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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kings_and_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings_and_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kings and kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings_and_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>General and cited bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Picts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikte" title="Pikte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pikte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيكتيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيكتيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictos" title="Pictos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pictos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktl%C9%99r" title="Piktlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Piktlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pict_l%C3%A2ng" title="Pict lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pict lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Пікты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пікты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пикти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пикти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikted" title="Pikted – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pikted" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictes" title="Pictes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pictes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktov%C3%A9" title="Piktové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Piktové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictiaid" title="Pictiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pictiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktere" title="Piktere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Piktere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikten" title="Pikten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pikten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktid" title="Piktid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piktid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Πίκτοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πίκτοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictos" title="Pictos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pictos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktoj" title="Piktoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piktoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikto" title="Pikto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pikto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="پیکت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیکت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktar" title="Piktar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Piktar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictes" title="Pictes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pictes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikten" title="Pikten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pikten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Cruithnigh" title="Na Cruithnigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Cruithnigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Cruithnich" title="Na Cruithnich – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na Cruithnich" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictos" title="Pictos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pictos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BD%ED%8A%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="픽트인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="픽트인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikti" title="Pikti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pikti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pict" title="Pict – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pict" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktar" title="Piktar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Piktar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitti_(popolo)" title="Pitti (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pitti (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פיקטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיקטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პიქტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიქტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktyon" title="Piktyon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Piktyon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picti" title="Picti – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Picti" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikti" title="Pikti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pikti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktai" title="Piktai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piktai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktek" title="Piktek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Piktek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პიქტეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პიქტეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictotecah" title="Pictotecah – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Pictotecah" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picten" title="Picten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Picten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E4%BA%BA" title="ピクト人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピクト人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Пикташ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пикташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikten" title="Pikten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pikten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktere" title="Piktere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Piktere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktarar" title="Piktarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Piktarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktlar" title="Piktlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Piktlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikten" title="Pikten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pikten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktowie" title="Piktowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piktowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictos" title="Pictos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pictos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic%C8%9Bi" title="Picți – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Picți" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Пикты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пикты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechts" title="Pechts – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pechts" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts" title="Picts – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Picts" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikti" title="Pikti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pikti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пикти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пикти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikti" title="Pikti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pikti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktit" title="Piktit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Piktit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikter" title="Pikter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pikter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="ชาวพิคท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวพิคท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktler" title="Piktler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Piktler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пікти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пікти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitti_(popo%C5%82asion)" title="Pitti (popołasion) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pitti (popołasion)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="皮克特人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Picts">reviewed</a> on <i>21 February 2025</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval tribal confederation in northern Britain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pict" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pict_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pict (disambiguation)">Pict (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_stone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Serpent_stone.JPG/220px-Serpent_stone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Serpent_stone.JPG/330px-Serpent_stone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Serpent_stone.JPG/440px-Serpent_stone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aberlemno_Sculptured_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberlemno Sculptured Stones">Aberlemno I</a> roadside symbol stone, Class I Pictish stone with Pictish symbols, showing (top to bottom) the serpent, the <a href="/wiki/Double_disc_(Pictish_symbol)" title="Double disc (Pictish symbol)">double disc and Z-rod</a> and the mirror and comb</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Picts</b> were a group of peoples in what is now <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotland in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where they lived and details of their culture can be gleaned from early medieval texts and <a href="/wiki/Pictish_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish stones">Pictish stones</a>. The name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Picti</i></span> appears in written records as an <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> from the late third century AD. They are assumed to have been descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonii</a> and other northern <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a> tribes. Their territory is referred to as "Pictland" by modern historians. Initially made up of several <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>, it came to be dominated by the Pictish kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a> from the seventh century. During this <a href="/wiki/Fortriu#Verturian_hegemony" title="Fortriu">Verturian hegemony</a>, <i>Picti</i> was adopted as an endonym. This lasted around 160 years until the Pictish kingdom merged with that of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a>, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">House of Alpin</a>. The concept of "Pictish kingship" continued for a few decades until it was abandoned during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Caustantín mac Áeda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pictish society was typical of many early medieval societies in northern Europe and had parallels with neighbouring groups. Archaeology gives some impression of their culture. Medieval sources report the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish language</a>, and evidence shows that it was an <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic language">Insular Celtic language</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a> to the south. Pictish was <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">gradually displaced</a> by <a href="/wiki/Middle_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Gaelic">Middle Gaelic</a> as part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a> from the late ninth century. Much of their history is known from outside sources, including <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a> of saints such as that of <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n" title="Adomnán">Adomnán</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norrie%27s_Law_hoard_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Norrie%27s_Law_hoard_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Norrie%27s_Law_hoard_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Norrie%27s_Law_hoard_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Norrie%27s_Law_hoard_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Norrie%27s_Law_hoard_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Norrie%27s_Law_hoard_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4034" data-file-height="1803" /></a><figcaption>Silver plaque from the <a href="/wiki/Norrie%27s_Law_hoard" title="Norrie's Law hoard">Norrie's Law hoard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>, with double disc and Z-rod symbol</figcaption></figure> <p>There has been substantial critical reappraisal of the concept of "Pictishness" over recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular view at the beginning of the twentieth century was that they were exotic "lost people". It was noted in the highly influential work of 1955, <i>The Problem of the Picts</i>, that the subject area was difficult, with the archaeological and historical records frequently being at odds with the conventional <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialist</a> expectations about historical peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the <a href="/wiki/Culture-historical_archaeology" title="Culture-historical archaeology">culture-historical paradigm</a> of archaeology dominant since the late nineteenth century gave way to the <a href="/wiki/Processual_archaeology" title="Processual archaeology">processual archaeology</a> (formerly known as the <i>New Archaeology</i>) theory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, there has been significant reappraisal of textual sources written, for example by <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n" title="Adomnán">Adomnán</a> in the seventh and eighth centuries. These works relate events of previous centuries, but current scholarship recognises their often allegorical, pseudo-historical nature, and their true value often lies in an appraisal of the time period in which they were written.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difficulties with Pictish history and archaeology arise from the fact that the people who were called Picts were a fundamentally heterogeneous group with little cultural uniformity. Care is needed to avoid viewing them through the lens of what the cultural historian Gilbert Márkus calls the "Ethnic Fallacy".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people known as "Picts" by outsiders in late antiquity were very different from those who later adopted the name, in terms of language, culture, religion and politics. </p><p>The term "Pict" is found in Roman sources from the end of the third century AD, when it was used to describe <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">unromanised</a> people in northern Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is most likely to have been pejorative, emphasising their supposed <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarism</a> in contrast to the Britons under Roman rule.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued, most notably by <a href="/wiki/James_E._Fraser_(historian)" title="James E. Fraser (historian)">James Fraser</a>, that the term "Pict" would have had little meaning to the people to whom it was being applied. Fraser posits that it was only adopted as an <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">endonym</a> in the late seventh century, as an inclusive term for people under rule of the Verturian hegemony, centered in <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a> (the area around modern-day <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a>), particularly following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dun_Nechtain" title="Battle of Dun Nechtain">Battle of Dun Nechtain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is, however, not universal. Gordon Noble and Nicholas Evans consider it plausible, if not provable, that "Picts" may have been used as an endonym by those northern Britons in closest contact with Rome as early as the fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bulk of <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">written history</a> dates from the seventh century onwards. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annalists</a> and contemporary scholars like Bede use "Picts" to describe the peoples under the <a href="/wiki/Fortriu#Verturian_hegemony" title="Fortriu">Verturian hegemony</a>. This encompassed most of Scotland north of the Forth-Clyde isthmus and to the exclusion of territory occupied by <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> in the west. To the south lay the Brittonic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">kingdom of Strathclyde</a>, with Lothian occupied by Northumbrian Angles. The use of "Picts" as a descriptive term continued to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">Alpínid dynasty</a> in the ninth century, and the merging of the Pictish Kingdom with that of Dál Riata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Picti</i></span> first occurs in a <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a>, a formal eulogising speech from 297<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is most commonly explained as meaning 'painted'<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pingere</i></span> 'to paint';<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pictus</i></span>, 'painted', cf. <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πυκτίς</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pyktis</i></span>, 'picture'<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This is generally understood to be a reference to the practice of tattooing.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a>, in his account of the Roman commander <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>, written around 404, speaks of designs on the bodies of dying Picts, presumably referring to tattoos or body paint.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> reports in the early seventh century that the practice was continued by the Picts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative suggestion is that the Latin <i>Picti</i> was derived from a native form, perhaps related etymologically to the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pictones" title="Pictones">Pictones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Picts were called <i>Cruithni</i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> and <i>Prydyn</i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser_2009_48_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser_2009_48-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">lexical cognates</a>, from the proto-Celtic *<i>kwritu</i> 'form', from which *<i>Pretania</i> (Britain) also derives. <i>Pretani</i> (and with it <i>Cruithni</i> and <i>Prydyn</i>) is likely to have originated as a generalised term for any native inhabitant of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser_2009_48_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser_2009_48-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is similar to the situation with the Gaelic name of Scotland, <i><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></i>, which originally seems to have been a generalised term for Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that the Picts may have called themselves <i>Albidosi</i>, a name found in the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Alba" title="Chronicle of the Kings of Alba">Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Domnaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Máel Coluim mac Domnaill">Máel Coluim mac Domnaill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"><div style="position:relative;width:200px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictiosh_kingdom_in_7th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pictish Kingdoms"><img alt="Pictish Kingdoms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pictiosh_kingdom_in_7th_century.svg/200px-Pictiosh_kingdom_in_7th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pictiosh_kingdom_in_7th_century.svg/300px-Pictiosh_kingdom_in_7th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pictiosh_kingdom_in_7th_century.svg/400px-Pictiosh_kingdom_in_7th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="1483" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.538%;left:46.429%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#000000"><i><b>Pictland</b></i></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.846%;left:73.81%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#000000"><small><i>Fib</i></small></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.692%;left:82.143%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#000000"><small><i>Circin</i></small></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.846%;left:71.429%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#000000"><small><i>Fortriu</i></small></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.462%;left:78.571%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#000000"><small><i>Ce</i></small></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.692%;left:51.19%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#000000"><small><i>Atholl</i></small></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.769%;left:21.429%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#0070C0"><small><i><b>Dál Riata</b></i></small></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.923%;left:44.048%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#0070C0"><small><i><b>Manaw</b></i></small></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.077%;left:51.19%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#000000"><small><i>Cat</i></small></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.923%;left:23.81%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#000000"><small><i>Sci</i></small></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.769%;left:61.905%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#000000"><small><i>Orc</i></small></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.231%;left:100%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#0070C0"><small><i><b>Northumbria</b></i></small></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.077%;left:42.857%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><span style="COLOR:#0070C0"><small><i><b>Britons</b></i></small></span></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictiosh_kingdom_in_7th_century.svg" title="File:Pictiosh kingdom in 7th century.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Pictland and neighbouring territories, c. early 8th century AD. <dl><dd></dd></dl></div></div></div><p>The origin myth presented in <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></i> describes the Picts as settlers from <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> who arrived on the northern coast of Ireland by chance. Local <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a> leaders redirected them to northern Britain where they settled, taking Scoti wives.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_Chronicle" title="Pictish Chronicle">Pictish Chronicle</a></i>, repeating this story, further names the mythical founding leader <i>Cruithne</i> (the Gaelic word for <i>Pict</i>), followed by his sons, whose names correspond with the seven provinces of Pictland: <i><a href="/wiki/Circin" title="Circin">Circin</a></i>, <i>Fidach</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Atholl" title="Atholl">Fotla</a></i> (<i>Atholl</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cat" title="Kingdom of Cat">Cat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9_(Pictish_territory)" title="Cé (Pictish territory)">Ce</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fib</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bede's account has long been recognised as pseudohistorical literary invention,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is thought to be of Pictish origin, composed around 700.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its structure is similar to the origin myths of other peoples and its main purpose appears to have been to legitimise the annexation of Pictish territories by Fortriu and the creation of a wider Pictland.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study published in 2023 sequenced the whole genomes from eight individuals associated with the Pictish period, excavated from cemeteries at <a href="/wiki/Lundin_Links" title="Lundin Links">Lundin Links</a> in Fife and <a href="/wiki/Balintore,_Easter_Ross" title="Balintore, Easter Ross">Balintore, Easter Ross</a>. The study observed "broad affinities" between the mainland Pictish genomes, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Britons">Iron Age Britons</a> and the present-day people living in western Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, but less with the rest of England, supporting the current archaeological theories of a "local origin" of the Pictish people.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A8leRocheCelte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/St%C3%A8leRocheCelte.jpg/250px-St%C3%A8leRocheCelte.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/St%C3%A8leRocheCelte.jpg/330px-St%C3%A8leRocheCelte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/St%C3%A8leRocheCelte.jpg/500px-St%C3%A8leRocheCelte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The so-called <a href="/wiki/Rosemarkie_sculpture_fragments" title="Rosemarkie sculpture fragments">Daniel Stone</a>, cross slab fragment found at <a href="/wiki/Rosemarkie" title="Rosemarkie">Rosemarkie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Ross" title="Easter Ross">Easter Ross</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The area occupied by the Picts had previously been described by Roman writers and geographers as the home of the <i><a href="/wiki/Caledonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Caledonii">Caledonii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Romans also used other names to refer to Britannic tribes living in the area, including <i><a href="/wiki/Verturiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Verturiones">Verturiones</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taexali" title="Taexali">Taexali</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Venicones" title="Venicones">Venicones</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Written history relating to the Picts as a people emerges in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. At that time, the <a href="/wiki/Gael" class="mw-redirect" title="Gael">Gaels</a> of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> controlled what is now <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a>, as part of a kingdom straddling the sea between Britain and Ireland. The <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a>, which merged with <a href="/wiki/Deira_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deira (kingdom)">Deira</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, overwhelmed the adjacent British kingdoms, and for much of the 7th century Northumbria was the most powerful kingdom in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Picts were probably tributary to Northumbria until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Bridei_III_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III of the Picts">Bridei mac Beli</a>, when, in 685, the Anglians suffered a defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dun_Nechtain" title="Battle of Dun Nechtain">Battle of Dun Nechtain</a> that halted their northward expansion. The Northumbrians continued to dominate southern Scotland for the remainder of the Pictish period. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CollierArgentCelte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CollierArgentCelte.jpg/170px-CollierArgentCelte.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CollierArgentCelte.jpg/255px-CollierArgentCelte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CollierArgentCelte.jpg/340px-CollierArgentCelte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1427" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Whitecleuch_Chain" title="Whitecleuch Chain">Whitecleuch Chain</a>, high-status Pictish silver chain, one of ten known to exist, dating from between 400 and 800 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Dál Riata was subject to the Pictish king <a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Óengus I of the Picts">Óengus mac Fergusa</a> (reigned 729–761), and although it had its own kings beginning in the 760s, does not appear to have recovered its political independence from the Picts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later Pictish king, <a href="/wiki/Caustant%C3%ADn_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustantín of the Picts">Caustantín mac Fergusa</a> (793–820), placed his son Domnall on the throne of Dál Riata (811–835).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pictish attempts to achieve a similar dominance over the Britons of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Alt Clut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strathclyde" title="Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a>) were not successful.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> brought significant change to Britain and Ireland, no less in Scotland than elsewhere, with the Vikings conquering and settling the islands and various mainland areas, including <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>. In the middle of the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Ketil_Flatnose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketil Flatnose">Ketil Flatnose</a> is said to have founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a>, governing many of these territories, and by the end of that century the Vikings had destroyed the Kingdom of Northumbria, greatly weakened the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a>, and founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of York">Kingdom of York</a>. In a major <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_839" title="Battle of 839">battle in 839</a>, the Vikings killed the King of <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uen_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Uen of the Picts">Eógan mac Óengusa</a>, the King of Dál Riata <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Boanta" title="Áed mac Boanta">Áed mac Boanta</a>, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath, in the 840s, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth I of Scotland">Kenneth MacAlpin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Gaelic">Medieval Gaelic</a>: <i lang="mga">Cináed mac Ailpín</i>) became king of the Picts.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of Cínaed's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Caustantín mac Áeda</a> (900–943), outsiders began to refer to the region as the Kingdom of Alba rather than the Kingdom of the Picts, but it is not known whether this was because a new kingdom was established or Alba was simply a closer approximation of the Pictish name for the Picts. However, though the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly, a process of <a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a> (which may have begun generations earlier) was clearly underway during the reigns of Caustantín and his successors. </p><p>By a certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of northern Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, and Pictish identity was forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a> was one of the first (surviving) historians to note this disappearance in the mid-12th century <i>Historia Anglorum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the idea of Picts as a tribe was revived in <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings_and_kingdoms">Kings and kingdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kings and kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">List of kings of the Picts</a></div> <p>The early history of Pictland is unclear. In later periods, multiple kings ruled over separate kingdoms, with one king, sometimes two, more or less dominating their lesser neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/De_Situ_Albanie" title="De Situ Albanie">De Situ Albanie</a></i>, a 13th century document, the <a href="/wiki/Pictish_Chronicle" title="Pictish Chronicle">Pictish Chronicle</a>, the 11th century <i><a href="/wiki/Duan_Albanach" title="Duan Albanach">Duan Albanach</a></i>, along with Irish legends, have been used to argue the existence of seven Pictish kingdoms. These are: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cat" title="Kingdom of Cat">Cait</a>, or Cat, situated in modern <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ce" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ce">Ce</a>, situated in modern <a href="/wiki/Mar_(Scottish_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar (Scottish province)">Mar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buchan" title="Buchan">Buchan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Circin" title="Circin">Circin</a>, perhaps situated in modern <a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Mearns" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mearns">the Mearns</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fib, the modern <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>; Fidach, location unknown, but possibly near <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a>; Fotla, modern <a href="/wiki/Atholl" title="Atholl">Atholl</a> (<i>Ath-Fotla</i>);<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a>, cognate with the <i>Verturiones</i> of the Romans, recently shown to be centred on <a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More small kingdoms may have existed. Some evidence suggests that a Pictish kingdom also existed in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>De Situ Albanie</i> is not the most reliable of sources, and the number of kingdoms, one for each of the seven sons of <i>Cruithne</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> founder of the Picts, may well be grounds enough for disbelief.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the exact number of kingdoms and their names, the Pictish nation was not a united one. </p><p>For most of Pictish recorded history, the kingdom of Fortriu appears dominant, so much so that <i>king of Fortriu</i> and <i>king of the Picts</i> may mean one and the same thing in the annals. This was previously thought to lie in the area around <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Strathearn" title="Strathearn">Strathearn</a>; however, recent work has convinced those working in the field that Moray (a name referring to a very much larger area in the High Middle Ages than the county of <a href="/wiki/Moray_(county)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moray (county)">Moray</a>) was the core of Fortriu.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Picts are often thought to have practised <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> kingship succession on the basis of Irish legends and a statement in <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s history.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kings of the Picts when Bede was writing were Bridei and Nechtan, sons of Der Ilei, who indeed claimed the throne through their mother Der Ilei, daughter of an earlier Pictish king.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ireland, kings were expected to come from among those who had a great-grandfather who had been king.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kingly fathers were not frequently succeeded by their sons, not because the Picts practised matrilineal succession, but because they were usually followed by their own brothers or cousins (<a href="/wiki/Agnatic_seniority" title="Agnatic seniority">agnatic seniority</a>), more likely to be experienced men with the authority and the support necessary to be king.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was similar to <a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">tanistry</a>. </p><p>The only woman ruler, mentioned in early <a href="/wiki/Scottish_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish history">Scottish history</a>, is the Pictish Queen in 617, who summoned pirates to massacre <a href="/wiki/Donn%C3%A1n_of_Eigg" title="Donnán of Eigg">Donnán</a> and his companions on the island of <a href="/wiki/Eigg" title="Eigg">Eigg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nature of kingship changed considerably during the centuries of Pictish history. While earlier kings had to be successful war leaders to maintain their authority, kingship became rather less personalised and more institutionalised during this time. Bureaucratic kingship was still far in the future when Pictland became Alba, but the support of the church, and the apparent ability of a small number of families to control the kingship for much of the period from the later 7th century onwards, provided a considerable degree of continuity. In much the same period, the Picts' neighbours in Dál Riata and Northumbria faced considerable difficulties, as the stability of succession and rule that previously benefited them ended.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later <a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">Mormaers</a> are thought to have originated in Pictish times, and to have been copied from, or inspired by, Northumbrian usages.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether the Mormaers were originally former kings, royal officials, or local nobles, or some combination of these. Likewise, the Pictish shires and <a href="/wiki/Thanage" title="Thanage">thanages</a>, traces of which are found in later times, are thought to have been adopted from their southern neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DupplinHarper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/DupplinHarper.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>The harpist on the <a href="/wiki/Dupplin_Cross" title="Dupplin Cross">Dupplin Cross</a>, Scotland, c. 800 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The archaeological record gives insight into the Picts' <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a>, and suggest a society not readily distinguishable from its British, Gaelic, or <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although analogy and knowledge of other Celtic societies may be a useful guide, these extend across a very large area. Relying on knowledge of pre-Roman <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, or 13th-century Ireland, as a guide to the Picts of the 6th century may be misleading if the analogy is pursued too far.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Like most northern European people in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, the Picts were farmers living in small communities. Cattle and horses were an obvious sign of wealth and prestige. Sheep and pigs were kept in large numbers, and place names suggest that <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> was common. Animals were small by later standards, although horses from Britain were imported into Ireland as breeding stock to enlarge native horses. From Irish sources, it appears that the elite engaged in competitive cattle breeding for size, and this may have been the case in Pictland also. Carvings show hunting with dogs, and also, unlike in Ireland, with falcons. Cereal crops included <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>. Vegetables included <a href="/wiki/Kale" title="Kale">kale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>, and some types no longer common, such as <a href="/wiki/Skirret" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirret">skirret</a>. Plants such as <a href="/wiki/Ramsons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsons">wild garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">nettles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watercress" title="Watercress">watercress</a> may have been gathered in the wild. The pastoral economy meant that hides and leather were readily available. <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a> was the main source of fibres for clothing, and <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> was also common, although it is not clear if they grew it for fibres, for oil, or as a foodstuff. Fish, shellfish, seals, and whales were exploited along coasts and rivers. The importance of domesticated animals suggests that meat and milk products were a major part of the diet of ordinary people, while the elite would have eaten a diet rich in meat from farming and hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No Pictish counterparts to the areas of denser settlement around important fortresses in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and southern Britain, or any other significant urban settlements, are known. Larger, but not large, settlements existed around royal forts, such as at <a href="/wiki/Burghead_Fort" title="Burghead Fort">Burghead Fort</a>, or associated with religious foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No towns are known in Scotland until the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The technology of everyday life is not well recorded, but archaeological evidence shows it to have been similar to that in Ireland and Anglo-Saxon England. Recently evidence has been found of <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">watermills</a> in Pictland.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kilns" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilns">Kilns</a> were used for drying kernels of wheat or barley, not otherwise easy in the changeable, temperate climate.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loch_tay_crannog_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Loch_tay_crannog_02.jpg/170px-Loch_tay_crannog_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Loch_tay_crannog_02.jpg/255px-Loch_tay_crannog_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Loch_tay_crannog_02.jpg/340px-Loch_tay_crannog_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">crannog</a> on <a href="/wiki/Loch_Tay" title="Loch Tay">Loch Tay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The early Picts are associated with piracy and raiding along the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>. Even in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, the line between traders and pirates was unclear, so that Pictish pirates were probably merchants on other occasions. It is generally assumed that trade collapsed with the Roman Empire, but this is to overstate the case. There is only limited evidence of long-distance trade with Pictland, but tableware and storage vessels from Gaul, probably transported up the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, have been found. This trade may have been controlled from <a href="/wiki/Dunadd" title="Dunadd">Dunadd</a> in Dál Riata, where such goods appear to have been common. While long-distance travel was unusual in Pictish times, it was far from unknown as stories of missionaries, travelling clerics and exiles show.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Brochs</a> are popularly associated with the Picts. Although built earlier in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, with construction ending around 100 AD, they remained in use beyond the Pictish period.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crannogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crannogs">Crannogs</a>, which may originate in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Scotland, may have been rebuilt, and some were still in use in the time of the Picts.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common sort of buildings would have been <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouses</a> and rectangular timbered halls.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many churches were built in wood, from the early 8th century, if not earlier, some were built in stone.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Picts are often said to have tattooed themselves, but evidence for this is limited. Naturalistic depictions of Pictish nobles, hunters and warriors, male and female, without obvious tattoos, are found on <a href="/wiki/Pictish_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish stones">monumental stones</a>. These include inscriptions in Latin and <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">ogham</a> script, not all of which have been deciphered. The well-known Pictish symbols found on standing stones and other artefacts have defied attempts at translation over the centuries. Pictish art can be classed as "<a href="/wiki/Celtic_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Art">Celtic</a>" and later as <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art#Insular_art" title="Migration Period art">Insular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish poets portrayed their Pictish counterparts as very much like themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Scotland" title="Christianisation of Scotland">Christianisation of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg/330px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg/500px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg/960px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2402" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Animal head from <a href="/wiki/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_Treasure" title="St Ninian's Isle Treasure">St Ninian's Isle Treasure</a> (c.750–825 AD), found in <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early Pictish religion is presumed to have resembled <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheism</a> in general, although only place names remain from the pre-Christian era. When the Pictish elite converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is uncertain, but traditions place Saint <a href="/wiki/Palladius_(bishop_of_Ireland)" title="Palladius (bishop of Ireland)">Palladius</a> in Pictland after he left <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, and link <a href="/wiki/Abernethy,_Perth_and_Kinross" title="Abernethy, Perth and Kinross">Abernethy</a> with Saint <a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a> refers to "apostate Picts", while the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Y_Gododdin" title="Y Gododdin">Y Gododdin</a></i> does not remark on the Picts as pagans.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bede wrote that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ninian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ninian">Saint Ninian</a> (confused by some with Saint <a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Moville" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnian of Moville">Finnian of Moville</a>, who died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 589</span>), had converted the southern Picts.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent archaeological work at <a href="/wiki/Portmahomack" title="Portmahomack">Portmahomack</a> places the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> there, an area once assumed to be among the last converted, in the late 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is contemporary with <a href="/wiki/Bridei_I_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei I of the Picts">Bridei mac Maelchon</a> and Columba, but the process of establishing Christianity throughout Pictland will have extended over a much longer period. </p><p>Pictland was not solely influenced by <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> and Ireland. It also had ties to churches in Northumbria, as seen in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nechtan_IV_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nechtan IV of the Picts">Nechtan mac Der Ilei</a>. The reported expulsion of Ionan monks and clergy by Nechtan in 717 may have been related to the controversy over the dating of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, and the manner of <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a>, where Nechtan appears to have supported the Roman usages, but may equally have been intended to increase royal power over the church.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the evidence of place names suggests a wide area of Ionan influence in Pictland.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the <i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1in_Adomn%C3%A1in" title="Cáin Adomnáin">Cáin Adomnáin</a></i> (Law of <a href="/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n" title="Adomnán">Adomnán</a>, <i>Lex Innocentium</i>) counts Nechtan's brother <a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei IV of the Picts">Bridei</a> among its guarantors. </p><p>The importance of monastic centres in Pictland was not as great as in Ireland. In areas that have been studied, such as <a href="/wiki/Strathspey,_Scotland" title="Strathspey, Scotland">Strathspey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a>, it appears that the parochial structure of the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> existed in early medieval times. Among the major religious sites of eastern Pictland were Portmahomack, Cennrígmonaid (later <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dunkeld" title="Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abernethy,_Perth_and_Kinross" title="Abernethy, Perth and Kinross">Abernethy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosemarkie" title="Rosemarkie">Rosemarkie</a>. It appears that these are associated with Pictish kings, which argue for a considerable degree of royal patronage and control of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portmahomack in particular has been the subject of recent excavation and research, published by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Carver" title="Martin Carver">Martin Carver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cult of saints was, as throughout Christian lands, of great importance in later Pictland. While kings might venerate great saints, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> in the case of Nechtan, and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Saint Andrew</a> in the case of the second <a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Óengus II of the Picts">Óengus mac Fergusa</a>, many lesser saints, some now obscure, were important. The Pictish Saint <a href="/wiki/Drostan" title="Drostan">Drostan</a> appears to have had a wide following in the north in earlier times, although he was all but forgotten by the 12th century. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Serf" title="Saint Serf">Saint Serf</a> of <a href="/wiki/Culross" title="Culross">Culross</a> was associated with Nechtan's brother Bridei.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears, as is well known in later times, that noble kin groups had their own patron saints, and their own churches or abbeys.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictish_Stone_distribution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pictish_Stone_distribution.jpg/220px-Pictish_Stone_distribution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pictish_Stone_distribution.jpg/330px-Pictish_Stone_distribution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Pictish_Stone_distribution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Pictish symbol stones and cross slabs</figcaption></figure> <p>Pictish art is primarily associated with <a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">monumental stones</a>, but also includes smaller objects of stone and bone, and metalwork such as <a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">brooches</a>. It uses a distinctive form of the general Celtic early medieval development of <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_style" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tène style">La Tène style</a> with increasing influences from the <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a> of 7th and 8th century Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_art" title="Irish art">Irish art</a> as the early medieval period continues. The most well-known surviving examples are the many Pictish stones located across Pictland. </p><p>The symbols and patterns consist of animals including the <a href="/wiki/Pictish_Beast" title="Pictish Beast">Pictish Beast</a>, the "rectangle", the "mirror and comb", "double-disc and Z-rod" and the "crescent and V-rod", among many others. There are also bosses and lenses with pelta and spiral designs. The patterns are curvilinear with hatchings. The cross-slabs are carved with Pictish symbols, Insular-derived <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">interlace</a> and Christian imagery, though interpretation is often difficult due to wear and obscurity. Several of the Christian images carved on various stones, such as David the harpist, Daniel and the lion, or scenes of St Paul and St Anthony meeting in the desert, have been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a> manuscript tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pictish metalwork is found throughout Pictland (modern-day Scotland) and also further south; the Picts appeared to have a considerable amount of silver available, probably from raiding further south, or the payment of subsidies to keep them from doing so. The very large hoard of late Roman <a href="/wiki/Hacksilver" title="Hacksilver">hacksilver</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Traprain_Law" title="Traprain Law">Traprain Law</a> may have originated in either way. The largest hoard of early Pictish metalwork was found in 1819 at <a href="/wiki/Norrie%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Norrie's Law">Norrie's Law</a> in Fife, but unfortunately much was dispersed and melted down (<a href="/wiki/Treasure_trove#Scotland" title="Treasure trove">Scots law on treasure finds</a> has always been unhelpful to preservation). A famous 7th century silver and <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a> plaque from the hoard has a "Z-rod", one of the Pictish symbols, in a particularly well-preserved and elegant form; unfortunately few comparable pieces have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over ten heavy silver chains, some over 0.5m long, have been found from this period; the double-linked <a href="/wiki/Whitecleuch_Chain" title="Whitecleuch Chain">Whitecleuch Chain</a> is one of only two that have a <a href="/wiki/Penannular_brooch" class="mw-redirect" title="Penannular brooch">penannular</a> linking piece for the ends, with symbol decoration including enamel, which shows how these were probably used as "choker" necklaces.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 8th and 9th centuries, after Christianization, the Pictish elite adopted a particular form of the Irish <a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Celtic brooch</a>, preferring true penannular brooches with lobed terminals. Some older Irish brooches were adapted to the Pictish style, for example, the c. 8th century <a href="/wiki/Breadalbane_Brooch" title="Breadalbane Brooch">Breadalbane Brooch</a> now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/St_Ninian%27s_Isle#St_Ninian's_Isle_Treasure" title="St Ninian's Isle">St Ninian's Isle Treasure</a> (c. 750–825 AD) contains the best collection of Pictish forms. Other characteristics of Pictish metalwork are dotted backgrounds or designs and animal forms influenced by Insular art. The 8th century <a href="/wiki/Monymusk_Reliquary" title="Monymusk Reliquary">Monymusk Reliquary</a> has elements of Pictish and Irish styles.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictish_Stones_in_the_Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6254.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pictish cross from the Monifieth Sculptured Stones, Museum of Scotland"><img alt="Pictish cross from the Monifieth Sculptured Stones, Museum of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pictish_Stones_in_the_Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6254.jpg/122px-Pictish_Stones_in_the_Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6254.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pictish_Stones_in_the_Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6254.jpg/182px-Pictish_Stones_in_the_Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pictish_Stones_in_the_Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6254.jpg/243px-Pictish_Stones_in_the_Museum_of_ScotlandDSCF6254.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2627" data-file-height="3455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pictish cross from the <a href="/wiki/Monifieth_Sculptured_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Monifieth Sculptured Stones">Monifieth Sculptured Stones</a>, Museum of Scotland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodney02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rodney's Stone (back-face), Brodie Castle, Forres"><img alt="Rodney's Stone (back-face), Brodie Castle, Forres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rodney02.JPG/120px-Rodney02.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rodney02.JPG/180px-Rodney02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rodney02.JPG/240px-Rodney02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rodney%27s_Stone" title="Rodney's Stone">Rodney's Stone</a> (back-face), <a href="/wiki/Brodie_Castle" title="Brodie Castle">Brodie Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forres" title="Forres">Forres</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberlemnokirkyardcropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Aberlemno Kirkyard Stone, Class II Pictish stone"><img alt="The Aberlemno Kirkyard Stone, Class II Pictish stone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aberlemnokirkyardcropped.jpg/120px-Aberlemnokirkyardcropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aberlemnokirkyardcropped.jpg/131px-Aberlemnokirkyardcropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aberlemnokirkyardcropped.jpg/174px-Aberlemnokirkyardcropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Aberlemno_Sculptured_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberlemno Sculptured Stones">Aberlemno</a> Kirkyard Stone, Class II Pictish stone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ArtCelteScotlandFibuleExpoClunydetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rogart Brooch, 8th century[83]"><img alt="The Rogart Brooch, 8th century[83]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ArtCelteScotlandFibuleExpoClunydetail.jpg/160px-ArtCelteScotlandFibuleExpoClunydetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ArtCelteScotlandFibuleExpoClunydetail.jpg/240px-ArtCelteScotlandFibuleExpoClunydetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ArtCelteScotlandFibuleExpoClunydetail.jpg/320px-ArtCelteScotlandFibuleExpoClunydetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Rogart_Brooch" title="Rogart Brooch">Rogart Brooch</a>, 8th century<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitecleuch_chain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Whitecleuch Chain, c. 400–800 AD. National Museum of Scotland"><img alt="Whitecleuch Chain, c. 400–800 AD. National Museum of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Whitecleuch_chain.jpg/250px-Whitecleuch_chain.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Whitecleuch_chain.jpg/330px-Whitecleuch_chain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="1804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Whitecleuch_Chain" title="Whitecleuch Chain">Whitecleuch Chain</a>, c. 400–800 AD. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standrewssarcophagus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Andrews Sarcophagus, second half of the 8th century"><img alt="St Andrews Sarcophagus, second half of the 8th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Standrewssarcophagus.jpg/160px-Standrewssarcophagus.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Standrewssarcophagus.jpg/240px-Standrewssarcophagus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Standrewssarcophagus.jpg/320px-Standrewssarcophagus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="413" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Sarcophagus" title="St Andrews Sarcophagus">St Andrews Sarcophagus</a>, second half of the 8th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Breadalbane Brooch, 8th or 9th century, British Museum[84]"><img alt="The Breadalbane Brooch, 8th or 9th century, British Museum[84]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg/160px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg/240px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg/320px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_015-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="2688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Breadalbane_Brooch" title="Breadalbane Brooch">Breadalbane Brooch</a>, 8th or 9th century, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish language</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish language</a> is extinct. Evidence is limited to <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">place-names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">personal names</a>, and contemporary records in other languages. The evidence of place and personal names appears to indicate that the Picts spoke an <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic language">Insular Celtic language</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a> of the south.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that Pictish diverged significantly from the Southern Neo-Brittonic dialects due to the lack of influence of Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of surviving written material in Pictish, discounting the enigmatic Ogham inscriptions, does not indicate a pre-literate society. The church certainly required literacy in Latin, and could not function without copyists to produce liturgical documents. Pictish <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> shows books being read and carried, and its naturalistic style gives every reason to suppose that such images were of real life. Literacy was not widespread, but among the senior clergy, and in monasteries, it would have been common enough.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that the Pictish language influenced the development, grammar and vocabulary of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, which has some characteristics unique among the Goidelic languages and which, in certain cases, are more reminiscent of Brittonic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toponymic evidence indicates the advance of Gaelic into Pictland; <a href="/wiki/Atholl" title="Atholl">Atholl</a>, meaning <i>New Ireland</i>, is attested in the early 8th century. This may be an indication of the advance of Gaelic. Fortriu also contains place names suggesting Gaelic settlement, or Gaelic influences.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pre-Gaelic interpretation of the name as <i>Athfocla</i> meaning 'north pass' or 'north way', as in gateway to Moray, suggests that the Gaelic <i>Athfotla</i> may be a Gaelic misreading of the minuscule c for t.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> inscriptions on Pictish stones and other Pictish archaeological objects survive. These were argued by influential linguist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Kenneth Jackson</a> to be unintelligible as Celtic and evidence for the coexistence of a non-Celtic language in Pictish times.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celtic interpretations have since been advanced for some of these inscriptions, but the nature of the inscriptions continues to be a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">List of Celtic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Origins of the Kingdom of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_painted_pebbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish painted pebbles">Painted pebbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts_in_fantasy" title="Picts in fantasy">Picts in fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts_in_literature_and_popular_culture" title="Picts in literature and popular culture">Picts in literature and popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolf2017">Woolf 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, pp. 43–67; <a href="#CITEREFFraser2011">Fraser 2011</a>, pp. 155–44; <a href="#CITEREFWoolf2017">Woolf 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, pp. 1–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWainwright1955">Wainwright 1955</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1997">Jones 1997</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFraser2011">Fraser 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, pp. 1–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus2017">Markus 2017</a>, p. ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus2017">Markus 2017</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFFoster1996">Foster 1996</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFEvans2022">Evans 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus2017">Markus 2017</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFraser2011">Fraser 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWoolf2017">Woolf 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2022">Evans 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNobleEvans2022">Noble & Evans 2022</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixonRodgers1994">Nixon & Rodgers 1994</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisShort1879">Lewis & Short 1879</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dpingo">pingo</a>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiddellScott1940">Liddell & Scott 1940</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpukti%2Fs1">πυκτίς</a>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2011">Fraser 2011</a>, pp. 25–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarkson2016">Clarkson 2016</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes1907">Holmes 1907</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, p. 335; <a href="#CITEREFBarneyLewisBeachBerghof2010">Barney et al. 2010</a>, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1926">Watson 1926</a>, pp. 67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser_2009_48-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_2009_48_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_2009_48_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFWoolf2007">Woolf 2007</a>, pp. 177–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun2005a">Broun 2005a</a>, p. 258, note 95; <a href="#CITEREFWoolf2007">Woolf 2007</a>, pp. 177–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkene1867">Skene 1867</a>, p. 4; translation in <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1922">Anderson 1922</a>, p. cxvii; <a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, pp. 238–239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkene1867">Skene 1867</a>, p. 4; translation in <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1922">Anderson 1922</a>, p. cxvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWainwright1955">Wainwright 1955</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFSmyth1984">Smyth 1984</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, p. 238; <a href="#CITEREFFraser2011">Fraser 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, p. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFraser2011">Fraser 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEvans2019">Evans 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorez_et_al.2023">Morez et al. 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, and as the <i>Dicalydonii</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>. Ptolemy called the sea to the west of Scotland the <i>Oceanus Duecaledonius</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. Ptolemy, Ammianus Marcellinus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <a href="#CITEREFHigham1993">Higham 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun1998">Broun 1998</a> attempts to reconstruct the confused late history of Dál Riata. The silence in the Irish Annals is ignored by <a href="#CITEREFBannerman1999">Bannerman 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="#CITEREFBroun1998">Broun 1998</a>--but the history of Dál Riata after that is obscure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. the failed attempts by <a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Óengus I of the Picts">Óengus mac Fergusa</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annals of Ulster (s.a. 839): "The (Vikings) won a battle against the men of Fortriu, and Eóganán son of Aengus, Bran son of Óengus, Aed son of Boanta, and others almost innumerable fell there."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCorbishleyGillinghamKellyDawson1996" class="citation book cs1">Corbishley, Mike; <a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">Gillingham, John</a>; Kelly, Rosemary; Dawson, Ian; Mason, James; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Morgan, Kenneth O.</a> (1996) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngoxfordhisto00mike/page/80">"The kingdoms in Britain & Ireland"</a>. <i>The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland</i>. Walton St., Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngoxfordhisto00mike/page/80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019-910035-7" title="Special:BookSources/019-910035-7"><bdi>019-910035-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+kingdoms+in+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.btitle=The+Young+Oxford+History+of+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.place=Walton+St.%2C+Oxford&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=019-910035-7&rft.aulast=Corbishley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Gillingham%2C+John&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Rosemary&rft.au=Dawson%2C+Ian&rft.au=Mason%2C+James&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Kenneth+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoungoxfordhisto00mike%2Fpage%2F80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun1997">Broun 1997</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBroun2001c">Broun 2001c</a>; <a href="#CITEREFForsyth2005">Forsyth 2005</a>, pp. 28–32; <a href="#CITEREFWoolf2001a">Woolf 2001a</a>; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBannerman1999">Bannerman 1999</a>, passim, representing the "traditional" view.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolf2007">Woolf 2007</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/Pech_(mythology)" title="Pech (mythology)">Pechs</a>, and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">Pixies</a>. However, <a href="#CITEREFFoster1996">Foster 1996</a> quotes <a href="#CITEREFToland1726">Toland 1726</a>, p. 145: "they are apt all over Scotland to make everything Pictish whose origin they do not know." The same could be said of the Picts in myth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun2001b">Broun 2001b</a>; for Ireland see, e.g. <a href="#CITEREFByrne1973">Byrne 1973</a> and more generally <a href="#CITEREFÓ_Cróinín1995">Ó Cróinín 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsyth2000">Forsyth 2000</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWatson1926">Watson 1926</a>, pp. 108–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruford2005">Bruford 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWatson1926">Watson 1926</a>, pp. 108–113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolf2006">Woolf 2006</a>; <a href="#CITEREFYorke2006">Yorke 2006</a>, p. 47. Compare earlier works such as <a href="#CITEREFFoster1996">Foster 1996</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdomnán1995">Adomnán 1995</a>, pp. 342–343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun2005b">Broun 2005b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolf2006">Woolf 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bede, I, c. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlanayland.org/essays/picts_matrilineal_succession.htm">"Carla Nayland Article – Matrilineal succession amongst the Picts"</a>. <i>www.carlanayland.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.carlanayland.org&rft.atitle=Carla+Nayland+Article+%E2%80%93+Matrilineal+succession+amongst+the+Picts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlanayland.org%2Fessays%2Fpicts_matrilineal_succession.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy2001c">Clancy 2001c</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrne1973">Byrne 1973</a>, pp. 35–41, 122–123, also pp. 108, 287, stating that <i>derbfhine</i> was practised by the <i>cruithni</i> in Ireland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrne1973">Byrne 1973</a>, p. 35, "Elder for kin, worth for rulership, wisdom for the church." See also <a href="#CITEREFFoster1996">Foster 1996</a>, pp. 32–34, <a href="#CITEREFSmyth1984">Smyth 1984</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro_Chadwick" title="Hector Munro Chadwick">Chadwick, Hector Munro</a> (28 March 2013) [1949]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xNcKzZwHmnYC&pg=PA92"><i>Early Scotland: The Picts, the Scots and the Welsh of Southern Scotland</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69391-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69391-3"><bdi>978-1-107-69391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Scotland%3A+The+Picts%2C+the+Scots+and+the+Welsh+of+Southern+Scotland&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.isbn=978-1-107-69391-3&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Hector+Munro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxNcKzZwHmnYC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun2001b">Broun 2001b</a>, <a href="#CITEREFBroun1998">Broun 1998</a>; for Dál Riata, <a href="#CITEREFBroun2001a">Broun 2001a</a>, for a more positive view Sharpe, "The thriving of Dalriada"; for Northumbria, Higham, <i>Kingdom of Northumbria</i>, pp. 144–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolf2001b">Woolf 2001b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow2003">Barrow 2003</a>, <a href="#CITEREFWoolf2001b">Woolf 2001b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g. <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1999">Campbell 1999</a> for the Gaels of Dál Riata, <a href="#CITEREFLowe1999">Lowe 1999</a> for Britons and Anglians.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1996">Foster 1996</a>, pp. 49–61. <a href="#CITEREFKelly1997">Kelly 1997</a> provides an extensive review of farming in Ireland in the middle Pictish period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The interior of the fort at Burghead was some 12 acres (5 hectares) in size, see <a href="#CITEREFDriscoll2001">Driscoll 2001</a>; for <i>Verlamion</i> (later Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a></i>), a southern British settlement on a very much larger scale, see e.g. <a href="#CITEREFPryor2005">Pryor 2005</a>, pp. 64–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennison2001">Dennison 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarver2008">Carver 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1996">Foster 1996</a>, pp. 52–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trade, see <a href="#CITEREFFoster1996">Foster 1996</a>, pp. 65–68; seafaring in general, e.g. <a href="#CITEREFHaywood1999">Haywood 1999</a>, <a href="#CITEREFRodger1997">Rodger 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmit2002">Armit 2002</a> chapter 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone1993">Crone 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1996">Foster 1996</a>, pp. 52–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFClancy2001c">Clancy 2001c</a>, <a href="#CITEREFFoster1996">Foster 1996</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For art in general see <a href="#CITEREFFoster1996">Foster 1996</a>, pp. 26–28, <a href="#CITEREFLaingLaing2001">Laing & Laing 2001</a>, p. 89ff, <a href="#CITEREFRitchie2001">Ritchie 2001</a>, <a href="#CITEREFFraser2008">Fraser 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsyth2000">Forsyth 2000</a>, pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy2000">Clancy 2000</a>, pp. 95–96, <a href="#CITEREFSmyth1984">Smyth 1984</a>, pp. 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus2001a">Markus 2001a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bede, III, 4. For the identities of Ninian/Finnian see Yorke, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mentioned by Foster, but more information is available from the Tarbat Discovery Programme: see under External links.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bede, IV, cc. 21–22, Clancy, "Church institutions", Clancy, "Nechtan".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy, "Church institutions", Markus, "Religious life".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancy1999">Clancy 1999</a> <a href="#CITEREFClancy2001c">Clancy 2001c</a>, <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkus2001b">Markus 2001b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson1986">Henderson 1986</a>, pp. 87–113, <a href="#CITEREFÓ_Carragáin1988">Ó Carragáin 1988</a>, pp. 1–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, 26–28; <a href="/wiki/File:Pictish_symbol_silver_jewelry_hoard_norries_law.JPG" title="File:Pictish symbol silver jewelry hoard norries law.JPG">Poor image of 19th-century illustration</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoungs1989">Youngs 1989</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoungs1989">Youngs 1989</a>, pp. 109–113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngs, no. 111, with a plate showing the decoration much better; Laing, 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmimages.com/preview.asp?image=00011844001">Breadalbane Brooch, pseudo-penannular brooch, Celtic, Pictish, Scotland</a>". <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Retrieved 9 April 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1926">Watson 1926</a>; <a href="#CITEREFForsyth1997">Forsyth 1997</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2000">Price 2000</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2010">Taylor 2010</a>; For K.H. Jackson's views, see <a href="#CITEREFJackson1955">Jackson 1955</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhys2015">Rhys 2015</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRhys2020">Rhys 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsyth1998">Forsyth 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2010">Taylor 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1926">Watson 1926</a>, pp. 225–233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, pp. 101–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1955">Jackson 1955</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsyth1997">Forsyth 1997</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRodway2020">Rodway 2020</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_bibliography">General and cited bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General and cited bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFASC" class="citation cs2"><i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, translated by Ingram, James; Giles, J. A., Pantianos Classics, 23 November 2016, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5405-7961-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5405-7961-4"><bdi>978-1-5405-7961-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.pub=Pantianos+Classics&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-5405-7961-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdomnán1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n_of_Iona" class="mw-redirect" title="Adomnán of Iona">Adomnán</a> (1995), <i>Life of St Columba</i>, translated by Sharpe, Richard, London: Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044462-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044462-9"><bdi>978-0-14-044462-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+St+Columba&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044462-9&rft.au=Adomn%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Alc03" class="citation cs2">Alcock, Leslie (2003), <i>Kings & Warriors, Craftsmen & Priests: In Northern Britain AD 550-850</i>, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903903-24-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903903-24-0"><bdi>978-0-903903-24-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+%26+Warriors%2C+Craftsmen+%26+Priests%3A+In+Northern+Britain+AD+550-850&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland+Monograph+Series&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-903903-24-0&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1922" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Alan Orr (1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028144313"><i>Early sources of Scottish history, A.D. 500 to 1286</i></a>, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+sources+of+Scottish+history%2C+A.D.+500+to+1286&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Oliver+and+Boyd&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Alan+Orr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028144313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmit1990" class="citation cs2">Armit, Ian (1990), <i>Beyond the Brochs: Changing Perspectives on the Atlantic Scottish Iron Age</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Brochs%3A+Changing+Perspectives+on+the+Atlantic+Scottish+Iron+Age&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Armit&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmit2002" class="citation cs2">Armit, Ian (2002), <i>Towers in the North: The Brochs Of Scotland</i>, Stroud: Tempus, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1932-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1932-9"><bdi>978-0-7524-1932-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towers+in+the+North%3A+The+Brochs+Of+Scotland&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-1932-9&rft.aulast=Armit&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBannerman1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Bannerman_(historian)" title="John Bannerman (historian)">Bannerman, John</a> (1999), Broun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen (eds.), "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba", <i>Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: T.& T.Clark Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1803-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1803-3"><bdi>978-0-7486-1803-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spes+Scotorum%3A+Hope+of+Scots%3A+Saint+Columba%2C+Iona+and+Scotland&rft.atitle=The+Scottish+Takeover+of+Pictland+and+the+relics+of+Columba&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1803-3&rft.aulast=Bannerman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarneyLewisBeachBerghof2010" class="citation cs2">Barney, S.A.; Lewis, W.J.; Beach, J.A.; Berghof, O. (2010), <i>The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521145916" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521145916"><bdi>978-0521145916</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etymologies+of+Isidore+of+Seville&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521145916&rft.aulast=Barney&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+W.J.&rft.au=Beach%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Berghof%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">Barrow, G. W. S.</a> (2003), Barrow, G. W. S. (ed.), "Pre-feudal Scotland: Shires and Thanes", <i>The Kingdom of the Scots</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1803-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1803-3"><bdi>978-0-7486-1803-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kingdom+of+the+Scots&rft.atitle=Pre-feudal+Scotland%3A+Shires+and+Thanes&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1803-3&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroun1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dauvit_Broun" title="Dauvit Broun">Broun, Dauvit</a> (1997), "Dunkeld and the origin of Scottish Identity", <i>The Innes Review</i>, <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">112–</span>124, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Finr.1997.48.2.112">10.3366/inr.1997.48.2.112</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Innes+Review&rft.atitle=Dunkeld+and+the+origin+of+Scottish+Identity&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Finr.1997.48.2.112&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroun1998" class="citation cs2">Broun, Dauvit (1998), Foster, Sally M. (ed.), "Pictish Kings 761–839: Integration with Dál Riata or Separate Development", <i>The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections</i>, Dublin: Four Courts, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-414-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-414-4"><bdi>978-1-85182-414-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+St+Andrews+Sarcophagus%3A+A+Pictish+masterpiece+and+its+international+connections&rft.atitle=Pictish+Kings+761%E2%80%93839%3A+Integration+with+D%C3%A1l+Riata+or+Separate+Development&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85182-414-4&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrounClancy1999" class="citation cs2">Broun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen, eds. (1999), <i>Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: T.& T.Clark Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5670-8682-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5670-8682-2"><bdi>978-0-5670-8682-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spes+Scotorum%3A+Hope+of+Scots%3A+Saint+Columba%2C+Iona+and+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.%26+T.Clark+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-5670-8682-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroun2001a" class="citation cs2">Broun, Dauvit (2001a), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Dál Riata, kingdom of", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">161–</span>162</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=D%C3%A1l+Riata%2C+kingdom+of&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroun2001b" class="citation cs2">Broun, Dauvit (2001b), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Kingship: Early Medieval", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">359–</span>360</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Kingship%3A+Early+Medieval&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroun2001c" class="citation cs2">Broun, Dauvit (2001c), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "National identity: early medieval and the formation of Alba", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 437</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=National+identity%3A+early+medieval+and+the+formation+of+Alba&rft.pages=437&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroun2005a" class="citation cs2">Broun, Dauvit (2005a), O'Neill, Pamela (ed.), "<i>Alba</i>: Pictish homeland or Irish offshoot?", <i>Exile and Homecoming. Papers from the Fifth Australian Conference of Celtic Studies, University of Sydney, July 2004</i>, Sydney Series in Celtic Studies, vol. 8, Sydney: The Celtic Studies Foundation, University of Sydney, pp. <span class="nowrap">234–</span>275, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86487-742-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86487-742-7"><bdi>978-1-86487-742-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exile+and+Homecoming.+Papers+from+the+Fifth+Australian+Conference+of+Celtic+Studies%2C+University+of+Sydney%2C+July+2004&rft.atitle=Alba%3A+Pictish+homeland+or+Irish+offshoot%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-86487-742-7&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroun2005b" class="citation cs2">Broun, Dauvit (2005b), Cowan, E.J.; McDonald, R. Andrew (eds.), "The Seven Kingdoms in <i>De situ Albanie</i>: A Record of Pictish political geography or imaginary map of ancient Alba", <i>Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era</i>, Edinburgh: John Donald, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-608-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-608-1"><bdi>978-0-85976-608-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alba%3A+Celtic+Scotland+in+the+Medieval+Era&rft.atitle=The+Seven+Kingdoms+in+De+situ+Albanie%3A+A+Record+of+Pictish+political+geography+or+imaginary+map+of+ancient+Alba&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85976-608-1&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroun2007" class="citation cs2">Broun, Dauvit (2007), <i>Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain. From the Picts to Alexander III.</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2360-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-2360-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Independence+and+the+Idea+of+Britain.+From+the+Picts+to+Alexander+III.&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2360-0&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruford2005" class="citation cs2">Bruford, Alan (2005), Cowan, E.J.; McDonald, R. Andrew (eds.), "What happened to the Caledonians?", <i>Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era</i>, Edinburgh: John Donald, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-608-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-608-1"><bdi>978-0-85976-608-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alba%3A+Celtic+Scotland+in+the+Medieval+Era&rft.atitle=What+happened+to+the+Caledonians%3F&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85976-608-1&rft.aulast=Bruford&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByrne1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Francis_John_Byrne" title="Francis John Byrne">Byrne, Francis John</a> (1973), <i>Irish Kings and High-Kings</i>, London: Batsford, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-5882-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-5882-4"><bdi>978-0-7134-5882-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Kings+and+High-Kings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-5882-4&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Francis+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1999" class="citation cs2">Campbell, Ewan (1999), <i>Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots</i>, Edinburgh: Canongate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-874-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-874-8"><bdi>978-0-86241-874-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sea-kings%3A+The+First+Kingdom+of+the+Scots&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Canongate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86241-874-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarver2008" class="citation cs2">Carver, M.O.H. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajIcKFZwKGAC"><i>Portmahomack: monastery of the Picts</i></a>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2442-3"><bdi>978-0-7486-2442-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portmahomack%3A+monastery+of+the+Picts&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2442-3&rft.aulast=Carver&rft.aufirst=M.O.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajIcKFZwKGAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1949" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro_Chadwick" title="Hector Munro Chadwick">Chadwick, Hector Munro</a> (1949), <i>Early Scotland: The Picts, The Scots And The Welsh Of Southern Scotland</i> (2013 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1076-9391-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1076-9391-3"><bdi>978-1-1076-9391-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Scotland%3A+The+Picts%2C+The+Scots+And+The+Welsh+Of+Southern+Scotland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2013&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=978-1-1076-9391-3&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Hector+Munro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClancy2000" class="citation cs2">Clancy, Thomas Owen (2000), Taylor, Simon (ed.), "Scotland, the 'Nennian' Recension of the <i>Historia Brittonum</i> and the <i>Libor Bretnach</i>", <i>Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297</i>, Dublin: Four Courts, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-516-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-516-5"><bdi>978-1-85182-516-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kings%2C+clerics+and+chronicles+in+Scotland+500%E2%80%931297&rft.atitle=Scotland%2C+the+%27Nennian%27+Recension+of+the+Historia+Brittonum+and+the+Libor+Bretnach&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85182-516-5&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClancy2001a" class="citation cs2">Clancy, Thomas Owen (2001a), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Church institutions: early medieval", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Church+institutions%3A+early+medieval&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClancy2001b" class="citation cs2">Clancy, Thomas Owen (2001b), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Ireland: to 1100", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Ireland%3A+to+1100&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClancy2001c" class="citation cs2">Clancy, Thomas Owen (2001c), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Nechtan son of Derile", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Nechtan+son+of+Derile&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClancy1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Bannerman_(historian)" title="John Bannerman (historian)">Clancy, Thomas Owen</a> (1999), Broun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen (eds.), "Columba, Adomnán and the Cult of Saints in Scotland", <i>Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: T.& T.Clark Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1803-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1803-3"><bdi>978-0-7486-1803-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spes+Scotorum%3A+Hope+of+Scots%3A+Saint+Columba%2C+Iona+and+Scotland&rft.atitle=Columba%2C+Adomn%C3%A1n+and+the+Cult+of+Saints+in+Scotland&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1803-3&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarkson2016" class="citation cs2">Clarkson, Tim (2016), <i>The Picts: A History (New Edition)</i>, Edinburgh: Birlinn, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780274034" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780274034"><bdi>978-1780274034</bdi></a></cite><span 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(2005), Wormald, J. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotland00jenn">"Origins: Scotland to 1100"</a>, <i>Scotland: a History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820615-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820615-6"><bdi>978-0-19-820615-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scotland%3A+a+History&rft.atitle=Origins%3A+Scotland+to+1100&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820615-6&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscotland00jenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster1996" class="citation cs2">Foster, Sally M. 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(2011), Driscoll, S.T.; Geddes, J.; Hall, M.A. (eds.), "From Ancient Scythia to <i>The Problem of the Picts</i>: Thoughts on the Quest for Pictish Origins", <i>Pictish Progress. New Studies on Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages</i>, Leiden: Brill, pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>44, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18759-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18759-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18759-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pictish+Progress.+New+Studies+on+Northern+Britain+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.atitle=From+Ancient+Scythia+to+The+Problem+of+the+Picts%3A+Thoughts+on+the+Quest+for+Pictish+Origins&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18759-7&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeary1988" class="citation cs2">Geary, Patrick J. (1988), <i>Before France and Germany: The creation and transformation of the Merovingian World.</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504457-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504457-7"><bdi>978-0-19-504457-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+France+and+Germany%3A+The+creation+and+transformation+of+the+Merovingian+World.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504457-7&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanson2001" class="citation cs2">Hanson, W. (2001), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "North England and southern Scotland: Roman occupation", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=North+England+and+southern+Scotland%3A+Roman+occupation&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaywood1999" class="citation cs2">Haywood, John (1999), <i>Dark Age Naval Power</i>, Hockwold-cum-Wilton: Anglo-Saxon Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898281-22-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898281-22-1"><bdi>978-1-898281-22-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Age+Naval+Power&rft.place=Hockwold-cum-Wilton&rft.pub=Anglo-Saxon+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-898281-22-1&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1986" class="citation cs2">Henderson, Isabel (1986), Higgitt, John (ed.), "The 'David Cycle' in Pictish Art", <i>Early medieval sculpture in Britain and Ireland</i>, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8605-4383-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8605-4383-1"><bdi>978-0-8605-4383-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+medieval+sculpture+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+%27David+Cycle%27+in+Pictish+Art&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8605-4383-1&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1998" class="citation cs2">Henderson, Isabel (1998), Foster, Sally M. (ed.), "<i>Primus inter pares</i>: the St Andrews Sarcophagus and Pictish Sculpture", <i>The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish Masterpiece and Its International Connections</i>, Dublin: Four Courts, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-414-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-414-4"><bdi>978-1-85182-414-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+St+Andrews+Sarcophagus%3A+A+Pictish+Masterpiece+and+Its+International+Connections&rft.atitle=Primus+inter+pares%3A+the+St+Andrews+Sarcophagus+and+Pictish+Sculpture&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85182-414-4&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHigham1993" class="citation cs2">Higham, N. J. (1993), <i>The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100</i>, Stroud: Sutton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86299-730-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86299-730-4"><bdi>978-0-86299-730-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Northumbria+AD+350%E2%80%931100&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-86299-730-4&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1907" class="citation cs2">Holmes, T. Rice (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57336/57336-h/57336-h.htm#FNanchor_1845"><i>Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Caesar</i></a>, Oxford: Clarendon<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>, <q>It is usually inferred from statements in Claudian and Herodian that the Picts tattooed themselves</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Britain+and+the+Invasions+of+Julius+Caesar&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=T.+Rice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F57336%2F57336-h%2F57336-h.htm%23FNanchor_1845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1955" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Jackson, K.</a> (1955), "The Pictish Language", in Wainwright, F.T. (ed.), <i>The Problem of the Picts</i>, Edinburgh: Nelson, pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>166</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pictish+Language&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+the+Picts&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1997" class="citation cs2">Jones, Siân (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26343774"><i>The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present</i></a>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203438736" title="Special:BookSources/0203438736"><bdi>0203438736</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Ethnicity%3A+Constructing+Identities+in+the+Past+and+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0203438736&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Si%C3%A2n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F26343774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly1997" class="citation cs2">Kelly, Fergus (1997), <i>Early Irish Farming: a study based mainly on the law-texts of the 7th and 8th centuries AD</i> (2000 reprint ed.), Dublin: School of Celtic Studies/Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8550-0180-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8550-0180-0"><bdi>978-1-8550-0180-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Irish+Farming%3A+a+study+based+mainly+on+the+law-texts+of+the+7th+and+8th+centuries+AD&rft.place=Dublin&rft.edition=2000+reprint&rft.pub=School+of+Celtic+Studies%2FDublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-8550-0180-0&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaingLaing2001" class="citation cs2">Laing, Lloyd; Laing, Jennifer (2001), <i>The Picts and the Scots</i>, Stroud: Sutton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2873-1"><bdi>978-0-7509-2873-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Picts+and+the+Scots&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-2873-1&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft.au=Laing%2C+Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059"><i>A Latin Dictionary</i></a> (Perseus Project digitised ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Perseus+Project+digitised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton+T.&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation cs2">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940), Jones (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i></a> (Ninth (digitised by Perseus Project) ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Ninth+%28digitised+by+Perseus+Project%29&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLowe1999" class="citation cs2">Lowe, Chris (1999), <i>Angels, Fools and Tyrants: Britons and Angles in Southern Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: Canongate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-875-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-875-5"><bdi>978-0-86241-875-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angels%2C+Fools+and+Tyrants%3A+Britons+and+Angles+in+Southern+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Canongate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86241-875-5&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynch2001" class="citation cs2">Lynch, Michael, ed. (2001), <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211696-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211696-3"><bdi>978-0-19-211696-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-211696-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkus2001a" class="citation cs2">Markus, Gilbert (2001a), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Conversion to Christianity", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Conversion+to+Christianity&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkus2001b" class="citation cs2">Markus, Gilbert (2001b), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Religious life: early medieval", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Religious+life%3A+early+medieval&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkus2017" class="citation cs2">Markus, Gilbert (2017), "Conceiving a Nation: Scotland to AD 900", <i>The New History of Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+History+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Conceiving+a+Nation%3A+Scotland+to+AD+900&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorez_et_al.2023" class="citation cs2">Morez, Adeline; Britton, Kate; Noble, Gordon; Günther, Torsten; Götherström, Anders; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Kashuba, Natalija; Martiniano, Rui; Talamo, Sahra; Evans, Nicholas J.; Irish, Joel D.; Donald, Christina; Girdland-Flink, Linus (2023), "Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK", <i>PLOS Genetics</i>, <b>19</b> (4): e1010360, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1010360">10.1371/journal.pgen.1010360</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10138790">10138790</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37104250">37104250</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Imputed+genomes+and+haplotype-based+analyses+of+the+Picts+of+early+medieval+Scotland+reveal+fine-scale+relatedness+between+Iron+Age%2C+early+medieval+and+the+modern+people+of+the+UK&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1010360&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10138790%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37104250&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1010360&rft.aulast=Morez&rft.aufirst=Adeline&rft.au=Britton%2C+Kate&rft.au=Noble%2C+Gordon&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+Torsten&rft.au=G%C3%B6therstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Varela%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Kashuba%2C+Natalija&rft.au=Martiniano%2C+Rui&rft.au=Talamo%2C+Sahra&rft.au=Evans%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Irish%2C+Joel+D.&rft.au=Donald%2C+Christina&rft.au=Girdland-Flink%2C+Linus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicolaisen2001" class="citation cs2">Nicolaisen, W.F.H. (2001), <i>Scottish Place-Names</i>, Edinburgh: John Donald, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-556-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-556-5"><bdi>978-0-85976-556-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Place-Names&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85976-556-5&rft.aulast=Nicolaisen&rft.aufirst=W.F.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNixonRodgers1994" class="citation cs2">Nixon, C.E.V.; Rodgers, B.S. (1994), <i>In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini. Introduction, Translation and Historical Commentary</i>, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520083264" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520083264"><bdi>978-0520083264</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Praise+of+Later+Roman+Emperors%3A+The+Panegyrici+Latini.+Introduction%2C+Translation+and+Historical+Commentary&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0520083264&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=C.E.V.&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+B.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNobleEvans2019" class="citation cs2">Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2019), <i>The King in the North: The Pictish Realms of Fortriu and Ce</i>, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780275512" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780275512"><bdi>978-1780275512</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King+in+the+North%3A+The+Pictish+Realms+of+Fortriu+and+Ce&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn+Ltd.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1780275512&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Evans%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNobleEvans2022" class="citation cs2">Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022), <i>Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North</i>, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780277783" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780277783"><bdi>978-1780277783</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picts%3A+Scourge+of+Rome%2C+Rulers+of+the+North&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn+Ltd.&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1780277783&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Evans%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Cróinín1995" class="citation cs2">Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (1995), <i>Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200</i>, London: Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-01565-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-01565-4"><bdi>978-0-582-01565-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Ireland%3A+400%E2%80%931200&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-582-01565-4&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Cróinín2008" class="citation cs2">Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (2008), <i>A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and Early Ireland</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-2665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-2665-8"><bdi>978-0-1992-2665-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland%3A+Prehistoric+and+Early+Ireland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-2665-8&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Carragáin1988" class="citation cs2">Ó Carragáin, Éamonn (1988), Niocaill, G.M.; Wallace, P.F. 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University of Glasgow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Approaching+the+Pictish+language%3A+historiography%2C+early+evidence+and+the+question+of+Pritenic&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Rhys&rft.aufirst=Guto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheses.gla.ac.uk%2F6285%2F7%2F2015RhysPhD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhys2020" class="citation cs2">Rhys, Guto (2020), "The Non-Operation of the 'New Quantity System' in Pictish", <i>Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies</i>, vol. 79, pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>45</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambrian+Medieval+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Non-Operation+of+the+%27New+Quantity+System%27+in+Pictish&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Rhys&rft.aufirst=Guto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span>r</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2001" class="citation cs2">Ritchie, Anna (2001), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Culture: Picto-Celtic", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Culture%3A+Picto-Celtic&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodger1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/N._A._M._Rodger" class="mw-redirect" title="N. 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A Naval History of Great Britain, volume one 660–1649.</i>, London: Harper Collins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638840-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638840-1"><bdi>978-0-00-638840-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Safeguard+of+the+Sea.+A+Naval+History+of+Great+Britain%2C+volume+one+660%E2%80%931649.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-00-638840-1&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodway2020" class="citation cs2">Rodway, Simon (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.aber.ac.uk/ws/files/30061978/5._rodway.pdf">"The Ogham Inscriptions of Scotland and Brittonic Pictish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Celtic Linguistics</i>, <b>21</b>: <span class="nowrap">173–</span>234, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16922%2Fjcl.21.6">10.16922/jcl.21.6</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164499595">164499595</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Celtic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Ogham+Inscriptions+of+Scotland+and+Brittonic+Pictish&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.16922%2Fjcl.21.6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164499595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rodway&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpure.aber.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F30061978%2F5._rodway.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSellar2001" class="citation cs2">Sellar, W.D.H. (2001), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Gaelic laws and institutions", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Gaelic+laws+and+institutions&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sellar&rft.aufirst=W.D.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2000" class="citation cs2">Sharpe, Richard (2000), Taylor, Simon (ed.), "The thriving of Dalriada", <i>Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297</i>, Dublin: Four Courts, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-516-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-516-5"><bdi>978-1-85182-516-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kings%2C+clerics+and+chronicles+in+Scotland+500%E2%80%931297&rft.atitle=The+thriving+of+Dalriada&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85182-516-5&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkene1867" class="citation cs2">Skene, William Forbes (1867), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5I9AAAAcAAJ"><i>Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History</i></a>, H.M. General Register House<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicles+of+the+Picts%2C+Chronicles+of+the+Scots%2C+and+Other+Early+Memorials+of+Scottish+History&rft.pub=H.M.+General+Register+House&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Skene&rft.aufirst=William+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5I9AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Smyth" title="Alfred P. Smyth">Smyth, Alfred P.</a> (1984), <i>Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0100-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0100-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-0100-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Holy+Men%3A+Scotland+AD+80%E2%80%931000&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0100-4&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Alfred+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2003" class="citation cs2">Snyder, Christopher A. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britons00snyd"><i>The Britons</i></a>, Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22260-6"><bdi>978-0-631-22260-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Britons&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22260-6&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritons00snyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Bannerman_(historian)" title="John Bannerman (historian)">Taylor, Simon</a> (1999), Broun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen (eds.), "Seventh-century Iona abbots in Scottish place-names", <i>Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: T.& T.Clark Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1803-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1803-3"><bdi>978-0-7486-1803-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spes+Scotorum%3A+Hope+of+Scots%3A+Saint+Columba%2C+Iona+and+Scotland&rft.atitle=Seventh-century+Iona+abbots+in+Scottish+place-names&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1803-3&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Simon (2010), Driscoll, Stephen T.; Geddes, Jane; Hall, Mark A. (eds.), "Pictish Place-Names Revisited", <i>Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages</i>, Leiden: Brill, pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>118, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18759-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18759-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18759-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pictish+Progress%3A+New+Studies+on+Northern+Britain+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.atitle=Pictish+Place-Names+Revisited&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18759-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2000" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Simon, ed. (2000), <i>Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297</i>, Dublin: Four Courts, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-516-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-516-5"><bdi>978-1-85182-516-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+clerics+and+chronicles+in+Scotland+500%E2%80%931297&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Four+Courts&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85182-516-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Simon (2001), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Place names", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Place+names&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWainwright1955" class="citation cs2">Wainwright, F.T. (1955), "The Picts and the Problem", in Wainwright, F.T. (ed.), <i>The Problem of the Picts</i>, Edinburgh: Nelson, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>53</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Picts+and+the+Problem&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+the+Picts&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=F.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson1926" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Watson" title="William J. Watson">Watson, W.J.</a> (1926), <i>The History of the Celtic Place-names of Scotland.</i>, Edinburgh: Birlinn</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Celtic+Place-names+of+Scotland.&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToland1726" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland, John</a> (1726), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryo00tolauoft/page/n3"><i>A critical history of the Celtic religion, and learning: contatining an account of the Druids</i></a> (1815 ed.), Edinburgh: John Findlay<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critical+history+of+the+Celtic+religion%2C+and+learning%3A+contatining+an+account+of+the+Druids&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=1815&rft.pub=John+Findlay&rft.date=1726&rft.aulast=Toland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalhistoryo00tolauoft%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2001a" class="citation cs2">Woolf, Alex (2001a), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Constantine II", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 106</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Constantine+II&rft.pages=106&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2001b" class="citation cs2">Woolf, Alex (2001b), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Nobility: early medieval", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Nobility%3A+early+medieval&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2001c" class="citation cs2">Woolf, Alex (2001c), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Ungus (Onuist) son of Uurgust", <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.atitle=Ungus+%28Onuist%29+son+of+Uurgust&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Woolf" title="Alex Woolf">Woolf, Alex</a> (2006), "Dun Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts", <i>The Scottish Historical Review</i>, vol. 85, pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>201, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fshr.2007.0029">10.1353/shr.2007.0029</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201796703">201796703</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Dun+Nechtain%2C+Fortriu+and+the+Geography+of+the+Picts&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fshr.2007.0029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201796703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2017" class="citation cs2">Woolf, Alex (2017), "On the nature of the Picts", <i>The Scottish Historical Review</i>, <b>96</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">214–</span>217, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2017.0336">10.3366/shr.2017.0336</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+nature+of+the+Picts&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fshr.2017.0336&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2007" class="citation cs2">Woolf, Alex (2007), "From Pictland to Alba 789 - 1070", <i>The New Edinburgh History of Scotland</i>, vol. 2, Edinburgh University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Edinburgh+History+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=From+Pictland+to+Alba+789+-+1070&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYorke2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (2006), <i>The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society c.600–800.</i>, London: Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77292-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77292-2"><bdi>978-0-582-77292-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversion+of+Britain%3A+Religion%2C+Politics+and+Society+c.600%E2%80%93800.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-582-77292-2&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoungs1989" class="citation cs2">Youngs, Susan, ed. (1989), <i>The Work of Angels, Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6th–9th centuries AD</i>, London: British Museum Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0554-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0554-3"><bdi>978-0-7141-0554-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Work+of+Angels%2C+Masterpieces+of+Celtic+Metalwork%2C+6th%E2%80%939th+centuries+AD&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-0554-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce2007" class="citation cs2">Bruce, James (2007), <i>Prophecy, Miracles, Angels & Heavenly Light? The Eschatology, Pneumatology and Missiology of Adomnan's Life of Columbia - Studies in Christian History and Thought</i>, Paternoster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597527316" title="Special:BookSources/9781597527316"><bdi>9781597527316</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophecy%2C+Miracles%2C+Angels+%26+Heavenly+Light%3F+The+Eschatology%2C+Pneumatology+and+Missiology+of+Adomnan%27s+Life+of+Columbia+-+Studies+in+Christian+History+and+Thought&rft.pub=Paternoster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781597527316&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Fraser_(historian)" title="James E. Fraser (historian)">Fraser, James E.</a> (2009), <i>The New Edinburgh History of Scotland</i>, Vol. 1: <i>From Caledonia to Pictland</i>, Edinburgh University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1232-1">978-0-7486-1232-1</a>.</li> <li>Henderson, George; Henderson, Isabel (2004), <i>The Art of the Picts</i>, Thames and Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500238073" title="Special:BookSources/0500238073">0500238073</a>.</li> <li>Hunter, Fraser (2007), <i>Beyond the Edge of Empire: Caledonians, Picts and Romans</i>, Groam House Museum, Rosemarkie, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9540999-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9540999-2-3">978-0-9540999-2-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Woolf" title="Alex Woolf">Woolf, Alex</a> (2007), <i>The New Edinburgh History of Scotland</i>, Vol. 2: <i>From Pictland to Alba</i>, Edinburgh University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1234-5">978-0-7486-1234-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Picts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Picts">Picts</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Glasgow University <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/">ePrints</a> server, including Katherine Forsyth's <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/archive/00002081/01/languagepictland.pdf"><i>Language in Pictland</i></a> (PDF) and</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/2461/01/PictLit.pdf"><i>Literacy in Pictland</i></a> (PDF)</li></ul></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010129/http://www.newsnet.scot/nns-archive/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4265%3Athe-language-of-the-picts&catid=29%3Ascots-leid&Itemid=104">The language of the Picts</a>", article by Paul Kavanagh, 2012-02-04</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html">CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/">University College Cork</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606150144/http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/scothist/booklets/sh1/documents-alba.html"><i>The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/bede/history.pdf">Bede's <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> and its Continuation (pdf)</a>, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org">CCEL</a>, translated by A. M. Sellar.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/annalescambriae.html"><i>Annales Cambriae</i> (translated)</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html">Internet Medieval Sourcebook</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/library/psas/">Proceedings</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Scotland" title="Society of Antiquaries of Scotland">Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</a> (PSAS) through 1999 (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/staff/sites/tarbat/">Tarbat Discovery Programme</a> with reports on excavations at Portmahomack</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080322101715/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/institutes/sassi/spns/">SPNS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Place-Name_Society" title="Scottish Place-Name Society">Scottish Place-Name Society</a> (Comann Ainmean-Áite na h-Alba), including commentary on and extracts from Watson's <i>The History of the Celtic Place-names of Scotland</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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id="Prehistoric_Shetland70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Shetland" title="Prehistoric Shetland">Prehistoric Shetland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neolithic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benie_Hoose" title="Benie Hoose">Benie Hoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funzie_Girt" title="Funzie Girt">Funzie Girt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjaltadans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hjaltadans">Hjaltadans Stone Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettigarths_Field_Cairns" title="Pettigarths Field Cairns">Pettigarths Field Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scord_of_Brouster" title="Scord of Brouster">Scord of Brouster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Stones_of_Yoxie" title="Standing Stones of Yoxie">Standing Stones of Yoxie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanydale_Temple" title="Stanydale Temple">Stanydale Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vementry" title="Vementry">Vementry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel-shaped_cairn" title="Heel-shaped cairn">Heel-shaped cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenith_of_Iron_Age_Shetland" title="Zenith of Iron Age Shetland">Zenith of Iron Age Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Clickimin" title="Broch of Clickimin">Broch of Clickimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Cullingsburgh" title="Broch of Cullingsburgh">Broch of Cullingsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Culswick" title="Broch of Culswick">Broch of Culswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Mousa" title="Broch of Mousa">Broch of Mousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burra_Ness_Broch" title="Burra Ness Broch">Burra Ness Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clumlie_Broch" title="Clumlie Broch">Clumlie Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxter_Fort" title="Huxter Fort">Huxter Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Burgi_fort" title="Ness of Burgi fort">Ness of Burgi Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snabrough_broch" title="Snabrough broch">Snabrough Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch_of_West_Burrafirth" title="Broch of West Burrafirth">Broch of West Burrafirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pictish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Ninian%27s_Isle" title="St Ninian's Isle">St Ninian's Isle Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunnasting_stone" title="Lunnasting stone">Lunnasting stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlshof" title="Jarlshof">Jarlshof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Scatness" title="Old Scatness">Old Scatness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Scotland173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Template:Prehistoric Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Scotland173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides#Prehistory" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmartin_Glen" title="Kilmartin Glen">Kilmartin Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides#Prehistory" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Shetland" title="Prehistoric Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_prehistoric_era" title="Architecture of Scotland in the prehistoric era">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_roundhouse" title="Atlantic roundhouse">Atlantic roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">Chambered cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillforts_in_Scotland" title="Hillforts in Scotland">Hillforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelhouse_(archaeology)" title="Wheelhouse (archaeology)">Wheelhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artefacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art_in_the_Prehistoric_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish art in the Prehistoric era">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_prehistoric_Scotland" title="Agriculture in prehistoric Scotland">Agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caereni" title="Caereni">Caereni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnonacae" title="Carnonacae">Carnonacae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cat" title="Kingdom of Cat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Caithness)" title="Cornovii (Caithness)">Cornovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creones" title="Creones">Creones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnonii" title="Damnonii">Damnonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decantae" title="Decantae">Decantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugi" title="Lugi">Lugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeatae" title="Maeatae">Maeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novantae" title="Novantae">Novantae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Picts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selgovae" title="Selgovae">Selgovae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smertae" title="Smertae">Smertae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taexali" title="Taexali">Taexali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacomagi" title="Vacomagi">Vacomagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venicones" title="Venicones">Venicones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius" title="Battle of Mons Graupius">Battle of Mons Graupius</a> (83 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burnswark" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Burnswark">Siege of Burnswark</a> (140)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy</a> (367–368)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistoric_Scotland" title="Timeline of prehistoric Scotland">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Iron_Age" title="Scotland in the Iron Age">Scotland in the Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman Interlude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-58c4b96c94-g6xfm","wgBackendResponseTime":262,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.811","walltime":"2.176","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9166,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":337185,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2499,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":332174,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1864.224 1 -total"," 28.25% 526.591 103 Template:Citation"," 20.30% 378.521 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.23% 209.313 134 Template:Harvnb"," 8.77% 163.556 12 Template:Lang"," 7.66% 142.838 14 Template:Navbox"," 6.43% 119.897 2 Template:Cite_book"," 5.18% 96.602 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.88% 90.903 1 Template:Location_map+"," 4.69% 87.378 1 Template:Prehistoric_Shetland"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.231","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18888032,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Alc03\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFASC\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdomnán1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmit1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmit2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBannerman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarneyLewisBeachBerghof2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrow2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroun1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroun1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroun2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroun2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroun2001c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroun2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroun2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroun2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrounClancy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruford2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrne1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarver2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancy2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancy2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancy2001c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbishleyGillinghamKellyDawson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowan2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowanMcDonald2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrone1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennison2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriscoll2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriscollGeddesHall2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeary1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaywood1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaingLaing2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisShort1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkus2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkus2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkus2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorez_et_al.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolaisen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNixonRodgers1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNobleEvans2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNobleEvans2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOram2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPryor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhys2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhys2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchie2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodger1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodway2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellar2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpe2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkene1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmyth1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToland1726\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWainwright1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2001c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYorke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungs1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_Carragáin1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_Cróinín1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_Cróinín2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Also\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Celts\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 103,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 134,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 13,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp-pc1\"] = 1,\n [\"Prehistoric Scotland\"] = 1,\n [\"Prehistoric Shetland\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","200","16.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","11.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","8.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","8.2"],["dataWrapper 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Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-16T00:54:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a6\/Serpent_stone.JPG","headline":"ancient and medieval tribal confederation in northern Britain"}</script> </body> </html>