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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religious_contexts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religious_contexts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In religious contexts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_religious_contexts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In religious contexts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_religious_contexts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chalcolithic_Age_(4500–3300_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcolithic_Age_(4500–3300_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chalcolithic Age (4500–3300 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcolithic_Age_(4500–3300_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age_(3200–1200_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age_(3200–1200_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bronze Age (3200–1200 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age_(3200–1200_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intermediate_Bronze_Age_(EBIV/MBI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermediate_Bronze_Age_(EBIV/MBI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Intermediate Bronze Age (EBIV/MBI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermediate_Bronze_Age_(EBIV/MBI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze_Age_lamps_(MB)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze_Age_lamps_(MB)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Middle Bronze Age lamps (MB)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze_Age_lamps_(MB)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age_lamps_(LB)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze_Age_lamps_(LB)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Late Bronze Age lamps (LB)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age_lamps_(LB)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_(1200–560_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_(1200–560_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Iron Age (1200–560 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_(1200–560_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arctic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arctic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Arctic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arctic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Early Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Late Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Late Middle Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Byzantine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Islamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Islamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Early Islamic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Islamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Industrial age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regional variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_of_Israel/Palestine_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_of_Israel/Palestine_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Land of Israel/Palestine region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_of_Israel/Palestine_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oil lamp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="مصباح زيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصباح زيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%AA%DC%93%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A2%DC%A6%DC%9B%DC%90" title="ܫܪܓܐ ܕܢܦܛܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܪܓܐ ܕܢܦܛܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C4%9F_lampas%C4%B1" title="Yağ lampası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yağ lampası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="কূপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কূপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Каганец – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каганец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Каганец – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каганец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Маслена лампа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маслена лампа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ll%C3%A0ntia" title="Llàntia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llàntia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olielampe" title="Olielampe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Olielampe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96llampe" title="Öllampe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Öllampe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerna_(l%C3%A1mpara)" title="Lucerna (lámpara) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lucerna (lámpara)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olelampo" title="Olelampo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Olelampo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriseilu" title="Kriseilu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kriseilu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="چراغ موشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چراغ موشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampe_%C3%A0_huile" title="Lampe à huile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lampe à huile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%A9boi_ka_maguta" title="Karũboi ka maguta – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Karũboi ka maguta" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A1%B1" title="호롱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호롱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleolampo" title="Oleolampo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oleolampo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_minyak" title="Lampu minyak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lampu minyak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerna_(lampada)" title="Lucerna (lampada) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lucerna (lampada)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="מנורת שמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנורת שמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senthir" title="Senthir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Senthir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF" title="ژونٛگ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ژونٛگ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerna_(lampas)" title="Lucerna (lampas) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lucerna (lampas)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%BC%C4%BCas_lampa" title="Eļļas lampa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eļļas lampa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Кандило – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кандило" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_minyak" title="Lampu minyak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lampu minyak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olielamp" title="Olielamp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Olielamp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="टुकी बत्ती – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टुकी बत्ती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97" title="オイルランプ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オイルランプ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljelampe" title="Oljelampe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oljelampe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljelampe" title="Oljelampe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oljelampe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%84" title="ចង្កៀងប្រេង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចង្កៀងប្រេង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampa_olejna" title="Lampa olejna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lampa olejna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2mpada_a_%C3%B3leo" title="Lâmpada a óleo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lâmpada a óleo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opai%C8%9B" title="Opaiț – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Opaiț" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Масляная лампа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Масляная лампа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandili" title="Kandili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kandili" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oil lamp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljenka" title="Oljenka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oljenka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ljytuikku" title="Öljytuikku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Öljytuikku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljelampa" title="Oljelampa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oljelampa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="எண்ணெய் விளக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எண்ணெய் விளக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandil" title="Kandil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kandil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Каганець – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каганець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A8n_d%E1%BA%A7u_c%E1%BB%95" title="Đèn dầu cổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đèn dầu cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampara_hin_lana" title="Lampara hin lana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lampara hin lana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E7%81%AF" title="油灯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="油灯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lamp used for lighting by burning oil</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Oil Lamps" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Oil_Lamps_(film)" title="Oil Lamps (film)"><i>Oil Lamps</i> (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_ancient_hellenistic_an_roan_oil_lamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Group_of_ancient_hellenistic_an_roan_oil_lamps.jpg/220px-Group_of_ancient_hellenistic_an_roan_oil_lamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Group_of_ancient_hellenistic_an_roan_oil_lamps.jpg/330px-Group_of_ancient_hellenistic_an_roan_oil_lamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Group_of_ancient_hellenistic_an_roan_oil_lamps.jpg/440px-Group_of_ancient_hellenistic_an_roan_oil_lamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Group of ancient lamps (<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> and Roman)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG/220px-DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG/330px-DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG/440px-DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Simple contemporary Indian clay oil lamp during <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Lamp_Christian_Symbol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Oil_Lamp_Christian_Symbol.jpg/220px-Oil_Lamp_Christian_Symbol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Oil_Lamp_Christian_Symbol.jpg/330px-Oil_Lamp_Christian_Symbol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Oil_Lamp_Christian_Symbol.jpg/440px-Oil_Lamp_Christian_Symbol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Antique bronze oil lamp with the "<a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">Chi Rho</a>", a Christian symbol (replica)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wahaya_sukunda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wahaya_sukunda.jpg/220px-Wahaya_sukunda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wahaya_sukunda.jpg/330px-Wahaya_sukunda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wahaya_sukunda.jpg/440px-Wahaya_sukunda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Sukunda oil lamp of <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a>, Nepal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Horongbul-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Korea-Horongbul-01.jpg/220px-Korea-Horongbul-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Korea-Horongbul-01.jpg/330px-Korea-Horongbul-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Korea-Horongbul-01.jpg/440px-Korea-Horongbul-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Oil lamp of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glas_Oil_Lamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Glas_Oil_Lamp.jpg/170px-Glas_Oil_Lamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Glas_Oil_Lamp.jpg/255px-Glas_Oil_Lamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Glas_Oil_Lamp.jpg/340px-Glas_Oil_Lamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Modern oil lamp of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> with flat wick</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>oil lamp</b> is a lamp used to produce light continuously for a period of time using an oil-based fuel source. The use of oil lamps began thousands of years ago and continues to this day, although their use is less common in modern times. They work in the same way as a <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candle</a> but with fuel that is liquid at room temperature, so that a container for the oil is required. A textile wick drops down into the oil, and is lit at the end, burning the oil as it is drawn up the wick. </p><p>Oil lamps are a form of <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>, and were used as an alternative to candles before the use of electric lights. Starting in 1780, the <a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand lamp</a> quickly replaced other oil lamps still in their basic ancient form. These in turn were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">kerosene lamp</a> in about 1850. In small towns and rural areas the latter continued in use well into the 20th century, until such areas were finally <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrified</a> and light bulbs could be used. </p><p>Sources of fuel for oil lamps include a wide variety of plants such as nuts (<a href="/wiki/Walnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Walnuts">walnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds">almonds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kukui" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukui">kukui</a>) and seeds (<a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Flax_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Flax oil">flax</a>). Also widely used were animal fats (butter, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, fish oil, <a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">shark liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale_blubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale blubber">whale blubber</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Seal_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal oil">seal</a>). <a href="/wiki/Camphine" title="Camphine">Camphine</a>, made of purified spirits of <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a>, and burning fluid, a mixture of turpentine and alcohol, were sold as lamp fuels starting in the 1830s as the <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a> industry declined. Burning fluid became more expensive during the Civil War when a <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1862" title="Revenue Act of 1862">federal tax</a> on alcohol was <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">reenacted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sales of both camphene and burning fluid decreased in the late 1800s as other sources of lighting, such as <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> made from petroleum, <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric lighting">electric lighting</a>, began to predominate. </p><p>Most modern lamps (such as <a href="/wiki/Lantern#Modern_lanterns" title="Lantern">fueled lanterns</a>) have been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">gas-based</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naphtha#Other_applications" title="Naphtha">petroleum-based</a> fuels to operate when emergency non-electric light is required. Oil lamps are currently used primarily for their ambience. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_lamp_Fandaqomiyah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oil_lamp_Fandaqomiyah.jpg/220px-Oil_lamp_Fandaqomiyah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oil_lamp_Fandaqomiyah.jpg/330px-Oil_lamp_Fandaqomiyah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oil_lamp_Fandaqomiyah.jpg/440px-Oil_lamp_Fandaqomiyah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Double-nozzled <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> oil lamp found in <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The following are the main external parts of a <a href="/wiki/Terra-cotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra-cotta">terra-cotta</a> lamp: </p> <dl><dt>Shoulder</dt> <dt>Pouring hole</dt> <dd>The hole through which fuel is put inside the fuel chamber. The width generally ranges from 0.5–5 cm (0.2–2.0 in). There may be one hole or multiple holes.</dd> <dt>Wick hole and the nozzle</dt> <dd>May be either an opening in the body of the lamp or an elongated nozzle. In some specific types of lamps, there is a groove on the top of the nozzle that runs along to the pouring hole to re-collect the oozing oil from the wick.</dd> <dt>Handle</dt> <dd>Lamps can come with a handle. The handle can come in different shapes. The most common is a ring-shaped for the forefinger surmounted by a <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmette</a>, on which the thumb is pressed to stabilize the lamp. Other handles can be crescent-shaped, triangular, or oval-shaped. The handleless lamps usually have an elongated nozzle, and sometimes have a <a href="/wiki/Lug_(knob)" title="Lug (knob)">lug</a> rising diagonally from the periphery. The lug may act as a small handle where the thumb rests. Some lugs are pierced. It was speculated that pierced lugs were used to place a pen or straw, called the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">acus</i> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">festuca</i></span>, with which the wick was trimmed. Others think that the pierced lugs were used to hang the lamp on a metal hook when not in use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dt>Discus</dt> <dt>Fuel chamber</dt> <dd>The fuel reservoir. The mean volume in a typical terra-cotta lamp is 20 cc (20 mL).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lamps can be categorized based on different criteria, including material (<a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slip_(ceramics)" title="Slip (ceramics)">slip</a>), shape, structure, design, and imagery (e.g. symbolic, religious, mythological, erotic, battles, hunting). </p><p>Typologically, lamps of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mediterranean">Ancient Mediterranean</a> can be divided into seven major categories: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">Wheel-made</a></dt> <dd>This category includes Greek and Egyptian lamps that date before the 3rd century BC. They are characterized by simplicity, with little or no decoration, a wide pour-hole, a lack of handles, and a pierced or unpierced <a href="/wiki/Lug_(knob)" title="Lug (knob)">lug</a>. Pierced lugs occurred briefly between the 4th and 3rd century BC. Unpierced lugs continued until the 1st century BC.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Volute, Early Imperial</dt> <dd>With spiral, scroll-like ornaments called <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volutes</a> extending from their nozzles, these lamps were predominantly produced in Italy during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire#27_BC–AD_14:_Augustus" title="History of the Roman Empire">Early Roman</a> period. They have a wide discus, a narrow shoulder, no handle, elaborate imagery and artistic finishing, and a wide range of patterns of decoration.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>High Imperial</dt> <dd>These lamps are late Roman. The shoulder is wider and the discus is smaller with fewer decorations. These lamps have handles, short, plain nozzles, and less artistic finishing.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Frog</dt> <dd>This is a regional style lamp exclusively produced in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and found in the regions around it, between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span> and 300 AD. The <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frog</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a>) is an Egyptian fertility symbol.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/African_Red_Slip" class="mw-redirect" title="African Red Slip">African Red Slip</a></dt> <dd>Lamps made in North Africa, but widely exported, decorated in a red slip. They date from the 2nd to the 7th century AD and comprise a wide variety of shapes including a flat, heavily decorated shoulder with a small and relatively shallow discus. Their decoration is either non-religious, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>. Grooves run from the nozzle back to the pouring hole. It is hypothesized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2015)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that this is to take back spilled oil. These lamps often have more than one pour-hole.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Slipper</dt> <dd>These lamps are oval-shaped and found mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. They were produced between the 3rd to 9th centuries AD. Decorations include vine scrolls, palm wreaths, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek letters">Greek letters</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Factory lamps</dt> <dd>Also called <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Firmalampen</i>, these are universal in distribution and simple in appearance. They have a channeled nozzle, plain discus, and two or three bumps on the shoulder. Initially made in factories in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and Southern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, they were exported to all Roman provinces. The vast majority were stamped on the bottom to identify the manufacturer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religious_contexts">In religious contexts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In religious contexts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Oil_Jews_lamps_from_Sardegna_MUSEO_NAZIONA_SANNA_SASSARI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Three_Oil_Jews_lamps_from_Sardegna_MUSEO_NAZIONA_SANNA_SASSARI.jpg/220px-Three_Oil_Jews_lamps_from_Sardegna_MUSEO_NAZIONA_SANNA_SASSARI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Three_Oil_Jews_lamps_from_Sardegna_MUSEO_NAZIONA_SANNA_SASSARI.jpg/330px-Three_Oil_Jews_lamps_from_Sardegna_MUSEO_NAZIONA_SANNA_SASSARI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Three_Oil_Jews_lamps_from_Sardegna_MUSEO_NAZIONA_SANNA_SASSARI.jpg/440px-Three_Oil_Jews_lamps_from_Sardegna_MUSEO_NAZIONA_SANNA_SASSARI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>Jewish <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> oil lamps from <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> in the Museo Nazionale Sanna, Sassari</figcaption></figure> <p>Lamps appear in the Torah and other Jewish sources as a symbol of "lighting" the way for the righteous, the wise, and for love and other positive values. While fire was often described as being destructive, light was given a positive spiritual meaning. The oil lamp and its light were important household items, and this may explain their symbolism. Oil lamps were used for many spiritual rituals. The oil lamp and its light also became important ritualistic articles with the further development of Jewish culture and religion. The Temple <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah</a>, a ritual seven-branched oil lamp used in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, forms the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Chanukah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanukah">Chanukah</a> story. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Mercurius,_bishop_of_Smolensk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Saint_Mercurius%2C_bishop_of_Smolensk.jpg/220px-Saint_Mercurius%2C_bishop_of_Smolensk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Saint_Mercurius%2C_bishop_of_Smolensk.jpg/330px-Saint_Mercurius%2C_bishop_of_Smolensk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Saint_Mercurius%2C_bishop_of_Smolensk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Oil lamp burning before the <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of St. Mercurius of Smolensk, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Pechersk_Lavra" title="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra">Kyiv Pechersk Lavra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are several references to oil lamps in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> oil lamps (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <i lang="el">kandili</i>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a>: <i lang="cu">lampada</i>) are still used both on the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Table">Holy Table</a> (altar) and to illuminate <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a> and around the <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> (church building). Orthodox Christians will also use oil lamps in their homes to illuminate their <a href="/wiki/Icon_corner" title="Icon corner">icon corner</a>. Traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_lamp" title="Sanctuary lamp">sanctuary lamp</a> in an Orthodox church is an oil lamp. It is lit by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> when the church is <a href="/wiki/Consecrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated">consecrated</a>, and ideally it should burn perpetually thereafter. The oil burned in all of these lamps is traditionally <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>. Oil lamps are also referenced as a symbol throughout the New Testament, including in the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins" title="Parable of the Ten Virgins">Parable of the Ten Virgins</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oil_lamp" title="Special:EditPage/Oil lamp">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Aarti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paavai-vilakku8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Paavai-vilakku8.JPG/110px-Paavai-vilakku8.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Paavai-vilakku8.JPG/165px-Paavai-vilakku8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Paavai-vilakku8.JPG/220px-Paavai-vilakku8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1483" /></a><figcaption><span title="Tamil-language text"><i lang="ta-Latn">Paavai vilakku</i></span>: brass oil lamp from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> in the image of <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Oil lamps are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> as well as in home shrines. Generally the lamps used in temples are circular with places for five wicks. They are made of metal and either suspended on a chain or screwed onto a pedestal. There will usually be at least one lamp in each shrine, and the main shrine may contain several. Usually only one wick is lit, with all five burning only on festive occasions. The oil lamp is used in the Hindu ritual of <a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Aarti</a>. </p><p>In the home shrine, the style of lamp is usually different, containing only one wick. There is usually a piece of metal that forms the back of the lamp, which has a picture of a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu deity">Hindu deity</a> embossed on it. In many houses, the lamp burns all day, but in other homes, it is lit at sundown. The lamp in the home shrine is supposed to be lit before any other lights are turned on at night. </p><p>A hand-held oil lamp or <a href="/wiki/Incense_sticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense sticks">incense sticks</a> (lit from the lamp) are also used during the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> ceremony. In the North of India, a five-wick lamp is used, usually fueled with <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>. On special occasions, various other lamps may be used for puja, the most elaborate having several tiers of wicks. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, there are a few types of oil lamps that are common in temples and traditional rituals. Some of the smaller ones are used for offerings as well. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepalakshmi56.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Deepalakshmi56.JPG/110px-Deepalakshmi56.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Deepalakshmi56.JPG/165px-Deepalakshmi56.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Deepalakshmi56.JPG/220px-Deepalakshmi56.JPG 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>A <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">Deepalakshmi</i></span> oil lamp from <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">Deepalakshmi</i></span></dt> <dd>A brass lamp with a depiction of goddess <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lakshmi">Sri Lakshmi</a> over the back piece. They are usually small and have only one wick.</dd> <dt><i><a href="/wiki/Nilavilakku" title="Nilavilakku">Nilavilakku</a></i></dt> <dd>A tall brass or bronze lamp on a stand where the wicks are placed at a certain height.</dd> <dt><span title="Tamil-language text"><i lang="ta-Latn">Paavai vilakku</i></span></dt> <dd>A brass or bronze lamp in the form of a lady holding a vessel with her hands. This type of lamp comes in different sizes, from very small to almost life-size. There are also large stone versions of this lamp in Hindu temples and shrines of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, especially at the base of columns and flanking the entrance of temples. They have only one wick.</dd> <dt><span title="Tamil-language text"><i lang="ta-Latn">Thooku vilakku</i></span></dt> <dd>A brass or bronze lamp hanging from a chain, often with multiple wicks.</dd> <dt><i><a href="/wiki/Nachiarkoil_lamp" title="Nachiarkoil lamp">Nachiarkoil lamp</a></i></dt> <dd>An ornamental brass lamp made of series of <a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">diyas</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a> product which is exclusively made by the Pather (<a href="/wiki/Kammalar_(caste)" title="Kammalar (caste)">Kammalar</a>) community in <a href="/wiki/Nachiyar_Koil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nachiyar Koil">Nachiyar Koil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India.<sup id="cite_ref-nachiar1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nachiar1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysian_god_shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Malaysian_god_shrine.jpg/170px-Malaysian_god_shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Malaysian_god_shrine.jpg/255px-Malaysian_god_shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Malaysian_god_shrine.jpg/340px-Malaysian_god_shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Chinese shrine in <a href="/wiki/Petaling_Jaya" title="Petaling Jaya">Petaling Jaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, containing an oil lamp</figcaption></figure> <p>Oil lamps are lit at traditional Chinese shrines before either an image of a deity or a plaque with <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> characters giving the name of the deity. Such lamps are usually made from clear glass (giving them a similar appearance to normal drinking glasses) and are filled with oil, sometimes with water underneath. A cork or plastic floater containing a wick is placed on top of the oil with the bottom of the wick submerged in the oil. </p><p>Such lamps are kept burning in shrines, whether private or public, and incense sticks or <a href="/wiki/Joss_sticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Joss sticks">joss sticks</a> are lit from the lamp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oil_lamp" title="Special:EditPage/Oil lamp">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Curved stone lamps were found in places dated to the <a href="/wiki/10th_millennium_BC" title="10th millennium BC">10th millennium BC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> Period, c. 10,300–8000 BC). The oldest stone-oil lamp was found in <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> in 1940 in a cave that was inhabited 10,000 to 15,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8D%83%E7%81%AF%E9%A6%86%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%E5%8D%83%E7%81%AF%E9%A6%86%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%AF.jpg/220px-%E5%8D%83%E7%81%AF%E9%A6%86%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%E5%8D%83%E7%81%AF%E9%A6%86%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%AF.jpg/330px-%E5%8D%83%E7%81%AF%E9%A6%86%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%E5%8D%83%E7%81%AF%E9%A6%86%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%AF.jpg/440px-%E5%8D%83%E7%81%AF%E9%A6%86%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic stone lamps in the Thousand Lamp Museum in <a href="/wiki/Qiandeng" title="Qiandeng">Qiandeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunshan" title="Kunshan">Kunshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some archaeologists claim that the first shell-lamps existed more than 6,000 years ago (<a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a>, c. 8500–4500 BC). They believe that the alabaster shell-shaped lamps dug up in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> sites dating to 2600 BC were imitations of real shell-lamps that had been used for a long time (<a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze I–IV</a>, c. 3300–2000 BC). </p><p>It is generally agreed that the evolution of handmade lamps moved from bowl-shaped to saucer-shaped, then from saucer with a nozzle, to a closed bowl with a spout.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcolithic_Age_(4500–3300_BC)"><span id="Chalcolithic_Age_.284500.E2.80.933300_BC.29"></span>Chalcolithic Age (4500–3300 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chalcolithic Age (4500–3300 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first manufactured red pottery oil lamps appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>. These were of the round bowl type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age_(3200–1200_BC)"><span id="Bronze_Age_.283200.E2.80.931200_BC.29"></span>Bronze Age (3200–1200 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bronze Age (3200–1200 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bronze Age lamps were simple wheel-made bowls with a slight pinch on four sides for the wick. Later lamps had only one pinch. These lamps vary in the shape of the rim, the general shape of the bowl and the shape of the base. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intermediate_Bronze_Age_(EBIV/MBI)"><span id="Intermediate_Bronze_Age_.28EBIV.2FMBI.29"></span>Intermediate Bronze Age (EBIV/MBI)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intermediate Bronze Age (EBIV/MBI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A design with four spouts for wicks appeared in the Intermediate Bronze Age (2300-2000 BC). Lamps are made from large bowls with flattened bases for stability, and four equally spaced shallow pinches in the rim for wicks, although some lamps with only a single pinch have also been found. The four-spout design evolved to provide sufficient light when fueled with fish or animal oils, which burn less efficiently than olive oil.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Bronze_Age_lamps_(MB)"><span id="Middle_Bronze_Age_lamps_.28MB.29"></span>Middle Bronze Age lamps (MB)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze Age lamps (MB)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four-wick oil lamps persist into this period. However, most lamps now have only one wick. Early in this period the pinch is shallow, while later on it becomes more prominent and the mouth protrudes from the lamp's body. The bases are simple and flat. The crude <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a> is introduced, transforming the handmade bowls to a more uniform container. The saucer style evolves into a single spout shape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Bronze_Age_lamps_(LB)"><span id="Late_Bronze_Age_lamps_.28LB.29"></span>Late Bronze Age lamps (LB)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Late Bronze Age lamps (LB)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A more pronounced, deeper single spout is developed, and it is almost closed on the sides. The shape is evolving to be more triangular, deeper and larger. All lamps are now wheel-made, with simple and usually flat bases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age_(1200–560_BC)"><span id="Iron_Age_.281200.E2.80.93560_BC.29"></span>Iron Age (1200–560 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iron Age (1200–560 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, lamp rims become wider and flatter, with a deeper and higher spout. The tip of the spout is more upright in contrast to the rest of the rim.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lamps are becoming variable in shape and distribution, although some remain similar to lamps from the Late Bronze period. In addition, other forms evolve, such as small lamps with a flat base and larger lamps with a round base. The later form continues into the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age II">Iron Age II</a>. </p><p>In the later Iron Age, variant forms appear. One common type is small, with a wide rim and a wide base. Another type is a small, shallow bowl with a thick and high discus base. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arctic">Arctic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arctic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descriptive_booklet_on_the_Alaska_historical_museum_(1922)_(14758775556).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Descriptive_booklet_on_the_Alaska_historical_museum_%281922%29_%2814758775556%29.jpg/220px-Descriptive_booklet_on_the_Alaska_historical_museum_%281922%29_%2814758775556%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Descriptive_booklet_on_the_Alaska_historical_museum_%281922%29_%2814758775556%29.jpg/330px-Descriptive_booklet_on_the_Alaska_historical_museum_%281922%29_%2814758775556%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Descriptive_booklet_on_the_Alaska_historical_museum_%281922%29_%2814758775556%29.jpg/440px-Descriptive_booklet_on_the_Alaska_historical_museum_%281922%29_%2814758775556%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Seal oil lamps</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qulliq" title="Qulliq">Qulliq</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Qulliq" title="Qulliq">qulliq</a></i> (seal-oil lamp) provided warmth and light in the harsh Arctic environment where there was no wood and where the sparse population relied almost entirely on seal oil. This lamp was the most important article of furniture for the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lamps were made of stone and their sizes and shapes of lamps could be different, but mostly were elliptical or half-moon shaped. The wicks were mostly made of dried moss or <a href="/wiki/Eriophorum_callitrix" title="Eriophorum callitrix">cottongrass</a> and were lit along the edge of the lamp. A slab of seal blubber could be left to melt over the lamp feeding it with more fat.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian">Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Persian lamps were large, with thin sides and a deep pinch that flattens the mouth and makes it protrude outward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek lamps are more closed to avoid spilling. They are smaller and more refined. Most are handle-less. Some are with a lug, which may be pierced or not pierced. The nozzle is elongated. The rim is folded over so it overlaps in order to make the nozzle, and is then pinched to make the wick hole. </p><p>They are round in shape and wheel-made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_2">Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest Chinese oil lamps are dated from the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (481–221 BC). The ancient Chinese created oil lamps with a refillable reservoir and a fibrous wick, giving the lamp a controlled flame. Lamps were constructed from <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, bronze, ceramic, wood, stone, and other materials. The largest oil lamp excavated so far is one discovered in a 4th-century tomb located in modern Pingshan, Hebei.<sup id="cite_ref-Metropolitan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metropolitan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Roman">Early Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Early Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_lamp_MET_DP869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Terracotta_lamp_MET_DP869.jpg/220px-Terracotta_lamp_MET_DP869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Terracotta_lamp_MET_DP869.jpg/330px-Terracotta_lamp_MET_DP869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Terracotta_lamp_MET_DP869.jpg/440px-Terracotta_lamp_MET_DP869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta lamp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Lamp_J_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Oil_Lamp_J_1.jpg/220px-Oil_Lamp_J_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Oil_Lamp_J_1.jpg/330px-Oil_Lamp_J_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Oil_Lamp_J_1.jpg/440px-Oil_Lamp_J_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>A terracotta oil lamp of the Roman Imperial era (replica)</figcaption></figure> <p>Production of oil lamps shifted to Italy as the main source of supply in the Early Roman era. Molds began to be used, and lamps were produced in large scale in factories. All lamps are closed in type. The lamp is produced in two parts, the upper part with the spout and the lower part with the fuel chamber. Most are of the characteristic "Imperial Type"—round, with nozzles of different forms (volute, semi-volute, U-shaped), a closed body, a central disk decorated with reliefs and a filling hole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Roman">Late Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Late Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late Roman lamps were of the "High Imperial" type. They included more decorations, and were produced locally or imported in large scale. The multiple-nozzled lamps appeared during this period. Many different varieties were created. </p><p>Frog type lamps also appeared during this period. These are kidney-shaped, heart-shaped or oval, and feature the motif of a frog or its abstraction, and sometimes geometrical motifs. They were produced around 100 AD. They are so variant that two identical lamps are seldom found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Middle_Age">Late Middle Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Late Middle Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late-antique-oil-lamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Late-antique-oil-lamp.jpg/220px-Late-antique-oil-lamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Late-antique-oil-lamp.jpg/330px-Late-antique-oil-lamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Late-antique-oil-lamp.jpg/440px-Late-antique-oil-lamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A late antique oil lamp showing a human figure identified as Christ.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Christian and late antique oil lamps were diverse. One of the most notable ones were Mediterranean sigillata (“African”) lamps. The motifs were largely geometric, vegetative and graphic (monograms), with figural depiction of animals and human figures, often Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those depicting Christ or the Chi Rho often categorized as Hayes Type II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine">Byzantine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Byzantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oil lanterns of the Byzantine were slipper-shaped and highly decorative. The multiple-nozzle design continued and most lamps bore handles. Some have complex exteriors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Islamic">Early Islamic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Early Islamic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beja51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Beja51.jpg/220px-Beja51.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Beja51.jpg/330px-Beja51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Beja51.jpg/440px-Beja51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Early Islamic oil lamps (11th century), found in Southern Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a transition period from Byzantine to Islamic lamps. The decoration on lamps of this transition period changed from crosses, animals, human likenesses, birds, or fish to plain linear, geometric, and raised-dot patterns. </p><p>The early Islamic lamps continued the traditions of Byzantine lamps. Decorations were initially a stylized form of a bird, grain, tree, plant, or flower. Later, they became entirely geometric or linear with raised dots. </p><p>An early description of the <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">kerosene lamp</a> comes from 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">al-Razi</a> (Rhazes). He referred to it as the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar-Latn">naffatah</i> in his <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitab al-Asrar</i></span> ('Book of Secrets').<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the transition period, some lamps had Arabic writing. Writing later disappears until the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> period (13th to 15th century AD). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_age">Industrial age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Industrial age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oil burning carriage lamps provided a model for the first <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle lamp">bicycle lamps</a> in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Regional variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oil_lamp" title="Special:EditPage/Oil lamp">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_of_Israel/Palestine_region"><span id="Land_of_Israel.2FPalestine_region"></span><span class="anchor" id="Land_of_Israel/Palestine_region"></span>Land of Israel/Palestine region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Land of Israel/Palestine region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> oil lamp: The clay has a characteristic black color because it was burned without oxygen. Usually of high quality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Daroma oil lamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a> oil lamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatean">Nabatean</a> oil lamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a> oil lamp: Considered to be used mainly by Jews. Wheel-made, rounded, and have a nozzle with concave sides. The lamps are usually not decorated; if there is decoration, it tends to be simple. Very common throughout all of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, and some lamps have also been found in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. Date from the 1st century BC to the end of the 1st century AD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah oil lamp</a>, seven nozzles: Rare and are associated with Judaism because of the numerical connection with the seven branches or arms of the Menorah.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a> oil lamp: Characterized by a sealed filling hole, which was to be broken by the buyer. This was probably done to ensure ritual purity. They have a wider spout, and the concavities flanking the nozzle are almost always emphasized with a ladder pattern band. In general, the lamps are uncoated. The decorations are linear or geometric.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Type I: A distinct channel runs from the pouring hole to the nozzle. They have a small knob handle, a ladder pattern around the nozzle and no ornamentation on the bottom of the base.</li> <li>Type II: Pear-shaped and elongated, with a lined channel that extends from the filling hole to the nozzle. Continued to be used up to the early Muslim period.</li></ul></li> <li>Candle Stick oil lamp: Menorah design on the nozzle and <a href="/wiki/Bunch_of_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunch of grapes">bunch of grapes</a> on the shoulders.</li> <li>Byzantine oil lamp: The upper parts and their handles are covered with braided patterns. All are made of a dark orange-red clay. A rounded bottom with a distinct X or cross appears inside the circled base.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Early Islamic oil lamp: Large knob handle and the channel above the nozzle are the dominant elements of these. The handle is tongue-shaped, and decoration is rich and elegant. The lower parts are extremely broad and the nozzles are pointed.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_Lamps_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hanging_Lamps_1.JPG/220px-Hanging_Lamps_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hanging_Lamps_1.JPG/330px-Hanging_Lamps_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hanging_Lamps_1.JPG/440px-Hanging_Lamps_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Lamps in a temple at <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a>, Kerala, India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Diya.jpg/220px-Diya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Diya.jpg/330px-Diya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Diya.jpg/440px-Diya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>A basic earthen oil lamp used for <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic times</a>, fire was kept alive in every household in some form and carried with oneself while migrating to new locations. Later, the presence of fire in the household or a religious building was ensured by an oil lamp. Over the years various rituals and customs were woven around an oil lamp. </p><p>For <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">Deep Daan</i></span>, the gift of a lamp was and still is believed to be the best <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">daan</i></span> ('donation'). During marriages, spinsters of the household stand behind the bride and groom, holding an oil lamp to ward off evil. The presence of an oil lamp is an important aspect of ritual worship (the <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">Shodashopachar Puja</i></span>) offered to a deity. Moreover, a day is kept aside for the worship of the lamp in the busy festival calendar, on one <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">amavasya</i></span> (moonless) day in the month of <a href="/wiki/Shravana_(month)" title="Shravana (month)">Shravan</a>. This reverence for the deep is based on the symbolism of the journey from darkness and ignorance to light and the knowledge of the ultimate reality – "<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">tamaso ma jyotirgamaya</i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier lamps were made out of stone or seashells. The shape was like a circular bowl with a protruding beak. Later, they were replaced by earthen and metal lamps. In the epics <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, there are references to gold and silver lamps as well. The simple shape evolved and the lamps were created in the shapes of the <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">matsya</i></span> ('fish'), <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">kurma</i></span> ('tortoise') and other incarnations of god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. Lamps were also created in the shape of the many emblems of gods, like <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</a> shells or <a href="/wiki/Lotus_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus flower">lotuses</a>. Birds such as swans, peacocks, or parrots, and animals like snakes, lions, elephants and horses were also favorites when decorating a lamp. For lighting multiple lamps, wooden and stone <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">deepastambhas</i></span> ('towers of light') were created. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lighting-a-lamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lighting-a-lamp.jpg/220px-Lighting-a-lamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lighting-a-lamp.jpg/330px-Lighting-a-lamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lighting-a-lamp.jpg/440px-Lighting-a-lamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Lighting of a <span title="Tamil-language text"><i lang="ta-Latn">Kuthuvilakku</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Erecting a <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">deepastambha</i></span> in front of a temple is still a general practice in western and southern India. In some of the South Indian temples, raised brass lamp towers called <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">Kamba Vilakku</i></span> can be seen. To adapt the design to households and smaller spaces, the <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">deepavriksha</i></span> ('tree of light') was created. As the name suggests, it is a metal lamp container with curvi-linear<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="unknown meaning (August 2020)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> lines branching out from the base, each holding a lamp. The <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">Deepalakshmi</i></span> is another common design, where the goddess Lakshmi holds the lamp in her hands. <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">Kuthuvilakku</i></span> is another typical lamp traditionally used for household purposes in South India. </p><p>Oil lamps also were included in <a href="/wiki/Proverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Proverbs">proverbs</a>. For example, a Bradj (pre-Hindi) proverb says, "<span title="Gujarati-language text"><i lang="gu-Latn">Chiraag tale andhera</i></span>", 'the [utmost] darkness is under the oil-lamp (<span title="Gujarati-language text"><i lang="gu-Latn">chiraag</i></span>)', meaning that what you seek could be close but unnoticed (right under your nose or feet), in various senses (a lamp's container casts a strong shadow). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tax">Tax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswarar Temple">Big Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur,_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu">Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu</a>, was built 1010 AD, there were elaborate measures taken to provide lighting for the temple. Lands were donated to or conquered for the temple for this sole objective. The income from these lands would go towards providing the oil for the lights.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_oil_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman oil lamp">Ancient Roman oil lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">Kerosene lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_lamp" title="Lewis lamp">Lewis lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">List of light sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_lighting_technology" title="Timeline of lighting technology">Timeline of lighting technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya (lamp)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547487151" title="Special:BookSources/978-0547487151"><bdi>978-0547487151</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ralphmag.org/GD/eskimo-reading.html">the original</a> on 2020-01-25 – via ralphmag.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Century%2C+Last+Flame&rft.btitle=Brilliant%3A+The+Evolution+of+Artificial+Light&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2010-06-29&rft.isbn=978-0547487151&rft.aulast=Brox&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ralphmag.org%2FGD%2Feskimo-reading.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metropolitan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metropolitan_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JbdS-R3y72MC"><i>China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004. pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-126-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-126-1"><bdi>978-1-58839-126-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+Dawn+of+a+Golden+Age%2C+200-750+AD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-126-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_JbdS-R3y72MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandler2001" class="citation book cs1">Handler, Sarah (2001). <i>Austere Luminosity of Chinese Classical Furniture</i>. University of California Press (published October 1, 2001). pp. <span class="nowrap">308–</span>309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520214842" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520214842"><bdi>978-0520214842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austere+Luminosity+of+Chinese+Classical+Furniture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0520214842&rft.aulast=Handler&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukić_Buča2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jukić Buča, Vendi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bib.irb.hr/846562?rad=846562">"Lamps from the upper layers of a site in Pula's St Theodore's quarter"</a>. <i>Histria archaeologica: časopis Arheološkog muzeja Istre</i>. 46/2015: <span class="nowrap">169–</span>194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histria+archaeologica%3A+%C4%8Dasopis+Arheolo%C5%A1kog+muzeja+Istre&rft.atitle=Lamps+from+the+upper+layers+of+a+site+in+Pula%27s+St+Theodore%27s+quarter&rft.volume=46%2F2015&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Juki%C4%87+Bu%C4%8Da&rft.aufirst=Vendi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib.irb.hr%2F846562%3Frad%3D846562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilkadi1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Bilkadi, Zayn (January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm">"The Oil Weapons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Aramco World">Saudi Aramco World</a></i>. Vol. 46, no. 1. Illustrated by Bob Lapsley. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Oil+Weapons&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1995-01&rft.aulast=Bilkadi&rft.aufirst=Zayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F199501%2Fthe.oil.weapons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemitson2017" class="citation book cs1">Clemitson, Suze (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IHDDgAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Cycling in 100 Objects</i></a>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472918901" title="Special:BookSources/9781472918901"><bdi>9781472918901</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-22</span></span>. <q>The first bicycle lamps from the 1860s were based on oil-burning carriage lanterns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cycling+in+100+Objects&rft.place=London&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781472918901&rft.aulast=Clemitson&rft.aufirst=Suze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6IHDDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussman1983" class="citation journal cs1">Sussman, Varda (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/tav.1983.1983.1.71">"The Samaritan Oil Lamps from Apollonia-Arsuf"</a>. <i>Tel Aviv</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">71–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftav.1983.1983.1.71">10.1179/tav.1983.1983.1.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-4355">0334-4355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=The+Samaritan+Oil+Lamps+from+Apollonia-Arsuf&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftav.1983.1983.1.71&rft.issn=0334-4355&rft.aulast=Sussman&rft.aufirst=Varda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1179%2Ftav.1983.1983.1.71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wesleyan.edu/libr/collections/arch-anth/highlights/ancient_oil_lamps.html">"Ancient Oil Lamps, Archeology and Anthropology Collections, Library - Wesleyan University"</a>. <i>www.wesleyan.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wesleyan.edu&rft.atitle=Ancient+Oil+Lamps%2C+Archeology+and+Anthropology+Collections%2C+Library+-+Wesleyan+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wesleyan.edu%2Flibr%2Fcollections%2Farch-anth%2Fhighlights%2Fancient_oil_lamps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1998" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f9-2jV7sRuEC&pg=PR9"><i>Upaniṣads</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283576-5"><bdi>978-0-19-283576-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upani%E1%B9%A3ads&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283576-5&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df9-2jV7sRuEC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasudevan2003" class="citation book cs1">Vasudevan, Geeta (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O1b1N_Dx0jsC&pg=PA87"><i>The Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Cola Power</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170173833" title="Special:BookSources/8170173833"><bdi>8170173833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Temple+of+Rajaraja%3A+An+Instrument+of+Imperial+Cola+Power&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=8170173833&rft.aulast=Vasudevan&rft.aufirst=Geeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO1b1N_Dx0jsC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1972" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, D. M. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekromanpotter00bail"><i>Greek and Roman Pottery Lamps</i></a></span>. British Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1237-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1237-2"><bdi>0-7141-1237-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Pottery+Lamps&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7141-1237-2&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekromanpotter00bail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span> Excellent introductory booklet, well illustrated.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1975–1996" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, D. M. (1975–1996). <i>A Catalogue of Lamps in the British Museum</i>. British Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-2206-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-2206-8"><bdi>0-7141-2206-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+of+Lamps+in+the+British+Museum&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1975%2F1996&rft.isbn=0-7141-2206-8&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_lamp&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oil_lamps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oil lamps">Oil lamps</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romq.com/lamps/">RomQ.com</a>, Ancient Lamps</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steve-adler.com/OilLampsMain.htm">Steve-Adler.com</a>, Oil Lamps from the Holy Land, from the Adler collection Oil Lamps of Antiquity</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Murray, Alexander Stuart (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lamp"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lamp">"Lamp" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lamp&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+lamp" class="Z3988"></span> (includes 5 diagrams)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/roman-imperial-lamp">Roman Imperial Ceramic Oil Lamp</a>, Arizona State Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpm.edu/index.php/research-collections/anthropology/anthropology-collections-research/mediterranean-oil-lamps">Mediterranean Oil Lamps</a>, Milwaukee Public Museum</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template talk:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lighting520" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_lighting" title="Accent lighting">Accent lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">Color rendering index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">Glare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hawaii" title="Light pollution in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Light pollution in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightbulb_socket" title="Lightbulb socket">Lightbulb socket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-pin_lamp_base" title="Bi-pin lamp base">Bi-pin lamp base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_lighting" title="Task lighting">Task lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods of<br /> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">Incandescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_light_bulb" title="Edison light bulb">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nernst_lamp" title="Nernst lamp">Nernst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">Luminescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron-stimulated_luminescence" title="Electron-stimulated luminescence">Electron-stimulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemiluminescence" title="Electrochemiluminescence">Electrochemiluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">Electroluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-induced_polymer_electroluminescent_technology" title="Field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology">field-induced polymer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_lamp#Magnetic_induction_lamps" title="Induction lamp">Fluorescent induction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">Photoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp#Laser" title="Headlamp">Laser headlamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">Radioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">Solid-state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">Acetylene/Carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">Campfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">Kerosene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petromax" title="Petromax">Petromax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanous" title="Fanous">Fanous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_lantern" title="Paper lantern">Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limelight" title="Limelight">Limelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchina" title="Luchina">Luchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qulliq" title="Qulliq">Qulliq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushlight" title="Rushlight">Rushlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilley_lamp" title="Tilley lamp">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Electric arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp#Carbon_arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Carbon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klieg_light" title="Klieg light">Klieg light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Gas discharge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_arc_lamp" title="Deuterium arc lamp">Deuterium arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_lamp" title="Plasma lamp">Plasma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">Xenon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashtube#Xenon" title="Flashtube">Xenon flash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">High-intensity<br />discharge <span style="font-size:85%;">(HID)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">Mercury-vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">Metal-halide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_metal-halide_lamp" title="Ceramic metal-halide lamp">ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodide_lamp" title="Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp">Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HMI)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_quartz_iodide" title="Hydrargyrum quartz iodide">Hydrargyrum quartz iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HQI)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Sodium vapor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Stationary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#Common_shape_codes" title="Incandescent light bulb">Reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">Ellipsoidal reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifaceted_reflector" title="Multifaceted reflector">Multifaceted reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">Parabolic aluminized reflector <span style="font-size:85%;">(PAR)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_obstruction_lighting" title="Aviation obstruction lighting">Aviation obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced-arm_lamp" title="Balanced-arm lamp">Balanced-arm lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">Chandelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_lamp" title="Gooseneck lamp">Gooseneck lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_street_lighting" title="Intelligent street lighting">Intelligent street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tube" title="Light tube">Light tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightlight" title="Nightlight">Nightlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant_light" title="Pendant light">Pendant light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessed_light" title="Recessed light">Recessed light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(light_fixture)" title="Sconce (light fixture)">Sconce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">Street light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re" title="Torchère">Torchère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_lighting" title="Track lighting">Track lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troffer" title="Troffer">Troffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lighting" title="Bicycle lighting">Bicycle lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashlight" title="Flashlight">Flashlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_powered_flashlight" title="Mechanically powered flashlight">Mechanically powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_light" title="Tactical light">Tactical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">Glow stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">outdoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_pointer" title="Laser pointer">Laser pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_lamp" title="Solar lamp">Solar lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Rear_position_lights_(tail_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Rear position lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Reversing_(backup)_lights" title="Automotive lighting">Reversing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_reflector" title="Safety reflector">Safety reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Stop_lights_(brake_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Stop lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Turn_signals" title="Automotive lighting">Turn signals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Display</li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_lighting_technology" title="Holiday lighting technology">Decorative</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_lamp" title="Aroma lamp">Aroma lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">Blacklight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_light" title="Bubble light">Bubble light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_tube" title="Crackle tube">Crackle tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_lighting" title="DJ lighting">DJ lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_wire" title="Electroluminescent wire">Electroluminescent wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_lamp" title="Lava lamp">Lava lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_(structure)" title="Marquee (structure)">Marquee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">Plasma globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">Strobe light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Theatrical</a></li><li>Cinematic</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Floodlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footlight" title="Footlight">Footlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">Gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_(theater)" title="Scoop (theater)">Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)" title="Spotlight (theatre lighting)">Spotlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">ellipsoidal reflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument" title="Stage lighting instrument">Stage lighting instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Industrial</li><li>Scientific</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">Germicidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_light" title="Grow light">Grow light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_lamp" title="Infrared lamp">Infrared lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">Stroboscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_lamp" title="Tanning lamp">Tanning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_illumination" title="Battlefield illumination">Battlefield illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reflected_light_sources" title="List of reflected light sources">Reflected</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_vase_shapes166" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_vase_shapes" title="Template:Greek vase shapes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_vase_shapes" title="Template talk:Greek vase shapes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_vase_shapes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek vase shapes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_vase_shapes166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Typology_of_Greek_vase_shapes" title="Typology of Greek vase shapes">Greek vase shapes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wine vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotyla" title="Cotyla">Kotyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">Kantharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkhesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkhesion">Karkhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyathos" title="Kyathos">Kyathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">Kylix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakaina" title="Lakaina">Lakaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastos" title="Mastos">Mastos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenochoe" title="Oenochoe">Oenochoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelike" title="Pelike">Pelike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psykter" title="Psykter">Psykter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyphos" title="Skyphos">Skyphos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydria" title="Hydria">Hydria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydriske" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydriske">Hydriske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpis_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpis (pottery)">Kalpis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixing vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinos" title="Dinos">Dinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">Krater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cookware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olla_(Roman_pot)" title="Olla (Roman pot)">Chytra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebes" title="Lebes">Lebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tableware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_plate" title="Fish plate">Pinakion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perfume, oil, and wedding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabastron" title="Alabastron">Alabastron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryballos" title="Aryballos">Aryballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askos_(pottery_vessel)" title="Askos (pottery vessel)">Askos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebes_Gamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebes Gamikos">Lebes Gamikos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">Lekythos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">Loutrophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydion" title="Lydion">Lydion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelike" title="Pelike">Pelike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyxis_(vessel)" title="Pyxis (vessel)">Pyxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup_jar" title="Stirrup jar">Stirrup jar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funerary and religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernos" title="Kernos">Kernos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">Lekythos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">Loutrophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">Phiale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_(basket)" title="Calathus (basket)">Calathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olla_(Roman_pot)" title="Olla (Roman pot)">Chytra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebes" title="Lebes">Lebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelike" title="Pelike">Pelike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithos" title="Pithos">Pithos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situla" title="Situla">Situla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamnos" title="Stamnos">Stamnos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_skyphos" title="Band skyphos">Band skyphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinetron" title="Epinetron">Epinetron</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luchnos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821952#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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