bay" title="Battle of Sesimbra Bay">Sesimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Narrow_Seas" title="Battle of the Narrow Seas">Dover Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Cadiz_(1604)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Cadiz (1604)">Gulf of Cádiz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Low Countries and Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Goes" title="Relief of Goes">Goes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Middelburg_(1572%E2%80%931574)" title="Siege of Middelburg (1572–1574)">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haarlem" title="Siege of Haarlem">Haarlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1573)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1573)">1st Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delft_(1573)" title="Battle of Delft (1573)">Delft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Valkenburg_(1574)" title="Capture of Valkenburg (1574)">Valkenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schoonhoven_(1575)" title="Siege of Schoonhoven (1575)">Schoonhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rijmenam_(1578)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rijmenam (1578)">Rijmenam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borgerhout" title="Battle of Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="English Fury at Mechelen">Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)">1st Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kollum" title="Battle of Kollum">Kollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noordhorn" title="Battle of Noordhorn">Noordhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Niezijl" title="Siege of Niezijl">Niezijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lochem_(1582)" title="Siege of Lochem (1582)">Lochem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lier_(1582)" title="Siege of Lier (1582)">Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eindhoven_(1583)" title="Siege of Eindhoven (1583)">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenbergen_(1583)" title="Battle of Steenbergen (1583)">Steenbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aalst_(1584)" title="Capture of Aalst (1584)">Aalst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_IJsseloord" title="Siege of IJsseloord">Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)" title="Siege of Grave (1586)">1st Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1586)" title="Siege of Venlo (1586)">Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Axel" title="Capture of Axel">Axel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1586%E2%80%931590)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590)">1st Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen" title="Battle of Zutphen">1st Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1587)" title="Siege of Sluis (1587)">1st Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)">Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1589)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1589)">2nd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1590)" title="Capture of Breda (1590)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zutphen_(1591)" title="Siege of Zutphen (1591)">2nd Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1591)" title="Siege of Deventer (1591)">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delfzijl" title="Capture of Delfzijl">Delfzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knodsenburg" title="Siege of Knodsenburg">Knodsenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1591)" title="Siege of Hulst (1591)">1st Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)" title="Siege of Nijmegen (1591)">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1592)">2nd Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1592)">1st Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Geertruidenberg_(1593)" title="Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593)">3rd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1593)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1593)">2nd Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)" title="Siege of Groningen (1594)">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1595)" title="Siege of Huy (1595)">Huy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1595)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1595)">1st Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lippe" title="Battle of the Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1596)" title="Siege of Hulst (1596)">2nd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1597)" title="Battle of Turnhout (1597)">Turnhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1597)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1597)">2nd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Meurs_(1597)" title="Siege of Meurs (1597)">Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1597)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1597)">2nd Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_(1597)" title="Siege of Bredevoort (1597)">Bredevoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_(1597)" title="Capture of Enschede (1597)">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ootmarsum" title="Capture of Ootmarsum">Ootmarsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1597)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)">Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1597)" title="Siege of Lingen (1597)">Lingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenckenschans_(1599)" title="Siege of Schenckenschans (1599)">Schenckenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaltbommel" title="Siege of Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rees_(1599)" title="Siege of Rees (1599)">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Andreas_(1600)" title="Siege of San Andreas (1600)">San Andreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort">Nieuwpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1601)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1601)">3rd Rheinberg <b>·</b> 2nd Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch_(1601)" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (1601)">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1602)" title="Siege of Grave (1602)">2nd Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_of_Hoogstraten#Mutiny_&_siege" title="Mutiny of Hoogstraten">Hoogstraten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)" title="Siege of Sluis (1604)">Ardenburg <b>·</b> Oostberg <b>·</b> 2nd Sluis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arques" title="Battle of Arques">Arques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ivry" title="Battle of Ivry">Ivry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1590)" title="Siege of Paris (1590)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Laudran" title="Battle of Château-Laudran">Château-Laudran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591%E2%80%931592)" title="Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec" title="Siege of Caudebec">Caudebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craon" title="Battle of Craon">Craon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaye" title="Battle of Blaye">Blaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Morlaix_(1594)" title="Siege of Morlaix (1594)">Morlaix</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crozon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">2nd Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)" title="Siege of Amiens (1597)">Amiens</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ireland</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carrigafoyle_Castle" title="Siege of Carrigafoyle Castle">Carrigafoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smerwick" title="Siege of Smerwick">Smerwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Irish West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale" title="Siege of Kinsale">Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castlehaven" title="Battle of Castlehaven">Castlehaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>siege of Fort Crozon</b> or the <b>siege of El Leon</b> was a land and sea engagement that took place as part of Spain's <a href="/wiki/Brittany_campaign" title="Brittany campaign">Brittany campaign</a> late in the <a href="/wiki/French_wars_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="French wars of religion">French wars of religion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fissel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fissel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siege was fought between 1 October and 19 November 1594 and was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> troops against a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Spanish</a> fort constructed on the <a href="/wiki/Crozon_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crozon Peninsula">Crozon Peninsula</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan215_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan215-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a number of assaults were repelled, a Spanish relief force under <a href="/wiki/Juan_del_%C3%81guila" title="Juan del Águila">Juan del Águila</a> attempted to relieve the garrison, but it was delayed by French cavalry and could not reach the garrison in time.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheyney_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheyney-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An assault by the English using a deceitful ruse ended the siege when the defenders were all but put to the sword.<sup id="cite_ref-McFee264_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFee264-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victory proved decisive in two ways. First, it denied the Spanish an important large independent base and port from which to operate in Brittany against the English and Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-MacCaffrey193_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCaffrey193-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, the Spanish had lost most of their support from the French <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>, and as a result enabled the French king <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> to declare war on Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Loades_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loades-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Crozon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wake of reorganising his navy, <a href="/wiki/King_Philip_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King Philip II of Spain">King Philip II of Spain</a> was intent on establishing advanced bases in western France from which his navy could constantly threaten England and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Innes_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1593 <a href="/wiki/Port-Louis,_Morbihan" title="Port-Louis, Morbihan">Blavet</a> had been established by the Spanish in Brittany and news of this caused concern in England. Reports of a Spanish expedition under <a href="/wiki/Juan_del_%C3%81guila" title="Juan del Águila">Juan del Águila</a> hoping to seize the major port of Brest caused greater concern and <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)" title="John Norris (soldier)">John Norreys</a>, already in France, wrote a warning letter to the Queen.<sup id="cite_ref-Winton_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth, seeing the danger, ordered Norreys to join with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a> and expel the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Fissel_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fissel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_VI_d%27Aumont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Jean_VI_d%27Aumont.jpg/155px-Jean_VI_d%27Aumont.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Jean_VI_d%27Aumont.jpg/233px-Jean_VI_d%27Aumont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Jean_VI_d%27Aumont.jpg/310px-Jean_VI_d%27Aumont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Jean VI d'Aumont, the French commander</figcaption></figure> <p>As part of Spanish preparations for an intended siege of Brest, a well-situated fort was to be built on the peninsula completely commanding the <a href="/wiki/Roadstead_of_Brest" title="Roadstead of Brest">Roadstead of Brest</a>. Águila's chief engineer, Captain <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Rojas" title="Cristóbal de Rojas">Cristóbal de Rojas</a>, designed a modern fortification, christened <i>El Leon</i> - companies took turns in construction, foraging, and defence. Spanish admiral <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a> arrived with twelve ships landing equipment, which accelerated the construction of the fort, and two shaped <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">glacis</a> were formed in front of the drawbridge guarding where the peninsula joined the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-L,A,P_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L,A,P-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort had a significant number of guns, one bastion containing eighteen <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverins</a> and another smaller bastion had six; many of these guns were brought by the fleet of Zubiaur. Don <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A9_de_Paredes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomé de Paredes (page does not exist)">Tomé de Paredes</a> was appointed commander of the garrison of the fort, with his company, that of Diego de Aller and Pedro Ortiz Dogaleño totalling 401 men, with a mission to complete the construction of the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernham533_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham533-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All this was created in a mere twenty six days of construction.<sup id="cite_ref-MacCaffrey_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCaffrey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June, 1,000 veteran English troops led by Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baskerville_(general)" title="Thomas Baskerville (general)">Thomas Baskerville</a>, who had been fighting in the Netherlands, were the first to arrive, landing at <a href="/wiki/Paimpol" title="Paimpol">Paimpol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan212_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan212-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was joined in August by another force of 2,000 soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> under the command of John Norreys and ten ships of war with 1,200 sailors and marines commanded by Martin Frobisher in his flagship <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Vanguard_(1586)" title="English ship Vanguard (1586)"><i>Vanguard</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fissel_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fissel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Norreys force were fifty pioneers <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">levied</a> by Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tin_mining" title="Tin mining">tin miners</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winton_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With their successes in the Netherlands under <a href="/wiki/Francis_Vere" title="Francis Vere">Francis Vere</a> during the sieges of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1592)">Steenwijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1592)">Coevorden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)" title="Siege of Groningen (1594)">Groningen</a> between 1592 and 1594, they were to construct <a href="/wiki/Mining_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining (military)">mines</a> under the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French under the overall command of Jean VI d'Aumont consisted of 3,000 troops, under the command of Baron de Molac, 300 mounted arquebusiers and 400 <i>knights</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernham533_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham533-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Brest itself an army of militia was hastily assembled and formed under the command of <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Rieux_(1548%E2%80%931628)" class="extiw" title="fr:René de Rieux (1548–1628)">René de Rieux, Lord of Sourdéac</a>, however this was to take no part in the siege but was a stopgap if Brest itself became besieged.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the opening campaign the town of <a href="/wiki/Morlaix" title="Morlaix">Morlaix</a> was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Morlaix_(1594)" title="Siege of Morlaix (1594)">besieged and captured</a> from the Spanish and Leaguer forces in September. The town of <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a> was taken next and in October the Anglo-French force headed towards Brest to lay siege to the Crozon peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadfield_&_Hammond_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadfield_&_Hammond-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege">Siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Crozon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crozon1594.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Crozon1594.jpg/225px-Crozon1594.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Crozon1594.jpg/338px-Crozon1594.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Crozon1594.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>The Spanish fort El Léon at Crozon in a field sketch by English officer John Norreys in 1594.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 October the siege began when Frobisher's ships arrived and blockaded the fort (which was still not finished) and fired off a desultory bombardment before the land force arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-L,A,P_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L,A,P-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The besieging army arrived soon after and began to open trenches on 11 October, supported by cannon fire from the sea by English ships. The besiegers however suffered from the Spanish artillery fire during the installation of <a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">wicker</a> filled <a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">gabions</a>, trenches, and artillery emplacements.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernham547_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham547-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also had to cope with <a href="/wiki/Sortie_(siege_warfare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sortie (siege warfare)">sorties</a> from the Spanish bastions, day and night, so that the siege positions were not permanently positioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Loades_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loades-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Norreys.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/John_Norreys.png/155px-John_Norreys.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/John_Norreys.png/233px-John_Norreys.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/John_Norreys.png/310px-John_Norreys.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Sir John Norreys - commander of English forces in France</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the heavy artillery (twelve guns) were in place however continuous fire from these began to take their effect on the besieged. Soon after the French launched an assault on a bastion on the right side and the English on the left. The battle lasted three hours, but in the confusion a tremendous explosion appeared behind the attacking French causing the attackers to retreat in panic fearing a Spanish attack in the rear. It had turned out several huge barrels of gunpowder blew up in one of the main French siege batteries (either ignited by accident or by a stray Spanish shot) killing or wounding many.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheyney_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheyney-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lull in the siege took place as the English and French needed rearming with new powder which had to come from Brest and the English ships. The advantage of this time taken by the Spanish was to finish off the walls and repair the bastions.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan212_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan212-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same Cornish pioneers had been trying to mine the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-State_Papers_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_Papers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 November the Spanish then launched a major <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sally</a> against the siege batteries - they surprised the defenders, continued all the way until they reached a large French battery. Here they spiked three siege guns, and returned to the fort before Baron de Molac's troops could react. The Spanish had inflicted heavy losses having lost only eleven men in their attack.<sup id="cite_ref-State_Papers_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_Papers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The besiegers' battery fire dwindled slightly but the powder and ammunition began to run low in the fort. Paredes then sent for reinforcements to Juan Aguila. Despite the protests of Mercœur, Águila decided to send a relief force in order to avoid a defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan215_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan215-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Águila's relief force started off having been delayed because he did not have cavalry, but continued on with 4,000 infantry and two pieces of artillery. The French cavalry force armed with <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebusiers</a> numbering 300 made frequent attacks delaying Águila further. Aumont received news of Águila's relief force and ordered the besiegers to double their efforts, in particular putting pressure on the miners to complete the mining for detonation and to launch an immediate assault.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernham547_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham547-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg/155px-Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg/233px-Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg/310px-Juan_del_Aguila_y_Arellano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Juan del Águila</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 November the mine was complete and promptly blown, causing huge damage to the fort's wall and killing and injuring around fifty of the garrison. French and English artillery completed the destruction and a full breach was made.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernham547_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham547-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assault was ready for the following evening, the columns of attack were prepared - the English were on the right and the French were on the left. One of the English columns was formed by sailors and marines commanded by Martin Frobisher. Three large assaults were made by the columns and there was desperate fighting in the breach; a cannonball killed Paredes whilst leading his troops in defence. After bitter fighting the attacks were called off as there were fears and rumours that Águila had arrived with his relief force - among the many casualties from the breach was Frobisher, who was carried away.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan215_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan215-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rumours were false about Águila - he was only four miles from the fort, hoping to relieve the defenders the next day and take the besiegers by surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheyney_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheyney-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the evening word got through to the garrison of Águila's approach and there was much hope for victory particularly after the repulse of the attack but the Spanish had very little ammunition and only one officer was left alive unwounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Fissel_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fissel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the besiegers desperate measures were to be made; at nightfall an English officer approached the bastion with a <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">flag of truce</a>. This was a ruse - behind him in the dark Norrey's English soldiers quietly approached hoping to take advantage of the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-G,A,D_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G,A,D-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruse was successful - they then threw themselves at the breach and this time swept in, overwhelming the Spanish in desperate hand-to-hand fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan215_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan215-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish fought bravely but were all eventually put to the sword; no quarter was given even if there were women and children inside.<sup id="cite_ref-State_Papers_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_Papers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wernham547_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham547-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When news of the fort's fall reached him, Águila, who was only a few miles away, led a hasty retreat, leaving behind his heavy baggage and artillery in order to escape a feared trap.<sup id="cite_ref-Fissel_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fissel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Crozon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Anglo-French force then consolidated themselves in the fort. The French criticized the English, in particular Norreys for being brutal and cruel, and Aumont ordered any remaining survivors to be respected as prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-G,A,D_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G,A,D-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of 400 Spanish soldiers only thirteen survived; nine soldiers survived having managed to hide among the dead and taken prisoner, and four managed to make their way to the rocks towards the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan215_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan215-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to this event, the French Navy commander <a href="/wiki/Christophe-Paulin_de_La_Poix_de_Fr%C3%A9minville" title="Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville">Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville</a> stated that the fundamental nature of each nation was made apparent: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Spaniard, cool, patient, daring and stubborn: the Englishman, brutally courageous and cruel in victory; the Frenchman, respectful, brave, generous towards the defeated enemy, whose courage he admires and whom he honors in his misfortune.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Quoted in <a href="/wiki/Ces%C3%A1reo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Duro" title="Cesáreo Fernández Duro">Fernández Duro, Cesáreo</a> (1897). <i>Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Aragón y Castilla</i>, Vol. III. Madrid. p. 91.</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Frobisher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Martin_Frobisher.jpg/145px-Martin_Frobisher.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Martin_Frobisher.jpg/218px-Martin_Frobisher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Martin_Frobisher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Martin Frobisher who died of his wounds</figcaption></figure> <p>English and French losses amounted to 700 which included dead by combat or disease - most of the casualties in the actual fighting were French.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan215_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan215-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Marshal Liscoet and the Lord Romegon had died in the breach. Frobisher, on the navy's return to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, died from his wound because <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a> had set in. Sourdéac's militia arrived soon after the battle and immediately began to completely <a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">raze</a> the fort until nothing was left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorrochategui_Santos2018258_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrochategui_Santos2018258-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norreys meanwhile then pressed southward in an attempt to bring Águila and his remaining troops into battle but Águila retreated further away.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheyney_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheyney-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Emmanuel,_Duke_of_Merc%C5%93ur" title="Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur">Duke of Mercœur</a> on hearing of the defeat was furious and threatened to crush Aumont and take Brest himself with his own army.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan215_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan215-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defence of the Spanish was admired by their opposite numbers; the body of Paredes was buried in the Church of Brest with full military honours. The prisoners were then released and sent back to Águila; Aumont had praised their bravery in the defence in the letters he gave and themselves told the news of the final storming and the subsequent massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernham547_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham547-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Elizabeth's Ascension day in November, three captured Spanish standards from the campaign were presented to her and Norreys was hailed a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadfield_&_Hammond_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadfield_&_Hammond-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English troops left France in February the following year and Elizabeth was able to redeploy her troops back to the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish retention of Blavet allowed for a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cornwall">spoiling attack on Cornwall</a> the following year but this was only a minor descent that proved that England's defences were found wanting.<sup id="cite_ref-Innes_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Spanish the defeat at Crozon was a disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-Innes_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat effectively ended their hopes to use Brest as a launching point for an invasion of England and gave Philip II a further blow to his naval aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan215_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan215-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition in the wake of the defeat, support for the league rapidly waned soon after; serious strains soon emerged between the Spanish forces, Mercour, and other members of the league.<sup id="cite_ref-MacCaffrey193_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCaffrey193-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French king Henry IV in this opportunist moment then <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1595%E2%80%9398)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Spanish War (1595–98)">declared war on Spain</a> on 17 January 1595 which would last until the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vervins" title="Peace of Vervins">Peace of Vervins</a>, signed three years later.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Crozon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a>, two early explorers of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, were at this siege and most probably met there and knew one another.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the destruction the French named the place Pointe des Espagnols in tribute to the courage of the defenders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Crozon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Crozon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCaffrey p 193 <i>One decisive victory which ensured the Spanish would not be able to establish an independent base in the province</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades p 286 <i>Although small scale the victory would prove decisive</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McFee264-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McFee264_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McFee264_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McFee pp.264-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-State_Papers-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-State_Papers_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_Papers_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_Papers_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_Papers_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWwpAAAAYAAJ"><i>List and Analysis of State Papers: Foreign Series: July, 1593-December, 1594 Vol 5</i></a>. Public Record Office: Stationery Office Books. 1989. pp. 303–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780114402181" title="Special:BookSources/9780114402181"><bdi>9780114402181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=List+and+Analysis+of+State+Papers%3A+Foreign+Series%3A+July%2C+1593-December%2C+1594+Vol+5&rft.place=Public+Record+Office&rft.pages=303-10&rft.pub=Stationery+Office+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780114402181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWwpAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nolan215-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan215_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan215_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan215_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan215_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan215_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan215_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan215_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan215_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan215_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nolan pp 215-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernham533-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham533_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham533_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham533_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham533_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wernham pp 533-47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loades-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loades_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loades_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loades_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades p 284-86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fissel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fissel_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fissel_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fissel_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fissel_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fissel_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fissel pp 229-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheyney-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheyney_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheyney_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheyney_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheyney_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheyney1914" class="citation book cs1">Cheyney, Edward Potts (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7ggAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of England: From the Defeat of the Armada to the Death of Elizabeth; with an Account of English Institutions During the Later Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries, Volume 1</i></a>. Longmans. pp. 300–03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England%3A+From+the+Defeat+of+the+Armada+to+the+Death+of+Elizabeth%3B+with+an+Account+of+English+Institutions+During+the+Later+Sixteenth+and+Early+Seventeenth+Centuries%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=300-03&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Cheyney&rft.aufirst=Edward+Potts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY7ggAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCaffrey193-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacCaffrey193_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacCaffrey193_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCaffrey p.193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Innes-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Innes_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innes_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innes_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Innes p 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winton-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winton_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winton_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinton1975" class="citation book cs1">Winton, John (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirwalterralegh00wint"><i>Sir Walter Raleigh</i></a></span>. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirwalterralegh00wint/page/179">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780698106482" title="Special:BookSources/9780698106482"><bdi>9780698106482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Walter+Raleigh&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Coward%2C+McCann+%26+Geoghegan&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780698106482&rft.aulast=Winton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirwalterralegh00wint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longmate p 484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L,A,P-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L,A,P_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L,A,P_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaughton,_Anderson_&_Perrin1995" class="citation journal cs1">Laughton, Anderson & Perrin, Leonard, Roger & William (1995). "The Mariner's Mirror". <i>Society for Nautical Research</i>. <b>81</b>: 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+for+Nautical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.volume=81&rft.pages=263&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Laughton%2C+Anderson+%26+Perrin&rft.aufirst=Leonard%2C+Roger+%26+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCaffrey-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacCaffrey_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCaffrey pp 188-93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nolan212-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan212_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan212_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nolan pp 212-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7D0MAQAAIAAJ"><i>Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, 1547-[1625], Great Britain. Volume 3</i></a>. PRO: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, 1867. 1867. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+State+Papers%2C+Domestic+Series%2C+of+the+Reigns+of+Edward+VI.%2C+Mary%2C+Elizabeth%2C+1547-%5B1625%5D%2C+Great+Britain.+Volume+3&rft.place=PRO&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+Longmans%2C+%26+Roberts%2C+1867&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7D0MAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackintosh1835" class="citation book cs1">Mackintosh, James (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ksAUAAAAQAAJ"><i>The history of England</i></a>. Oxford University: A. & R. Spottiswoode. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+England&rft.place=Oxford+University&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=A.+%26+R.+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Mackintosh&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DksAUAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hadfield_&_Hammond-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hadfield_&_Hammond_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hadfield_&_Hammond_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadfield & Hammond p 42-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernham547-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham547_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham547_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham547_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham547_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham547_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wernham pp 547-52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G,A,D-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G,A,D_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G,A,D_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrido, Arsenal & Prado pp.272-73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrochategui_Santos2018258-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorrochategui_Santos2018258_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGorrochategui_Santos2018">Gorrochategui Santos 2018</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fissel p 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidenreich & Ritch pp 20-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer p 66</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Crozon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2009" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, David Hackett (2009). <i>Champlain's Dream</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416593331" title="Special:BookSources/9781416593331"><bdi>9781416593331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champlain%27s+Dream&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781416593331&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFissel2001" class="citation book cs1">Fissel, Mark Charles (2001). <i>English Warfare, 1511-1642</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415214827" title="Special:BookSources/9780415214827"><bdi>9780415214827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Warfare%2C+1511-1642&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780415214827&rft.aulast=Fissel&rft.aufirst=Mark+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarridoArsenalPrado2008" class="citation book cs1">Garrido, José Antonio Álvaro; Arsenal, León; Prado, Fernando (2008). <i>Rincones de historia española: Episodios históricos, fabulosos y desconocidos a través de los siglos (Spanish)</i>. EDAF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788441420502" title="Special:BookSources/9788441420502"><bdi>9788441420502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rincones+de+historia+espa%C3%B1ola%3A+Episodios+hist%C3%B3ricos%2C+fabulosos+y+desconocidos+a+trav%C3%A9s+de+los+siglos+%28Spanish%29&rft.pub=EDAF&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788441420502&rft.aulast=Garrido&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Antonio+%C3%81lvaro&rft.au=Arsenal%2C+Le%C3%B3n&rft.au=Prado%2C+Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorrochategui_Santos2018" class="citation book cs1">Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). <i>English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350016996" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350016996"><bdi>978-1350016996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Armada%3A+The+Greatest+Naval+Disaster+in+English+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1350016996&rft.aulast=Gorrochategui+Santos&rft.aufirst=Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadfield_&_Hammond2014" class="citation book cs1">Hadfield & Hammond, Andrew & Paul (2014). <i>Shakespeare And Renaissance Europe (Arden Critical Companions)</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408143681" title="Special:BookSources/9781408143681"><bdi>9781408143681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+And+Renaissance+Europe+%28Arden+Critical+Companions%29&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781408143681&rft.aulast=Hadfield+%26+Hammond&rft.aufirst=Andrew+%26+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidenreichRitch2010" class="citation book cs1">Heidenreich, Conrad; Ritch, K. Janet (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samueldechamplai0000unse"><i>Samuel de Champlain Before 1604: Des Sauvages and Other Documents Related to the Period Volume 71 of Publications of the Champlain Society Conrad</i></a></span>. McGill-Queen's Press- MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773537576" title="Special:BookSources/9780773537576"><bdi>9780773537576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+de+Champlain+Before+1604%3A+Des+Sauvages+and+Other+Documents+Related+to+the+Period+Volume+71+of+Publications+of+the+Champlain+Society+Conrad&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press-+MQUP&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780773537576&rft.aulast=Heidenreich&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft.au=Ritch%2C+K.+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsamueldechamplai0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes2012" class="citation book cs1">Innes, A.D (2012). <i>England under the Tudors</i>. Amazon (Kindle). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781176595903" title="Special:BookSources/9781176595903"><bdi>9781176595903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+under+the+Tudors&rft.pub=Amazon+%28Kindle%29&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781176595903&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=A.D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades2006" class="citation book cs1">Loades, David (2006). <i>Elizabeth I: A Life</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852855208" title="Special:BookSources/9781852855208"><bdi>9781852855208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781852855208&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmate2001" class="citation book cs1">Longmate, Norman (2001). <i>Defending the Island: From Caesar to the Armada</i>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780712667111" title="Special:BookSources/9780712667111"><bdi>9780712667111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+the+Island%3A+From+Caesar+to+the+Armada&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780712667111&rft.aulast=Longmate&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan1997" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, John S (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcM_9EBoHnkC&pg=PA5"><i>Sir John Norreys and the Elizabethan Military World</i></a>. University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859895484" title="Special:BookSources/9780859895484"><bdi>9780859895484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Norreys+and+the+Elizabethan+Military+World&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780859895484&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=John+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcM_9EBoHnkC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCaffrey1994" class="citation book cs1">MacCaffrey, Wallace T (1994). <i>Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588-1603</i>. Princeton Paperbacks Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691036519" title="Special:BookSources/9780691036519"><bdi>9780691036519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I%3A+War+and+Politics%2C+1588-1603&rft.pub=Princeton+Paperbacks+Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780691036519&rft.aulast=MacCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Wallace+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFee1928" class="citation book cs1">McFee, William (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gGgAAAAMAAJ"><i>The life of Sir Martin Frobisher Golden hind series</i></a>. University of Michigan: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598779298" title="Special:BookSources/9780598779298"><bdi>9780598779298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Sir+Martin+Frobisher+Golden+hind+series&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=9780598779298&rft.aulast=McFee&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8gGgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernham1984" class="citation book cs1">Wernham, Richard Bruce (1984). <i>After the Armada: Elizabethan England and the Struggle for Western Europe, 1588-1595</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198227533" title="Special:BookSources/9780198227533"><bdi>9780198227533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Armada%3A+Elizabethan+England+and+the+Struggle+for+Western+Europe%2C+1588-1595&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780198227533&rft.aulast=Wernham&rft.aufirst=Richard+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Crozon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Crozon&oldid=1240059225">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Crozon&oldid=1240059225</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_French_Wars_of_Religion" title="Category:Battles of the French Wars of Religion">Battles of the French Wars of Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_involving_France" title="Category:Sieges involving France">Sieges involving France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_involving_Spain" title="Category:Sieges involving Spain">Sieges involving Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_involving_England" title="Category:Sieges involving England">Sieges involving England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Catholicism_in_France" title="Category:History of Catholicism in France">History of Catholicism in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1594" title="Category:Conflicts in 1594">Conflicts in 1594</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1594_in_France" title="Category:1594 in France">1594 in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Brittany" title="Category:Military history of Brittany">Military history of Brittany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_committed_by_England" title="Category:Massacres committed by England">Massacres committed by England</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2017">Use dmy dates from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 August 2024, at 08:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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