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<li id="toc-Latin_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Latin Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Europe_and_the_Islamic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Europe_and_the_Islamic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Greek Europe and the Islamic world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_Europe_and_the_Islamic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engrossing:_The_process_of_illumination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engrossing:_The_process_of_illumination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Engrossing: The process of illumination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engrossing:_The_process_of_illumination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Paints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gilding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Patrons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Illuminated manuscript</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8" title="تذهيب الكتب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تذهيب الكتب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscritu_allum%C3%A1u" title="Manuscritu allumáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manuscritu allumáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99zhib" title="Təzhib – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təzhib" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="تذهیب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تذهیب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Ілюмінаваны рукапіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ілюмінаваны рукапіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Илюстрован ръкопис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Илюстрован ръкопис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluminacija" title="Iluminacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Iluminacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornskrid_enlivet" title="Dornskrid enlivet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dornskrid enlivet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrit_il%C2%B7luminat" title="Manuscrit il·luminat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manuscrit il·luminat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluminovan%C3%BD_rukopis" title="Iluminovaný rukopis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iluminovaný rukopis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llawysgrif_goliwiedig" title="Llawysgrif goliwiedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llawysgrif goliwiedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumineret_manuskript" title="Illumineret manuskript – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Illumineret manuskript" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilderhandschrift" title="Bilderhandschrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bilderhandschrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumineeritud_k%C3%A4sikiri" title="Illumineeritud käsikiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Illumineeritud käsikiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF" title="Εικονογραφημένο χειρόγραφο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εικονογραφημένο χειρόγραφο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrito_ilustrado" title="Manuscrito ilustrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manuscrito ilustrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilustrita_manuskripto" title="Ilustrita manuskripto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ilustrita manuskripto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskuizkribu_argiztatu" title="Eskuizkribu argiztatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskuizkribu argiztatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="تذهیب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تذهیب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enluminure" title="Enluminure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enluminure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1mhscr%C3%ADbhinn_dhathmhaisithe" title="Lámhscríbhinn dhathmhaisithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lámhscríbhinn dhathmhaisithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluminaci%C3%B3n_(pintura)" title="Iluminación (pintura) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iluminación (pintura)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%84%EC%8B%9D%ED%95%84%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%B8" title="채식필사본 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="채식필사본" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslikani_rukopisi" title="Oslikani rukopisi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oslikani rukopisi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskah_beriluminasi" title="Naskah beriluminasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naskah beriluminasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoscritto_miniato" title="Manoscritto miniato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manoscritto miniato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskah_mawi_iluminasi" title="Naskah mawi iluminasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Naskah mawi iluminasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscriptum_illuminatum" title="Manuscriptum illuminatum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manuscriptum illuminatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Илуминиран ракопис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Илуминиран ракопис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boekverluchting" title="Boekverluchting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boekverluchting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%85%E9%A3%BE%E5%86%99%E6%9C%AC" title="装飾写本 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="装飾写本" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminert_manuskript" title="Illuminert manuskript – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Illuminert manuskript" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enleumineure" title="Enleumineure – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Enleumineure" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enluminadura" title="Enluminadura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Enluminadura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluminacja_ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki" title="Iluminacja książki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iluminacja książki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrito_iluminado" title="Manuscrito iluminado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manuscrito iluminado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anluminur%C4%83" title="Anluminură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anluminură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Иллюминированная рукопись – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иллюминированная рукопись" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Illuminated manuscript" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluminirani_rokopis" title="Iluminirani rokopis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iluminirani rokopis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Илуминирани рукописи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Илуминирани рукописи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluminacija_(manuskript)" title="Iluminacija (manuskript) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iluminacija (manuskript)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjamaalaus" title="Kirjamaalaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjamaalaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumination" title="Illumination – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Illumination" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the art of miniature painting, see <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">Miniature (illuminated manuscript)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/270px-Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3109" data-file-height="4496" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:275px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BL_Royal_Vincent_of_Beauvais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BL_Royal_Vincent_of_Beauvais.jpg/194px-BL_Royal_Vincent_of_Beauvais.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BL_Royal_Vincent_of_Beauvais.jpg/291px-BL_Royal_Vincent_of_Beauvais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BL_Royal_Vincent_of_Beauvais.jpg/388px-BL_Royal_Vincent_of_Beauvais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6204" data-file-height="8779" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:275px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:267px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolommeo_Caporali_-_Missale-_Fol._186-_Decorated_Initial_Te_igitur_(full_page)_-_2006.154.186.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bartolommeo_Caporali_-_Missale-_Fol._186-_Decorated_Initial_Te_igitur_%28full_page%29_-_2006.154.186.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/203px-Bartolommeo_Caporali_-_Missale-_Fol._186-_Decorated_Initial_Te_igitur_%28full_page%29_-_2006.154.186.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bartolommeo_Caporali_-_Missale-_Fol._186-_Decorated_Initial_Te_igitur_%28full_page%29_-_2006.154.186.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/305px-Bartolommeo_Caporali_-_Missale-_Fol._186-_Decorated_Initial_Te_igitur_%28full_page%29_-_2006.154.186.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bartolommeo_Caporali_-_Missale-_Fol._186-_Decorated_Initial_Te_igitur_%28full_page%29_-_2006.154.186.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/406px-Bartolommeo_Caporali_-_Missale-_Fol._186-_Decorated_Initial_Te_igitur_%28full_page%29_-_2006.154.186.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2578" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:267px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown,_Iran,_16th_Century_-_Page_from_the_Shahnama_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Unknown%2C_Iran%2C_16th_Century_-_Page_from_the_Shahnama_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/181px-Unknown%2C_Iran%2C_16th_Century_-_Page_from_the_Shahnama_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Unknown%2C_Iran%2C_16th_Century_-_Page_from_the_Shahnama_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/272px-Unknown%2C_Iran%2C_16th_Century_-_Page_from_the_Shahnama_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Unknown%2C_Iran%2C_16th_Century_-_Page_from_the_Shahnama_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/362px-Unknown%2C_Iran%2C_16th_Century_-_Page_from_the_Shahnama_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3927" data-file-height="5810" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various examples of pages from illuminated manuscripts</div></div></div></div> <p>An <b>illuminated manuscript</b> is a formally prepared <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">document</a> where the text is decorated with flourishes such as <a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">borders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature illustrations</a>. Often used in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> for prayers and <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical books">liturgical books</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Psalters" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalters">psalters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courtly_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtly literature">courtly literature</a>, the practice continued into secular texts from the 13th century onward and typically include <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclamations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrolled_bill" title="Enrolled bill">enrolled bills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charters</a>, inventories, and <a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">deeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kauffmann2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauffmann2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest surviving illuminated manuscripts are a small number from <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, and date from between 400 and 600. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Romanus" title="Vergilius Romanus">Vergilius Romanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rossano_Gospels" title="Rossano Gospels">Rossano Gospels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of extant manuscripts are from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, although many survive from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Islamic_manuscripts" title="Islamic manuscripts">Islamic manuscripts</a> can also be called illuminated and use essentially the same techniques, comparable Far Eastern and Mesoamerican works are described as <i>painted</i>. </p><p>Most manuscripts, illuminated or not, were written on <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> until the 2nd century BCE, when a more refined material called <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>, made from stretched calf skin, was supposedly introduced by King <a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes</a> II of <a href="/wiki/Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamum">Pergamum</a>. This gradually became the standard for luxury illuminated manuscripts,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although modern scholars are often reluctant to distinguish between parchment and vellum, and the skins of various animals might be used. The pages were then normally bound into codices (singular: <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a>), that is the usual modern book format, although sometimes the older <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a> format was used, for various reasons. A very few illuminated fragments also survive on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>. Books ranged in size from ones smaller than a modern paperback, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pocket_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket gospel">pocket gospel</a>, to very large ones such as <a href="/wiki/Choirbook" title="Choirbook">choirbooks</a> for choirs to sing from, and "Atlantic" bibles, requiring more than one person to lift them.<sup id="cite_ref-DeHamel2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeHamel2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paper manuscripts appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. The untypically early 11th century <a href="/wiki/Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a> is from Spain, near to Muslim paper manufacturing centres in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. Textual manuscripts on paper become increasingly common, but the more expensive parchment was mostly used for illuminated manuscripts until the end of the period. Very early printed books left spaces for red text, known as <a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">rubrics</a>, miniature illustrations and illuminated <a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">initials</a>, all of which would have been added later by hand. Drawings in the margins (known as <a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">marginalia</a>) would also allow scribes to add their own notes, diagrams, translations, and even comic flourishes.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of printing rapidly led to the decline of illumination. Illuminated manuscripts continued to be produced in the early 16th century but in much smaller numbers, mostly for the very wealthy. They are among the most common items to survive from the Middle Ages; many thousands survive. They are also the best surviving specimens of medieval painting, and the best preserved. Indeed, for many areas and time periods, they are the only surviving examples of painting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_(Use_of_Utrecht)-_fol._63r,_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-275px-Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-413px-Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-550px-Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4620" data-file-height="5493" /></a><figcaption>The 63rd page of the Book of Hours (Use of Utrecht), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1460</span>–1465, ink, tempera, and gold on vellum, binding: brown Morocco over original wooden boards, overall: 59 × 116 mm, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, US)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_Europe">Latin Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Latin Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Art historians classify illuminated manuscripts into their historic periods and types, including (but not limited to) <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique">Late Antique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance manuscripts">Renaissance manuscripts</a>. There are a few examples from later periods. Books that are heavily and richly illuminated are sometimes known as "display books" in church contexts, or "luxury manuscripts", especially if secular works. In the first millennium, these were most likely to be <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Books</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a>. The Book of Kells is the most widely recognized illuminated manuscript in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>, and is famous for its <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">insular</a> designs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romanesque and Gothic periods saw the creation of many large illuminated complete <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">bibles</a>. The largest surviving example of these is The <a href="/wiki/Codex_Gigas" title="Codex Gigas">Codex Gigas</a> in Sweden; it is so massive that it takes three librarians to lift it. </p><p>Other illuminated liturgical books appeared during and after the Romanesque period. These included <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">psalters</a>, which usually contained all 150 canonical psalms,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and small, personal devotional books made for lay people known as <a href="/wiki/Books_of_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of hours">books of hours</a> that would separate one's day into eight hours of devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were often richly illuminated with miniatures, decorated initials and floral borders. They were costly and therefore only owned by wealthy patrons, often women. </p><p>As the production of manuscripts shifted from monasteries to the public sector during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, illuminated books began to reflect secular interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Kauffmann2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauffmann2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included short stories, legends of the saints, tales of chivalry, mythological stories, and even accounts of criminal, social or miraculous occurrences. Some of these were also freely used by storytellers and itinerant actors to support their plays. One of the most popular secular texts of the time were <a href="/wiki/Bestiary" title="Bestiary">bestiaries</a>. These books contained illuminated depictions of various animals, both real and fictional, and often focused on their religious symbolism and significance, as it was a widespread belief in post-classical Europe that animals, and all other organisms on Earth, were manifestations of God. These manuscripts served as both devotional guidance and entertainment for the working class of the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gothic period, which generally saw an increase in the production of illuminated books, also saw more secular works such as <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a> and works of literature illuminated. Wealthy people began to build up personal libraries; <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a> probably had the largest personal library of his time in the mid-15th century, is estimated to have had about 600 illuminated manuscripts, whilst a number of his friends and relations had several dozen. Wealthy patrons, however, could have personal prayer books made especially for them, usually in the form of richly illuminated "<a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">books of hours</a>", which set down prayers appropriate for various times in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical day">liturgical day</a>. One of the best known examples is the extravagant <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry" title="Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry">Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry</a></span></span> for a French prince. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_in_the_monastery_museum_(5494269533).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Books_in_the_monastery_museum_%285494269533%29.jpg/275px-Books_in_the_monastery_museum_%285494269533%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Books_in_the_monastery_museum_%285494269533%29.jpg/413px-Books_in_the_monastery_museum_%285494269533%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Books_in_the_monastery_museum_%285494269533%29.jpg/550px-Books_in_the_monastery_museum_%285494269533%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Illuminated manuscripts housed in the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ura_Kidane_Mehret" title="Ura Kidane Mehret">Ura Kidane Mehret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zege_Peninsula" title="Zege Peninsula">Zege Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Up to the 12th century, most manuscripts were produced in monasteries in order to add to the library or after receiving a <a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">commission</a> from a wealthy patron. Larger monasteries often contained separate areas for the <a href="/wiki/Monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Monks">monks</a> who specialized in the production of manuscripts called a <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the walls of a scriptorium were individualized areas where a monk could sit and work on a manuscript without being disturbed by his fellow brethren. If no scriptorium was available, then "separate little rooms were assigned to book copying; they were situated in such a way that each scribe had to himself a window open to the cloister walk."<sup id="cite_ref-Putnam_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putnam-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Cloisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloisters">cloisters</a> of monks writing in the scriptorium had almost fully given way to commercial urban scriptoria, especially in Paris, Rome and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-DeHamel2001_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeHamel2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the process of creating an illuminated manuscript did not change, the move from monasteries to commercial settings was a radical step. Demand for manuscripts grew to an extent that monastic libraries began to employ secular scribes and illuminators.<sup id="cite_ref-Kauffmann2018_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauffmann2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individuals often lived close to the monastery and, in instances, dressed as monks whenever they entered the monastery, but were allowed to leave at the end of the day. In reality, illuminators were often well known and acclaimed and many of their identities have survived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_Europe_and_the_Islamic_world">Greek Europe and the Islamic world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Greek Europe and the Islamic world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruler_in_Turkic_dress_(long_braids,_fur_hat,_boots,_fitting_coat),_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri,_1237_CE,_probably_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ruler_in_Turkic_dress_%28long_braids%2C_fur_hat%2C_boots%2C_fitting_coat%29%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg/220px-Ruler_in_Turkic_dress_%28long_braids%2C_fur_hat%2C_boots%2C_fitting_coat%29%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ruler_in_Turkic_dress_%28long_braids%2C_fur_hat%2C_boots%2C_fitting_coat%29%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg/330px-Ruler_in_Turkic_dress_%28long_braids%2C_fur_hat%2C_boots%2C_fitting_coat%29%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ruler_in_Turkic_dress_%28long_braids%2C_fur_hat%2C_boots%2C_fitting_coat%29%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg/440px-Ruler_in_Turkic_dress_%28long_braids%2C_fur_hat%2C_boots%2C_fitting_coat%29%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="2718" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of the <i><a href="/wiki/Maqamat_al-Hariri" title="Maqamat al-Hariri">Maqamat al-Hariri</a></i> (1237 CE) depicting a ruler in Turkic dress (long braids, <i><a href="/wiki/Sharbush" title="Sharbush">Sharbush</a></i> fur hat, boots, fitting coat), possibly <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FB232_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FB232-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillenbrand2010126_and_note_40_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillenbrand2010126_and_note_40-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> world produced manuscripts in its own style, versions of which spread to other Orthodox and Eastern Christian areas. With their <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">traditions of literacy</a> uninterrupted by the Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Muslim world</a>, especially on the Iberian Peninsula, was instrumental in delivering ancient classic works to the growing intellectual circles and <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> of Western Europe throughout the 12th century. Books were produced there in large numbers and on <a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">paper</a> for the first time in Europe, and with them full treatises on the sciences, especially astrology and medicine where illumination was required to have profuse and accurate representations with the text.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The origins of the pictorial tradition of Arabic illustrated manuscripts are uncertain. The first known decorated manuscripts are some <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'ans</a> from the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders20103,_note_14_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders20103,_note_14-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not illustrated, but were "illuminated" with decorations of the frontispieces or headings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders20103,_note_14_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders20103,_note_14-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition of illustrated manuscripts started with the <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a> and the creation of scientific and technical treatises often based on Greek scientific knowledge, such as the Arabic versions of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Fixed_Stars" title="The Book of Fixed Stars">The Book of Fixed Stars</a></i> (965 CE), <i><a href="/wiki/De_materia_medica" title="De materia medica">De materia medica</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Ten_Treatises_of_the_Eye" title="Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye">Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders20103_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders20103-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translators were most often Arab <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christians">Syriac Christians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Adi" title="Yahya ibn Adi">Yahya ibn Adi</a>, and their work is known to have been sponsored by local rulers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Artuqids" title="Artuqids">Artuqids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders2010Chapter4,_4th_page_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders2010Chapter4,_4th_page-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An explosion of artistic production in Arabic manuscripts occurred in the 12th and especially the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders20103_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders20103-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus various Syriac manuscripts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, such as <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Gospels,_Vatican_Library,_Syr._559" title="Syriac Gospels, Vatican Library, Syr. 559">Syriac Gospels, Vatican Library, Syr. 559</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Gospels,_British_Library,_Add._7170" title="Syriac Gospels, British Library, Add. 7170">Syriac Gospels, British Library, Add. 7170</a>, were derived from the Byzantine tradition, yet stylistically have a lot in common with Islamic illustrated manuscripts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Maq%C4%81m%C4%81t_al-%E1%B8%A4ar%C4%ABr%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī">Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī</a></i>, pointing to a common pictorial tradition that existed since circa 1180 in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> which was highly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MET_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MET-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MET3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MET3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders20101–2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders20101–2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the illustrations of these manuscript have been characterized as "illustration byzantine traitée à la manière arabe" ("Byzantine illustration treated in the Arab style").<sup id="cite_ref-MET3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MET3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> tradition mostly began in whole books, rather than single pages for <a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">muraqqas</a> or albums, as later became more common. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mongol_Shahnameh" title="Great Mongol Shahnameh">Great Mongol Shahnameh</a>, probably from the 1330s, is a very early manuscript of one of the most common works for grand illustrated books in Persian courts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-7F0C4994-C579-11E7-8646-155E6EE4309A_DS-46_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Archive-ugent-be-7F0C4994-C579-11E7-8646-155E6EE4309A_DS-46_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Archive-ugent-be-7F0C4994-C579-11E7-8646-155E6EE4309A_DS-46_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Archive-ugent-be-7F0C4994-C579-11E7-8646-155E6EE4309A_DS-46_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Archive-ugent-be-7F0C4994-C579-11E7-8646-155E6EE4309A_DS-46_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Archive-ugent-be-7F0C4994-C579-11E7-8646-155E6EE4309A_DS-46_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Archive-ugent-be-7F0C4994-C579-11E7-8646-155E6EE4309A_DS-46_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption>Page from a Latin <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">book of hours</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a> of saints. Book of Hours of Alexandre Petau, 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, well after printing had become more common.</figcaption></figure> <p>Illumination was a complex and costly process, and was therefore usually reserved for special books such as altar bibles, or books for royalty. Heavily illuminated manuscripts are often called "luxury manuscripts" for this reason. In the early Middle Ages, most books were produced in monasteries, whether for their own use, for presentation, or for a commission. However, commercial <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptoria</a> grew up in large cities, especially <a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">Paris</a>, and in Italy and the Netherlands, and by the late 14th century there was a significant industry producing manuscripts, including agents who would take long-distance commissions, with details of the heraldry of the buyer and the saints of personal interest to him (for the calendar of a book of hours). By the end of the period, many of the painters were women, especially painting the elaborate border, and perhaps especially in Paris. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_de_la_Rose_f._28r_(Author_at_writing_desk).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Roman_de_la_Rose_f._28r_%28Author_at_writing_desk%29.jpg/220px-Roman_de_la_Rose_f._28r_%28Author_at_writing_desk%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Roman_de_la_Rose_f._28r_%28Author_at_writing_desk%29.jpg/330px-Roman_de_la_Rose_f._28r_%28Author_at_writing_desk%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Roman_de_la_Rose_f._28r_%28Author_at_writing_desk%29.jpg/440px-Roman_de_la_Rose_f._28r_%28Author_at_writing_desk%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1834" /></a><figcaption>The author of a manuscript at his writing desk. 14th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text">Text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The type of script depended on local customs and tastes. In England, for example, <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Textura</a> was widely used from the 12th to 16th centuries, while a cursive hand known as <a href="/wiki/Blackletter#England" title="Blackletter">Anglicana</a> emerged around 1260 for business documents.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Frankish Empire, <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a> emerged under the vast educational program of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first step was to send the manuscript to a <a href="/wiki/Rubricator" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubricator">rubricator</a>, "who added (in red or other colors) the titles, <a href="/wiki/Headlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlines">headlines</a>, the initials of chapters and sections, the notes and so on; and then – if the book was to be illustrated – it was sent to the illuminator".<sup id="cite_ref-Putnam_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putnam-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These letters and notes would be applied using an ink-pot and either a sharpened <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a> feather or a <a href="/wiki/Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">reed pen</a>. In the case of manuscripts that were sold commercially, the writing would "undoubtedly have been discussed initially between the patron and the scribe (or the scribe's agent, but by the time the written gathering were sent off to the illuminator, there was no longer any scope for innovation.)<sup id="cite_ref-DeHamel1992_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeHamel1992-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sturdy Roman letters of the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> gradually gave way to scripts such as <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">Uncial</a> and half-Uncial, especially in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, where distinctive scripts such as <a href="/wiki/Insular_majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular majuscule">insular majuscule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insular_minuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular minuscule">insular minuscule</a> developed. Stocky, richly textured <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> was first seen around the 13th century and was particularly popular in the later Middle Ages. Prior to the days of such careful planning, "A typical black-letter page of these <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> years would show a page in which the lettering was cramped and crowded into a format dominated by huge ornamented capitals that descended from uncial forms or by illustrations".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent such poorly made manuscripts and illuminations from occurring, a script was typically supplied first, "and blank spaces were left for the decoration. This presupposes very careful planning by the scribe even before he put pen to parchment." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engrossing:_The_process_of_illumination">Engrossing: The process of illumination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Engrossing: The process of illumination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illumination_process.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illumination_process.svg/220px-Illumination_process.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="673" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illumination_process.svg/330px-Illumination_process.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illumination_process.svg/440px-Illumination_process.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption>A common process of manuscripts illumination from the creation of the quire to the binding</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illumination_execution.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Illumination_execution.gif/220px-Illumination_execution.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Illumination_execution.gif/330px-Illumination_execution.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Illumination_execution.gif 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><b>ENGROSSING</b><br /> <b>I.</b> Charcoal powder dots create the outline <b>II.</b> Silverpoint drawing is sketched <b>III.</b> Illustration is retraced with ink <b>IV.</b> The surface is prepared for the application of gold leaf <b>V.</b> Gold leaf is laid down <b>VI.</b> Gold leaf is burnished to make it glossy and reflective <b>VII.</b> Decorative impressions are made to adhere the leaf <b>VIII.</b> Base colors are applied <b>IX.</b> Darker tones are used to give volume <b>X.</b> Further details are drawn <b>XI.</b> Lighter colors are used to add particulars <b>XII.</b> Ink borders are traced to finalize the illumination</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Becket_Murder.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Thomas_Becket_Murder.JPG/220px-Thomas_Becket_Murder.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Thomas_Becket_Murder.JPG/330px-Thomas_Becket_Murder.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Thomas_Becket_Murder.JPG/440px-Thomas_Becket_Murder.JPG 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>A 13th-century manuscript illumination, the earliest known depiction of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>'s assassination in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> in 1170. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>The following steps outline the detailed labor involved to create the illuminations of one page of a manuscript: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Silverpoint" title="Silverpoint">Silverpoint</a> drawing of the design is executed</li> <li>Burnished gold dots are applied</li> <li>Application of modulating colors</li> <li>Continuation of previous three steps in addition to outlining marginal figures</li> <li>Penning of a rinceau appearing in the border of page</li> <li>Finally, marginal figures are painted<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The illumination and decoration was normally planned at the inception of the work, and space reserved for it. However, the text was usually written before illumination began. In the Early Medieval period the text and illumination were often done by the same people, normally monks, but by the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> the roles were typically separated, except for routine initials and flourishes, and by at least the 14th century there were secular workshops producing manuscripts, and by the beginning of the 15th century these were producing most of the best work, and were commissioned even by monasteries. When the text was complete, the illustrator set to work. Complex designs were planned out beforehand, probably on wax tablets, the sketch pad of the era. The design was then traced or drawn onto the vellum (possibly with the aid of pinpricks or other markings, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a>). Many incomplete manuscripts survive from most periods, giving us a good idea of working methods. </p><p>At all times, most manuscripts did not have images in them. In the early Middle Ages, manuscripts tend to either be display books with very full illumination, or manuscripts for study with at most a few decorated initials and flourishes. By the Romanesque period many more manuscripts had decorated or <a href="/wiki/Historiated_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiated initial">historiated initials</a>, and manuscripts essentially for study often contained some images, often not in color. This trend intensified in the Gothic period, when most manuscripts had at least decorative flourishes in places, and a much larger proportion had images of some sort. Display books of the Gothic period in particular had very elaborate decorated borders of foliate patterns, often with small <a href="/wiki/Drolleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Drolleries">drolleries</a>. A Gothic page might contain several areas and types of decoration: a miniature in a frame, a historiated initial beginning a passage of text, and a border with drolleries. Often different artists worked on the different parts of the decoration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paints">Paints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the use of gold is by far one of the most captivating features of illuminated manuscripts, the bold use of varying colors provided multiple layers of dimension to the illumination. From a religious perspective, "the diverse colors wherewith the book is illustrated, not unworthily represent the multiple grace of heavenly wisdom."<sup id="cite_ref-Putnam_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putnam-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The medieval artist's palette was broad:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Color </th> <th>Source(s) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Red </th> <td>Insect-based colors, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Carminic_acid" title="Carminic acid">carminic acid</a> from the <i>Dactylopius coccus</i> insect is mixed with an <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">aluminum salt</a> to produce the dye;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson">Crimson</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">kermes</a>, extracted from the insect <i>Kermes vermilio</i>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_(resin)" title="Lac (resin)">Lac</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">scarlet</a> resinous secretion of a number of species of insects.</li></ul> <p>Chemical- and mineral-based colors, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Red lead">Red lead</a>, chemically <a href="/wiki/Lead_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead tetroxide">lead tetroxide</a>, Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, found in nature as the mineral <a href="/wiki/Minium_(mineral)" title="Minium (mineral)">minium</a>, or made by heating white lead;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">Vermilion</a>, chemically <a href="/wiki/Mercury_sulfide" title="Mercury sulfide">mercury sulfide</a>, HgS, and found in nature as the mineral <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">Rust</a>, chemically hydrated <a href="/wiki/Ferric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric oxide">ferric oxide</a>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>·<i>n</i> H<sub>2</sub>O, or iron oxide-rich earth compounds.</li></ul> <p>The color red was often associated with imagery like blood, fire, and godly power.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the most common and inexpensive color<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as such was frequently used for initials, lettering, and borders and well as general imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pink </th> <td> <ul><li>Brazilwood pink, a plant-based pigment extracted from the Asian tree <i>Caesalpinia sappan.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Orcein purple, a dye extracted from several speices of lichen found all over the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Pink was considered a fashionable color and was often found in clothing depictions of aristocrats and in filigree detail work.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also was used to color illuminated manuscript depictions of walls and lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yellow </th> <td>Plant-based colors, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mignonette_(Reseda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mignonette (Reseda)">Weld</a>, processed from the <i>Reseda luteola</i> plant;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a>, from the <i>Curcuma longa</i> plant; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a>, rarely due to cost, from the <i>Crocus sativus</i>.</li></ul> <p>Mineral-based colors, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">Ochre</a>, an earth pigment that occurs as the mineral <a href="/wiki/Limonite" title="Limonite">limonite</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpiment" title="Orpiment">Orpiment</a>, chemically <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide" title="Arsenic trisulfide">arsenic trisulfide</a>, As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Green </th> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris">Verdigris</a>, chemically <a href="/wiki/Cupric_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupric acetate">cupric acetate</a>, Cu(OAc)<sub>2</sub>·(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>, made historically by boiling <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> plates in <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a>, a mineral found in nature, chemically <a href="/wiki/Basic_copper_carbonate" title="Basic copper carbonate">basic copper carbonate</a>, Cu<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>·(OH)<sub>2</sub>; and</li> <li><i>China green</i>, a plant-based pigment extracted from <a href="/wiki/Buckthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckthorn">buckthorn (<i>Rhamnus tinctoria, R. utilis</i>)</a> berries.</li></ul> <p>Green was often associated with visuals related to the Garden of Eden and symbolized rebirth<sup id="cite_ref-:02_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Verdigris Green was a specific shade almost exclusively used in cross imagery, and Green Earth was used under other pigments in order to create depth to skin tones. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Blue </th> <td>Plant-based substances such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woad" class="mw-redirect" title="Woad">Woad</a>, produced from the leaves of the plant <i>Isatis tinctoria</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo</a>, derived from the plant <i><a href="/wiki/Indigofera_tinctoria" title="Indigofera tinctoria">Indigofera tinctoria</a></i>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnsole" title="Turnsole">Turnsole</a>, also known as folium, a dyestuff prepared from the plant <i><a href="/wiki/Crozophora_tinctoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crozophora tinctoria">Crozophora tinctoria</a></i>.</li></ul> <p>Chemical- and mineral-based colors, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">Ultramarine</a>, made from the minerals <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> or <a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">azurite</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Smalt">Smalt</a>, now known as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>.</li></ul> <p>Blue, especially the pigment ultramarine, was a valuable and rare color and was commonly used in depictions of the Virgin Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also commonly used for initials, lettering, and borders.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>White </th> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_lead" title="White lead">White lead</a>, chemically <a href="/wiki/Lead_carbonate" title="Lead carbonate">basic lead carbonate</a>, 2PbCO<sub>3</sub>·Pb(OH)<sub>2</sub>, and historically made by <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corroding</a> sheets of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> with vinegar, and covering that with decaying matter, such as <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">dung</a>, to provide the necessary <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a>, chemically <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, CaCO<sub>3</sub>.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Black </th> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a>, from sources such as <a href="/wiki/Lampblack" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampblack">lampblack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, or burnt bones or <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_ink" title="Cephalopod ink">Sepia</a>, from the ink produced by the <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>, usually for an escape mechanism; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">Iron gall ink</a>, where in medieval times iron nails would be boiled in vinegar; the resulting <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous acetate">compound</a> would then be mixed with an extract of <a href="/wiki/Oak_apple" title="Oak apple">oak apple</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> <a href="/wiki/Galls" class="mw-redirect" title="Galls">galls</a>).</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gold </th> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">Gold leaf</a>, gold hammered extremely thin, or gold powder, bound in <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> or egg; the latter is called <i>shell gold</i>.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Silver </th> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a>, either silver leaf or powdered, as with gold; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> leaf, also as with gold.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gilding">Gilding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakramentarz_tyniecki_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sakramentarz_tyniecki_02.jpg/220px-Sakramentarz_tyniecki_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sakramentarz_tyniecki_02.jpg/330px-Sakramentarz_tyniecki_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sakramentarz_tyniecki_02.jpg/440px-Sakramentarz_tyniecki_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1955" /></a><figcaption>The 11th-century <i>Tyniec Sacramentary</i> was written with gold on a purple background. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland" title="National Library of Poland">National Library of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the strictest definition, a manuscript is not considered "illuminated" unless one or many illuminations contained metal, normally <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shell_gold" title="Shell gold">shell gold</a> paint, or at least was brushed with gold specks. Gold leaf was from the 12th century usually polished, a process known as <i>burnishing</i>. The inclusion of gold alludes to many different possibilities for the text. If the text is of religious nature, lettering in gold is a sign of exalting the text. In the early centuries of Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> manuscripts were sometimes written entirely in gold.<sup id="cite_ref-DeHamel2001_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeHamel2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gold_ground" title="Gold ground">gold ground</a> style, with all or most of the background in gold, was taken from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine mosaic">Byzantine mosaics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>. Aside from adding rich decoration to the text, scribes during the time considered themselves to be praising God with their use of gold. Furthermore, gold was used if a patron who had commissioned a book to be written wished to display the vastness of their riches. Eventually, the addition of gold to manuscripts became so frequent "that its value as a barometer of status with the manuscript was degraded".<sup id="cite_ref-DeHamel1992_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeHamel1992-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time period the price of gold had become so cheap that its inclusion in an illuminated manuscript accounted for only a tenth of the cost of production.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovett2017_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovett2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By adding richness and depth to the manuscript, the use of gold in illuminations created pieces of art that are still valued today. </p><p>The application of gold leaf or dust to an illumination is a very detailed process that only the most skilled illuminators can undertake and successfully achieve. The first detail an illuminator considered when dealing with gold was whether to use <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> or specks of gold that could be applied with a brush. When working with gold leaf, the pieces would be hammered and thinned.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovett2017_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovett2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of this type of leaf allowed for numerous areas of the text to be outlined in gold. There were several ways of applying gold to an illumination. One of the most popular included mixing the gold with stag's glue and then "pour it into water and dissolve it with your finger."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the gold was soft and malleable in the water, it was ready to be applied to the page. Illuminators had to be very careful when applying gold leaf to the manuscript because gold leaf is able to "adhere to any pigment which had already been laid, ruining the design, and secondly the action of burnishing it is vigorous and runs the risk of smudging any painting already around it." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patrons">Patrons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Patrons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monasteries produced manuscripts for their own use; heavily illuminated ones tended to be reserved for liturgical use in the early period, while the monastery library held plainer texts. In the early period manuscripts were often commissioned by rulers for their own personal use or as diplomatic gifts, and many old manuscripts continued to be given in this way, even into the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> period. Especially after the book of hours became popular, wealthy individuals commissioned works as a sign of status within the community, sometimes including <a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">donor portraits</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>: "In a scene from the New Testament, Christ would be shown larger than an apostle, who would be bigger than a mere bystander in the picture, while the humble donor of the painting or the artist himself might appear as a tiny figure in the corner."<sup id="cite_ref-DeHamel2001_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeHamel2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The calendar was also personalized, recording the feast days of local or family saints. By the end of the Middle Ages many manuscripts were produced for distribution through a network of agents, and blank spaces might be reserved for the appropriate heraldry to be added locally by the buyer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1950.154.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaf from a Byzantine Psalter and New Testament; 1079; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; sheet: 163 × 109 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)"><img alt="Leaf from a Byzantine Psalter and New Testament; 1079; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; sheet: 163 × 109 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Clevelandart_1950.154.jpg/114px-Clevelandart_1950.154.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Clevelandart_1950.154.jpg/170px-Clevelandart_1950.154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Clevelandart_1950.154.jpg/227px-Clevelandart_1950.154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaf from a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> Psalter and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>; 1079; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; sheet: 163 × 109 mm; <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, US)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Armenian_Manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Definitions of Philosophy of David the Invincible; 1280; vellum; Matenadaran (Yerevan, Armenia)"><img alt="Definitions of Philosophy of David the Invincible; 1280; vellum; Matenadaran (Yerevan, Armenia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Old_Armenian_Manuscript.jpg/170px-Old_Armenian_Manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Old_Armenian_Manuscript.jpg/255px-Old_Armenian_Manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Old_Armenian_Manuscript.jpg/340px-Old_Armenian_Manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Definitions of Philosophy of <a href="/wiki/David_the_Invincible" title="David the Invincible">David the Invincible</a>; 1280; vellum; <a href="/wiki/Matenadaran" title="Matenadaran">Matenadaran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bifolium_with_Christ_in_Majesty_in_an_Initial_A,_from_an_Antiphonary_MET_tr488-2012s1d3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail from Bifolium with Christ in Majesty in an Initial A, from an Antiphonary; c. 1405; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Detail from Bifolium with Christ in Majesty in an Initial A, from an Antiphonary; c. 1405; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bifolium_with_Christ_in_Majesty_in_an_Initial_A%2C_from_an_Antiphonary_MET_tr488-2012s1d3.jpg/170px-Bifolium_with_Christ_in_Majesty_in_an_Initial_A%2C_from_an_Antiphonary_MET_tr488-2012s1d3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bifolium_with_Christ_in_Majesty_in_an_Initial_A%2C_from_an_Antiphonary_MET_tr488-2012s1d3.jpg/255px-Bifolium_with_Christ_in_Majesty_in_an_Initial_A%2C_from_an_Antiphonary_MET_tr488-2012s1d3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bifolium_with_Christ_in_Majesty_in_an_Initial_A%2C_from_an_Antiphonary_MET_tr488-2012s1d3.jpg/340px-Bifolium_with_Christ_in_Majesty_in_an_Initial_A%2C_from_an_Antiphonary_MET_tr488-2012s1d3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail from Bifolium with Christ in Majesty in an Initial A, from an Antiphonary; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1405</span>; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Co%C3%ABtivy_Master_-_Leaf_from_a_Book_of_Hours-_Angel_Chasing_a_Devil_(recto)_-_2005.206.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaf from a Book of Hours; c. 1460; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; leaf: 197 × 143 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art"><img alt="Leaf from a Book of Hours; c. 1460; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; leaf: 197 × 143 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Co%C3%ABtivy_Master_-_Leaf_from_a_Book_of_Hours-_Angel_Chasing_a_Devil_%28recto%29_-_2005.206.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-123px-Co%C3%ABtivy_Master_-_Leaf_from_a_Book_of_Hours-_Angel_Chasing_a_Devil_%28recto%29_-_2005.206.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Co%C3%ABtivy_Master_-_Leaf_from_a_Book_of_Hours-_Angel_Chasing_a_Devil_%28recto%29_-_2005.206.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-185px-Co%C3%ABtivy_Master_-_Leaf_from_a_Book_of_Hours-_Angel_Chasing_a_Devil_%28recto%29_-_2005.206.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Co%C3%ABtivy_Master_-_Leaf_from_a_Book_of_Hours-_Angel_Chasing_a_Devil_%28recto%29_-_2005.206.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-247px-Co%C3%ABtivy_Master_-_Leaf_from_a_Book_of_Hours-_Angel_Chasing_a_Devil_%28recto%29_-_2005.206.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3635" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaf from a Book of Hours; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1460</span>; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; leaf: 197 × 143 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedictine_Antiphonary_MET_DP158484.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a L from Benedictine Antiphonary; by Belbello da Pavia; c. 1467–1470; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment, binding: leather over wood boards with copper alloy corner mounts and bosses; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Detail of a L from Benedictine Antiphonary; by Belbello da Pavia; c. 1467–1470; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment, binding: leather over wood boards with copper alloy corner mounts and bosses; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benedictine_Antiphonary_MET_DP158484.jpg/146px-Benedictine_Antiphonary_MET_DP158484.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benedictine_Antiphonary_MET_DP158484.jpg/219px-Benedictine_Antiphonary_MET_DP158484.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benedictine_Antiphonary_MET_DP158484.jpg/292px-Benedictine_Antiphonary_MET_DP158484.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3434" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a L from Benedictine Antiphonary; by <a href="/wiki/Belbello_da_Pavia" title="Belbello da Pavia">Belbello da Pavia</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1467</span>–1470; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment, binding: leather over wood boards with copper alloy corner mounts and bosses; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attavante_degli_Attavanti_-_Leaf_from_a_Gradual-_Initial_P_with_the_Nativity_-_2003.173_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaf from a Gradual: Initial P with the Nativity; 1495; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; each leaf: 598 × 41 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art"><img alt="Leaf from a Gradual: Initial P with the Nativity; 1495; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; each leaf: 598 × 41 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attavante_degli_Attavanti_-_Leaf_from_a_Gradual-_Initial_P_with_the_Nativity_-_2003.173_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-117px-Attavante_degli_Attavanti_-_Leaf_from_a_Gradual-_Initial_P_with_the_Nativity_-_2003.173_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attavante_degli_Attavanti_-_Leaf_from_a_Gradual-_Initial_P_with_the_Nativity_-_2003.173_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-176px-Attavante_degli_Attavanti_-_Leaf_from_a_Gradual-_Initial_P_with_the_Nativity_-_2003.173_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attavante_degli_Attavanti_-_Leaf_from_a_Gradual-_Initial_P_with_the_Nativity_-_2003.173_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-235px-Attavante_degli_Attavanti_-_Leaf_from_a_Gradual-_Initial_P_with_the_Nativity_-_2003.173_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="4301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaf from a Gradual: Initial P with the Nativity; 1495; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; each leaf: 598 × 41 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_of_the_First_Prayerbook_of_Maximillian_-_Hours_of_Queen_Isabella_the_Catholic,_Queen_of_Spain-_Fol._11r,_October_-_1963.256.11.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Hours of Queen Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Spain; c. 1500; ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 225 × 152 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art"><img alt="Hours of Queen Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Spain; c. 1500; ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 225 × 152 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Master_of_the_First_Prayerbook_of_Maximillian_-_Hours_of_Queen_Isabella_the_Catholic%2C_Queen_of_Spain-_Fol._11r%2C_October_-_1963.256.11.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-116px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Master_of_the_First_Prayerbook_of_Maximillian_-_Hours_of_Queen_Isabella_the_Catholic%2C_Queen_of_Spain-_Fol._11r%2C_October_-_1963.256.11.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-175px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Master_of_the_First_Prayerbook_of_Maximillian_-_Hours_of_Queen_Isabella_the_Catholic%2C_Queen_of_Spain-_Fol._11r%2C_October_-_1963.256.11.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-233px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3802" data-file-height="5544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hours of Queen Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Spain; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>; ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 225 × 152 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giulio_Clovio_-_Farnese_Hours_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Farnese Hours, an example of a Renaissance illuminated page; by Giulio Clovio; 1537–1546; illumination on parchment; 171 × 111 mm; Morgan Library & Museum (New York City)"><img alt="Farnese Hours, an example of a Renaissance illuminated page; by Giulio Clovio; 1537–1546; illumination on parchment; 171 × 111 mm; Morgan Library & Museum (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Giulio_Clovio_-_Farnese_Hours_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Giulio_Clovio_-_Farnese_Hours_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Giulio_Clovio_-_Farnese_Hours_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Giulio_Clovio_-_Farnese_Hours_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Giulio_Clovio_-_Farnese_Hours_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Giulio_Clovio_-_Farnese_Hours_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3586" data-file-height="2693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Farnese Hours, an example of a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> illuminated page; by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Clovio" title="Giulio Clovio">Giulio Clovio</a>; 1537–1546; illumination on <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>; 171 × 111 mm; <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Morgan Library & Museum</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Evangelists_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Four Evangelists; 1572–1585; 413 × 277 mm; from Italy, probably Rome; Morgan Library & Museum"><img alt="Four Evangelists; 1572–1585; 413 × 277 mm; from Italy, probably Rome; Morgan Library & Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Four_Evangelists_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/115px-Four_Evangelists_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Four_Evangelists_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/172px-Four_Evangelists_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Four_Evangelists_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/230px-Four_Evangelists_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="2995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Four Evangelists; 1572–1585; 413 × 277 mm; from Italy, probably Rome; Morgan Library & Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illuminated_Quran,_Ibn_Qasim_Dai_Abdul-wahhab_al-Shirazim_Safavid_period.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Quran, 1591–92, from Safavid Iran; Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum (Istanbul)"><img alt="Al-Quran, 1591–92, from Safavid Iran; Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum (Istanbul)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Illuminated_Quran%2C_Ibn_Qasim_Dai_Abdul-wahhab_al-Shirazim_Safavid_period.jpg/105px-Illuminated_Quran%2C_Ibn_Qasim_Dai_Abdul-wahhab_al-Shirazim_Safavid_period.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Illuminated_Quran%2C_Ibn_Qasim_Dai_Abdul-wahhab_al-Shirazim_Safavid_period.jpg/158px-Illuminated_Quran%2C_Ibn_Qasim_Dai_Abdul-wahhab_al-Shirazim_Safavid_period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Illuminated_Quran%2C_Ibn_Qasim_Dai_Abdul-wahhab_al-Shirazim_Safavid_period.jpg/210px-Illuminated_Quran%2C_Ibn_Qasim_Dai_Abdul-wahhab_al-Shirazim_Safavid_period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Quran">Al-Quran</a>, 1591–92, from <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum</a> (Istanbul)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heikenoukyou.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heike Noukyou, 1164-1167, from Itsukushima, Japan; Itsukushima Jinja"><img alt="Heike Noukyou, 1164-1167, from Itsukushima, Japan; Itsukushima Jinja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Heikenoukyou.jpg/128px-Heikenoukyou.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Heikenoukyou.jpg/193px-Heikenoukyou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Heikenoukyou.jpg/257px-Heikenoukyou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="3061" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heike_Nokyo" title="Heike Nokyo">Heike Noukyou</a>, 1164-1167, from <a href="/wiki/Itsukushima" title="Itsukushima">Itsukushima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Itsukushima_Shrine" title="Itsukushima Shrine">Itsukushima Jinja</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_kept_at_Gurdwara_Mattan_Sahib_in_Martand,_Kashmir,_India_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of an elaborately decorated border of a Sikh illuminated manuscript from a 17th century Guru Granth Sahib manuscript kept at Gurdwara Mattan Sahib in Martand, Kashmir, India. It is known as the Sunehri bir (golden corpus)"><img alt="Example of an elaborately decorated border of a Sikh illuminated manuscript from a 17th century Guru Granth Sahib manuscript kept at Gurdwara Mattan Sahib in Martand, Kashmir, India. It is known as the Sunehri bir (golden corpus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_kept_at_Gurdwara_Mattan_Sahib_in_Martand%2C_Kashmir%2C_India_04.jpg/170px-Handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_kept_at_Gurdwara_Mattan_Sahib_in_Martand%2C_Kashmir%2C_India_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_kept_at_Gurdwara_Mattan_Sahib_in_Martand%2C_Kashmir%2C_India_04.jpg/255px-Handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_kept_at_Gurdwara_Mattan_Sahib_in_Martand%2C_Kashmir%2C_India_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_kept_at_Gurdwara_Mattan_Sahib_in_Martand%2C_Kashmir%2C_India_04.jpg/340px-Handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_kept_at_Gurdwara_Mattan_Sahib_in_Martand%2C_Kashmir%2C_India_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1126" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of an elaborately decorated border of a <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> illuminated manuscript from a 17th century <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> manuscript kept at Gurdwara Mattan Sahib in <a href="/wiki/Mattan,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Mattan, Jammu and Kashmir">Martand</a>, Kashmir, India. It is known as the <i>Sunehri</i> <i>bir</i> (golden corpus)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RostamMournsSohrab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The great Iranian hero Rostam mourns his son Sohrab, whom he has unwittingly slain in single combat. Folio of a manuscript of 1655 of Ferdowsi's Iranian epic Shahnameh, held in Princeton University Library Unknown artist."><img alt="The great Iranian hero Rostam mourns his son Sohrab, whom he has unwittingly slain in single combat. Folio of a manuscript of 1655 of Ferdowsi's Iranian epic Shahnameh, held in Princeton University Library Unknown artist." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RostamMournsSohrab.jpg/98px-RostamMournsSohrab.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RostamMournsSohrab.jpg/148px-RostamMournsSohrab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RostamMournsSohrab.jpg/197px-RostamMournsSohrab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The great Iranian hero <a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a> mourns his son <a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a>, whom he has unwittingly slain in single combat. Folio of a manuscript of 1655 of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s Iranian <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Library" title="Princeton University Library">Princeton University Library</a> Unknown artist. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Namah,_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jinn, recognisable by their characteristic bestial appearance, gather to do battle with Faramarz, son of Rostam. Leaf from another manuscript of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh (The Book of Kings)"><img alt="Jinn, recognisable by their characteristic bestial appearance, gather to do battle with Faramarz, son of Rostam. Leaf from another manuscript of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh (The Book of Kings)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg/99px-Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg/149px-Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg/199px-Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="4072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a>, recognisable by their characteristic bestial appearance, gather to do battle with <a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a>, son of Rostam. Leaf from another manuscript of Ferdowsi's <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> (The Book of Kings)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_book_illustration" title="Gothic book illustration">Gothic book illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_illumination" title="Renaissance illumination">Renaissance illumination</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kauffmann2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kauffmann2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kauffmann2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kauffmann2018_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKauffmann2018" class="citation book cs1">Kauffmann, Martin (26 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:baaa6ab2-2b9a-4d5e-a159-725aeb68e600">"Decoration and illustration"</a>. In Kwakkel, Erik; Thomson, Rodney (eds.). <i>The European book in the twelfth century</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316480205.005">10.1017/9781316480205.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-48020-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-48020-5"><bdi>978-1-316-48020-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Decoration+and+illustration&rft.btitle=The+European+book+in+the+twelfth+century&rft.pages=43-67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316480205.005&rft.isbn=978-1-316-48020-5&rft.aulast=Kauffmann&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Abaaa6ab2-2b9a-4d5e-a159-725aeb68e600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbeim2015" class="citation book cs1">Berenbeim, Jessica (2015). <i>Art of documentation: documents and visual culture in medieval England</i>. Text, image, context. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-194-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-194-2"><bdi>978-0-88844-194-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+documentation%3A+documents+and+visual+culture+in+medieval+England&rft.place=Toronto&rft.series=Text%2C+image%2C+context&rft.pub=Pontifical+Institute+of+Mediaeval+Studies&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-88844-194-2&rft.aulast=Berenbeim&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzmann1977" class="citation book cs1">Weitzmann, Kurt (1977). <i>Late Antique and Early Christian book illumination</i>. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-2243-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-2243-0"><bdi>978-0-7011-2243-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Antique+and+Early+Christian+book+illumination&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-2243-0&rft.aulast=Weitzmann&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport1912" class="citation journal cs1">Davenport, Cyril (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41339989">"Illuminated Manuscripts"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Arts</i>. <b>60</b> (3087): 245–251. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9114">0035-9114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41339989">41339989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Arts&rft.atitle=Illuminated+Manuscripts&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3087&rft.pages=245-251&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41339989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-9114&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41339989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeHamel2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeHamel2001_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeHamel2001_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeHamel2001_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeHamel2001_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Hamel2001" class="citation book cs1">De Hamel, Christopher (2001). <i>The British Library guide to manuscript illumination: History and techniques</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2F~grout%2Fencyclopaedia_romana%2Fbritannia%2Fanglo-saxon%2Fflowers%2Fbestiary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauffmann2003" class="citation book cs1">Kauffmann, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:246f3a57-cf61-41d2-bf6e-c067179ffe36">"Scriptorium"</a>. <i>Grove Art Online</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t077202">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t077202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scriptorium&rft.btitle=Grove+Art+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t077202&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Kauffmann&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A246f3a57-cf61-41d2-bf6e-c067179ffe36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Putnam-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1897" class="citation book cs1">Putnam, George Haven (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000775616"><i>Books and their makers during the Middle Ages: A study of the conditions of the production and distribution of literature from the fall of the Roman Empire to the close of the seventeenth century</i></a>. London: Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+and+their+makers+during+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+study+of+the+conditions+of+the+production+and+distribution+of+literature+from+the+fall+of+the+Roman+Empire+to+the+close+of+the+seventeenth+century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=George+Haven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F000775616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FB232-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FB232_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2017" class="citation journal cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35061254">"A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus"</a>. <i>Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia</i>. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interaction+in+the+Himalayas+and+Central+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Turk+in+the+Dukhang%3F+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Elite+Dress+in+Medieval+Ladakh+and+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=232&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35061254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillenbrand2010126_and_note_40-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillenbrand2010126_and_note_40_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillenbrand2010">Hillenbrand 2010</a>, p. 126 and note 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AC_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFContadini2012">Contadini 2012</a>, pp. 126–127: "Official" Turkish figures wear a standard combination of a sharbūsh, a three-quarters length robe, and boots. Arab figures, in contrast, have different headgear (usually a turban), a robe that is either full-length or, if three-quarters length, has baggy trousers below, and they usually wear flat shoes or (...) go barefoot (...) P.127: Reference has already been made to the combination of boots and <i><a href="/wiki/Sharb%C5%ABsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbūsh">sharbūsh</a></i> as markers of official status (...) the combination is standard, even being reflected in thirteenth-century Coptic paintings, and serves to distinguish, in Grabar's formulation, the world of the Turkish ruler and that of the Arab. (...) The type worn by the official figures in the 1237 Maqāmāt, depicted, for example, on fol. 59r,67 consists of a gold cap surmounted by a little round top and with fur trimming creating a triangular area at the front which either shows the gold cap or is a separate plaque. A particular imposing example in this manuscript is the massive <i>sharbūsh</i> with much more fur than usual that is worn by the princely official on the right frontispiece on fol. 1v."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders20103,_note_14-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders20103,_note_14_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders20103,_note_14_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnelders2010">Snelders 2010</a>, p. 3, note 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders20103-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders20103_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders20103_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnelders2010">Snelders 2010</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders2010Chapter4,_4th_page-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders2010Chapter4,_4th_page_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnelders2010">Snelders 2010</a>, p. Chapter4, 4th page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MET-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MET_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Caqa12aj55wC&pg=PA384"><i>The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1997. pp. 384–385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-777-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-777-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-777-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+Byzantium%3A+Art+and+Culture+of+the+Middle+Byzantine+Era%2C+A.D.+843-1261&rft.pages=384-385&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-777-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCaqa12aj55wC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MET3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MET3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MET3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Caqa12aj55wC&pg=PA384"><i>The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1997. pp. 384–385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-777-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-777-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-777-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+Byzantium%3A+Art+and+Culture+of+the+Middle+Byzantine+Era%2C+A.D.+843-1261&rft.pages=384-385&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-777-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCaqa12aj55wC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders20101–2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders20101–2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnelders2010">Snelders 2010</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelders2010-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelders2010_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnelders2010">Snelders 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerolez2003" class="citation book cs1">Derolez, Albert (2003). <i>The palaeography of Gothic manuscript books: from the twelfth to the early sixteenth century</i>. Cambridge studies in palaeography and codicology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80315-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80315-1"><bdi>978-0-521-80315-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+palaeography+of+Gothic+manuscript+books%3A+from+the+twelfth+to+the+early+sixteenth+century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+studies+in+palaeography+and+codicology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80315-1&rft.aulast=Derolez&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitzingerO'Driscoll2019" class="citation book cs1">Kitzinger, Beatrice E.; O'Driscoll, Joshua (2019). <i>After the Carolingians: Re-defining manuscript illumination in the 10th and 11th Centuries</i>. Sense, matter, and medium. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110579499">10.1515/9783110579499</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-057467-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-057467-8"><bdi>978-3-11-057467-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241300499">241300499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Carolingians%3A+Re-defining+manuscript+illumination+in+the+10th+and+11th+Centuries&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Sense%2C+matter%2C+and+medium&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241300499%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110579499&rft.isbn=978-3-11-057467-8&rft.aulast=Kitzinger&rft.aufirst=Beatrice+E.&rft.au=O%27Driscoll%2C+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeHamel1992-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeHamel1992_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeHamel1992_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Hamel1992" class="citation book cs1">De Hamel, Christopher (1992). <i>Scribes and illuminators</i>. Medieval craftsmen. London: The British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2049-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2049-2"><bdi>978-0-7141-2049-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scribes+and+illuminators&rft.place=London&rft.series=Medieval+craftsmen&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-2049-2&rft.aulast=De+Hamel&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1969" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Donald M. (1969). <i>The art of written forms: the theory and practice of calligraphy</i>. New York: Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-068625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-068625-2"><bdi>978-0-03-068625-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+written+forms%3A+the+theory+and+practice+of+calligraphy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-03-068625-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalkins1978" class="citation journal cs1">Calkins, Robert G. (1978). "Stages of Execution: Procedures of Illumination as Revealed in an Unfinished Book of Hours". <i>Gesta</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 61–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F766713">10.2307/766713</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-920X">0016-920X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/766713">766713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190805404">190805404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gesta&rft.atitle=Stages+of+Execution%3A+Procedures+of+Illumination+as+Revealed+in+an+Unfinished+Book+of+Hours&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-70&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0016-920X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190805404%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F766713%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F766713&rft.aulast=Calkins&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeloCastroNabaisVitorino2018" class="citation journal cs1">Melo, Maria J.; Castro, Rita; Nabais, Paula; Vitorino, Tatiana (1 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40494-018-0208-z">"The book on how to make all the colour paints for illuminating books: unravelling a Portuguese Hebrew illuminators' manual"</a>. <i>Heritage Science</i>. <b>6</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40494-018-0208-z">10.1186/s40494-018-0208-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-7445">2050-7445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Science&rft.atitle=The+book+on+how+to+make+all+the+colour+paints+for+illuminating+books%3A+unravelling+a+Portuguese+Hebrew+illuminators%27+manual&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40494-018-0208-z&rft.issn=2050-7445&rft.aulast=Melo&rft.aufirst=Maria+J.&rft.au=Castro%2C+Rita&rft.au=Nabais%2C+Paula&rft.au=Vitorino%2C+Tatiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs40494-018-0208-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colour-illuminated.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/explore/colour-and-meaning#:~:text=Green%20signalled%20new%20life,%20Eden,the%20unusual%20and%20potentially%20dangerous.">"Colour and Meaning"</a>. <i>COLOUR: The Art and Science of Illuminated Manuscripts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nottingham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Decoration+and+illumination+-+The+University+of+Nottingham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottingham.ac.uk%2Fmanuscriptsandspecialcollections%2Fresearchguidance%2Fmedievalbooks%2Fdecorationandillumination.aspx%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIt%2520was%2520used%2520to%2520enhance%2Cdelicate%2520and%2520highly%2520skilled%2520process.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieiraMeloNabaisLopes2024" class="citation journal cs1">Vieira, Márcia; Melo, Maria João; Nabais, Paula; Lopes, João A.; Lopes, Graça Videira; Fernández, Laura Fernández (January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fheritage7010014">"The Colors in Medieval Illuminations through the Magnificent Scriptorium of Alfonso X, the Learned"</a>. <i>Heritage</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 272–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fheritage7010014">10.3390/heritage7010014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2571-9408">2571-9408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Colors+in+Medieval+Illuminations+through+the+Magnificent+Scriptorium+of+Alfonso+X%2C+the+Learned&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=272-300&rft.date=2024-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fheritage7010014&rft.issn=2571-9408&rft.aulast=Vieira&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rcia&rft.au=Melo%2C+Maria+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Nabais%2C+Paula&rft.au=Lopes%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+A.&rft.au=Lopes%2C+Gra%C3%A7a+Videira&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Laura+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fheritage7010014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colour-illuminated.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/explore/colour-and-meaning#:~:text=Green%20signalled%20new%20life,%20Eden,the%20unusual%20and%20potentially%20dangerous.">"Colour and Meaning"</a>. <i>COLOUR: The Art and Science of Illuminated Manuscripts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=COLOUR%3A+The+Art+and+Science+of+Illuminated+Manuscripts&rft.atitle=Colour+and+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolour-illuminated.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk%2Fexplore%2Fcolour-and-meaning%23%3A~%3Atext%3DGreen%2520signalled%2520new%2520life%2C%2520Eden%2Cthe%2520unusual%2520and%2520potentially%2520dangerous.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/medieval.html">"Pigments through the Ages - Medieval Age (500-1400)"</a>. <i>www.webexhibits.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.webexhibits.org&rft.atitle=Pigments+through+the+Ages+-+Medieval+Age+%28500-1400%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fpigments%2Fintro%2Fmedieval.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/researchguidance/medievalbooks/decorationandillumination.aspx#:~:text=It%20was%20used%20to%20enhance,delicate%20and%20highly%20skilled%20process.">"Decoration and illumination - The University of Nottingham"</a>. <i>www.nottingham.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nottingham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Decoration+and+illumination+-+The+University+of+Nottingham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottingham.ac.uk%2Fmanuscriptsandspecialcollections%2Fresearchguidance%2Fmedievalbooks%2Fdecorationandillumination.aspx%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIt%2520was%2520used%2520to%2520enhance%2Cdelicate%2520and%2520highly%2520skilled%2520process.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovett2017-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lovett2017_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovett2017_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovett2017" class="citation book cs1">Lovett, Patricia (2017). <i>The art and history of calligraphy</i>. London: The British Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5668-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5668-8"><bdi>978-0-7123-5668-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+and+history+of+calligraphy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7123-5668-8&rft.aulast=Lovett&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlondheim1928" class="citation journal cs1">Blondheim, D. S. (1928). "An old Portuguese work on manuscript illumination". <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 97–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1451766">10.2307/1451766</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6682">0021-6682</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1451766">1451766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=An+old+Portuguese+work+on+manuscript+illumination&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-135&rft.date=1928&rft.issn=0021-6682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1451766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1451766&rft.aulast=Blondheim&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alexander, Jonathan A.G., <i>Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work</i>, 1992, Yale UP, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300056893" title="Special:BookSources/0300056893">0300056893</a></li> <li>Coleman, Joyce, Mark Cruse, and Kathryn A. Smith, eds. <i>The Social Life of Illumination: Manuscripts, Images, and Communities in the Late Middle Ages</i> (Series: Medieval Texts and Cultures in Northern Europe, vol. 21. Turnhout: Brepols Publishing, 2013). xxiv + 552 pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-france.net/vol14reviews/vol14no159booton.pdf">online review</a></li> <li>Calkins, Robert G. <i>Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages</i>. 1983, Cornell University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500233756" title="Special:BookSources/0500233756">0500233756</a></li> <li>Camille, M. (1992). <i>Image on the edge: the margins of medieval art</i>. Harvard University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContadini2012" class="citation book cs1">Contadini, Anna (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004222656_005"><i>A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' Tradition</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004222656_005">10.1163/9789004222656_005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+of+Beasts%3A+A+Thirteenth-Century+Illustrated+Arabic+Book+on+Animals+%28the+Kit%C4%81b+Na%27t+al-%E1%B8%A4ayaw%C4%81n%29+in+the+Ibn+Bakht%C4%ABsh%C5%AB%27+Tradition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004222656_005&rft.aulast=Contadini&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004222656_005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>De Hamel, Christopher. <i>A History of Illuminated Manuscript</i> (Phaidon, 1986)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hillenbrand, Robert (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004236615_011">"The Schefer Ḥarīrī: A Study in Islamic Frontispiece Design"</a>. <i>Arab Painting</i>: 117–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004236615_011">10.1163/9789004236615_011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23661-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23661-5"><bdi>978-90-04-23661-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Painting&rft.atitle=The+Schefer+%E1%B8%A4ar%C4%ABr%C4%AB%3A+A+Study+in+Islamic+Frontispiece+Design&rft.pages=117-134&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004236615_011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23661-5&rft.aulast=Hillenbrand&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004236615_011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kren, T. & McKendrick, Scot (eds), <i>Illuminating the Renaissance – The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe</i>, Getty Museum/Royal Academy of Arts, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903973-28-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-903973-28-7">1-903973-28-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Liepe" title="Lena Liepe">Liepe, Lena</a>. <i>Studies in Icelandic Fourteenth Century Book Painting</i>, Reykholt: Snorrastofa, rit. vol. VI, 2009.</li> <li>Melo, M.J., Castro, R., Nabais, P. et al. <i>The book on how to make all the colour paints for illuminating books: unravelling a Portuguese Hebrew illuminators' manual' ' Herit Sci 6, 44 (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-018-0208-z">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-018-0208-z</a></i></li> <li>Morgan, Nigel J., Stella Panayotova, and Martine Meuwese. <i>Illuminated Manuscripts in Cambridge: A Catalogue of Western Book Illumination in the Fitzwilliam Museum and the Cambridge Colleges</i> (London : Harvey Miller Publishers in conjunction with the Modern Humanities Association. 1999– )</li> <li>Pächt, Otto, <i>Book Illumination in the Middle Ages</i> (trans fr German), 1986, Harvey Miller Publishers, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199210608" title="Special:BookSources/0199210608">0199210608</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudy2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_M._Rudy" title="Kathryn M. Rudy">Rudy, Kathryn M.</a> (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/477/piety-in-pieces--how-medieval-readers-customized-their-manuscripts"><i>Piety in Pieces: How Medieval Readers Customized their Manuscripts</i></a>, Open Book Publishers, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2FOBP.0094">10.11647/OBP.0094</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F9562">10023/9562</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783742356" title="Special:BookSources/9781783742356"><bdi>9781783742356</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piety+in+Pieces%3A+How+Medieval+Readers+Customized+their+Manuscripts&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F9562&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2FOBP.0094&rft.isbn=9781783742356&rft.aulast=Rudy&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbookpublishers.com%2Fproduct%2F477%2Fpiety-in-pieces--how-medieval-readers-customized-their-manuscripts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnelders2010" class="citation book cs1">Snelders, B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2930050/view"><i>Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area</i></a>. Peeters, Leuven.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Christian-Muslim+interaction+%3A+medieval+art+of+the+Syrian+Orthodox+from+the+Mosul+area&rft.pub=Peeters%2C+Leuven&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Snelders&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl%2Faccess%2Fitem%253A2930050%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wieck, Roger. "Folia Fugitiva: The Pursuit of the Illuminated Manuscript Leaf". <i>The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery</i>, Vol. 54, 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Illuminated_manuscripts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Illuminated manuscripts">Illuminated manuscripts</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maunde_Thompson" title="Edward Maunde Thompson">Thompson, Edward M.</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Illuminated Manuscripts"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Illuminated_Manuscripts">"Illuminated Manuscripts" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 312–320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Illuminated+Manuscripts&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=312-320&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminated+manuscript" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images">Images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060917232041/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/exploreArt?typ=2033122">Illuminated Manuscripts in the J. Paul Getty Museum – Los Angeles</a> (archived 17 September 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.louisville.edu/collections/ulrb_mss">Illuminated Manuscript Leaves</a>. Digitized illuminated manuscripts from the University of Louisville Libraries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/collection.php?CISOROOT=/IlluminManu">15 pages of illuminated manuscripts from the Ball State University Digital Media Repository</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedigitalwalters.org/01_ACCESS_WALTERS_MANUSCRIPTS.html">Digitized Illuminated Manuscripts</a> – Complete sets of high-resolution archival images from the Walters Art Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianchurch.eu/arts">Collection of Armenian Illuminated Manuscripts</a> – A full collection with high resolution images of Armenian Illuminated Manuscripts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resources">Resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_manuscript&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.ucla.edu/catalog/ark:/21198/zz0009gx4f">UCLA Library Special Collections collection of Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/welcome.htm">British Library, catalogue of illuminated manuscripts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124144949/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/welcome.htm">Archived</a> 24 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.nl/manuscripts">Collection of illuminated manuscripts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Bibliotheek,_National_Library_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Bibliotheek, National Library of the Netherlands">Koninklijke Bibliotheek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Museum_Meermanno-Westreenianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Meermanno-Westreenianum">Museum Meermanno-Westreenianum</a> in The Hague.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120107004956/http://corsair.morganlibrary.org/ICAIntro/ICAintroshortdesc.htm">CORSAIR</a>. Thousands of digital images from the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Library">Morgan Library</a>'s renowned collection of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manuscriptminiatures.com/">Manuscript Miniatures</a>, a collection of illustrations from manuscripts made before 1450</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sea.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/SEAImages%3Alontar">A Collection of Indonesian Illuminated Manuscripts | Southeast Asia Digital Library</a></li></ul> <p>Related articles </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Missal_of_Thomas_James" title="The Missal of Thomas James">The Missal of Thomas James</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Books" title="Template:Books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books" title="Template talk:Books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jackets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustration</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_book" title="Instant book">instant book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-edition_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited-edition book">limited edition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_copy" title="Advance copy">advance copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume (bibliography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection (publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku">tsundoku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bookselling" title="History of bookselling">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_book" title="Used book">used</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm (insect)</a></li> <li>Furniture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Brazil" title="Books in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_book" title="Fictional book">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">pop-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li>Formats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">Folio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">Coffee table book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banned_books" title="Lists of banned books">Banned books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_packaging" title="Book packaging">Book packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_tour" title="Book tour">Book tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_ears" title="Dog ears">Dog ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_structure" title="Template:Book structure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_structure" title="Template talk:Book structure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_structure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book structure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Page_layout" title="Page layout">Page layout</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Text_annotation" title="Text annotation">Annotation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Note_(typography)" title="Note (typography)">Footnote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">Gloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">Marginal note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">Scholia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction" title="Canons of page construction">Canons of page construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchword" title="Catchword">Catchword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_footer" title="Page footer">Footer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_header" title="Page header">Header</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headpiece_(book_illustration)" title="Headpiece (book illustration)">Headpiece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiated_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiated initial">Historiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhabited_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhabited initial">Inhabited</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">Rubric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubrication" title="Rubrication">Rubrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/120px-Liji.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/180px-Liji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/240px-Liji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Front and <br />back covers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropodermic_bibliopegy" title="Anthropodermic bibliopegy">Anthropodermic bibliopegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">Dust jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">Hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather#Book_binding" title="Leather">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_cover" title="Picture cover">Picture cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_binding" title="Treasure binding">Treasure binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endpaper" title="Endpaper">Endpapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Front_matter" title="Book design">Front matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-title" title="Half-title">Half-title</a> <ul><li>bastard title</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_page" title="Title page">Title page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edition_notice" title="Edition notice">Edition notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimi_potest" title="Imprimi potest">Imprimi potest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihil_obstat" title="Nihil obstat">Nihil obstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Imprimatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedication_(publishing)" title="Dedication (publishing)">Dedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">Epigraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">Table of contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreword" title="Foreword">Foreword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">Preface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_(creative_arts_and_sciences)" title="Acknowledgment (creative arts and sciences)">Acknowledgments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_(writing)" title="Introduction (writing)">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prologue" title="Prologue">Prologue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_mark" title="Printer's mark">Printer's mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Body_matter" title="Book design">Body matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_text" title="Body text">Body text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustrations</a></li> <li>Parts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_(typography)" title="Section (typography)">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipped-in_page" title="Tipped-in page">Tipped-in pages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Back_matter_(end_matter)" title="Book design">Back matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterword" title="Afterword">Afterword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conclusion_(book)" title="Conclusion (book)">Conclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilogue" title="Epilogue">Epilogue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilogue" title="Epilogue">Outro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postscript" title="Postscript">Postscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addendum#In_books" title="Addendum">Addendum/Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Endnote">Endnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Errata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">Colophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postface" title="Postface">Postface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_page" title="Author page">Author page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ex-librīs</i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_rhyme" title="Book rhyme">Book rhyme</a></li> <li>Die-cutting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endband" title="Endband">Endband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-illustration" title="Extra-illustration">Extra-illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-edge_painting" title="Fore-edge painting">Fore-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">Pop-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipcase" title="Slipcase">Slipcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb_index" title="Thumb index">Thumb index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48498#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/967235/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120472-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064332">United 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