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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fastening the brooches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fastening_the_brooches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_and_early_Insular_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_and_early_Insular_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Roman and early Insular period</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Celtic brooch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltisk_broche" title="Keltisk broche – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Keltisk broche" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringfibel" title="Ringfibel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ringfibel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoburauds%C3%B5lg" title="Hoburaudsõlg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hoburaudsõlg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADbula_celta" title="Fíbula celta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fíbula celta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broche_celtique" title="Broche celtique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Broche celtique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADbula_celta" title="Fíbula celta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fíbula celta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Spillone_di_tara%2C_da_bettystown%2C_contea_di_meath%2C_viii_secolo_02.jpg/330px-Spillone_di_tara%2C_da_bettystown%2C_contea_di_meath%2C_viii_secolo_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Spillone_di_tara%2C_da_bettystown%2C_contea_di_meath%2C_viii_secolo_02.jpg/500px-Spillone_di_tara%2C_da_bettystown%2C_contea_di_meath%2C_viii_secolo_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Spillone_di_tara%2C_da_bettystown%2C_contea_di_meath%2C_viii_secolo_02.jpg/960px-Spillone_di_tara%2C_da_bettystown%2C_contea_di_meath%2C_viii_secolo_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3954" data-file-height="2982" /></a><figcaption>The pseudo-penannular <a href="/wiki/Tara_Brooch" title="Tara Brooch">Tara Brooch</a>, the most ornate of all, also decorated on the back (see below). Irish, early 8th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_040.jpg/330px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_040.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_040.jpg/500px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_040.jpg/960px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3995" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption>Viking period brooch in silver from the <a href="/wiki/Penrith_Hoard" title="Penrith Hoard">Penrith Hoard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Celtic brooch</b>, more properly called the <b>penannular brooch</b>, and its closely related type, the <b>pseudo-penannular brooch</b>, are types of <a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">brooch</a> clothes fasteners, often rather large; penannular means formed as an incomplete ring. They are especially associated with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Early medieval">early medieval</a> period in Ireland and Britain, although they are found in other times and places—for example, forming part of traditional female dress in areas in modern North Africa. </p><p>Beginning as utilitarian fasteners in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> and Roman period, they are especially associated with the highly ornate brooches produced in precious metal for the elites of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> from about 700 to 900, which are popularly known as Celtic brooches or similar terms. They are the most significant objects in high-quality secular metalwork from early medieval <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a>, as art historians prefer to call it. The type continued in simpler forms such as the <b>thistle brooch</b> into the 11th century, during what is often known as the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> Age in Ireland and Scotland. </p><p>Both penannular and pseudo-penannular brooches feature a long pin attached by its head to a ring; the pin can move freely around the ring as far as the terminals, which are close together. In the true penannular type, the ring is not closed; there is a gap between the terminals wide enough for the pin to pass through. In the pseudo-penannular type, the ring is closed, but there are still two separately defined terminals, which are joined by a further element. The penannular type is a simple and efficient way of fastening loosely woven cloth (where the pin will not leave a permanent hole), but the pseudo-penannular type is notably less efficient. </p><p>The brooches were worn by both men and women, usually singly at the shoulder by men and on the breast by women, and with the pin pointing up; an Irish law code says that in the event of injury from a pin to another person, the wearer is not at fault if the pin did not project too far and the brooch was worn in these ways by the sexes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most elaborate examples were clearly significant expressions of status at the top of society, which were also worn by clergy, at least in Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though probably to fasten <a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">copes</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a> rather than as everyday wear.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Senchas Mór</i>, an <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">early Irish law</a> tract, specified that the sons of major kings, when being <a href="/wiki/Fostering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fostering">fostered</a>, should have "brooches of gold having crystal inserted in them", while the sons of minor kings need wear only silver brooches.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Annular" means formed as a ring and "penannular" formed as an incomplete ring; both terms have a range of uses. "Pseudo-penannular" is a coinage restricted to brooches, and refers to those brooches where there is no opening in the ring, but the design retains features of a penannular brooch—for example, emphasizing two terminals. Some pseudo-penannular brooches are very similar in design to other penannular brooches, but have a small section joining the two terminals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have fully joined terminals, and emphasize in their design the central area where the gap would be—for example the Tara Brooch. Pseudo-penannular brooches may also be described as "annular", or as "ring brooches".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RogartDSCF6220.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RogartDSCF6220.jpg/250px-RogartDSCF6220.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RogartDSCF6220.jpg/330px-RogartDSCF6220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RogartDSCF6220.jpg/500px-RogartDSCF6220.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3289" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rogart_Brooch" title="Rogart Brooch">Rogart Brooch</a>, National Museums of Scotland, FC2. <a href="/wiki/Pict" class="mw-redirect" title="Pict">Pictish</a> penannular brooch, 8th century. Silver with gilding and glass. Classified as Fowler H3 type.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The terms "open brooch" or "open ring brooch" are also sometimes used for penannular brooches.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a scheme of classification originally set out, in relation to earlier types, by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fowler_(archaeologist)" title="Elizabeth Fowler (archaeologist)">Elizabeth Fowler</a> in the 1960s, which has since been extended in various versions to cover later types.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brooches of either penannular or annular type, where the pin is very large in relation to the ring, so that the ring cannot play any part in the fastening of the brooch, may be called "ring brooches", "pin brooches", or "brooch-pins"; or, especially where the ring is small and plain, "ringed pins".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these, the design of the pin head typically shows that the pin is intended to sit underneath the ring (seen from the front), rather than on top of it as in the larger brooches.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Celtic" is a term avoided by specialists in describing objects, and especially artistic styles, of the Early Middle Ages from the British Isles, but is firmly fixed in the popular mind. The term <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a> is used to describe the distinct style of art originating in the British Isles and combining Germanic, Celtic, Pictish and Mediterranean elements. Although some simpler and relatively early penannular brooches are found in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> contexts, and some sub-types predominantly so,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as far as is known the Anglo-Saxons did not use these brooch styles for prestige elite jewellery. However, there are elements in the style of Irish and Scottish brooches deriving from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon art</a>, and related to Insular work in other media, especially <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">Fibula</a></i> is Latin for "brooch" and is used in modern languages to describe the many types of Roman and post-Roman early medieval brooches with pins and catches behind the main face of the brooch. The brooches discussed here are sometimes also called <i>fibulae</i>, but rarely by English-speaking specialists. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_zoomorphic_penannular_brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze zoomorphic penannular brooch, Co. Antrim, 6th century AD. The Hunt Museum (Limerick, Ireland)."><img alt="Bronze zoomorphic penannular brooch, Co. Antrim, 6th century AD. The Hunt Museum (Limerick, Ireland)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bronze_zoomorphic_penannular_brooch.jpg/133px-Bronze_zoomorphic_penannular_brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bronze_zoomorphic_penannular_brooch.jpg/200px-Bronze_zoomorphic_penannular_brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bronze_zoomorphic_penannular_brooch.jpg/266px-Bronze_zoomorphic_penannular_brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism" title="Zoomorphism">zoomorphic</a> penannular brooch, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Co. Antrim</a>, 6th century AD. The <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Museum" title="Hunt Museum">Hunt Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>, Ireland).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_silver_annular_brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plain silver medieval annular brooch; note that the pin cannot move along the ring"><img alt="Plain silver medieval annular brooch; note that the pin cannot move along the ring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Medieval_silver_annular_brooch.jpg/200px-Medieval_silver_annular_brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Medieval_silver_annular_brooch.jpg/300px-Medieval_silver_annular_brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Medieval_silver_annular_brooch.jpg/400px-Medieval_silver_annular_brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plain silver medieval annular brooch; note that the pin cannot move along the ring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_027.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romano-British penannular brooch in bronze"><img alt="Romano-British penannular brooch in bronze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_027.jpg/250px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_027.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_027.jpg/330px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_027.jpg/500px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romano-British penannular brooch in bronze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple pseudo-penannular brooch (pin missing)"><img alt="Simple pseudo-penannular brooch (pin missing)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg/200px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg/300px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg/400px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple pseudo-penannular brooch (pin missing)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_031.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pin-brooches and ring-pins"><img alt="Pin-brooches and ring-pins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_031.jpg/200px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_031.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_031.jpg/300px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_031.jpg/400px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3901" data-file-height="2652" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pin-brooches and ring-pins</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fastening_the_brooches">Fastening the brooches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fastening the brooches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BvbfgfDSCF9200_brooch_mock-up.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/BvbfgfDSCF9200_brooch_mock-up.JPG/250px-BvbfgfDSCF9200_brooch_mock-up.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/BvbfgfDSCF9200_brooch_mock-up.JPG/330px-BvbfgfDSCF9200_brooch_mock-up.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/BvbfgfDSCF9200_brooch_mock-up.JPG/500px-BvbfgfDSCF9200_brooch_mock-up.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2935" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Mock-up with modern fabric, showing how the brooches were used.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cashel_brooch_in_Rock_of_Cashel_Museum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cashel_brooch_in_Rock_of_Cashel_Museum_2.jpg/220px-Cashel_brooch_in_Rock_of_Cashel_Museum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cashel_brooch_in_Rock_of_Cashel_Museum_2.jpg/330px-Cashel_brooch_in_Rock_of_Cashel_Museum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cashel_brooch_in_Rock_of_Cashel_Museum_2.jpg/440px-Cashel_brooch_in_Rock_of_Cashel_Museum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>Cashel Brooch, 9th or 10th century, from the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Cashel" title="Rock of Cashel">Rock of Cashel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With a penannular brooch, the pin is pushed through folds of the cloth, which are then pulled back inside the ring; the free end of the pin passes through the gap in the ring. The pin is then rotated around the ring by 90 degrees or so, so that as long as the pin is held down by slight pressure it cannot escape over the terminals, and the fastening is secure.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With pseudo-penannular brooches, things are not so simple and the manner in which they were used is still debated; the method was probably not the same for all brooches. One method may have been to pull folds of the cloth through the ring until they could be pierced by the pin, and then pull the cloth back until the pin rested on the ring. This would work best with brooches with a pin not much longer than the diameter of the ring, which some have, but others do not. The second method might have been simply to pin the cloth vertically, leaving the ring hanging unattached to the cloth; this does not seem very secure. The third method relied on a length of chain or cord attached to the ring near the "terminals" (which in pseudo-penannular brooches do not actually terminate), which was used to secure the pin by tying it down, perhaps with a small pin at the end, which was also put through the cloth. The <a href="/wiki/Tara_Brooch" title="Tara Brooch">Tara Brooch</a> was probably fastened in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases the pin was fitted with a bolt or rivet to make it removable.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further complication is that in some pseudo-penannular brooches the pin is fixed to lie in front of the ring, as in the <a href="/wiki/Londesborough_Brooch" title="Londesborough Brooch">Londesborough Brooch</a> (below), but in others it crosses through the ring, starting with the head end in front of the ring, but the middle of the pin behind the ring by the point where it crosses at the other side; the Tara Brooch has been displayed set up in both ways.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter arrangement seems more common in later brooches, of the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is fair to say that scholars remain slightly puzzled that the effective and simple penannular brooch developed in this direction,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is presumed that the reuniting of the terminals of pseudo-penannular brooches was partly to strengthen the brooch. In many penannular brooches, the gap between the terminals is now too narrow for the pin to pass through; whether this was always the case is uncertain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_and_early_Insular_period">Roman and early Insular period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roman and early Insular period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trumpet_brooch,_British,_1st_or_2nd_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Trumpet_brooch%2C_British%2C_1st_or_2nd_century.jpg/180px-Trumpet_brooch%2C_British%2C_1st_or_2nd_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Trumpet_brooch%2C_British%2C_1st_or_2nd_century.jpg/270px-Trumpet_brooch%2C_British%2C_1st_or_2nd_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Trumpet_brooch%2C_British%2C_1st_or_2nd_century.jpg/360px-Trumpet_brooch%2C_British%2C_1st_or_2nd_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2713" data-file-height="2425" /></a><figcaption>Silver gilt "trumpet" brooch with Celtic spirals similar to those in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Durrow" title="Book of Durrow">Book of Durrow</a>. British, 1st or 2nd century, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Small and simple penannular brooches in bronze, iron, and, rarely, silver were common in the Roman period as a practical fastener, but were not used for high-status objects, and any decoration was normally limited to bands around the ring or other simple patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often the extra thickness at the terminal, necessary to prevent the pin just falling off, is achieved simply by turning back the ends of the ring.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooch,_1st_c,_Trinity_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Brooch%2C_1st_c%2C_Trinity_Dublin.jpg/180px-Brooch%2C_1st_c%2C_Trinity_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Brooch%2C_1st_c%2C_Trinity_Dublin.jpg/270px-Brooch%2C_1st_c%2C_Trinity_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Brooch%2C_1st_c%2C_Trinity_Dublin.jpg/360px-Brooch%2C_1st_c%2C_Trinity_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>S-shaped enamelled brooch, 1st century, Trinity College Dublin. Celtic and Romano-British tradition</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late Roman period in Britain in the 3rd and 4th centuries, a type of penannular brooch with <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoomorphic">zoomorphic</a> decoration to the terminals appeared, with human or animal heads, still not much wider than the rest of the ring. Some examples had <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a> decoration, and the pin did not extend much beyond the ring.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are found especially in southwestern Britain and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and seem to have developed in these areas. This type fell from favour in southern Britain by the 5th century,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was developed in Ireland by the 6–7th centuries. </p><p>These types considerably extended the size of the terminals, which now presented a flattish area often decorated with enamel or glass inlay, mostly using abstracted patterns but sometimes zoomorphic decoration. The length of the pin is now often about twice the diameter of the ring.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish cultural zone in this period included much of Western Scotland, and in <a href="/wiki/Pict" class="mw-redirect" title="Pict">Pictish</a> East Scotland a similar development took place, though the forms are somewhat different here. The decoration paralleled that on other metalwork fittings such as pieces of harness-tackle,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the few remaining early Christian <a href="/wiki/Reliquaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliquaries">reliquaries</a> and other pieces of church metalwork. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age">Golden Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_2010_etc_028_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ireland_2010_etc_028_%282%29.jpg/220px-Ireland_2010_etc_028_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ireland_2010_etc_028_%282%29.jpg/330px-Ireland_2010_etc_028_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ireland_2010_etc_028_%282%29.jpg/440px-Ireland_2010_etc_028_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tara_Brooch" title="Tara Brooch">Tara Brooch</a>, rear view.</figcaption></figure> <p>By shortly after 700, highly elaborate, large brooches in precious metal and gems were being produced. These were clearly expressions of high status for the wearer, and use the full repertoire of <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmith</a>'s techniques at a very high level of skill. They continued to be produced for about 200 years; the Pictish brooches are much more homogeneous in design than the Irish ones, which may indicate a shorter period of production, possibly from "the mid-eighth to the beginning of the ninth centuries".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each surviving design is unique, but the range of types established in the more modest earlier brooches are developed and elaborated upon. There was no previous tradition of very ornate brooches in Ireland, and this development may have come from contact with Continental elites who wore large <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)"><i>fibulae</i></a> as marks of status. Such contacts were certainly made, especially by travelling monks.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological, and some literary, evidence suggests that brooches in precious metal were a mark of royal status, along with wearing a purple cloak, and it is probably as such that they are worn by <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> on a <a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">high cross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Monasterboice" title="Monasterboice">Monasterboice</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> on another.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All surviving examples, numbering over 50 (not all complete) in the case of the Irish ones,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been recovered by excavation, or at least finding in the ground, but where the detailed circumstances of the find are known, few are from graves, and finds in hoards are much more common. When they were in graves, the burials are often much later than the date of the brooch,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in a brooch in the Irish 8th century style found in a Norse burial in <a href="/wiki/Westray" title="Westray">Westray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly the Kilmainham Brooch.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elaborate brooches often have one or more names—presumed to be those of owners—scratched on the reverse, often in <a href="/wiki/Rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune">runes</a>. Plainer brooches in bronze and similar alloys continue to be found in much larger numbers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilmainham_brooche_NMI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kilmainham_brooche_NMI.jpg/220px-Kilmainham_brooche_NMI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kilmainham_brooche_NMI.jpg/330px-Kilmainham_brooche_NMI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kilmainham_brooche_NMI.jpg/440px-Kilmainham_brooche_NMI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2985" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Brooch" title="Kilmainham Brooch">Kilmainham Brooch</a> (Irish, late 8th- or early 9th–century) contains influence from <a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish art</a> and metalwork.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The most elaborate Irish brooches are pseudo-penannular, while the Scottish ones mostly retain true penannular forms.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most are <a href="/wiki/Silver-gilt" title="Silver-gilt">silver-gilt</a>, the gilding often partial. Some are gilded base metal, of bronze or copper-alloy;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only one solid gold Irish brooch is known, a 9th-century one from Loughan, <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a>, which is less elaborate than most of the series, though the standard of work is very high.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some brooches have a hidden recess which may have contained small lead weights to make the precious metal used seem more valuable than it actually was.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ireland, the head of the pin might be turned into a focus for decoration, sometimes using a "kite"-shaped plate, such as that on the Tara Brooch; in Scotland, the pin-heads were simple circles formed by bending the pin back on itself.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scottish terminals are more often distinct lobed or square shapes extending beyond the circle of the ring on both sides, while in Irish examples, the terminals typically extend inside the ring forming another curve, but not much outside it, or sometimes form a straight line across the interior of the ring. Irish brooches may only join the two terminals by narrow strips, or not only eliminate the gap entirely, but have a central zone of decoration where the gap between the terminals would have been; the brooches found with the <a href="/wiki/Ardagh_Chalice" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardagh Chalice">Ardagh Chalice</a> show both types.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_17sept_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Brit_Mus_17sept_016.jpg/220px-Brit_Mus_17sept_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Brit_Mus_17sept_016.jpg/330px-Brit_Mus_17sept_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Brit_Mus_17sept_016.jpg/440px-Brit_Mus_17sept_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Londesborough_Brooch" title="Londesborough Brooch">Londesborough Brooch</a> (late 8th- or early 9th–century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The main body was normally cast, and a number of elements of two-piece moulds have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many brooches have cells for studs or bosses that are most often round hemispheres, but may be square, lozenges or other shapes; very often the studs themselves are now missing. These are in a variety of materials including glass, enamel, <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, and gemstones found locally, although not including any of the classic modern "precious stones", or even the <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnets</a> found in Anglo-Saxon jewellery. However the <i><a href="/wiki/Millefiori" title="Millefiori">millefiori</a></i> glass rods sometimes used appear to have been imported from Italy, like those used in the Anglo-Saxon jewellery from <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a>; examples of the rods have been excavated in both Ireland and England.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the Insular chalices and other metalwork, the very ornate Irish brooches were mostly made in many pieces which are pinned or slotted together. Filigree decoration was often made on "trays" which fitted into the main ring — on the Tara Brooch many of these are now missing (most were still in place when it was found in 1850). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg/220px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg/330px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg/440px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Breadalbane_Brooch" title="Breadalbane Brooch">Breadalbane Brooch</a>, Irish, 8th century, converted from its original pseudo-penannular form in 9th century Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Techniques include <a href="/wiki/Chip-carving" class="mw-redirect" title="Chip-carving">chip-carving</a>, cast "imitation chip-carving", <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>, inlays of various types including <a href="/wiki/Niello" title="Niello">niello</a>, glass and <a href="/wiki/Champlev%C3%A9" title="Champlevé">champlevé</a> enamel, and various hammering and chasing techniques: "the range of materials and techniques is almost the full range known to man."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two techniques that do not appear are the "true pierced openwork <i><a href="/wiki/Interasile" class="mw-redirect" title="Interasile">interasile</a></i>, much used in Byzantine jewellery",<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> work that typified much Western European jewellery, and especially large fibulae, at the time, whether in enamel or stone inlays like the garnets used so effectively at Sutton Hoo and in the Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Hoard" title="Staffordshire Hoard">Staffordshire Hoard</a>. In the gilded brooches, enamel is restricted to studs that punctuate the composition like gems; the larger areas of champlevé found on the flared terminals of earlier types perhaps continue in simpler types, though dating is difficult. </p><p>On some brooches the decoration is too detailed to be appreciated when the brooch is being worn, and some of the most elaborate brooches have their backs, invisible when worn, decorated almost as elaborately as their fronts. The Tara Brooch shows both features, and in addition, shares with some others a difference in decorative styles between front and back, with "Celtic" <a href="/wiki/Triskele" class="mw-redirect" title="Triskele">triskeles</a> and other spiral motifs restricted to the back, while the front has more <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlace (visual arts)">interlace</a> and zoomorphic elements.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These features are also shared by the most ornate brooches in London and Edinburgh, respectively the Londesborough and <a href="/wiki/Hunterston_Brooch" title="Hunterston Brooch">Hunterston Brooches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be because decoration on the backs relies more on engraving than filigree, which would risk wires getting caught in the clothing on which the brooch was worn.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Few of the major brooches, or indeed other metalwork, have been found in contexts that can be easily dated, and much of the dating of at least the earlier ones comes from comparison with Insular <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>, though the dating of these is often itself far from certain. The Tara Brooch has long been recognised as having clear stylistic similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a>, thought to date to about 698–715. Many of the similarities are to the <a href="/wiki/Carpet_page" title="Carpet page">carpet pages</a>, highly detailed ornamental pages filled with decoration, which share with the brooch a certain <i><a href="/wiki/Horror_vacui_(art)" title="Horror vacui (art)">horror vacui</a></i> that leaves no area unembellished, and also complex decoration that is extremely small and perfectly executed, and best appreciated when seen at a larger than actual scale, whether in the original or in photographs. Both combine elements from many stylistic origins into a style that is distinctly Insular: La Tène Celtic art, Germanic <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">animal style</a>, and classical and other Mediterranean styles. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NMSHunterstonBrooch4_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rear of the Hunterston Brooch, an early and elaborate Irish-style brooch found in Scotland, showing a much later Viking owner's inscription"><img alt="Rear of the Hunterston Brooch, an early and elaborate Irish-style brooch found in Scotland, showing a much later Viking owner's inscription" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/NMSHunterstonBrooch4_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-NMSHunterstonBrooch4_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/NMSHunterstonBrooch4_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-NMSHunterstonBrooch4_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/NMSHunterstonBrooch4_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-NMSHunterstonBrooch4_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="1439" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rear of the <a href="/wiki/Hunterston_Brooch" title="Hunterston Brooch">Hunterston Brooch</a>, an early and elaborate Irish-style brooch found in Scotland, showing a much later <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> owner's inscription</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6199.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pictish brooches in the St Ninian's Isle Treasure, with typical Pictish lobed terminals"><img alt="The Pictish brooches in the St Ninian's Isle Treasure, with typical Pictish lobed terminals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6199.jpg/250px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6199.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6199.jpg/330px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6199.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6199.jpg/500px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6199.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3655" data-file-height="2326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Pict" class="mw-redirect" title="Pict">Pictish</a> brooches in the <a href="/wiki/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_Treasure" title="St Ninian's Isle Treasure">St Ninian's Isle Treasure</a>, with typical Pictish lobed terminals </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6202det.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pictish confronted animal terminals, St Ninian's Isle Treasure"><img alt="Pictish confronted animal terminals, St Ninian's Isle Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6202det.jpg/200px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6202det.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6202det.jpg/300px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6202det.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6202det.jpg/400px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6202det.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="1055" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pictish confronted animal terminals, <a href="/wiki/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_Treasure" title="St Ninian's Isle Treasure">St Ninian's Isle Treasure</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_17sept_014-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Brambled" terminal on a thistle brooch"><img alt=""Brambled" terminal on a thistle brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brit_Mus_17sept_014-crop.jpg/250px-Brit_Mus_17sept_014-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="3183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Brambled" terminal on a thistle brooch</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_brooches,_and_the_Vikings"><span id="Later_brooches.2C_and_the_Vikings"></span>Later brooches, and the Vikings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later brooches, and the Vikings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg/220px-Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg/330px-Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg/440px-Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="2910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> period pennannular brooches from the <a href="/wiki/Penrith_Hoard" title="Penrith Hoard">Penrith Hoard</a>, three of the "<a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistle</a>" type.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> began to raid Ireland from 795, with catastrophic effect for the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> in particular. However, although the Vikings established several <a href="/wiki/Longphort" title="Longphort">longphorts</a>, initially fortified encampments for over-wintering, and later towns like <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a> (the first real urban centres in Ireland), the native Irish were more successful than the English and Scots in preventing large-scale Viking takeovers of areas for settlement by farmers. By about the year 1000, the situation was relatively stable, with a mixed population of <a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a> in the towns and areas close to them, while the Gaelic Irish, whose elite often formed political alliances, trading partnerships and inter-marriages with Viking leaders, remained in control of the great majority of the island, and were able to draw tribute from the Viking towns.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscrea_Brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Roscrea_Brooch.jpg/250px-Roscrea_Brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Roscrea_Brooch.jpg/330px-Roscrea_Brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Roscrea_Brooch.jpg/500px-Roscrea_Brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3793" data-file-height="3262" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roscrea_Brooch" title="Roscrea Brooch">Roscrea Brooch</a>, 9th century. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology">National Museum of Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_brooch_in_thistle_pattern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Silver_brooch_in_thistle_pattern.jpg/220px-Silver_brooch_in_thistle_pattern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Silver_brooch_in_thistle_pattern.jpg/330px-Silver_brooch_in_thistle_pattern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Silver_brooch_in_thistle_pattern.jpg/440px-Silver_brooch_in_thistle_pattern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huntmuseum.com/explore/item/97d6216a-0317-33fd-9330-fc3dd1bf4dbe/?s%3Dhca+508&pos=1">Silver brooch in thistle pattern</a>, 9th-10th century AD. The <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Museum" title="Hunt Museum">Hunt Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>, Ireland)</figcaption></figure> <p>The period is characterised by a greatly increased availability of silver, presumably the result of Viking raiding and trading, and most brooches are made from silver throughout, as gilding and decoration in other materials nearly disappears. The brooches are often large and relatively massive, but plainer than the most elaborate earlier ones, neither using older local decorative styles nor the Viking styles that were adopted in other media. This continues a trend that can be detected in later brooches from the preceding period, before much Viking influence can have made itself felt. The 9th century <a href="/wiki/Roscrea_Brooch" title="Roscrea Brooch">Roscrea Brooch</a> is one of a number of transitional brooches; though its form is highly ornate, with a large flat triangular pin head, the ring is thick plain silver, the gold filigree panels occupy relatively small areas, and their workmanship is a "coarse" or "crude" imitation of that of earlier works.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kilamery Brooch is another ornate and high quality example, with a marked emphasis on plain flat silver surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are rare exceptions in which a highly decorated brooch shows Scandinavian stylistic and technical influence, notably an Irish brooch from <a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island" title="Rathlin Island">Rathlin Island</a>, with areas stamped where the Irish tradition would have used casting.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brooches appear to have been made by "native" metalworkers, but worn by both Vikings and Gaels.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very popular <b>thistle brooches</b> have terminals and often pin-heads that are like <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistle</a> flowers, with a ball topped by a round projection, often flared; they are called by the term regardless of whether or not the ball is "brambled"—that is, formed with a regular pattern of small tapering projections, like the two lowest brooches from the <a href="/wiki/Penrith_Hoard" title="Penrith Hoard">Penrith Hoard</a> illustrated here. These, and other globular endings to terminals and pin-heads, were common, but flattened terminals continued to be made, now ornamented by round silver bosses amid simple repeated patterns, or interlace that is larger in scale than in the earlier ornate badges. In these, the ring often ends in a "gripping beast" biting the terminal plate. The mixture of types seen in the 10th century Penrith Hoard is typical.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_036.jpg/250px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_036.jpg/330px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_036.jpg/500px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Brooches made in Scandinavia, mostly in base metal</figcaption></figure> <p>Insular brooches had been taken back to Scandinavia, and began to be produced there in the 10th century for wearing singly by men at the shoulder; Viking women wore pairs of characteristic oval brooches on the upper breast.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were simpler than Insular examples, and several hundred in "tinned bronze rather than silver" are known.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 10th century Danish Møllerløkken Brooch is the most elaborate example known, with a simple overall design with ball terminals and pin-head, but with rich detailing such as interlace panels on the ring and filigree sections on the balls.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Insular types were also produced in Viking areas of England, especially <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Scandinavian York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The penannular brooch fell from common use by the end of the 11th century, a time when Ireland and Scotland, and Scandinavia, were adopting general Western European styles in many areas of both art and life. </p><p>A distinctly Irish type of brooch found at the end of the Viking period is the <b>kite brooch</b>, whose name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a> shape called a "kite" in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, though the shapes of the heads are actually highly variable. They were apparently worn, like the larger brooches, singly with the pin pointing upwards. Only "about half a dozen" exist in silver, including examples that are much larger than average, with pins up to 7.9 cm long.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these, there is no ring, but the elaborate head is connected to a pin of very variable length by a short tab of metal that can move on joints at both ends; there is also usually a cord for winding round the pin to secure it. Only 14 of these brooches have been found to date in Ireland, many incomplete, and none elsewhere;<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> five of these are from Dublin, the earliest from the 940s. They appear for about a further two centuries;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typical medieval ring brooches dated to after 1200 have few distinctively Irish characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_Revival">Celtic Revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Celtic Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brooches we have today have been discovered since the 17th century, and their odds on their survival once found have increased greatly over that period, as their value as artefacts has overtaken their scrap value. In the 19th century, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a>, many brooches copying or inspired by earlier styles were made.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_17sept_036-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Brit_Mus_17sept_036-crop.jpg/250px-Brit_Mus_17sept_036-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Brit_Mus_17sept_036-crop.jpg/330px-Brit_Mus_17sept_036-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Brit_Mus_17sept_036-crop.jpg/500px-Brit_Mus_17sept_036-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption>Early medieval Irish brooch, bronze and glass. The pin lies entirely in front of the ring in this example.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the responsibility for the fashion for high-quality Celtic Revival jewellery belongs to George Waterhouse, a jeweller from <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England, who moved to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> in 1842. Before the end of the decade, he and the long-established Dublin firm <a href="/wiki/West_Jewellers" title="West Jewellers">West & Son</a> of <a href="/wiki/College_Green,_Dublin" title="College Green, Dublin">College Green</a> (later moving to <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Street" title="Grafton Street">Grafton Street</a>) were finding it necessary to register their designs to prevent copying. Of the various types of objects made, the brooches were both the "most resonant" and those which could be sold with the least alteration to the original form and design, although the jewellers generally reduced their size and fitted them with conventional pins and catches behind, even though the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_shawl" title="Kashmir shawl">Kashmir shawls</a> that were also fashionable at the time were often loosely woven and not unsuitable for fastening in the original way.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different versions were made at different price levels, though even the most expensive struggled to recreate the full intricacy of the originals. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland" title="National Museum of Ireland">National Museum of Ireland</a> is clearly not correct in saying that the fashion began after <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> was presented with a <a href="/wiki/Replica" title="Replica">replica</a> of the "Cavan Brooch" on her visit to Dublin to see the <a href="/wiki/Great_Industrial_Exhibition_(1853)" title="Great Industrial Exhibition (1853)">Great Industrial Exhibition</a> in 1853;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a> has two brooches that <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a> bought for her from West & Son in 1849 on an earlier visit to Dublin, which were already being made in editions. Albert presented them in November and at Christmas that year: "...such beautiful souvenirs, both made after those very curious old Irish ornaments we saw in <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College, Dublin">the College</a> in Dublin, one a silver shawl brooch, in smaller size than the original" was her reaction to the November gift.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later gift from Albert included a setting of a <a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">cairngorm</a> he had picked up when walking in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>, a more authentic type of gem than the brightly coloured foreign stones used in much Celtic Revival jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Tara_Brooch" title="Tara Brooch">Tara Brooch</a> in 1850 could therefore not have been better timed in terms of attracting public interest. It was immediately recognised as the culminating masterpiece (though early in date) of the Irish development of large and superbly worked ornate brooches, a status it has retained ever since. The brooch was soon acquired by George Waterhouse, who used it as the centre of displays of his replicas and imitations of Celtic brooches in his Dublin shop, also exhibiting it at <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">The Great Exhibition</a> in London in 1851 and the Paris <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)" title="Exposition Universelle (1855)">Exposition Universelle (1855)</a>, as well as the Dublin exhibition visited by the Queen in 1853 (Victoria had already seen it; it had been specially sent to <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> for her inspection). </p><p>Waterhouse had invented the brooch's name; in fact, it has nothing to do with the <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a>, and while likely found some 28 km away the actual circumstances of its find still remain unclear (essentially to avoid a claim by the landowner), and Waterhouse chose to link it to the site associated with the <a href="/wiki/High_King" class="mw-redirect" title="High King">High Kings</a> of Ireland, "fully aware that this would feed the Irish middle-class fantasy of being descended from them".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing the trend in the mid-20th century, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Mahr" title="Adolf Mahr">Adolf Mahr</a> described the tendency for giving brooches —and more importantly their replicas— such titles as "fanciful (and sometimes ridiculous)...by a firm of Dublin jewellers".<sup id="cite_ref-b82_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b82-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the Tara brooch passed to what is now the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland" title="National Museum of Ireland">National Museum of Ireland</a> in the 1870s, the "Tara brooch" had become a <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">generic term</a> for Celtic Revival brooches, some of which were now being made by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> workshops for export to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_borstversiering_TMnr_6387-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_borstversiering_TMnr_6387-2.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_borstversiering_TMnr_6387-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_borstversiering_TMnr_6387-2.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_borstversiering_TMnr_6387-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_borstversiering_TMnr_6387-2.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_borstversiering_TMnr_6387-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Berber or <a href="/wiki/Amazigh_fibula" title="Amazigh fibula">Amazigh fibulae</a> from southern Morocco</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maghreb_region_in_North_Africa">Maghreb region in North Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maghreb region in North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penannular brooches are a characteristic type of <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures" title="Jewellery of the Berber cultures">Berber traditional silver jewellery</a>, worn until the second half of the 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a>: Amazigh) women in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. They were usually worn in symmetrical pairs and used to fix parts of unsewn draped garments, one to each side, with the pins pointing straight up. Traditionally made by <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Jewish</a> silversmiths, some are plain and large brooches, not unlike some later Celtic or Viking examples,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other types have a very elaborately decorated triangular base to the pin, which can dwarf the ring. A heavy necklace often hangs between the two brooches, usually attached to a ring at the bottom of the brooch.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local names for the brooches are said to include <i>melia</i>, <i>melehfa</i>, <i>bzima</i>, <i>kitfiyya</i>, and <i>khellala</i> in <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a>, and <i>tabzimt</i>, <i>tizerzay</i>, and <i>tazersit</i> in <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As brooches similar in form and function are known from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and later Roman and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths#Goldsmithery" title="Visigoths">Visigoth brooches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such <i>fibulae</i> are believed to have been in use in the Maghreb since ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 89, NMI, O'Floinn, 172–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 72, NMI, O'Floinn, 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laing, 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laing, 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, this brooch in the British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/s/silver_ring_brooch.aspx">Silver ring brooch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The last favoured by NMI, O'Floinn, 177 and entries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, no. 111; Laing, 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essentially in material aimed at the general public, to avoid the "p" word—for example, "open brooch" in the headings of the database of the National Museums of Scotland, but not in the detailed descriptions. The British Museum display captions favour "open ring".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler's two papers are in Further Reading. Laing 304–316 summarizes one version of the expanded typology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laing, 316 and 318–320, using both, but distinguishing between them. Youngs uses the second and third (no.s 90–92, 95–96), Edwards, 141 the last.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usually the pin is bent round to form a simple ring, and though the pin may be capable of being swivelled round to sit in front of the ring, it will then project away from the ring.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickinson, 52–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the British museum; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7G98BCWl8vU">this You Tube video shows the operation from about 1:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitfield (2001), 229–230, with diagrams. There is a short video sequence <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ssoy95w1Fs">here</a>. See also Johns, 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitfield (2001), 229–230, with diagram of the Tara Brooch; see also a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-190-001-178-C&scache=73160e864v&searchdb=scran">series of photos from the National Museums of Scotland</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laing, 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The photographs here, showing the pin lying on top, were taken at the NMI in 2010; the illustrations in "NMI" of 2002, and Youngs of 1989, show it crossing through the ring.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example the Roscrea, Ardagh, and Killamery Brooches - respectively Youngs, nos. 79, 76 & 80, and also in NMI. Which brooches have removable pins, so that the arrangement can be altered, is not always clear from the sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Youngs, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johns, 150–151. Examples of Romano-British penannular broches from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwincountry.org/explore/013338.html">Darwin Country</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417145708/http://www.darwincountry.org/explore/013338.html">Archived</a> 2021-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/ukdfddata/showrecords.php?product=632&cat=all">Example from the UK Detector Finds Database</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 21, and no. 15. NMI, O'Floinn, 172–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NMI, O'Floinn, 173; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/rpr/index.php/objectbiographies/74-an-irish-bronze-brooch-18847913">another summary account</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 21–22, and catalogue nos. 16–19; NMI, no. 5:5; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/p/penannular_brooch.aspx">example from the British Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Youngs, 117–120 for examples</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitfield (2001), 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitfield (2001), 223-226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NMI, O'Floinn, 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laing, 304,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, no. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ship, Harrison, 72; Youngs, no. 74; NMI, 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swift, Catherine. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1285310/English_and_Pictish_Terms_for_Brooch_in_an_8th_century_Irish_Law_Text?auto=download">English and Pictish Terms for Brooch in an 8th-century Irish Law-Text</a>". <i>Medieval Archaeology</i>, 2004. Retrieved 29 October 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Youngs nos.195 and 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, no. 83; NMI, 184; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/brooches/derry.html">photo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/s/silver_ring_brooch.aspx">British Museum</a>, mentioning two examples.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NMI, 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 170–171, 189–193; NMI, 176–177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 202–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 171–173, quote 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 171–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NMI, O'Floinn, 177; Youngs, 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, nos. 69 and 71; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/results.php?offset=1&no_results=12&scache=73160e864v&searchdb=scran&sortby=&sortorder=ASC&field=&searchterm=%2B%22Melbrigda%22">Hunterston Brooch from NMI</a>; see external links for the other museum pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NMI, 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ship, Doherty, 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NMI, 215–216, and 230, "crude"; Youngs, no. 79, "coarse". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/brooches/roscrea.html">Illustration here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NMI, 215; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/brooches/kilamery.html">photo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ship, O'Floinn, 90;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NMI, Wallace, 213–216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare the very similar selections of brooches illustrated at NMI 238 and 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vikings, 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ship, O'Floinn, 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vikings, 112–113, 146; Ship, O'Floinn, 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laing, 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NMI, 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitfield (2005), 64–67; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/arts-literature/the-virtual-museum/waterford-museum-of-treas/personal-adornment/the-waterford-kite-brooch/index.xml">The Waterford Kite brooch</a>, plus one in the next reference.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DS4oLkj3pnMC&dq=%22Kite+brooch%22&pg=PA67">kite brooches</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/arts-literature/the-virtual-museum/waterford-museum-of-treas/personal-adornment/the-waterford-gold-ring-b/index.xml">The Waterford Ring Brooch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?listing_type=imagetext&offset=0&limit=15&narrow=0&q=penannular+brooch&commit=Search&quality=0&objectnamesearch=&placesearch=&after=&after-adbc=AD&before=&before-adbc=AD&namesearch=&materialsearch=&mnsearch=&locationsearch=">Victorian penannular brooches</a> from the <a href="/wiki/V%26A_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="V&A Museum">V&A Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gere and Rudoe, 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NMI, 5:21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/egallery/object.asp?searchText=brooch&x=10&y=7&pagesize=20&object=12457&row=15&detail=about">Royal Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609042602/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/egallery/object.asp?searchText=brooch&x=10&y=7&pagesize=20&object=12457&row=15&detail=about">Archived</a> June 9, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Brooch given in November 1849, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/egallery/object.asp?searchText=brooch&x=10&y=7&pagesize=20&object=4833&row=16&detail=about">Christmas 1849</a>. Their fabrication was sub-contracted to Edward Johnston's workshop. See also the V&A text at the link above, also dating the fashion to the 1840s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=82803&partid=1">British Museum</a> Waterhouse replica of the Tara Brooch, with text from "catalogue of Hull Grundy Gift (Gere et al 1984) no. 989" covering other replicas and the revived brooch in general</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gere and Rudoe, 444; British Museum: Waterhouse replica of the Tara Brooch, see note above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b82-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b82_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs (2017), p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gere and Rudoe, 455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Berber brooches are similar in form and function to large penannular brooches found in early medieval Celtic art. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohns1996" class="citation book cs1">Johns, Catherine (1996). <i>The jewellery of Roman Britain : Celtic and classical traditions</i>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-566-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-566-2"><bdi>1-85728-566-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35732358">35732358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+jewellery+of+Roman+Britain+%3A+Celtic+and+classical+traditions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35732358&rft.isbn=1-85728-566-2&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+brooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCamps-Fabrer1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camps-Fabrer, Henriette (1997-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2050">"Fibule"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (18): <span class="nowrap">2817–</span>2825. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2050">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2050</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Fibule&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2817-%3C%2Fspan%3E2825&rft.date=1997-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2050&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Camps-Fabrer&rft.aufirst=Henriette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+brooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art.thewalters.org/detail/16373/eagle-fibula-3/">"Eagle Fibula"</a>. <i>The Walters Art Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Walters+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Eagle+Fibula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F16373%2Feagle-fibula-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+brooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVictoria_and_Albert_Museum" class="citation web cs1">Victoria and Albert Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O79372/">"Penannular Brooch | Unknown | V&A Explore The Collections"</a>. <i>Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum%3A+Explore+the+Collections&rft.atitle=Penannular+Brooch+%7C+Unknown+%7C+V%26A+Explore+The+Collections&rft.au=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO79372%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+brooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In her article about the history and usage of <i>fibulae</i>, Camps-Fabrer (1997) mentions the oldest known specimens of fibulae in the Maghreb: "However, from the Bronze Age, two types of fibulae appeared. The first is represented by a bow fibula which comes from the Beni Messous dolmen, unfortunately lost but described by Doctor Bertherand. The second type also found in Beni Messous is an omega fibula which is kept at the Bardo Museum in Algiers: it is an open ring whose ends are reinforced by polyhedra; a barb movable along the ring is made of a narrow sheet of bronze, one end of which is wrapped around the ring, the other ending in a point." Translated from the French original at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCamps-Fabrer1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camps-Fabrer, H. (1997-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2050">"Fibule"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (18): <span class="nowrap">2817–</span>2825. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2050">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2050</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Fibule&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2817-%3C%2Fspan%3E2825&rft.date=1997-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2050&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Camps-Fabrer&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+brooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Briggs, Stephen. "The Roscrea Brooch Re-Provenanced?". <i>Ulster Journal of Archaeology</i>, volume 74, 2017. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26788433">26788433</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tania_Dickinson" title="Tania Dickinson">Dickinson, Tania M.</a> <i>Fowler's Type G penannular brooches reconsidered</i>, 1982, Medieval Archaeology, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-769-1/ahds/dissemination/pdf/vol26/26_041_068.pdf">PDF</a></li> <li>Edwards, Nancy. <i>The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland</i>. Routledge, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22000-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22000-9">0-415-22000-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22000-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22000-2">978-0-415-22000-2</a></li> <li>Gere, C. and Rudoe J. <i>Jewellery in the Age of Queen Victoria: a Mirror to the World</i>. British Museum Publications, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-2819-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-2819-8">0-7141-2819-8</a></li> <li>Henderson, George; Henderson, Isabel. <i>The Art of the Picts: Sculpture and Metalwork in Early Medieval Scotland</i>. Thames and Hudson, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-8963-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-8963-1">978-0-5002-8963-1</a></li> <li>Johns, Catherine. <i>The Jewellery of Roman Britain: Celtic and Classical Traditions</i>, Routledge, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-566-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-566-6">978-1-85728-566-6</a></li> <li>Laing, Lloyd Robert. <i>The archaeology of late Celtic Britain and Ireland, c. 400–1200 AD</i>. Taylor & Francis, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-82360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-82360-8">978-0-416-82360-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Moss_(art_historian)" title="Rachel Moss (art historian)">Moss, Rachel</a> (2014). <i>Medieval c. 400—c. 1600: Art and Architecture of Ireland</i>. Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-7919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-7919-4">978-0-3001-7919-4</a></li> <li>"Ship": Larsen, Anne Christine (ed), <i>The Vikings in Ireland</i>, 2001, The Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-85180-42-4" title="Special:BookSources/87-85180-42-4">87-85180-42-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/23478636/The-Viking-Ship-Museum-Vikings-in-Ireland">online text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010150/https://www.scribd.com/doc/23478636/The-Viking-Ship-Museum-Vikings-in-Ireland">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Wallace, Patrick F.; <a href="/wiki/Raghnall_%C3%93_Floinn" title="Raghnall Ó Floinn">Ó Floinn, Raghnall</a> (eds) (2002). <i>Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities</i>, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-2829-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-2829-6">0-7171-2829-6</a></li> <li>Whitfield, Niamh (2001). <i>The "Tara" Brooch</i>, in Hourihane, Colum (ed), <i>From Ireland coming: Irish art from the early Christian to the late Gothic period and its European context</i>. Princeton University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08825-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08825-X">0-691-08825-X</a>, 9780691088259</li> <li>Whitfield, Niamh (2005). "A brooch fragment from Dublin", in Bork, Robert Odell and Montgomery, Scott, <i>De re metallica: the uses of metal in the Middle Ages</i>, 2005, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5048-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-5048-0">0-7546-5048-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5048-5">978-0-7546-5048-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DS4oLkj3pnMC&dq=%22Kite+brooch%22&pg=PA67">google books</a></li> <li>Whitfield, Niamh. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11446135/_More_thoughts_on_the_wearing_of_brooches_in_Early_Medieval_Ireland_in_C_Hourihane_ed_Irish_Art_Historical_Studies_in_Honour_of_Peter_Harbison_Index_of_Christian_Art_Princeton_and_Four_Courts_Press_Dublin_2004_pp_70-108">More Thoughts on the Wearing of Brooches in Early Medieval Ireland</a>". In: Hourihane, Colum (ed), <i>Irish Art Historical Studies in honour of Peter Harbison</i>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8518-2847-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8518-2847-0">978-1-8518-2847-0</a></li> <li>Youngs, Susan (ed). <i>The Work of Angels: Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork: 6th to 9th Centuries</i>. University of Texas Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-02927-9058-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-02927-9058-2">978-02927-9058-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fowler, Elizabeth. <i>The origins and developments of the penannular brooch in Europe</i>, Proceedings of Prehistorical Society, XXVI, 1960, Cambridge, 149–177 (with the next paper initiated the Fowler typology).</li> <li>Fowler, Elizabeth. <i>Celtic Metalwork of the fifth and sixth centuries A.D.: A Reappraisal</i>, Archaeological Journal 120 (1963), 99160</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Graham-Campbell" title="James Graham-Campbell">Graham-Campbell, J.</a>, <i>Some Viking-Age penannular brooches from Scotland and the origins of the 'thistle-brooch'</i> in <i>From the stone age to the 'forty-five: studies presented to R. B. K. Stevenson, former Keeper, National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland</i> (Edinburgh, 1983), pp. 310–23</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_brooch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Penannular_brooches" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Penannular brooches">Penannular brooches</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/brooches/index.html">Irish Brooches of the Early Medieval Celtic Period, An exhibition by Alisa Petti</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/t/the_londesborough_brooch.aspx">The Londesborough Brooch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nms.ac.uk/our_collections/highlights/hunterston_brooch.aspx">Hunterston Brooch</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Museums_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museums of Scotland">National Museums of Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824052905/http://www.nms.ac.uk/our_collections/collection_highlights/st_ninians_isle_treasure.aspx">St Ninian's Isle Treasure</a>, National Museums of Scotland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/art/design/jewelry/gallery1.html">Victorian web</a>, gallery of "Victorian Jewelry: Celtic Revival Work in Ireland"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/113771/rec/1">Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.</a>, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Penannular brooches (cat. no. 40, 41, 42, 46–52)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Celtic_brooches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Celtic brooches (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_brooches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic brooches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_brooches56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic brooches</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballinderry_Brooch" title="Ballinderry Brooch">Ballinderry Brooch</a> (late 6th or early 7th c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Brooch" title="Tara Brooch">Tara Brooch</a> (c. 710 to 750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogart_Brooch" title="Rogart Brooch">Rogart Brooch</a> (8th c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londesborough_Brooch" title="Londesborough Brooch">Londesborough Brooch</a> (late 8th or early 9th c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterston_Brooch" title="Hunterston Brooch">Hunterston Brooch</a> (8th c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Brooch" title="Kilmainham Brooch">Kilmainham Brooch</a> (late 8th or early 9th c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadalbane_Brooch" title="Breadalbane Brooch">Breadalbane Brooch</a> (8th & 9th c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardagh_Hoard" title="Ardagh Hoard">Ardagh Hoard</a> (8th & 9th c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_Treasure" title="St Ninian's Isle Treasure">St Ninian's Isle Treasure</a> (8th & 9th c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscrea_Brooch" title="Roscrea Brooch">Roscrea Brooch</a> (9th c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrith_Hoard" title="Penrith Hoard">Penrith Hoard</a> (10th c)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NMSHunterstonBrooch1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/NMSHunterstonBrooch1_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-NMSHunterstonBrooch1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/NMSHunterstonBrooch1_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-NMSHunterstonBrooch1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/NMSHunterstonBrooch1_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-NMSHunterstonBrooch1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1652" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fefcf6"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_art" title="Irish art">Irish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Scottish art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology">National Museum of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Museum" title="Ulster Museum">Ulster Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Insular_art78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0d3bc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insular_art" title="Template:Insular art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insular_art" title="Template talk:Insular art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insular_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insular art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Insular_art78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_plaque" title="Crucifixion plaque">Crucifixion plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumdach" title="Cumdach">Cumdach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_crozier" title="Insular crozier">Insular crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House-shaped_shrine" title="House-shaped shrine">House-shaped shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">Processional cross</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/120px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/250px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1797" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fefcf6"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_page" title="Carpet page">Carpet page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_illumination" title="Insular illumination">Insular illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballinderry_Brooch" title="Ballinderry Brooch">Ballinderry Brooch</a> (late C6/early C7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinnegan_Crucifixion_Plaque" title="Rinnegan Crucifixion Plaque">Rinnegan Crucifixion Plaque</a> (late C7/early C8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterston_Brooch" title="Hunterston Brooch">Hunterston Brooch</a> (c. 700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Durrow" title="Book of Durrow">Book of Durrow</a> (c. 700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Brooch" title="Tara Brooch">Tara Brooch</a> (c. 710–750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Gospels" title="Lichfield Gospels">Lichfield Gospels</a> (c. 730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a> (c. 730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardagh_Hoard" title="Ardagh Hoard">Ardagh Chalice</a> (c. 750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogart_Brooch" title="Rogart Brooch">Rogart Brooch</a> (C8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moylough_Belt-Shrine" title="Moylough Belt-Shrine">Moylough Belt-Shrine</a> (C8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Fillan%27s_Crozier" title="St. Fillan's Crozier">St. Fillan's Crozier</a> (C8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dimma" title="Book of Dimma">Book of Dimma</a> (C8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthwell_Cross" title="Ruthwell Cross">Ruthwell Cross</a> (C8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadalbane_Brooch" title="Breadalbane Brooch">Breadalbane Brooch</a> (C8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monymusk_Reliquary" title="Monymusk Reliquary">Monymusk Reliquary</a> (C8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stowe_Missal" title="Stowe Missal">Stowe Missal</a> (after 792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tully_Lough_Cross" title="Tully Lough Cross">Tully Lough Cross</a> (C8/C9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londesborough_Brooch" title="Londesborough Brooch">Londesborough Brooch</a> (C8/C9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrynaflan_Chalice" title="Derrynaflan Chalice">Derrynaflan Chalice</a> (C8/C9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnach_Airgid" title="Domnach Airgid">Domnach Airgid</a> (C8/C9 and C14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Brooch" title="Kilmainham Brooch">Kilmainham Brooch</a> (late C8/early C9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a> (C9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Armagh" title="Book of Armagh">Book of Armagh</a> (C9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Crozier" title="Prosperous Crozier">Prosperous Crozier</a> (late C9/early C10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muiredach%27s_High_Cross" title="Muiredach's High Cross">Muiredach's High Cross</a> (C9/C10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kells_Crozier" title="Kells Crozier">Kells Crozier</a> (c. C9–C11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardboe_High_Cross" title="Ardboe High Cross">Ardboe High Cross</a> (C10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corp_Naomh" title="Corp Naomh">Corp Naomh</a> (C10 and C15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soisc%C3%A9l_Molaisse" title="Soiscél Molaisse">Soiscél Molaisse</a> (c. 1001–1011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise_Crucifixion_Plaque" title="Clonmacnoise Crucifixion Plaque">Clonmacnoise Crucifixion Plaque</a> (late C10/early C11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Shrine_of_St._Mura" title="Bell Shrine of St. Mura">Bell Shrine of St. Mura</a> (C11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breac_Maodh%C3%B3g" title="Breac Maodhóg">Breac Maodhóg</a> (11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Miosach" title="Shrine of Miosach">Shrine of Miosach</a> (C11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathach_of_St._Columba" title="Cathach of St. Columba">Cathach of St. Columba</a> (late C11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise_Crozier" title="Clonmacnoise Crozier">Clonmacnoise Crozier</a> (late C11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Laune_Crozier" title="River Laune Crozier">River Laune Crozier</a> (late C11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_St._Patrick%27s_Bell" title="Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell">Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell</a> (c. 1094–1105)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lismore_Crozier" title="Lismore Crozier">Lismore Crozier</a> (c. 1100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynan_Crucifixion_Plaque" title="Tynan Crucifixion Plaque">Tynan Crucifixion Plaque</a> (c. 1100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Saint_Lachtin%27s_Arm" title="Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm">Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm</a> (c. 1120)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Shrine_of_St._Cuile%C3%A1in" title="Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin">Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin</a> (late C11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Cong" title="Cross of Cong">Cross of Cong</a> (early C12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_St_Patrick%27s_Tooth" title="Shrine of St Patrick's Tooth">Shrine of St Patrick's Tooth</a> (C12 and late C14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fefcf6"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Library of Trinity College Dublin">Library of Trinity College Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology">National Museum of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Notable art historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Petrie_(antiquarian)" title="George Petrie (antiquarian)">George Petrie</a> (d. 1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stokes" title="Margaret Stokes">Margaret Stokes</a> (d. 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_de_Paor" title="Máire de Paor">Máire de Paor</a> (d. 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Harbison" title="Peter Harbison">Peter Harbison</a> (d. 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghnall_%C3%93_Floinn" title="Raghnall Ó Floinn">Raghnall Ó Floinn</a> (d. 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_Bourke" title="Cormac Bourke">Cormac Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Moss_(art_historian)" title="Rachel Moss (art historian)">Rachel Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Murray" title="Griffin Murray">Griffin Murray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fefcf6"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Kells" title="Abbey of Kells">Abbey of Kells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">Clonmacnoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_art" title="English art">English art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_art" title="Irish art">Irish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Scottish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, 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