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Tamil diaspora - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>British, French, and Dutch indentured workers and others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British,_French,_and_Dutch_indentured_workers_and_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Twentieth century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_migration_from_Sri_Lanka_and_Burma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_migration_from_Sri_Lanka_and_Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Return migration from Sri Lanka and Burma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_migration_from_Sri_Lanka_and_Burma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1983_dispersal_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1983_dispersal_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Post-1983 dispersal of Sri Lankan Tamils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1983_dispersal_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_dispersal_of_Tamils_from_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_dispersal_of_Tamils_from_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>20th century dispersal of Tamils from India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_dispersal_of_Tamils_from_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainland_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Mainland Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Ocean_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Ocean_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Indian Ocean islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Ocean_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Mauritius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Réunion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Réunion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Réunion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Réunion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seychelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seychelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Seychelles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seychelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_West_Indies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_West_Indies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>French West Indies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_West_Indies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guyana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guyana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Guyana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guyana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>Trinidad and Tobago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South-East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>South-East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Burma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.8</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.9</span> <span>West Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.10</span> <span>Qatar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.11</span> <span>United Arab Emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.12</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.13</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Northern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Scandinavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>Metropolitan France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.7</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.8</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Australasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melanesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melanesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.4</span> <span>Melanesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melanesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.5</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Caledonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Caledonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.6</span> <span>New Caledonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Caledonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamil diaspora</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="شتات تاميلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شتات تاميلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_tamoule" title="Diaspora tamoule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diaspora tamoule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_Tamil" title="Diaspora Tamil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diaspora Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_Tamil" title="Diaspora Tamil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Diaspora Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Descendants of Tamil immigrants in other countries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tamil_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Tamil diaspora">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tamil+diaspora%22">"Tamil diaspora"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tamil+diaspora%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tamil+diaspora%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tamil+diaspora%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tamil+diaspora%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tamil+diaspora%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tamil diaspora</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ta">புலம்பெயர் தமிழர்</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~1,897,000 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~600,000 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~400,000<sup id="cite_ref-Rajan2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajan2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IANS2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IANS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~350,000<sup id="cite_ref-IANS2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IANS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rajan2019_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajan2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">~302,000<sup id="cite_ref-Murugaiyan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murugaiyan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~238,699<sup id="cite_ref-uscensus_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscensus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">237,599 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-canada2021_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TamilCanada_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TamilCanada-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></th><td class="infobox-data">198,449 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census_sg_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_sg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~120,000 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~75,000 (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~72,089 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~60,000 (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-g_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~50,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~35,000 (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~25,000 (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~10,000 (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~9,000 (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-VM_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> languages of <span class="wrap">other countries in the diaspora</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (Majority) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <br /></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil" title="Category:Tamil">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background:#e7e7e7; font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/150px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/225px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/300px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamils#History" title="Tamils">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_ancient_Tamil_history" title="Sources of ancient Tamil history">Sources of ancient Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keezhadi_excavation_site" title="Keezhadi excavation site">Keezhadi excavation site</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Agriculture in ancient Tamil country">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Education in ancient Tamil country">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Industry in ancient Tamil country">Industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Tamil_history" title="Chronology of Tamil history">Chronology of Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_monarchs" title="List of Tamil monarchs">Tamil Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_books_of_Law" title="Tamil books of Law">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Numeral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Music of Tamil Nadu">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Tamil_speakers" title="States of India by Tamil speakers">Indian Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Tamils">Malaysian Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Singapore Tamils</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamil_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Tamil diaspora">Indian Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil_diaspora" title="Malaysian Tamil diaspora">Malaysian Tamil diaspora</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">French Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Tamils" title="British Tamils">British Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Tamil Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil Indonesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamil South Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Myanmar Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Mauritian">Tamil Mauritians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Tamil Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Tamil Pakistanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Seychellois" title="Tamil Seychellois">Tamil Seychellois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealander" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil New Zealander">Tamil New Zealanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Tamils" title="Swiss Tamils">Swiss Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils in the Netherlands">Dutch Tamils</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Tamil country">Religion in ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Religion in Tamil Nadu">Religion in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Hindu">Tamil Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Hinduism in Tamil Nadu">Hinduism in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hinduism in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Buddhism">Tamil Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Christianity in Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nationalism">Tamil Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/16px-Word_Tamil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/24px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/32px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Tamil">Tamil portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamils" title="Template:Tamils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamils" title="Template talk:Tamils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tamil diaspora</b> refers to descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">immigrants</a> who emigrated from their native lands in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Indian subcontinent">southern Indian subcontinent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) to other parts of the world. They are found primarily in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be divided into two main diasporic clusters, due to geographical, historical and cultural reasons, as <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamil_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Tamil diaspora">Indian Tamil diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a>. </p><p>Four groups make up the bulk of the Tamil diaspora: colonial-era descendants of migrants to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, South Africa, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>; recent, educated Tamil immigrants primarily to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">U.K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamil</a> refugees who resettled primarily in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, Western and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> between the 1980s and 2010s; and recent Tamil migration to the Gulf states of the Middle East as labor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_migrations">Early migrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early migrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Chetties" title="Sri Lankan Chetties">Sri Lankan Chetties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharatha_people" title="Bharatha people">Bharatha people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thigala" title="Thigala">Thigala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebbar_Iyengar" title="Hebbar Iyengar">Hebbar Iyengar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaikadi_people" title="Kaikadi people">Kaikadi</a></div> <p>Tamils have a long tradition of seafaring and a history of overseas migration to foreign lands due to close proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> throughout ancient and medieval times. Many of the Tamil <a href="/wiki/Emigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigrants">emigrants</a> who left the shores of Tamil Nadu before the 18th century mixed with other ethnicities in other regions. In the medieval period Tamils emigrated as soldiers, traders and laborers settled in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (specially <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>), <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, Sri Lanka, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and intermixed well with the local population, while few communities still maintain their language and culture. Many groups still claim descent from medieval-era Tamil emigrants such as the <a href="/wiki/Thigala" title="Thigala">Thigalas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebbar" title="Hebbar">Hebbars</a> of Karnataka who have resided in Karnataka for generations and even adopted Kannada as their mother tongue, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Iyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Palakkad Iyers">Palakkad Iyers</a> of Kerala, <a href="/wiki/Kaikadi_people" title="Kaikadi people">Kaikadis</a> of Maharashtra, <a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chittys</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and some section of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Tamils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhaleses</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Chetties" title="Sri Lankan Chetties">Sri Lankan Chetties</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatha_people" title="Bharatha people">Bharatha people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karava" title="Karava">Karavas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Durava" title="Durava">Duravas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Demala_Gattara" class="mw-redirect" title="Demala Gattara">Demala Gattaras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salagama" title="Salagama">Salagamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An early emigrant group that is not well documented is the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil Muslims</a> who emigrated in considerable numbers to the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>) and were instrumental in spreading Islam amongst the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Malays_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malays people">Malays</a>. Some are descended from immigrants from <a href="/wiki/The_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="The Middle East">Arabia (Middle East)</a>, though it is not known which part of the Arab world they were from.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British,_French,_and_Dutch_indentured_workers_and_others"><span id="British.2C_French.2C_and_Dutch_indentured_workers_and_others"></span>British, French, and Dutch indentured workers and others</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British, French, and Dutch indentured workers and others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil Malaysians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamil South Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Mauritian">Tamil Mauritian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalamandapam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Kalamandapam.jpg/230px-Kalamandapam.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Kalamandapam.jpg/345px-Kalamandapam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Kalamandapam.jpg/460px-Kalamandapam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kandaswamy_Kovil,_Brickfields" title="Sri Kandaswamy Kovil, Brickfields">Sri Kandaswamy Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brickfields,_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur">Brickfields</a>, Malaysia.</figcaption></figure> <p>During this period the British, Dutch, French, Portuguese and Danish colony administrators recruited many local Tamils and took them to their overseas colonies to work as laborers, petty administration officers, and in clerical and military duties. </p><p>In the 19th century, the Tamil region of the Madras Presidency was affected by severe famines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%9378" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Famine of 1876–78">Great Famine of 1876–78</a>, and as such the region was both politically and economically weak. The British thus made use of hungry Tamil workers for their plantations all over the world - Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Mauritius, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya" title="Indians in Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Tanzania" title="Indians in Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, Fiji and also Sri Lanka (unrelated to Tamils who migrated to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> before the 18th century). </p><p>Some of the Tamil groups (especially the Chettiyars, Pillais, Muslims) emigrated as commercial migrants. They then dominated the trade and finance in Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya" title="Indians in Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Tanzania" title="Indians in Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and other places. The first Indian to own a merchant ship during the British times comes from this group.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These Tamilians integrated and assimilated well with their adopted countries, and became well integrated into local populations in <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils in Bangalore">Karnataka Tamils</a> of Karnataka, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a> of Sri Lanka, and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil Malaysians</a> of Malaysia were evolved into distinct communities of their own with unique multilingual sub-culture and identity. </p><p>Many also left to work in the possessions of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a> via its holdings in <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry district">Pondichéry</a> in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> and the French Caribbean islands of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Malabars" title="Malabars">Malabars</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Murugaiyan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murugaiyan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small group was hired by the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> colonial government in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (present-day Indonesia) to work in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> (namely in <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>). Roughly about 40,000 (est.) descendants of these immigrants are still found in <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>. </p><p>Many independent Tamil merchant guilds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nagarathar" title="Nagarathar">Nagarathar</a>, also left for these areas in an age-old tradition of their ancestors who had traded in these areas for the last 2,000 years. Britain also hired many Sri Lankan Tamils as clerical and other white-collar workers, especially in Malaysia and Singapore. All these different streams have combined to create vibrant Tamil communities in these countries. </p><p>Also, many <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamils</a> from India and Sri Lanka migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Crown colony of Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> as laborers, army clerks and merchants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_migration_from_Sri_Lanka_and_Burma">Return migration from Sri Lanka and Burma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Return migration from Sri Lanka and Burma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During and after the devastation of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WW2</a>, many Tamils and other Indians from Burma fled to India to <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Manipur_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manipur-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tamil Nadu. They established Burmese refugee colonies that still exist today and maintain an identity as Burmese returnees. In Sri Lanka the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> nationalist <a href="/wiki/SLFP" class="mw-redirect" title="SLFP">SLFP</a> party disfranchised all Indian origin <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a> and returned 600,000 back to India under the <a href="/wiki/Srimavo-Shastri_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Srimavo-Shastri Pact">Srimavo-Shastri Pact</a> signed between India and Sri Lanka. Many were repatriated to the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiris</a> region's tea estates. They too maintain a distinct identity as <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> returnees in Tamil Nadu. <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a> has created another stream of Sri Lankan and Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka refugees in India who have languished for the last 20 years in refugee camps throughout Tamil Nadu while many others have integrated with the mainstream community or left India for other countries in the west. </p><p>There is also a movement of native Sri Lankan Tamils to India; some migrated to do white-collar jobs during the British days, but there has been a much bigger diaspora today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1983_dispersal_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils">Post-1983 dispersal of Sri Lankan Tamils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-1983 dispersal of Sri Lankan Tamils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a> was well established in Malaysia, Singapore and the United Kingdom prior to the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a> induced dispersal of refugees and asylum claimants in India, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Although relatively recent in origin, this subgroup had well-established communities in these host countries prior to the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_dispersal_of_Tamils_from_India">20th century dispersal of Tamils from India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century dispersal of Tamils from India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_Tamil_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="South Indian Tamil diaspora">South Indian Tamil diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil Muslim</a></div> <p>In the second half of the 20th century, Tamils from India migrated as skilled professionals to various parts of India and countries like UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, UK, USA, Singapore and so on. Some of them got citizenship of respective countries but still having strong family and cultural ties with Tamil Nadu, than those who migrated before 1950, who lost touch with their ancestral links in Tamil Nadu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mainland_Africa">Mainland Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mainland Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a significant number of Tamils in Africa, especially Kenya. At least 30% of the Tamils in Africa live in Kenya, followed by Uganda. Most of these people are migrants, while some have been living there for generations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamil South Africans</a></div> <p>Tamil migration to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> started as from 1860, first as indentured labor and in the first batch 340 Tamils were there. Now there are more than 250,000 Tamils spread over in many cities, the concentration being in <a href="/wiki/Natal_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal (region)">Natal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South Africa the Tamil Language can be taken in many schools as a Second Additional Language, It is recognised as a level 4 subject and carries points for entrance into university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_Ocean_islands">Indian Ocean islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indian Ocean islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mauritius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Mauritian">Tamil Mauritian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Mauritian">Indo-Mauritian</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> has a Tamil population of 80,000. Most arrived from Tamil Nadu after 1835, shortly after slavery was abolished, to replace the freed African and malgache slaves, to serve as indentured laborers on the sugar cane plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil culture has flourished in Mauritius. Since 1835, the Tamil community has built almost 125 Tamil temples and <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> is a popular deity. Tamil holidays and festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil New Year">Tamil New Year</a> Varusha Pirapu, <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Timiti">Timiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a> are celebrated on a national level. <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Thiruvalluvar</a> and Bharathi days are also celebrated while <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a>, Thaipusam, <a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a> and Pongal are public holidays. But most of the people in Mauritius do not speak Tamil. </p><p>The Tamil language is taught in approximately 100 primary schools. Tamil language and literature can be studied at university level to obtain B.A. and M.A. degrees. The Mahatma Gandhi Institute promotes the Indian languages which are present in Mauritius. Tamils are attempting to include their religion and other Hindu practices. Once Tamil priests came from Jaffna in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, they conducted prayers in Tamil. Later, some scholars started to facilitate the population to get access to sacred books. This helped the people to learn Tamil holy Enchantment from <a href="/wiki/Thevaram" title="Thevaram">Thevarams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiruvasagam" title="Thiruvasagam">Thiruvasagam</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Réunion"><span id="R.C3.A9union"></span>Réunion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Réunion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malbars" title="Malbars">Malbars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_tamoul2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Temple_tamoul2.JPG/220px-Temple_tamoul2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Temple_tamoul2.JPG/330px-Temple_tamoul2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Temple_tamoul2.JPG/440px-Temple_tamoul2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A Malbar temple in Réunion.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tamil settlement in the French department of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> started as far back as 1848 as indentured labor, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry district">Pondichéry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a>, the French territories in Southern India. There are now about 126,000 Tamils living in Réunion or "Malabars" as they are known there with many Hindu temples run by voluntary organisations where Hindu and Tamil cultural links are preserved well.<sup id="cite_ref-Murugaiyan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murugaiyan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seychelles">Seychelles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Seychelles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Seychellois" title="Tamil Seychellois">Tamil Seychellois</a></div> <p>Tamil traders from <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry (city)">Pondicherry</a> used to visit the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> for purposes of timber trade followed by settlements of Tamils from Tamil Nadu for trading purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, a trading community was in place here mainly of Tamils and many of them got integrated with the local community. Now there about 4000 Tamils in the trading business as well as in other professions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil Canadians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg/170px-Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg/255px-Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg/340px-Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1557" /></a><figcaption>Expatriate Sri Lankan Tamil children in traditional clothes in <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">Toronto, Ontario</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> has a large concentration of Sri Lankan Tamils, almost 90% of the Tamil population - amounting to 120,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Canadian universities contain large Tamil Student Associations (TSAs). </p><p>As per the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>, Tamil Canadians number approximately 240,000 and account for roughly 0.7% of Canada's population.<sup id="cite_ref-canada2021_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TamilCanada_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TamilCanada-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many more pro-active voluntary organisations keeping the Tamil culture alive. Toronto is home to the largest Tamil-speaking population outside Asia. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saravana_Bhavan_Edison_NJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saravana_Bhavan_Edison_NJ.jpg/300px-Saravana_Bhavan_Edison_NJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saravana_Bhavan_Edison_NJ.jpg/450px-Saravana_Bhavan_Edison_NJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saravana_Bhavan_Edison_NJ.jpg/600px-Saravana_Bhavan_Edison_NJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>One of the most popular overseas branches of <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Saravana_Bhavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saravana Bhavan">Saravanaa Bhavan</a>, the world's largest Indian <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a> restaurant chain, is located in <a href="/wiki/Edison,_New_Jersey" title="Edison, New Jersey">Edison</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil American">Tamil American</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg/250px-Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg/375px-Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg/500px-Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_New_York_City_metropolitan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in the New York City metropolitan region">New York City Metropolitan Area</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Central_Jersey" title="Central Jersey">Central</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, is home to the largest <a href="/wiki/Tamil_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil American">Tamil American</a> population.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Central_Jersey" title="Central Jersey">Central New Jersey</a> contains the largest population concentration of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> of Tamil descent. Sizeable populations of <a href="/wiki/Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian American">Indian American</a> Tamils have also settled in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and New York house separate <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangam">Tamil Sangams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Baltimore-Washington_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area">Washington, D.C. metropolitan area</a> on the East Coast as well as Silicon Valley on the West Coast also have Tamil associations.<sup id="cite_ref-Bay_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bay-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan areas">metropolitan areas</a> and Central New Jersey are home to the largest concentrations of Tamil-speaking <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan American">Sri Lankan Americans</a>. </p><p>According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2012-2016 American Community Survey, there are 438,699 people speaking Tamil at home in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-uscensus_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscensus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_West_Indies">French West Indies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: French West Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_French_Guiana" title="Indians in French Guiana">Indians in French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in Guadeloupe">Indians in Guadeloupe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Martiniquais" title="Indo-Martiniquais">Indo-Martiniquais</a></div> <p>Tamil migration to the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a> was mainly sailings from <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry (city)">Pondicherry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a> during the years 1853 to 1883 and since 1893 almost all of them got well integrated with the people there. There are about 36,000 ethnic Tamils in <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and 15,000 in <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> but the language has been lost there.<sup id="cite_ref-Murugaiyan_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murugaiyan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently a microscopic minority of 17 who are in the age range 60-70 could speak the Tamil language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guyana">Guyana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Guyana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Guyanese" title="Indo-Guyanese">Indo-Guyanese</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> had many Tamils in its <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> since 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them were from Madras and in 1860, 2500 from Madras alone settled there. Tamils were spread in about 60 towns. There is also a popular <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Mariamman temple</a>. The former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Guyana">Prime Minister of Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Nagamootoo" title="Moses Nagamootoo">Moses Veerasammy Nagamootoo</a> is of Tamil descent. <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Tamil Indians make up the majority of the <a href="/wiki/East_Berbice-Corentyne" title="East Berbice-Corentyne">East Berbice-Corentyne</a> region in Guyana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Trinidad and Tobago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></div> <p>Tamils have been in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> since the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Tamils arrived in Trinidad and Tobago as indentured laborers who were brought by the British to work on the sugarcane and other agricultural estates. There was a Shiva temple called the "Madras Sivalayam" or the Caura Road temple. The Deepavali celebration by the Tamils there displayed extraordinary pluralism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Tamils in Pakistan</a></div> <p>A large community of Tamils exists in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, which includes approximately 1,000 Tamil-speaking Hindus as well as much larger numbers of Muslims - including some refugees from northern Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-HBL_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBL-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil festivals such as Pongal, Panguni uthiram, and <a href="/wiki/Thaipoosam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaipoosam">Thaipoosam</a> are celebrated in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-TNP_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHP_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHP-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South-East_Asia">South-East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: South-East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_maken_een_rondgang_bij_de_Hindoe_tempel_Sri_Mariamman_TMnr_20018361.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_maken_een_rondgang_bij_de_Hindoe_tempel_Sri_Mariamman_TMnr_20018361.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_maken_een_rondgang_bij_de_Hindoe_tempel_Sri_Mariamman_TMnr_20018361.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_maken_een_rondgang_bij_de_Hindoe_tempel_Sri_Mariamman_TMnr_20018361.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_maken_een_rondgang_bij_de_Hindoe_tempel_Sri_Mariamman_TMnr_20018361.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_maken_een_rondgang_bij_de_Hindoe_tempel_Sri_Mariamman_TMnr_20018361.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_maken_een_rondgang_bij_de_Hindoe_tempel_Sri_Mariamman_TMnr_20018361.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Tamil people in <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burma">Burma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Burma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> had a Tamil population of 200,000 at one point in the country's history but since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> the number has fallen.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The affluence of the Tamil community could be gauged by the existence of Dandayuthapani temples in 32 towns, the functioning of 50 Tamil primary schools, and the circulation of two Tamil newspapers, "Rasika Ranjani" and "Thondan", both of which were banned as of 1966. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil Indonesians</a></div> <p>Tamils were brought to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> by the Dutch in the 1860s to build up their plantations. They were used as hard labor, and as the conditions were not conducive many returned in the 1940s. About 30,000 to 40,000 remained in Northern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and as a result, there remained a concentration of Tamils in that region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil Malaysians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_girls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_girls.jpg/220px-Tamil_girls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_girls.jpg/330px-Tamil_girls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_girls.jpg/440px-Tamil_girls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tamil girls in Malaysia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> has a Tamil population of 1,800,000 making up 6.3% of the Malaysian population as of 2018 starting mainly from 1901 when it was called <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the migration was to work in the rubber plantations but later turned to trade and other professions mostly in the government sector such as the railways and the Public Works Department. The first Tamil school was there as early as 1876 but by 1925 it rose to 235 and by 2018 they had 530 schools. Due to intense brain drain and citizenship problems, there is an estimated 250–300,000 Tamils which are yet to be recognized by the Government of Malaysia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Singapore Tamils</a></div> <p>According to the 2020 census, there were 198,449 Tamil citizens and permanent residents living in Singapore, representing 3.5% of the resident population. The number of Tamils among the 1.64 million "non-resident population"—foreigners working, studying or living in Singapore without permanent residence—was not provided.<sup id="cite_ref-census_sg_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_sg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamil is one of the four official languages in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimation of about 3.2% percent of the total population in Singapore speaks Tamil at home, while about 5% is literate in Tamil language.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all official documents printed in Singapore are translated and distributed in Tamil as well as three other national languages. In 1956, the Singapore government decided to adopt a trilingual policy. Students were taught English, a second language, as well as Malay as a third language.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the emphasis has shifted to bilingualism, where the medium of instruction is English with the mother-tongue as a second language, while the third language is optional. </p><p>Tamil is taught as a second language in all government schools from the primary to junior college levels. Tamil is an examinable subject at all major nationwide exams. There is a daily Tamil newspaper printed in Singapore, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Murasu" title="Tamil Murasu">Tamil Murasu</a></i>. There is a full-time radio station, <a href="/wiki/Oli_96.8FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Oli 96.8FM">Oli 96.8</a>, and a full-fledged TV channel, <a href="/wiki/MediaCorp_Vasantham" class="mw-redirect" title="MediaCorp Vasantham">Vasantham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sepoy troops from Madras (now <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>), arrived in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">British expedition and occupation between 1762 and 1764</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. When the British withdrew, many of the Sepoys mutinied and refused to leave. Virtually all had taken Filipina brides (or soon did so). They settled in what is now <a href="/wiki/Cainta,_Rizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cainta, Rizal">Cainta, Rizal</a>, just east of <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region in and around Cainta still has many Sepoy descendants. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> had a small minority of about 3,000 Tamils mostly in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a> (nowadays <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dandayuthapani, Subramaniam Swamy and Mariyamman temples are located near <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFn_Th%C3%A0nh_Market" title="Bến Thành Market">Bến Thành Market</a>. They were called <a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a>, Chà Chetty, Xã tri, Xét ty but had left the country after <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">1975 incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> has about 10,000 Tamils living there while there are 1,000 Tamils in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: West Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Middle East is home to thousands of migrants from Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka, and over 75.000 migrants immigrated to the Middle East in 2012 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, statistics on the numbers of migrants are scarce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qatar">Qatar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Qatar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> is the home for about 200,000 Tamils mostly from Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2000, the "Qatar Tamil Sangam" was inaugurated for conducting Tamil cultural programmes, teaching of <a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a> and for conducting Tamil elocution contests for Tamil children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Tamil Nadu migration survey 2015, there are 400,000 emigrants in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> having come from Tamil Nadu as professionals and workers in many sectors. This figure doesn't include other ethnic Tamil coming from other Indian states or other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajan2019_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajan2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IANS2016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IANS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pongal and New Year are celebrated on a grand scale in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> and in a few other states. The first Tamil newspaper from the Middle East region was launched from Dubai on 10 December 2014. Tamil 89.4 FM radio is a Tamil radio broadcasting from Dubai, UAE.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Tamil Nadu migration survey 2015, there are 350,000 emigrants having come to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> from Tamil Nadu as workers. This figure doesn't include other ethnic Tamil coming from other Indian states or other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajan2019_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajan2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IANS2016_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IANS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_countries_2">Other countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> is home for over 7000 Tamils mostly professionals and workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> is also home for a substantial number of Tamils who are recent migrants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Europe">Northern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Northern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Tamil immigrant to <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, Anthony Rajendram from <a href="/wiki/Gurunagar" title="Gurunagar">Gurunagar</a>, came to Norway in 1956. The majority of the early immigrants had contacts to Rajendram, and came as immigrant worker.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most had their origins in a few villages on the edge of Jaffna town such as <a href="/wiki/Gurunagar" title="Gurunagar">Gurunagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariyalai" title="Ariyalai">Ariyalai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navanthurai" title="Navanthurai">Navanthurai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This first group was a starting point for future immigration to Norway. <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> has about 10,000 - 13,000 Tamils most of whom are Sri Lankan refugees. The city of <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> is the home for about 400 Tamil families and it has become the centre for Tamil gatherings. Around 7,000 Tamils also live in the capital <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> has a Tamil population of about 2,000 and is of recent origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">British Tamil</a></div> <p>Community estimates suggest that 150,000 Tamils lived in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (UK) as of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayake_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayake-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beeston_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beeston-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a 2006 <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report putting the number of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> in the UK at 110,000.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a> of significant numbers of Tamils to the UK started with labor migrants in the 1940s. These were joined by students moving to the UK for education in the 1970s, and by <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> in the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayake_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayake-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beeston_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beeston-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metropolitan_France">Metropolitan France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Metropolitan France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG/250px-Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG/375px-Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG/500px-Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamil</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>About 302,000 Tamils live in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, including 125,000 in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murugaiyan_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murugaiyan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Tamils to arrive in France came from <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry district">Pondichéry</a> when it was still a French colony.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a majority of Parisian Tamils are of Sri Lankan origin who fled the country and came to France as refugees in the 1980s, escaping the violent civil conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg/220px-Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg/330px-Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg/440px-Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal_temple_6039530.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Sri Kamakshi Ambaal temple in Hamm, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> has well over 50,000 Tamils and more than half of them went as refugees from Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious fervor among Tamil Germans intensified as their numbers swelled. Due to the inspirational encouragement of Hawaii Subramaniaswami – the disciple of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Swami">Yoga Swamigal</a> – two well organised Hindu temples – Sidhivinayagar Kovil and the kamadchi Amman Kovil –have in place in the city of <a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a> since 1984. According to the journal <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_Today" title="Hinduism Today">Hinduism Today</a>, the youth are being well trained in their religion and culture at home and in weekend schools in rented halls using texts from Sri Lanka. They even wear Hindu symbols of Vibuthi and Tilakam.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Tamils" title="Swiss Tamils">Swiss Tamils</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> has about 40,000 Tamils the majority of whom are from Sri Lanka who went as refugees, making the biggest non-European ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they are well entrenched in the country and integrated with the local community, yet they are actively alive to their Hindu or Christian religious and Tamil cultural links. Temples, cultural festivals, international conferences, seminars and meetings draw many of the Tamil diaspora from other European countries to the various Swiss cities, so much so that it has become the nerve centre of Tamil cultural activism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A large Tamil community was established in Zurich with a place known as little Jaffna.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_countries_3">Other countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> has over 7,000 Tamils, the majority being refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two well patronised Hindu temples – one for Vinayagar and another for Abhirami – and the Tamil population has got well adapted to the Danish environment. The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> also has more than 20,000 Tamils, the majority of whom are, again, refugees from Sri Lanka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australasia">Australasia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Australasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Australian">Tamil Australian</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_murugan_koyil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sydney_murugan_koyil.jpg/200px-Sydney_murugan_koyil.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sydney_murugan_koyil.jpg/300px-Sydney_murugan_koyil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sydney_murugan_koyil.jpg/400px-Sydney_murugan_koyil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Murugan Temple, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are officially about 72,000 Tamils in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> spread out in all the six states but the concentration is mainly in the states of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a>. However, the actual number of ethnic Tamils is possibly double this amount and could be estimated at 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among this 40% are from Sri Lanka and 35% are from India. The remainder come from various countries like Malaysia, Singapore, Canada, USA, South Africa, Fiji and Mauritius. More than 80% have completed high school education compared to 78% (2010) for the general Australian population. More than 15% own their houses while more than 30% of the general population own their houses. </p><p>Numerous Tamil schools and Hindu Temples have been established in all main cities to cater for the growing <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamil</a> population. The Sydney Murugan Temple was constructed for the needs of the large Tamil population in Western Sydney. Smaller temples have been built in the greater Sydney area. The Siva Vishnu Temple in <a href="/wiki/Carrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrum">Carrum</a> Downs south east of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> is also a temple built by Sri Lankan Tamils. The Sunshine Murugan Temple in western Melbourne also caters to the Tamil community. In other cities such as Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth, Townsville, Darwin, Canberra and Hobart, Hindu temples have also been built. </p><p>The Tamil language is one of the approved subjects for the HSC examination and Tamil skill tests are conducted for children of ages five to sixteen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> has about 6,800 Tamils, mostly professionals who have migrated on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Melanesia">Melanesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Melanesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiji">Fiji</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Fiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Indians_in_Fiji" title="South Indians in Fiji">South Indians in Fiji</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> had a Tamil population of over 110,000 having been taken there to work in the plantations by the colonial masters in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of an Indian population of 350,000 the Tamils could number about 80,000 now. </p><p>The number who could speak is about 5,000 only and another 1,000 could write. It is only about 6,000 who declare their origins as Tamils as most of them have got well integrated with the local population. Most of them have lost their Tamil identity and are Tamils only in name. The South Indian Sanmarga Sangam is the pioneer body that forged the Tamil culture, Tamil education and the Hindu practices in the country for a long time. In 2005, it was revealed that in the 20 primary schools managed by TISI, out of the 4940 students, 1765 took Tamil classes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Caledonia">New Caledonia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: New Caledonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 500 New Caledonians of Indian Tamil descent. Like in Réunion, they were known as Malabars and originally arrived in the 19th century from other French Territories, namely Réunion. <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> has several descendants of Tamils, whose parents intermarried with the local population in the last century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_diaspora" title="Tamil Nadu diaspora">Tamil Nadu diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_businesspeople" title="List of Tamil businesspeople">List of Tamil businesspeople</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TamilCanada-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TamilCanada_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TamilCanada_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes all speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>, as many <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_generations" title="Immigrant generations">multi-generation</a> individuals do not speak the language as a <a href="/wiki/Mother-tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-tongue">mother tongue</a>, but instead as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second</a> or <a href="/wiki/Third_language_acquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Third language acquisition">third language</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This number does not include the 1.64 million "non-resident population": foreigners working, studying or living in Singapore without permanent residence. It only includes the 5.69 million citizens and permanent residents living in Singapore.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tam">"Tamil Ethnologue"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>. 2010-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-26</span></span>. <q>Tamil Ethnologue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Tamil+Ethnologue&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ftam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymirror.lk/34690/navaneethamnpillay-the-most-famous-south-african-tamil-of-our-times.">"Navaneetham Pillay The most famous South African Tamil of our times"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=DailyMirror&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DailyMirror (page does not exist)">DailyMirror</a></i>. 2013-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DailyMirror&rft.atitle=Navaneetham+Pillay+The+most+famous+South+African+Tamil+of+our+times&rft.date=2013-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymirror.lk%2F34690%2Fnavaneethamnpillay-the-most-famous-south-african-tamil-of-our-times.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajan2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rajan2019_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rajan2019_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rajan2019_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rajan2019_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajan S.I., Rajan E.S. (2019) Tamil Nadu Migrants in the Gulf. In: Rajan S., Saxena P. (eds) India's Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9224-5_11">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9224-5_11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IANS2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IANS2016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IANS2016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IANS2016_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IANS2016_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/singapore-most-preferred-destination-of-tamil-diaspora-study-314576-2016-03-23">Singapore most preferred destination of Tamil diaspora: Study</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Asian_News_Service" title="Indo-Asian News Service">Indo-Asian News Service</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murugaiyan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murugaiyan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murugaiyan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murugaiyan_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murugaiyan_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murugaiyan_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurugaiyan2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Murugaiyan, Appasamy (2013). "Le tamoul". In Kremnitz, Georg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01194360"><i>Histoire sociale des langues de France</i></a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_Rennes" title="Presses Universitaires de Rennes">Presses Universitaires de Rennes</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">881–</span>889. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7535-2723-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7535-2723-2"><bdi>978-2-7535-2723-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+tamoul&rft.btitle=Histoire+sociale+des+langues+de+France&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E881-%3C%2Fspan%3E889&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+Rennes&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-7535-2723-2&rft.aulast=Murugaiyan&rft.aufirst=Appasamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01194360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uscensus-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uscensus_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uscensus_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2017/acs-5yr.html">Commuting Times, Median Rents and Language other than English Use in the Home on the Rise</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canada2021-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canada2021_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canada2021_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=Canada">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country]"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+Canada+%5BCountry%5D&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000011124%26HEADERlist%3D%2C15%2C13%2C18%2C12%2C16%2C14%2C17%26SearchText%3DCanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census_sg-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_sg_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_sg_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf"><i>Census of Population 2020 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore. June 2011. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-18-1381-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-18-1381-8"><bdi>978-981-18-1381-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+2020+Statistical+Release+1%3A+Demographic+Characteristics%2C+Education%2C+Language+and+Religion&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Department+of+Statistics%2C+Ministry+of+Trade+%26+Industry%2C+Republic+of+Singapore&rft.date=2011-06&rft.isbn=978-981-18-1381-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fcop2020%2Fsr1%2Fcop2020sr1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2006/03/060315_hrw_jayadevan.shtml">"Britain urged to protect Tamil Diaspora"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 2006-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-26</span></span>. <q>According to HRW, there are about 120,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in the UK.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Britain+urged+to+protect+Tamil+Diaspora&rft.date=2006-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsinhala%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2006%2F03%2F060315_hrw_jayadevan.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://auth.censusdata.abs.gov.au/webapi/jsf/login.xhtml">"Census TableBuilder - Log in"</a>. <i>Auth.censusdata.abs.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Auth.censusdata.abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Census+TableBuilder+-+Log+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauth.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fwebapi%2Fjsf%2Flogin.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statsmauritius.gov.mu/English/Documents/publications/Housing/economics%20and%20social%20indicators/reports/2011VolIIPC.pdf">"Volume: II Demographic and Fertility Characteristics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The 2011 Housing and Population Census</i>. Statistics Mauritius. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+2011+Housing+and+Population+Census&rft.atitle=Volume%3A+II+Demographic+and+Fertility+Characteristics&rft.pages=68&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatsmauritius.gov.mu%2FEnglish%2FDocuments%2Fpublications%2FHousing%2Feconomics%2520and%2520social%2520indicators%2Freports%2F2011VolIIPC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumann2008" class="citation web cs1">Baumann, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pluralism.org/resources/slideshow/hindgerm/index.php">"Immigrant Hinduism in Germany: Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-26</span></span>. <q>Since the escalation of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka during the 1980s, about 60,000 came as asylum seekers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrant+Hinduism+in+Germany%3A+Tamils+from+Sri+Lanka+and+Their+Temples&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Baumann&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralism.org%2Fresources%2Fslideshow%2Fhindgerm%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://auth.censusdata.abs.gov.au/webapi/jsf/login.xhtml">"2011 Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 18 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauth.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fwebapi%2Fjsf%2Flogin.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/swissinfo.html?siteSect=108&sid=6186723&cKey=1140784868000">"Swiss Tamils look to preserve their culture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Swissinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Swissinfo">Swissinfo</a></i>. 2006-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-25</span></span>. <q>An estimated 35,000 Tamils now live in Switzerland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swissinfo&rft.atitle=Swiss+Tamils+look+to+preserve+their+culture&rft.date=2006-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.org%2Feng%2Fswissinfo.html%3FsiteSect%3D108%26sid%3D6186723%26cKey%3D1140784868000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/italy.htm">"Tamil Diaspora - Italy - இத்தாலி"</a>. <i>Tamilnation.co</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tamilnation.co&rft.atitle=Tamil+Diaspora+-+Italy+-+%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftamilnation.co%2Fdiaspora%2Fitaly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman2000" class="citation news cs1">Raman, B. (2000-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124105225/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2000/07/14/stories/041455br.htm">"Sri Lanka: The dilemma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2000/07/14/stories/041455br.htm">the original</a> on 2009-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-26</span></span>. <q>It is estimated that there are about 10,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in Norway -- 6,000 of them Norwegian citizens, many of whom migrated to Norway in the 1960s and the 1970s to work on its fishing fleet; and 4,000 post-1983 political refugees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+The+dilemma&rft.date=2000-07-20&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fbusinessline%2F2000%2F07%2F14%2Fstories%2F041455br.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VM-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VM_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mortensen, V. <i>Theology and the Religions: A Dialogue</i>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/courier/march-1984">"March 1984"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. 2017-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=March+1984&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fcourier%2Fmarch-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomasundaram2013" class="citation book cs1">Somasundaram, Daya (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xdBDwAAQBAJ&q=karava+migration&pg=PT59"><i>Scarred Communities: Psychosocial Impact of Man-made and Natural Disasters on Sri Lankan Society</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788132118299" title="Special:BookSources/9788132118299"><bdi>9788132118299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scarred+Communities%3A+Psychosocial+Impact+of+Man-made+and+Natural+Disasters+on+Sri+Lankan+Society&rft.date=2013-09&rft.isbn=9788132118299&rft.aulast=Somasundaram&rft.aufirst=Daya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xdBDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkarava%2Bmigration%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghuramSahooMaharajSangha2008" class="citation book cs1">Raghuram, Parvati; Sahoo, Ajaya Kumar; Maharaj, Brij; Sangha, Dave (16 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fraGAwAAQBAJ&q=Madrasi+diaspora&pg=PA35"><i>Tracing an Indian Diaspora: Contexts, Memories, Representations</i></a>. SAGE Publications India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788132100393" title="Special:BookSources/9788132100393"><bdi>9788132100393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+an+Indian+Diaspora%3A+Contexts%2C+Memories%2C+Representations&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+India&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft.isbn=9788132100393&rft.aulast=Raghuram&rft.aufirst=Parvati&rft.au=Sahoo%2C+Ajaya+Kumar&rft.au=Maharaj%2C+Brij&rft.au=Sangha%2C+Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfraGAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DMadrasi%2Bdiaspora%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manipur-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manipur_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webindia123.com/manipur/people/otherpeople2.htm">Manipur - The People</a>, webindia123.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_25-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivasupramaniam" class="citation web cs1">Sivasupramaniam, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://murugan.org/research/sivasupramaniam.htm">"History of the Tamil Diaspora"</a>. International Conferences on Skanda-Murukan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Tamil+Diaspora&rft.pub=International+Conferences+on+Skanda-Murukan&rft.aulast=Sivasupramaniam&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmurugan.org%2Fresearch%2Fsivasupramaniam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031214103400/http://www.njtamilsangam.info/">"通学距離と安全の原因と解決法 - 悩み解消には原因解明が重要"</a>. <i>Njtamilsangam.info</i>. Archived from the original on December 14, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Njtamilsangam.info&rft.atitle=%E9%80%9A%E5%AD%A6%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2%E3%81%A8%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E3%81%A8%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E6%B3%95+-+%E6%82%A9%E3%81%BF%E8%A7%A3%E6%B6%88%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E8%A7%A3%E6%98%8E%E3%81%8C%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njtamilsangam.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bay-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bay_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayareatamilmanram.org/eng/introduction.php">Bay Area Tamil Manram</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027163310/http://www.bayareatamilmanram.org/eng/introduction.php">Archived</a> 2010-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HBL-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HBL_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/07/15/stories/2002071500050800.htm">"Osama's shadow on Sri Lanka?"</a>. <i>The Hindu Business Line</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+Business+Line&rft.atitle=Osama%27s+shadow+on+Sri+Lanka%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.in%2F2002%2F07%2F15%2Fstories%2F2002071500050800.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNP-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TNP_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-98530-Strangers-to-their-roots-and-those-around-them">"Strangers to Their Roots and Those Around Them"</a>. <i>The News (Pakistan)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+%28Pakistan%29&rft.atitle=Strangers+to+Their+Roots+and+Those+Around+Them&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2FTodays-News-4-98530-Strangers-to-their-roots-and-those-around-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHP-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PHP_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakistanhindupost.blogspot.com/2010/09/picture-of-tamil-hindus-in-karachi.html">"Tamil Hindus in Karachi"</a>. <i>Pakistan Hindu Post</i>. 21 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Hindu+Post&rft.atitle=Tamil+Hindus+in+Karachi&rft.date=2010-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpakistanhindupost.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F09%2Fpicture-of-tamil-hindus-in-karachi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020713024759/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?&actno=Reved-CONST&date=latest&method=part">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?&actno=Reved-CONST&date=latest&method=part">the original</a> on 2002-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keep+your+culture+the+challenge+for+South+Indians+in+Fiji+-+Fiji+Times+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fijitimes.com%2Fstory.aspx%3Fid%3D338105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_diaspora&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sangam.org/articles/view2/?uid=585">Tamil Diaspora by V. Sivasupramaniam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181236/http://searchko.in/literature/ta-cached.jsp?id=82&idx=0">Tamil Diaspora - A Trans State Nation by Nadesan Satyendra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://murugan.org/research/sivasupramaniam.htm">History of Tamil Diaspora by V. Sivasupramaniam</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tamil_diaspora67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_diaspora" title="Template:Tamil diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamil_diaspora" title="Template talk:Tamil diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tamil_diaspora67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Mauritian">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbars" title="Malbars">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Seychellois" title="Tamil Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_French_Guiana" title="Indians in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Guadeloupeans" title="Indo-Guadeloupeans">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Guyanese" title="Indo-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Martiniquais" title="Indo-Martiniquais">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_India" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in India">India (Sri Lankan Tamils)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Malaysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraavaru_people" title="Giraavaru people">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka (Indian Tamils)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Tamils" title="Swiss Tamils">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indians_in_Fiji" title="South Indians in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealanders" title="Tamil New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil_diaspora" title="Malaysian Tamil diaspora">Malaysian Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry diaspora">Pondicherry Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_diaspora" title="Tamil Nadu diaspora">Tamil Nadu Tamil diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Overseas_Asians_and_Asian_diasporas139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_Asians" title="Template:Overseas Asians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_Asians" title="Template talk:Overseas Asians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_Asians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas Asians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_Asians_and_Asian_diasporas139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overseas <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_diaspora" title="Asian diaspora">Asian diasporas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By origin<br />in Asia<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Asia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_of_Asia.svg/60px-Map_of_Asia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_of_Asia.svg/90px-Map_of_Asia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_of_Asia.svg/120px-Map_of_Asia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_diaspora" title="Mongolian diaspora">Mongolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek diaspora">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_diaspora" title="Ryukyuan diaspora">Ryukyuans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Taiwanese" title="Overseas Taiwanese">Taiwanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_diaspora" title="Maldivian diaspora">Maldivians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Resident_Nepali" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Resident Nepali">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan diaspora">Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_diaspora" title="Baloch diaspora">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" title="Bengali Hindu diaspora">Bengali Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_diaspora" title="Gujarati diaspora">Gujaratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Odia" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Odia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_diaspora" title="Kashmiri diaspora">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirpuri_diaspora" title="Mirpuri diaspora">Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_diaspora" title="Mizo diaspora">Mizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_diaspora" title="Pashtun diaspora">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_diaspora" title="Saraiki diaspora">Saraikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Sindhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_diaspora" title="South Indian diaspora">South Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali_diaspora" title="Malayali diaspora">Malayalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Gulf_diaspora" title="Kerala Gulf diaspora">In the Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_diaspora" title="Telugu diaspora">Telugus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Indonesians" title="Overseas Indonesians">Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Singaporean" title="Overseas Singaporean">Singaporeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Acehnese" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Acehnese">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_diaspora" title="Burmese diaspora">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos" title="Overseas Filipinos">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong diaspora">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_diaspora" title="Javanese diaspora">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_diaspora" title="Laotian diaspora">Laotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Malays">Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Minangkabau" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Minangkabau">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moluccan_diaspora" title="Moluccan diaspora">Moluccans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Thai" title="Overseas Thai">Thais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese" title="Overseas Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_diaspora" title="Arab diaspora">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_diaspora" title="Emirati diaspora">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_diaspora" title="Iraqi diaspora">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_diaspora" title="Yemeni diaspora">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Israeli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jews</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population#Diaspora" title="Kurdish population">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By<br />residence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Nigerian" title="Asian Nigerian">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_(South_Africa)" title="Asian (South Africa)">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadians" title="Asian Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Canadians" title="Southeast Asian Canadians">Southeast Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">West Asians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Latin_Americans" title="Asian Latin Americans">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Argentines" title="Asian Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilians" title="Asian Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Colombians" title="Asian Colombians">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexicans" title="Asian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Peruvians" title="Asian Peruvians">Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Caribbean_people" title="Asian Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Caribbean_people" title="Chinese Caribbean people">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_people" title="Indo-Caribbean people">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Surinamese" title="Asian Surinamese">Suriname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Surinamese" title="Indo-Surinamese">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Surinamese" title="Javanese Surinamese">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_diasporas_in_France" title="Asian diasporas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asians_in_Germany" title="Asians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Asians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_the_Netherlands" title="South Asians in the Netherlands">South Asians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_immigrants_to_Sweden" title="Asian immigrants to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Central Asians in the United Kingdom">Central Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="East Asians in the United Kingdom">East Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="South Asians in the United Kingdom">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Southeast Asians in the United Kingdom">Southeast Asians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_diaspora556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_diaspora" title="Template:Indian diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_diaspora" title="Template talk:Indian diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_diaspora556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora_in_Southeast_Africa" title="Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya" title="Indians in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Madagascar" title="Indians in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritians_of_Indian_origin" title="Mauritians of Indian origin">Mauritius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_Mauritians" title="Bihari Mauritians">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Mauritians" title="Tamil Mauritians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Mozambique" title="Indians in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9unionnais_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Réunionnais of Indian origin">Réunion</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Malbars" title="Malbars">Malbars</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Seychellois" title="Indo-Seychellois">Seychelles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Seychellois" title="Tamil Seychellois">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Tanzania" title="Indians in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Uganda" title="Indians in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zambia" title="Indians in Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Botswana" title="Indians in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Egypt" title="Indians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Indian" title="Ghanaian Indian">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indians in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_people" title="Indo-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Barbados" title="Indians in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Belizeans" title="Indo-Belizeans">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Indians in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Grenadians" title="Indo-Grenadians">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Guadeloupeans" title="Indo-Guadeloupeans">Guadeloupe</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Guyanese" title="Indo-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Haitians" title="Indo-Haitians">Haiti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Jamaicans" title="Indo-Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Martiniquais" title="Indo-Martiniquais">Martinique</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Indians in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saint_Lucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saint Lucian">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Vincentian" title="Indo-Vincentian">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Surinamese" title="Indo-Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Indians in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Argentina" title="Indians in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_immigration_to_Brazil" title="Indian immigration to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Chile" title="Indians in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_French_Guiana" title="Indians in French Guiana">French Guiana</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mexicans" title="Indian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Panama" title="Indians in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Peru" title="Indians in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Uruguayans" title="Indian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Venezuela" title="Indians in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglo-America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_Canadians" title="Anglo-Indian Canadians">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Canadians" title="Sindhi Canadians">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians_in_British_Columbia" title="South Asian Canadians in British Columbia">British Columbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="South Asian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Americans_by_location" title="Template:Indian Americans by location">by location</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Afghanistan" title="Indians in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Punjabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Bangladesh" title="Indians in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_Maldives" title="Indians in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Nepalis" title="Indian Nepalis">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Pakistan" title="Indians in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Indians in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatha_people" title="Bharatha people">Bharatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Chetties" title="Sri Lankan Chetties">Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Telugus" title="Sri Lankan Telugus">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Brunei" title="Indians in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Cambodia" title="Indians in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Gujaratis" title="Malaysian Gujaratis">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayalees" title="Malaysian Malayalees">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugus" title="Malaysian Telugus">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sarawak" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Indians" title="Burmese Indians">Myanmar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_people_in_Myanmar" title="Mizo people in Myanmar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Thailand" title="Indians in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Vietnam" title="Indians in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_Hong_Kong" title="South Asians in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Japan" title="Indians in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Korea" title="Indians in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Taiwan" title="Indians in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Bahrain" title="Indians in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Iran" title="Indians in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Israel" title="Indians in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Indian Jews in Israel">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kuwait" title="Indians in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Lebanon" title="Indians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Oman" title="Indians in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Qatar" title="Indians in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Resident_Indians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Non-Resident Indians in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Turkey" title="Indians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Indians in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Poland" title="Indians in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Russia" title="Indians in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Finland" title="Indians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Sweden" title="Indians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Cyprus" title="Indians in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Italy" title="Indians in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Maltese" title="Indian Maltese">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Portugal" title="Indians in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Spain" title="Indians in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_France" title="Indians in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Germany" title="Indians in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_Ireland" title="South Asians in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Switzerland" title="Indians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Tamils" title="Swiss Tamils">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_community_of_London" title="Indian community of London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indo-Caribbean_people" title="British Indo-Caribbean people">Indo-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Gujaratis" title="British Gujaratis">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sindhis" title="British Sindhis">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">Tamil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali_Australians" title="Malayali Australians">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Australians" title="Sindhi Australians">Sindhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Fijians" title="Indo-Fijians">Fiji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujaratis_in_Fiji" title="Gujaratis in Fiji">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indians_in_Fiji" title="South Indians in Fiji">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Caledonia<sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Zealanders" title="Indian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Indians" title="Māori Indians">Maori-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_New_Zealanders" title="Punjabi New Zealanders">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealanders" title="Tamil New Zealanders">Tamil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.30em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora#Diaspora_by_state_and_ethnolinguistic_regions_of_India" title="Indian diaspora">Ethnic diasporas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" title="Bengali Hindu diaspora">Bengali Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_diaspora" title="Gujarati diaspora">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_diaspora" title="Kashmiri diaspora">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirpuri_diaspora" title="Mirpuri diaspora">Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_diaspora" title="Mizo diaspora">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_diaspora" title="Odia diaspora">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Punjabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikhs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_diaspora" title="South Indian diaspora">South Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali_diaspora" title="Malayali diaspora">Malayalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Gulf_diaspora" title="Kerala Gulf diaspora">In the Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_diaspora" title="Telugu diaspora">Telugus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South Asian diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desi" title="Desi">Desi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_India" title="Little India">Little India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman" title="Pravasi Bharatiya Samman">Non-Resident Indian Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Divas" title="Pravasi Bharatiya Divas">Non-Resident Indian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas department</a> of France in the southwest Indian Ocean</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas departments</a> of France in the Americas</li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup>A <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France#Sui_generis_collectivity" title="Overseas France">sui generis collectivity</a> of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sri_Lanka&#124;link=Sri_Lanka_Sri_Lankan_diaspora173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_diaspora" title="Template:Sri Lankan diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_diaspora" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Sri Lankan diaspora">Sri Lankan diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_Hong_Kong" title="South Asians in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_India" title="Sri Lankans in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Japan" title="Sri Lankans in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Lebanon" title="Sri Lankans in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Malaysia" title="Sri Lankans in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Singapore" title="Sri Lankans in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankans in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sri Lankan Flag"><img alt="The Sri Lankan Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/110px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/165px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/220px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_France" title="Sri Lankans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Italy" title="Sri Lankans in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Switzerland" title="Sri Lankans in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sri_Lankans" title="British Sri Lankans">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_London" title="Ethnic groups in London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Bermuda" title="Sri Lankans in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Canadians" title="Sri Lankan Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="South Asian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan American">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Australian">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_New_Zealanders" title="Sri Lankan New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536321#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata754" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536321#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata754" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536321#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1745963/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tamil diaspora"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008005233">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559098805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7dfdf5498‐kr2p7 Cached time: 20250220120542 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.046 seconds Real time usage: 1.289 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7511/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 252306/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 11117/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 37/500 Unstrip 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