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href="#Electrical_conductivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Electrical conductivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_conductivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abrasive_and_cutting_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrasive_and_cutting_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Abrasive and cutting tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrasive_and_cutting_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Structural material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automobile_parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobile_parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Automobile parts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobile_parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundry_crucibles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundry_crucibles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Foundry crucibles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundry_crucibles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Electric systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_circuit_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_circuit_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Electronic circuit elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_circuit_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_electronic_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_electronic_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Power electronic devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_electronic_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LEDs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LEDs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>LEDs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LEDs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thin-filament_pyrometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thin-filament_pyrometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Thin-filament pyrometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thin-filament_pyrometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heating_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Heating elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_shielding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_shielding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Heat shielding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_shielding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Nuclear applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_fuel_particles_and_cladding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_fuel_particles_and_cladding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10.1</span> <span>Nuclear fuel particles and cladding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_fuel_particles_and_cladding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewelry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewelry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Jewelry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewelry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steel_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Steel production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalyst_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalyst_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Catalyst support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalyst_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carborundum_printmaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carborundum_printmaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Carborundum printmaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carborundum_printmaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphene_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphene_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Graphene production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphene_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16</span> <span>Quantum physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing_rod_guides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing_rod_guides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17</span> <span>Fishing rod guides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing_rod_guides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery_glazes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery_glazes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.18</span> <span>Pottery glazes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery_glazes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Silicon carbide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikonkarbied" title="Silikonkarbied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Silikonkarbied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="كربيد السيليكون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كربيد السيليكون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karborund" title="Karborund – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karborund" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="سیلیسیوم کاربید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیلیسیوم کاربید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="সিলিকন কার্বাইড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিলিকন কার্বাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Силициев карбид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Силициев карбид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbur_de_silici" title="Carbur de silici – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carbur de silici" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Карборунд – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карборунд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbid_k%C5%99em%C3%ADku" title="Karbid křemíku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karbid křemíku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliciumkarbid" title="Siliciumkarbid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Siliciumkarbid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliciumcarbid" title="Siliciumcarbid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siliciumcarbid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4nikarbiid" title="Ränikarbiid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ränikarbiid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburo_de_silicio" title="Carburo de silicio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carburo de silicio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="سیلیسیم کاربید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیلیسیم کاربید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbure_de_silicium" title="Carbure de silicium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbure de silicium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairb%C3%ADd_sileacain" title="Cairbíd sileacain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cairbíd sileacain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%ED%99%94_%EA%B7%9C%EC%86%8C" title="탄화 규소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄화 규소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Սիլիցիումի կարբիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիլիցիումի կարբիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="सिलिकन कार्बाइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिलिकन कार्बाइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicijev_karbid" title="Silicijev karbid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Silicijev karbid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikon_karbida" title="Silikon karbida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Silikon karbida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburo_di_silicio" title="Carburo di silicio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carburo di silicio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93" title="צורן קרביד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צורן קרביד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Карборунд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карборунд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Кремний карбиди – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кремний карбиди" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szil%C3%ADcium-karbid" title="Szilícium-karbid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szilícium-karbid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Силициум карбид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Силициум карбид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="സിലിക്കൺ കാർബൈഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിലിക്കൺ കാർബൈഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikon_karbida" title="Silikon karbida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Silikon karbida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliciumcarbide" title="Siliciumcarbide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Siliciumcarbide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E5%8C%96%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="炭化ケイ素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭化ケイ素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silisiumkarbid" title="Silisiumkarbid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Silisiumkarbid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremniy_karbid" title="Kremniy karbid – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kremniy karbid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99glik_krzemu" title="Węglik krzemu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węglik krzemu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbeto_de_sil%C3%ADcio" title="Carbeto de silício – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbeto de silício" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbur%C4%83_de_siliciu" title="Carbură de siliciu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carbură de siliciu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Карбид кремния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карбид кремния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbid_kremi%C4%8Dit%C3%BD" title="Karbid kremičitý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karbid kremičitý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicijum_karbid" title="Silicijum karbid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Silicijum karbid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicijum_karbid" title="Silicijum karbid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Silicijum karbid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piikarbidi" title="Piikarbidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Piikarbidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiselkarbid" title="Kiselkarbid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kiselkarbid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சிலிக்கான் கார்பைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிலிக்கான் கார்பைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ซิลิคอนคาร์ไบด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซิลิคอนคาร์ไบด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silisyum_karb%C3%BCr" title="Silisyum karbür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Silisyum karbür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8E" title="Карбід кремнію – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карбід кремнію" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silic_carbide" title="Silic carbide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Silic carbide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%85" title="碳化硅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳化硅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q412356#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="View the content page 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extremely hard semiconductor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carborundum" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">Corundum</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Silicon carbide </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SiC_p1390066.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sample of silicon carbide as a boule"><img alt="Sample of silicon carbide as a boule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SiC_p1390066.jpg/244px-SiC_p1390066.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SiC_p1390066.jpg/366px-SiC_p1390066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SiC_p1390066.jpg/488px-SiC_p1390066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1206" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;">A laboratory-grown synthetic SiC <a href="/wiki/Monocrystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocrystal">monocrystal</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Methanidylidynesilanylium</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Silicon carbide</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Carborundum <br /><a href="/wiki/Moissanite" title="Moissanite">Moissanite</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=409-21-2">409-21-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BC-%5D%23%5BSi%2B%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=29390">CHEBI:29390</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.9479.html">9479</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.006.357">100.006.357</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412356#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>206-991-8</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>13642 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Silicon+carbide">Silicon+carbide</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9863">9863</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>VW0450000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/WXQ6E537EW">WXQ6E537EW</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5052751">DTXSID5052751</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412356#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/CSi/c1-2<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYAF</div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/CSi/c1-2</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[C-]#[Si+]</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>SiC  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>40.096 g/mol    </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Yellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>3.16 g⋅cm<sup>-3</sup> (hex.)<sup id="cite_ref-b92_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b92-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>2,830 °C (5,130 °F; 3,100 K)<sup id="cite_ref-b92_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b92-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (decomposes) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> </td> <td>Insoluble in water, soluble in molten alkalis and molten iron<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electron_mobility" title="Electron mobility">Electron mobility</a> </td> <td>~900 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V⋅s) (all polytypes) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>−12.8 × 10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (<i>n</i><sub>D</sub>)</div> </td> <td>2.55 (infrared; all polytypes)<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>:fibres<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H350i: May cause cancer by inhalation">H350i</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P201: Obtain special instructions before use.">P201</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P202: Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.">P202</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P261: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P261</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling.">P264</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.">P270</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P271: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.">P271</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P281: Use personal protective equipment as required.">P281</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P302+P352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water.">P302+P352</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P304+P340: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.">P304+P340</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P308+P313: IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.">P308+P313</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P312: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.">P312</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P314: Get Medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.">P314</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P321: Specific treatment (see ... on this label).">P321</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P332+P313: If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.">P332+P313</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P337+P313: If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.">P337+P313</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P362: Take off contaminated clothing.">P362</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P403+P233: Store in a well ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.">P403+P233</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P405: Store locked up.">P405</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c" /></span><map name="ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (total) TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>TWA 10 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (total) TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>N.D.<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477003687&page2=Silicon+carbide">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Silicon carbide</b> (<b>SiC</b>), also known as <b>carborundum</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span>), is a hard chemical compound containing <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>. A wide bandgap <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>, it occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral <a href="/wiki/Moissanite" title="Moissanite">moissanite</a>, but has been mass-produced as a powder and crystal since 1893 for use as an <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasive</a>. Grains of silicon carbide can be bonded together by <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintering</a> to form very hard <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a> that are widely used in applications requiring high endurance, such as car brakes, car clutches and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic plate">ceramic plates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_vest" title="Bulletproof vest">bulletproof vests</a>. Large single crystals of silicon carbide can be grown by the <a href="/wiki/Lely_method" title="Lely method">Lely method</a> and they can be cut into gems known as synthetic moissanite. </p><p>Electronic applications of silicon carbide such as <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) and <a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_whisker_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat's whisker detector">detectors</a> in early radios were first demonstrated around 1907. SiC is used in semiconductor electronics devices that operate at high temperatures or high voltages, or both. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_occurrence">Natural occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Natural occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moissanite-USGS-20-1001d-14x-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Moissanite-USGS-20-1001d-14x-.jpg/220px-Moissanite-USGS-20-1001d-14x-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Moissanite-USGS-20-1001d-14x-.jpg/330px-Moissanite-USGS-20-1001d-14x-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Moissanite-USGS-20-1001d-14x-.jpg/440px-Moissanite-USGS-20-1001d-14x-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Moissanite single crystal (≈ 1 mm in size)</figcaption></figure> <p>Naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Moissanite" title="Moissanite">moissanite</a> is found in only minute quantities in certain types of <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a> deposits, and <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlite</a>. Virtually all the silicon carbide sold in the world, including moissanite jewels, is <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthetic</a>. </p><p>Natural moissanite was first found in 1893 as a small component of the <a href="/wiki/Canyon_Diablo_meteorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Canyon Diablo meteorite">Canyon Diablo meteorite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Ferdinand Henri Moissan</a>, after whom the material was named in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moissan's discovery of naturally occurring SiC was initially disputed because his sample may have been contaminated by silicon carbide <a href="/wiki/Saw_blade" class="mw-redirect" title="Saw blade">saw blades</a> that were already on the market at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-pierro_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pierro-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While rare on Earth, silicon carbide is remarkably common in space. It is a common form of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">stardust</a> found around <a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">carbon-rich stars</a>, and examples of this stardust have been found in pristine condition in primitive (unaltered) meteorites. The silicon carbide found in space and in meteorites is almost exclusively the <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">beta-polymorph</a>. Analysis of SiC grains found in the <a href="/wiki/Murchison_meteorite" title="Murchison meteorite">Murchison meteorite</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite" title="Carbonaceous chondrite">carbonaceous chondrite</a> meteorite, has revealed anomalous isotopic ratios of carbon and silicon, indicating that these grains originated outside the solar system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_experiments">Early experiments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-systematic, less-recognized and often unverified syntheses of silicon carbide include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar-Mansu%C3%A8te_Despretz" title="César-Mansuète Despretz">César-Mansuète Despretz</a>'s passing an electric current through a carbon rod embedded in sand (1849)</li> <li>Robert Sydney Marsden's dissolution of silica in molten silver in a graphite <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">crucible</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sch%C3%BCtzenberger" title="Paul Schützenberger">Paul Schuetzenberger</a>'s heating of a mixture of silicon and silica in a graphite crucible (1881)</li> <li>Albert Colson's heating of silicon under a stream of <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> (1882).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wide-scale_production">Wide-scale production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wide-scale production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiC_LED_historic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SiC_LED_historic.jpg/220px-SiC_LED_historic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SiC_LED_historic.jpg/330px-SiC_LED_historic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SiC_LED_historic.jpg/440px-SiC_LED_historic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>A replication of <a href="/wiki/H._J._Round" title="H. J. Round">H.J. Round</a>'s LED experiments</figcaption></figure> <p>Wide-scale production is credited to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Goodrich_Acheson" title="Edward Goodrich Acheson">Edward Goodrich Acheson</a> in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acheson was attempting to prepare artificial diamonds when he heated a mixture of clay (aluminium silicate) and powdered <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> (carbon) in an iron bowl. He called the blue crystals that formed <i>carborundum</i>, believing it to be a new compound of carbon and aluminium, similar to <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>. Moissan also synthesized SiC by several routes, including dissolution of carbon in molten silicon, melting a mixture of calcium carbide and silica, and by reducing silica with carbon in an electric furnace. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Acheson_process" title="Acheson process">Acheson patented the method</a> for making silicon carbide powder on February 28, 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acheson also developed the electric batch <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnace</a> by which SiC is still made today and formed the Carborundum Company to manufacture bulk SiC, initially for use as an abrasive.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900 the company settled with the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Smelting_and_Aluminum_Company" title="Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company">Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company</a> when a judge's decision gave "priority broadly" to its founders "for reducing ores and other substances by the incandescent method".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first use of SiC was as an abrasive. This was followed by electronic applications. In the beginning of the 20th century, silicon carbide was used as a detector in the first radios.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Joseph_Round" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Joseph Round">Henry Joseph Round</a> produced the first LED by applying a voltage to a SiC crystal and observing yellow, green and orange emission at the cathode. The effect was later rediscovered by <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Losev" title="Oleg Losev">O.V. Losev</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-ultraviolet_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ultraviolet-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiC_crystals.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SiC_crystals.JPG/220px-SiC_crystals.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SiC_crystals.JPG/330px-SiC_crystals.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SiC_crystals.JPG/440px-SiC_crystals.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Synthetic SiC crystals ~3 mm in diameter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiC_wafers_6inch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SiC_wafers_6inch.jpg/220px-SiC_wafers_6inch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SiC_wafers_6inch.jpg/330px-SiC_wafers_6inch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SiC_wafers_6inch.jpg/440px-SiC_wafers_6inch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Two six-inch (≈ 15 cm) wafers made of silicon carbide</figcaption></figure> <p>Because natural moissanite is extremely scarce, most silicon carbide is synthetic. Silicon carbide is used as an abrasive, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamond_simulant" title="Diamond simulant">diamond simulant</a> of gem quality. The simplest process to manufacture silicon carbide is to combine <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Acheson_process" title="Acheson process">Acheson graphite electric resistance furnace</a> at a high temperature, between 1,600 °C (2,910 °F) and 2,500 °C (4,530 °F). Fine SiO<sub>2</sub> particles in plant material (e.g. rice husks) can be converted to SiC by heating in the excess carbon from the organic material.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Silica_fume" title="Silica fume">silica fume</a>, which is a byproduct of producing silicon metal and ferrosilicon alloys, can also be converted to SiC by heating with graphite at 1,500 °C (2,730 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The material formed in the Acheson furnace varies in purity, according to its distance from the <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a> <a href="/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heat source</a>. Colorless, pale yellow and green crystals have the highest purity and are found closest to the resistor. The color changes to blue and black at greater distance from the resistor, and these darker crystals are less pure. Nitrogen and aluminium are common impurities, and they affect the electrical conductivity of SiC.<sup id="cite_ref-growth_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-growth-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lely_SiC_Crystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lely_SiC_Crystal.jpg/220px-Lely_SiC_Crystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Lely_SiC_Crystal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Synthetic SiC Lely crystals</figcaption></figure> <p>Pure silicon carbide can be made by the <a href="/wiki/Lely_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Lely process">Lely process</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which SiC powder is sublimed into high-temperature species of silicon, carbon, silicon dicarbide (SiC<sub>2</sub>), and disilicon carbide (Si<sub>2</sub>C) in an <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> gas ambient at 2,500 °C and redeposited into flake-like single crystals,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sized up to 2 × 2 cm, at a slightly colder substrate. This process yields high-quality single crystals, mostly of 6H-SiC phase (because of high growth temperature). </p><p>A modified Lely process involving <a href="/wiki/Induction_heating" title="Induction heating">induction heating</a> in graphite <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">crucibles</a> yields even larger single crystals of 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter, having a section 81 times larger compared to the conventional Lely process.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cubic SiC is usually grown by the more expensive process of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">chemical vapor deposition</a> (CVD) of silane, hydrogen and nitrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-growth_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-growth-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homoepitaxial and heteroepitaxial SiC layers can be grown employing both gas and liquid phase approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-prop1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prop1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To form complexly shaped SiC, <a href="/wiki/Preceramic_polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Preceramic polymers">preceramic polymers</a> can be used as precursors which form the ceramic product through <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> at temperatures in the range 1,000–1,100 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precursor materials to obtain silicon carbide in such a manner include polycarbosilanes, <a href="/wiki/Poly(methylsilyne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly(methylsilyne)">poly(methylsilyne)</a> and polysilazanes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silicon carbide materials obtained through the pyrolysis of <a href="/wiki/Preceramic_polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Preceramic polymers">preceramic polymers</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Polymer_derived_ceramics" title="Polymer derived ceramics">polymer derived ceramics</a> or PDCs. Pyrolysis of <a href="/wiki/Preceramic_polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Preceramic polymers">preceramic polymers</a> is most often conducted under an <a href="/wiki/Inert_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Inert atmosphere">inert atmosphere</a> at relatively low temperatures. Relative to the CVD process, the pyrolysis method is advantageous because the polymer can be formed into various shapes prior to thermalization into the ceramic.<sup id="cite_ref-prop_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prop-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SiC can also be made into wafers by cutting a single crystal either using a diamond wire saw or by using a laser. SiC is a useful semiconductor used in power electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_properties">Structure and properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structure and properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polymorphs_of_silicon_carbide" title="Polymorphs of silicon carbide">Polymorphs of silicon carbide</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Structure of major SiC polytypes. </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SiC3Cstructure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/SiC3Cstructure.jpg/160px-SiC3Cstructure.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/SiC3Cstructure.jpg/240px-SiC3Cstructure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/SiC3Cstructure.jpg/320px-SiC3Cstructure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SiC4Hstructure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/SiC4Hstructure.jpg/265px-SiC4Hstructure.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/SiC4Hstructure.jpg/398px-SiC4Hstructure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/SiC4Hstructure.jpg/530px-SiC4Hstructure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SiC6Hstructure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/SiC6Hstructure.jpg/340px-SiC6Hstructure.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/SiC6Hstructure.jpg/510px-SiC6Hstructure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/SiC6Hstructure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(β)3C-SiC </td> <td>4H-SiC </td> <td>(α)6H-SiC </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon_carbide,_image_taken_under_a_stereoscopic_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Silicon_carbide%2C_image_taken_under_a_stereoscopic_microscope.jpg/220px-Silicon_carbide%2C_image_taken_under_a_stereoscopic_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Silicon_carbide%2C_image_taken_under_a_stereoscopic_microscope.jpg/330px-Silicon_carbide%2C_image_taken_under_a_stereoscopic_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Silicon_carbide%2C_image_taken_under_a_stereoscopic_microscope.jpg/440px-Silicon_carbide%2C_image_taken_under_a_stereoscopic_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Silicon carbide, image taken under a stereoscopic microscope.</figcaption></figure> <p>Silicon carbide exists in about 250 crystalline forms.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through inert atmospheric pyrolysis of <a href="/wiki/Preceramic_polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Preceramic polymers">preceramic polymers</a>, silicon carbide in a glassy amorphous form is also produced.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polymorphism of SiC is characterized by a large family of similar crystalline structures called polytypes. They are variations of the same chemical compound that are identical in two dimensions and differ in the third. Thus, they can be viewed as layers stacked in a certain sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-jap_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jap-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alpha silicon carbide (α-SiC) is the most commonly encountered <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">polymorph</a>, and is formed at temperatures greater than 1,700 °C and has a <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_(crystal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal (crystal system)">hexagonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Wurtzite" title="Wurtzite">Wurtzite</a>). The beta modification (β-SiC), with a <a href="/wiki/Zincblende_(crystal_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zincblende (crystal structure)">zinc blende crystal structure</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cubic" title="Diamond cubic">diamond</a>), is formed at temperatures below 1,700 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-muranaka_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muranaka-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until recently, the beta form has had relatively few commercial uses, although there is now increasing interest in its use as a support for <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous catalyst">heterogeneous catalysts</a>, owing to its higher surface area compared to the alpha form. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:10px; text-align:center; float:right;"> <caption>Properties of major SiC polytypes<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prop_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prop-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Polytype </th> <th>3C (β) </th> <th>4H </th> <th>6H (α) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Crystal structure </th> <td>Zinc blende (cubic) </td> <td>Hexagonal </td> <td>Hexagonal </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a> </th> <td>T<sup>2</sup><sub>d</sub>-F<span style="text-decoration:overline;">4</span>3m </td> <td>C<sup>4</sup><sub>6v</sub>-P6<sub>3</sub>mc </td> <td>C<sup>4</sup><sub>6v</sub>-P6<sub>3</sub>mc </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a> </th> <td>cF8 </td> <td>hP8 </td> <td>hP12 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lattice constants (Å) </th> <td>4.3596 </td> <td>3.0730; 10.053 </td> <td>3.0810; 15.12 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Density (g/cm<sup>3</sup>) </th> <td>3.21 </td> <td>3.21 </td> <td>3.21 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bandgap" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandgap">Bandgap</a> (eV) </th> <td>2.36 </td> <td>3.23 </td> <td>3.05 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a> (GPa) </th> <td>250 </td> <td>220 </td> <td>220 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a> (W⋅m<sup>−1</sup>⋅K<sup>−1</sup>)<br />@300 K (see <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for temp. dependence) </th> <td>320 </td> <td>348 </td> <td>325 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Thermal Expansion Coefficient (10<sup>−6</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>)<br />@300 K (see <sup id="cite_ref-alpha_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alpha-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for temp. dependence) </th> <td>-- </td> <td>2.28 (⊥ <i>c</i>); 2.49 (∥ <i>c</i>) </td> <td>2.25 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pure SiC is colorless. The brown to black color of the industrial product results from <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> impurities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rainbow-like luster of the crystals is due to the <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_interference" title="Thin-film interference">thin-film interference</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation layer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> that forms on the surface. </p><p>The high sublimation temperature of SiC (approximately 2,700 °C) makes it useful for <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a> and furnace parts. Silicon carbide does not melt but begins to sublimate near 2,700 °C like graphite, having an appreciable vapor pressure near that temp. It is also highly inert chemically, partly due to the formation of a thin passivated layer of SiO<sub>2</sub>. There is currently much interest in its use as a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor material">semiconductor material</a> in electronics, where its high thermal conductivity, high <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> breakdown strength and high maximum <a href="/wiki/Current_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (electricity)">current</a> density make it more promising than silicon for high-powered devices.<sup id="cite_ref-baliga_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baliga-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SiC has a very low <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">coefficient of thermal expansion</a> of about 2.3 × 10<sup>−6</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> near 300 K (for 4H and 6H SiC) and experiences no <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transitions</a> in the temperature range 5 K to 340 K that would cause discontinuities in the thermal expansion coefficient.<sup id="cite_ref-growth_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-growth-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alpha_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alpha-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_conductivity">Electrical conductivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electrical conductivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon carbide is a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>, which can be doped n-type by <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and p-type by <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metallic conductivity has been achieved by heavy doping with boron, aluminium or nitrogen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</a> has been detected in 3C-SiC:Al, 3C-SiC:B and 6H-SiC:B at similar temperatures ~1.5 K.<sup id="cite_ref-muranaka_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muranaka-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kriener_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kriener-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crucial difference is however observed for the magnetic field behavior between aluminium and boron doping: 3C-SiC:Al is <a href="/wiki/Type_II_superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II superconductor">type-II</a>. In contrast, 3C-SiC:B is <a href="/wiki/Type_I_superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I superconductor">type-I</a>, as is 6H-SiC:B. Thus the superconducting properties seem to depend more on dopant (B vs. Al) than on polytype (3C- vs 6H-). In an attempt to explain this dependence, it was noted that B substitutes at C sites in SiC, but Al substitutes at Si sites. Therefore, Al and B "see" different environments, in both polytypes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrasive_and_cutting_tools">Abrasive and cutting tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abrasive and cutting tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultra-thin_separated_(Carborundum)_disk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ultra-thin_separated_%28Carborundum%29_disk.jpg/220px-Ultra-thin_separated_%28Carborundum%29_disk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ultra-thin_separated_%28Carborundum%29_disk.jpg/330px-Ultra-thin_separated_%28Carborundum%29_disk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ultra-thin_separated_%28Carborundum%29_disk.jpg/440px-Ultra-thin_separated_%28Carborundum%29_disk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption>Cutting disks made of SiC</figcaption></figure> <p>In the arts, silicon carbide is a popular abrasive in modern <a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">lapidary</a> due to the durability and low cost of the material. In manufacturing, it is used for its hardness in <a href="/wiki/Abrasive_machining" title="Abrasive machining">abrasive machining</a> processes such as <a href="/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">grinding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honing_(metalworking)" title="Honing (metalworking)">honing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water-jet_cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-jet cutting">water-jet cutting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandblasting" title="Sandblasting">sandblasting</a>. SiC provides a much sharper and harder alternative for sand blasting as compared to <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a>. Particles of silicon carbide are laminated to paper to create <a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">sandpapers</a> and the grip tape on <a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">skateboards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982 an exceptionally strong composite of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> and silicon carbide <a href="/wiki/Whisker_(metallurgy)" title="Whisker (metallurgy)">whiskers</a> was discovered. Development of this laboratory-produced composite to a commercial product took only three years. In 1985, the first commercial cutting tools made from this alumina and silicon carbide whisker-reinforced composite were introduced into the market.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_material">Structural material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structural material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldier_Plate_Carrier_System_(SPCS).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Soldier_Plate_Carrier_System_%28SPCS%29.jpg/170px-Soldier_Plate_Carrier_System_%28SPCS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Soldier_Plate_Carrier_System_%28SPCS%29.jpg/255px-Soldier_Plate_Carrier_System_%28SPCS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Soldier_Plate_Carrier_System_%28SPCS%29.jpg/340px-Soldier_Plate_Carrier_System_%28SPCS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>Silicon carbide is used for trauma plates of <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_vest" title="Bulletproof vest">ballistic vests</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1980s and 1990s, silicon carbide was studied in several research programs for high-temperature gas turbines in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The components were intended to replace <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloy</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> blades or nozzle vanes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, none of these projects resulted in a production quantity, mainly because of its low impact resistance and its low fracture <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other hard ceramics (namely alumina and <a href="/wiki/Boron_carbide" title="Boron carbide">boron carbide</a>), silicon carbide is used in <a href="/wiki/Composite_armour" title="Composite armour">composite armor</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chobham_armour" title="Chobham armour">Chobham armor</a>), and in ceramic plates in bulletproof vests. <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Skin_(body_armor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Skin (body armor)">Dragon Skin</a>, which was produced by <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnacle Armor">Pinnacle Armor</a>, used disks of silicon carbide.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improved fracture toughness in SiC armor can be facilitated through the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Abnormal_grain_growth" title="Abnormal grain growth">abnormal grain growth</a> or AGG. The growth of abnormally long silicon carbide grains may serve to impart a toughening effect through crack-wake bridging, similar to whisker reinforcement. Similar AGG-toughening effects have been reported in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_nitride" title="Silicon nitride">Silicon nitride</a> (Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silicon carbide is used as a support and shelving material in high temperature kilns such as for firing ceramics, glass fusing, or glass casting. SiC kiln shelves are considerably lighter and more durable than traditional alumina shelves.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2015, infusion of silicon carbide nano-particles in molten <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> was mentioned as a way to produce a new strong and plastic alloy suitable for use in aeronautics, aerospace, automobile and micro-electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automobile_parts">Automobile parts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Automobile parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCCB_Brake_Carrera_GT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/PCCB_Brake_Carrera_GT.jpg/220px-PCCB_Brake_Carrera_GT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/PCCB_Brake_Carrera_GT.jpg/330px-PCCB_Brake_Carrera_GT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/PCCB_Brake_Carrera_GT.jpg/440px-PCCB_Brake_Carrera_GT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Porsche Carrera GT's silicon carbide "carbon-ceramic" disc brake</figcaption></figure> <p>Silicon-infiltrated <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_carbon-carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinforced carbon-carbon">carbon-carbon composite</a> is used for high performance "ceramic" <a href="/wiki/Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">brake discs</a>, as they are able to withstand extreme temperatures. The silicon reacts with the graphite in the carbon-carbon composite to become carbon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC). These brake discs are used on some road-going sports cars, supercars, as well as other performance cars including the <a href="/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_GT" title="Porsche Carrera GT">Porsche Carrera GT</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Veyron" title="Bugatti Veyron">Bugatti Veyron</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_(C6)#ZR1" title="Chevrolet Corvette (C6)">Chevrolet Corvette ZR1</a>, the <a href="/wiki/McLaren_P1" title="McLaren P1">McLaren P1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a> and some specific high-performance <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> cars. Silicon carbide is also used in a <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintered</a> form for <a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">diesel particulate filters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used as an oil additive<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Silicon_carbide#Dubious" title="Talk:Silicon carbide">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to reduce friction, emissions, and harmonics.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundry_crucibles">Foundry crucibles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foundry crucibles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SiC is used in crucibles for holding melting metal in small and large foundry applications.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_systems">Electric systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electric systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest electrical application of SiC was as a <a href="/wiki/Surge_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surge protection">surge protection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lightning_arrester" title="Lightning arrester">lightning arresters</a> in electric power systems. These devices must exhibit high <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">resistance</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> across them reaches a certain threshold V<sub>T</sub> at which point their resistance must drop to a lower level and maintain this level until the applied voltage drops below V<sub>T</sub> flushing current into the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was recognized early on<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> that SiC had such a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-dependent_resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voltage-dependent resistance (page does not exist)">voltage-dependent resistance</a>, and so columns of SiC pellets were connected between high-voltage <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">power lines</a> and the earth. When a <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">lightning strike</a> to the line raises the line voltage sufficiently, the SiC column will conduct, allowing strike current to pass harmlessly to the earth instead of along the power line. The SiC columns proved to conduct significantly at normal power-line operating voltages and thus had to be placed <a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">in series</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Spark_gap" title="Spark gap">spark gap</a>. This spark gap is <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionized</a> and rendered conductive when lightning raises the voltage of the power line conductor, thus effectively connecting the SiC column between the power conductor and the earth. Spark gaps used in lightning arresters are unreliable, either failing to strike an arc when needed or failing to turn off afterwards, in the latter case due to material failure or contamination by dust or salt. Usage of SiC columns was originally intended to eliminate the need for the spark gap in lightning arresters. Gapped SiC arresters were used for lightning-protection and sold under the <a href="/wiki/GE" class="mw-redirect" title="GE">GE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886)">Westinghouse</a> brand names, among others. The gapped SiC arrester has been largely displaced by no-gap <a href="/wiki/Varistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Varistors">varistors</a> that use columns of <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> pellets.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_circuit_elements">Electronic circuit elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electronic circuit elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon carbide was the first commercially important semiconductor material. A <a href="/wiki/Crystal_radio" title="Crystal radio">crystal radio</a> "carborundum" (synthetic silicon carbide) detector diode was patented by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harrison_Chase_Dunwoody" title="Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody">Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody</a> in 1906. It found much early use in shipboard receivers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_electronic_devices">Power electronic devices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Power electronic devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1993, the silicon carbide was considered a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> in both research and early <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> providing advantages for fast, high-temperature and/or high-voltage devices. The first devices available were <a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diodes</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">junction-gate FETs</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFETs</a> for high-power switching. <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipolar transistor">Bipolar transistors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyristors" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyristors">thyristors</a> were described.<sup id="cite_ref-baliga_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baliga-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major problem for SiC commercialization has been the elimination of defects: edge dislocations, screw dislocations (both hollow and closed core), triangular defects and basal plane dislocations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, devices made of SiC crystals initially displayed poor reverse blocking performance, though researchers have been tentatively finding solutions to improve the breakdown performance.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from crystal quality, problems with the interface of SiC with silicon dioxide have hampered the development of SiC-based power MOSFETs and <a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">insulated-gate bipolar transistors</a>. Although the mechanism is still unclear, <a href="/wiki/Nitriding" title="Nitriding">nitriding</a> has dramatically reduced the defects causing the interface problems.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the first commercial <a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">JFETs</a> rated at 1,200 V were introduced to the market,<sup id="cite_ref-reut_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reut-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed in 2011 by the first commercial MOSFETs rated at 1200 V. JFETs are now available rated 650 V to 1,700 V with resistance as low as 25 mΩ. Beside SiC switches and SiC Schottky diodes (also Schottky barrier diode, <a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">SBD</a>) in the popular TO-247 and <a href="/wiki/TO-220" title="TO-220">TO-220</a> packages, companies started even earlier to implement the bare chips into their <a href="/wiki/Power_module" title="Power module">power electronic modules</a>. </p><p>SiC SBD diodes found wide market spread being used in <a href="/wiki/Power_factor_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Power factor correction">PFC</a> circuits and <a href="/wiki/IGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="IGBT">IGBT</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_module" title="Power module">power modules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conferences such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Integrated_Power_Electronics_Systems" title="International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems">International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems</a> (CIPS) report regularly about the technological progress of SiC power devices. Major challenges for fully unleashing the capabilities of SiC power devices are: </p> <ul><li>Gate drive: SiC devices often require gate drive voltage levels that are different from their silicon counterparts and may be even unsymmetric, for example, +20 V and −5 V.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Packaging: SiC <a href="/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)" title="Die (integrated circuit)">chips</a> may have a higher power density than silicon power devices and are able to handle higher temperatures exceeding the silicon limit of 150 °C. New die attach technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintering</a> are required to efficiently get the heat out of the devices and ensure a reliable interconnection.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a> the <a href="/wiki/Power_inverter" title="Power inverter">inverters</a> in the drive unit use 24 pairs of silicon carbide (SiC) <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> chips rated for 650 volts each. Silicon carbide in this instance gave Tesla a significant advantage over chips made of silicon in terms of size and weight. A number of automobile manufacturers are planning to incorporate silicon carbide into power electronic devices in their products. A significant increase in production of silicon carbide is projected, beginning with a large plant opened 2022 by <a href="/wiki/Wolfspeed" title="Wolfspeed">Wolfspeed</a>, in upstate New York.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT51622_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT51622-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uv-LED.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Uv-LED.jpg/220px-Uv-LED.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Uv-LED.jpg/330px-Uv-LED.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Uv-LED.jpg/440px-Uv-LED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Ultraviolet LED (based on <a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_nitride" title="Indium gallium nitride">InGaN</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LEDs">LEDs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: LEDs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">electroluminescence</a> was discovered in 1907 using silicon carbide and some of the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LEDs</a> were based on this material. When General Electric of America introduced its SSL-1 Solid State Lamp in March 1967, using a tiny chip of semi-conducting SiC to emit a point of yellow light, it was then the world's brightest LED.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1970 it had been usurped by brighter red LEDs, but yellow LEDs made from 3C-SiC continued to be manufactured in the Soviet Union in the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_LED" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue LED">blue LEDs</a> (6H-SiC) worldwide in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-LED_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LED-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carbide LED production soon stopped when a different material, <a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">gallium nitride</a>, showed 10–100 times brighter emission. This difference in efficiency is due to the unfavorable <a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_band_gaps" title="Direct and indirect band gaps">indirect bandgap</a> of SiC, whereas GaN has a <a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_band_gaps" title="Direct and indirect band gaps">direct bandgap</a> which favors light emission. However, SiC is still one of the important LED components: It is a popular substrate for growing GaN devices, and it also serves as a heat spreader in high-power LEDs.<sup id="cite_ref-LED_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LED-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The low thermal expansion coefficient,<sup id="cite_ref-alpha_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alpha-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high hardness, rigidity and thermal conductivity make silicon carbide a desirable <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a> material for <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical</a> telescopes. The growth technology (<a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">chemical vapor deposition</a>) has been scaled up to produce disks of polycrystalline silicon carbide up to 3.5 m (11 ft) in diameter, and several telescopes like the <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Herschel Space Telescope">Herschel Space Telescope</a> are already equipped with SiC optics,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">space observatory</a> spacecraft subsystems are mounted on a rigid silicon carbide frame, which provides a stable structure that will not expand or contract due to heat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thin-filament_pyrometry">Thin-filament pyrometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Thin-filament pyrometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiCpyrometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SiCpyrometer.jpg/110px-SiCpyrometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SiCpyrometer.jpg/165px-SiCpyrometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/SiCpyrometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Test flame and glowing SiC fibers. The flame is about 7 cm (2.8 in) tall.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thin-filament_pyrometry" title="Thin-filament pyrometry">Thin-filament pyrometry</a></div> <p>Silicon carbide fibers are used to measure gas temperatures in an optical technique called thin-filament pyrometry. It involves the placement of a thin filament in a hot gas stream. Radiative emissions from the filament can be correlated with filament temperature. Filaments are SiC fibers with a diameter of 15 micrometers, about one fifth that of a human hair. Because the fibers are so thin, they do little to disturb the flame and their temperature remains close to that of the local gas. Temperatures of about 800–2,500 K can be measured.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heating_elements">Heating elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Heating elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>References to silicon carbide heating elements exist from the early 20th century when they were produced by Acheson's Carborundum Co. in the U.S. and EKL in Berlin. Silicon carbide offered increased <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperatures</a> compared with metallic heaters. Silicon carbide elements are used today in the melting of glass and non-ferrous metal, <a href="/wiki/Heat_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat treatment">heat treatment</a> of metals, <a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">float glass</a> production, production of ceramics and electronics components, igniters in <a href="/wiki/Pilot_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot lights">pilot lights</a> for gas heaters, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_shielding">Heat shielding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Heat shielding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The outer thermal protection layer of NASA's LOFTID inflatable heat shield incorporates a woven ceramic made from silicon carbide, with fiber of such small diameter that it can be bundled and spun into a yarn.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_applications">Nuclear applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nuclear applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to SiC's exceptional <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> absorption capability, it is used as fuel cladding in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactors">nuclear reactors</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a> containment material.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used in producing radiation detectors for monitoring radiation levels in nuclear facilities, environmental monitoring, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, SiC sensors and electronics for nuclear reactor applications are being developed potentially for future <a href="/wiki/Martian" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian">Martian</a> nuclear power and the emerging terrestrial micro nuclear power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_fuel_particles_and_cladding">Nuclear fuel particles and cladding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nuclear fuel particles and cladding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon carbide is an important material in <a href="/wiki/TRISO" class="mw-redirect" title="TRISO">TRISO</a>-coated fuel particles, the type of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a> found in <a href="/wiki/High_temperature_gas_cooled_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="High temperature gas cooled reactor">high temperature gas cooled reactors</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Pebble_Bed_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pebble Bed Reactor">Pebble Bed Reactor</a>. A layer of silicon carbide gives coated fuel particles structural support and is the main diffusion barrier to the release of fission products.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silicon carbide <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> has been investigated for use as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Zircaloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zircaloy">Zircaloy</a> cladding in <a href="/wiki/Light_water_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Light water reactors">light water reactors</a>. One of the reasons for this investigation is that, Zircaloy experiences hydrogen embrittlement as a consequence of the corrosion reaction with water. This produces a reduction in fracture toughness with increasing volumetric fraction of radial hydrides. This phenomenon increases drastically with increasing temperature to the detriment of the material.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silicon carbide cladding does not experience this same mechanical degradation, but instead retains strength properties with increasing temperature. The composite consists of SiC fibers wrapped around a SiC inner layer and surrounded by an SiC outer layer.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems have been reported with the ability to join the pieces of the SiC composite.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewelry">Jewelry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Jewelry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moissanite_ring_natural_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Moissanite_ring_natural_light.jpg/220px-Moissanite_ring_natural_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Moissanite_ring_natural_light.jpg/330px-Moissanite_ring_natural_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Moissanite_ring_natural_light.jpg/440px-Moissanite_ring_natural_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Moissanite" title="Moissanite">moissanite</a> engagement ring</figcaption></figure> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewelry</a>, silicon carbide is called "synthetic moissanite" or just "moissanite" after the mineral name. Moissanite is similar to <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> in several important respects: it is transparent and hard (9–9.5 on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a>, compared to 10 for diamond), with a <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> between 2.65 and 2.69 (compared to 2.42 for diamond). Moissanite is somewhat harder than common <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">cubic zirconia</a>. Unlike diamond, moissanite can be strongly <a href="/wiki/Birefringent" class="mw-redirect" title="Birefringent">birefringent</a>. For this reason, moissanite jewels are cut along the <a href="/wiki/Optic_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic axis">optic axis</a> of the crystal to minimize birefringent effects. It is lighter (density 3.21 g/cm<sup>3</sup> vs. 3.53 g/cm<sup>3</sup>), and much more resistant to heat than diamond. This results in a stone of higher <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">luster</a>, sharper facets, and good resilience. Loose moissanite stones may be placed directly into wax ring moulds for lost-wax casting, as can diamond,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as moissanite remains undamaged by temperatures up to 1,800 °C (3,270 °F). Moissanite has become popular as a diamond substitute, and may be misidentified as diamond, since its <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> is closer to diamond than any other substitute. Many thermal diamond-testing devices cannot distinguish moissanite from diamond, but the gem is distinct in its <a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">birefringence</a> and a very slight green or yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Some moissanite stones also have curved, string-like inclusions, which diamonds never have.<sup id="cite_ref-don_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-don-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steel_production">Steel production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Steel production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon_carbide_chunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Silicon_carbide_chunk.jpg/220px-Silicon_carbide_chunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Silicon_carbide_chunk.jpg/330px-Silicon_carbide_chunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Silicon_carbide_chunk.jpg/440px-Silicon_carbide_chunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Piece of silicon carbide used in steel making</figcaption></figure> <p>Silicon carbide, dissolved in a <a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic oxygen furnace">basic oxygen furnace</a> used for making <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, acts as a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>. The additional energy liberated allows the furnace to process more scrap with the same charge of hot metal. It can also be used to raise <a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_steelmaking#Process" title="Basic oxygen steelmaking">tap</a> temperatures and adjust the carbon and silicon content. Silicon carbide is cheaper than a combination of <a href="/wiki/Ferrosilicon" title="Ferrosilicon">ferrosilicon</a> and carbon, produces cleaner steel and lower emissions due to low levels of <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace elements</a>, has a low gas content, and does not lower the temperature of steel.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalyst_support">Catalyst support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Catalyst support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The natural resistance to oxidation exhibited by silicon carbide, as well as the discovery of new ways to synthesize the cubic β-SiC form, with its larger surface area, has led to significant interest in its use as a heterogeneous <a href="/wiki/Catalyst_support" title="Catalyst support">catalyst support</a>. This form has already been employed as a catalyst support for the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, such as n-<a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Maleic_anhydride" title="Maleic anhydride">maleic anhydride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carborundum_printmaking">Carborundum printmaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Carborundum printmaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon carbide is used in <a href="/wiki/Carborundum_printmaking" title="Carborundum printmaking">carborundum printmaking</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Collagraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Collagraph">collagraph</a> <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a> technique. Carborundum grit is applied in a paste to the surface of an aluminium plate. When the paste is dry, ink is applied and trapped in its granular surface, then wiped from the bare areas of the plate. The ink plate is then printed onto paper in a rolling-bed press used for <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_printmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio printmaking">intaglio printmaking</a>. The result is a print of painted marks embossed into the paper. </p><p>Carborundum grit is also used in stone Lithography. Its uniform particle size allows it to be used to "Grain" a stone which removes the previous image. In a similar process to sanding, coarser grit Carborundum is applied to the stone and worked with a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Levigator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levigator (page does not exist)">Levigator</a>, typically a round plate eccentric on a perpendicular shaft, then gradually finer and finer grit is applied until the stone is clean. This creates a grease sensitive surface.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphene_production">Graphene production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Graphene production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon carbide can be used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a> because of its chemical properties that promote the production of graphene on the surface of SiC nanostructures. </p><p>When it comes to its production, silicon is used primarily as a substrate to grow the graphene. But there are actually several methods that can be used to grow the graphene on the silicon carbide. The confinement controlled sublimation (CCS) growth method consists of a SiC chip that is heated under vacuum with graphite. Then the vacuum is released very gradually to control the growth of graphene. This method yields the highest quality graphene layers. But other methods have been reported to yield the same product as well. </p><p>Another way of growing graphene would be thermally decomposing SiC at a high temperature within a vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, this method turns out to yield graphene layers that contain smaller grains within the layers.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, there have been efforts to improve the quality and yield of graphene. One such method is to perform <i>ex situ</i> <a href="/wiki/Graphitization" title="Graphitization">graphitization</a> of silicon terminated SiC in an atmosphere consisting of argon. This method has proved to yield layers of graphene with larger domain sizes than the layer that would be attainable via other methods. This new method can be very viable to make higher quality graphene for a multitude of technological applications. </p><p>When it comes to understanding how or when to use these methods of graphene production, most of them mainly produce or grow this graphene on the SiC within a growth enabling environment. It is utilized most often at rather higher temperatures (such as 1,300 °C) because of SiC thermal properties.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there have been certain procedures that have been performed and studied that could potentially yield methods that use lower temperatures to help manufacture graphene. More specifically this different approach to graphene growth has been observed to produce graphene within a temperature environment of around 750 °C. This method entails the combination of certain methods like chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and surface segregation. And when it comes to the substrate, the procedure would consist of coating a SiC substrate with thin films of a transition metal. And after the rapid heat treating of this substance, the carbon atoms would then become more abundant at the surface interface of the transition metal film which would then yield graphene. And this process was found to yield graphene layers that were more continuous throughout the substrate surface.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_physics">Quantum physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Quantum physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon carbide can host point defects in the crystal lattice, which are known as <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Carbide_Color_Centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon Carbide Color Centers">color centers</a>. These defects can produce single photons on demand and thus serve as a platform for <a href="/wiki/Single-photon_source" title="Single-photon source">single-photon source</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a device is a fundamental resource for many emerging applications of quantum information science. If one pumps a color center via an external optical source or electric current, the color center will be brought to the excited state and then relax with the emission of one photon.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One well known point defect in silicon carbide is the divacancy which has a similar electronic structure as the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-vacancy_center" title="Nitrogen-vacancy center">nitrogen-vacancy center</a> in diamond. In 4H-SiC, the divacancy has four different configurations which correspond to four zero-phonon lines (ZPL). These ZPL values are written using the notation V<sub>Si</sub>-V<sub>C</sub> and the unit eV: hh(1.095), kk(1.096), kh(1.119), and hk(1.150).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing_rod_guides">Fishing rod guides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fishing rod guides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon carbide is used in the manufacturing of fishing guides because of its durability and wear resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silicon Carbide rings are fit into a guide frame, typically made from stainless steel or titanium which keep the line from touching the rod blank. The rings provide a low friction surface which improves casting distance while providing adequate hardness that prevents abrasion from braided fishing line.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfeiffer2013_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfeiffer2013-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery_glazes">Pottery glazes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pottery glazes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon carbide is used as a raw ingredient in some <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glazes</a> applied to ceramics. At high temperatures it can reduce metal oxides forming <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a> and carbon dioxide. This can be used to make the glaze foam and crater due to the evolved carbon dioxide gas, or to reduce the colorant oxides and achieve colors such as <a href="/wiki/Sang_de_boeuf_glaze" title="Sang de boeuf glaze">copper reds</a> otherwise only possible in a fuel powered <a href="/wiki/Reducing_atmosphere" title="Reducing atmosphere">reduction firing</a> in an electric kiln.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carborundum_Universal" title="Carborundum Universal">Carborundum Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globar" title="Globar">Globar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_bonded_silicon_carbide" title="Reaction bonded silicon carbide">Reaction bonded silicon carbide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbide&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0555.html">"#0555"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230555&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0555.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+carbide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b92-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b92_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b92_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2011" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (92nd ed.). 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University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Silicon+Carbide&rft.pub=University+of+London&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimg.chem.ucl.ac.uk%2Fwww%2Fkelly%2Fmoissanite.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+carbide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-2743.html">"Moissanite"</a>. 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silicon_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silicon compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silicon_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silicon_compounds" title="Silicon compounds">Silicon compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Si(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">SiO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">SiS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Si(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disilane" title="Disilane">Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachlorodisilane" title="Hexachlorodisilane">Si<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Si(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrabromide" title="Silicon tetrabromide">SiBr<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SiC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrachloride" title="Silicon tetrachloride">SiCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrafluoride" title="Silicon tetrafluoride">SiF<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">SiH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetraiodide" title="Silicon tetraiodide">SiI<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurosilane" title="Aurosilane">SiAu<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_disulfide" title="Silicon disulfide">SiS<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_nitride" title="Silicon nitride">Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetraazide" title="Silicon tetraazide">Si(N<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinoite" title="Sinoite">Si<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachlorodisiloxane" title="Hexachlorodisiloxane">Si<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorotrifluorosilane" title="Chlorotrifluorosilane">SiF<sub>3</sub>Cl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_silicide_ion" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silicides" title="Template:Silicides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silicides" title="Template talk:Silicides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silicides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silicides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_silicide_ion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Salts and covalent derivatives of the <a href="/wiki/Silicide" title="Silicide">silicide</a> ion</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">SiH<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silicide_hydride" title="Silicide hydride">+H</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithium silicide (page does not exist)">LiSi</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beryllium silicide (page does not exist)">Be<sub>2</sub>Si</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_triboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon triboride (page does not exist)">SiB<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_hexaboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon hexaboride (page does not exist)">SiB<sub>6</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boride_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boride silicide (page does not exist)">+B</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SiC</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silicide_carbide" title="Silicide carbide">+C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_nitride" title="Silicon nitride">Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nitridosilicate" title="Nitridosilicate">-N</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicide_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicide nitride (page does not exist)">+N</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrafluoride" title="Silicon tetrafluoride">SiF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicide" title="Sodium silicide">NaSi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_silicide" title="Magnesium silicide">Mg<sub>2</sub>Si</a> </td> <td>Al </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicide" title="Silicide">Si<sup>4−</sup></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphorus silicide (page does not exist)">SiP, SiP<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phosphidosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphidosilicate">-P</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phosphide_silicide" title="Phosphide silicide">+P</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_disulfide" title="Silicon disulfide">SiS<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thiosilicate" title="Thiosilicate">-S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrachloride" title="Silicon tetrachloride">SiCl<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium silicide (page does not exist)">KSi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_monosilicide" title="Calcium monosilicide">CaSi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Calcium_disilicide" title="Calcium disilicide">CaSi<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scandium silicide (page does not exist)">ScSi</a> Sc<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> Sc<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> Sc<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>4</sub> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium silicide (page does not exist)">TiSi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium_disilicide" title="Titanium disilicide">TiSi<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trivanadium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trivanadium silicide (page does not exist)">V<sub>3</sub>Si</a> V<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, V<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>5</sub>, VSi<sub>2</sub>, V<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>5</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trichromium_silicide" title="Trichromium silicide">Cr<sub>3</sub>Si</a> Cr<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, CrSi, CrSi<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese_monosilicide" title="Manganese monosilicide">MnSi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese_disilicide" title="Manganese disilicide">MnSi<sub>2</sub></a>, Mn<sub>9</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>, Mn<sub>3</sub>Si, <a href="/wiki/Mavlyanovite" title="Mavlyanovite">Mn<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub></a>, Mn<sub>11</sub>Si<sub>9</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron_disilicide" title="Iron disilicide">FeSi<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iron_monosilicide" title="Iron monosilicide">FeSi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Xifengite" title="Xifengite"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000104-QINU`"'</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diiron_silicide" title="Diiron silicide">Fe<sub>2</sub>Si</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triiron_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triiron silicide (page does not exist)">Fe<sub>3</sub>Si</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_monosilicide" title="Cobalt monosilicide">CoSi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_disilicide" title="Cobalt disilicide">CoSi<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Dicobalt_silicide" title="Dicobalt silicide">Co<sub>2</sub>Si</a>, Co<sub>3</sub>Si </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel_monosilicide" title="Nickel monosilicide">NiSi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel_silicide" title="Nickel silicide">more…</a> </td> <td>Cu<sub>17</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Cu<sub>56</sub>Si<sub>11</sub>, Cu<sub>5</sub>Si, Cu<sub>33</sub>Si<sub>7</sub>, Cu<sub>4</sub>Si, Cu<sub>19</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>, Cu<sub>3</sub>Si, Cu<sub>87</sub>Si<sub>13</sub> </td> <td>Zn </td> <td>Ga </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium_silicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium silicide">GeSi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanide_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanide silicide (page does not exist)">+Ge</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenic silicide (page does not exist)">SiAs, SiAs<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsenidosilicate" title="Arsenidosilicate">-As</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenide_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenide silicide (page does not exist)">+As</a> </td> <td>SiSe<sub>2</sub> SiSe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrabromide" title="Silicon tetrabromide">SiBr<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubidium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubidium silicide (page does not exist)">RbSi</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium silicide (page does not exist)">SrSi<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium silicide (page does not exist)">YSi</a> Y<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Y<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, Y<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>5</sub>, YSi<sub>1.4</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_silicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium silicide">ZrSi</a> Zr<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Zr<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_disilicide" title="Zirconium disilicide">ZrSi<sub>2</sub></a>, Zr<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>, Zr<sub>2</sub>Si, Zr<sub>3</sub>Si </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium silicide (page does not exist)">Nb<sub>4</sub>Si Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disilicide" title="Molybdenum disilicide">MoSi<sub>2</sub></a><br />Mo<sub>3</sub>Si Mo<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>Tc </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruthenium silicide (page does not exist)">RuSi</a> Ru<sub>2</sub>Si, Ru<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Ru<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodium silicide (page does not exist)">RhSi</a> Rh<sub>2</sub>Si, Rh<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Rh<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>, Rh<sub>20</sub>Si<sub>13</sub> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palladium silicide (page does not exist)">PdSi</a> Pd<sub>5</sub>Si, Pd<sub>9</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>, Pd<sub>3</sub>Si, Pd<sub>2</sub>Si </td> <td>Ag </td> <td>Cd </td> <td>In </td> <td>Sn </td> <td>Sb </td> <td>TeSi<sub>2</sub> Te<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetraiodide" title="Silicon tetraiodide">SiI<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesium silicide (page does not exist)">CsSi</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium silicide (page does not exist)">Ba<sub>2</sub>Si</a> BaSi<sub>2</sub>, Ba<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> Ba<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>4</sub> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium silicide (page does not exist)">Lu<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnium silicide (page does not exist)">HfSi</a> Hf<sub>2</sub>Si, Hf<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>, Hf<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, HfSi<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum silicide (page does not exist)">Ta<sub>9</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>, Ta<sub>3</sub>Si, Ta<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_silicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten silicide">WSi<sub>2</sub></a> W<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhenium silicide (page does not exist)">ReSi</a> Re<sub>2</sub>Si, ReSi<sub>1.8</sub> Re<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmium silicide (page does not exist)">OsSi</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium silicide (page does not exist)">IrSi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum_silicide" title="Platinum silicide">PtSi</a> </td> <td>Au </td> <td>Hg </td> <td>Tl </td> <td>Pb </td> <td>Bi </td> <td>Po </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Fr </td> <td>Ra </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum silicide (page does not exist)">LaSi<sub>2</sub></a> La<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, La<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>, La<sub>5</sub><sub></sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, LaSi </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_disilicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium disilicide (page does not exist)">CeSi<sub>2</sub></a> Ce<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Ce<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>, Ce<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_monosilicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium monosilicide (page does not exist)">CeSi</a>, Ce<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>5</sub> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium silicide (page does not exist)">PrSi<sub>2</sub></a> Pr<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Pr<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>, Pr<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, PrSi </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neodymium_monosilicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neodymium monosilicide (page does not exist)">NdSi</a> Nd<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Nd<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, Nd<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Nd<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, Nd<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, NdSi<sub>x</sub> </td> <td>Pm </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium_disilicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium disilicide (page does not exist)">SmSi<sub>2</sub></a> Sm<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, Sm<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, SmSi, Sm<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>Eu? </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_disilicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium disilicide (page does not exist)">GdSi<sub>2</sub></a> Gd<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Gd<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, GdSi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium_silicide" title="Terbium silicide">TbSi<sub>2</sub></a> SiTb, Si<sub>4</sub>Tb<sub>5</sub>, Si<sub>3</sub>Tb<sub>5</sub> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium silicide (page does not exist)">DySi<sub>2</sub></a> DySi </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium silicide (page does not exist)">HoSi<sub>2</sub></a> Ho<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Ho<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, HoSi, Ho<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>5</sub> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium silicide (page does not exist)">ErSi<sub>2</sub></a> Er<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, Er<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>, ErSi </td> <td>Tm? </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium silicide (page does not exist)">YbSi</a> Si<sub>1.8</sub>Yb, Si<sub>5</sub>Yb<sub>3</sub>, Si<sub>4</sub>Yb<sub>3</sub>, Si<sub>4</sub>Yb<sub>5</sub>, Si<sub>3</sub>Yb<sub>5</sub> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Ac </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium(IV)_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium(IV) silicide (page does not exist)">ThSi</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protactinium_silicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protactinium silicide (page does not exist)">PaSi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium_disilicide" title="Uranium disilicide">USi<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium_silicide" title="Neptunium silicide">NpSi<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_silicide" title="Plutonium silicide">PuSi</a> </td> <td>Am </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Template:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Template talk:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon_and_related_ions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">Inorganic compounds of</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and related ions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monofluoride" title="Carbon monofluoride">CF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">CO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetroxide" title="Carbon tetroxide">CO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pentoxide" title="Carbon pentoxide">CO<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_hexoxide" title="Carbon hexoxide">CO<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">COS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenedithione" title="Ethenedithione">C<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">CS<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_diselenide" title="Carbon diselenide">CSe<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_subsulfide" title="Carbon subsulfide">C<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SiC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon ions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">Carbides</a> [:C≡C:]<sup>2−</sup>, [::C::]<sup>4−</sup>, [:C=C=C:]<sup>4−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a> [:C≡N:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">Cyanate</a> [:O−C≡N:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">Thiocyanate</a> [:S−C≡N:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminate" title="Fulminate">Fulminate</a> [:C≡N−O:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27110079" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q27110079">Thiofulminate</a> [:C≡N−S:]<sup>−</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nanostructures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_intercalation_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphite intercalation compounds">Graphite intercalation compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulleride" title="Fulleride">Fullerides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxides and related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxides</a></li> <li><a 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