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<ul id="toc-Dispute_with_Lawrence_Summers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Post</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast,_film,_and_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast,_film,_and_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Broadcast, film, and recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast,_film,_and_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism and controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Views_on_race_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_race_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Views on race in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_race_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_Barack_Obama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Barack_Obama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Views on Barack Obama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Barack_Obama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_Bernie_Sanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_Bernie_Sanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Support for Bernie Sanders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_Bernie_Sanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>2024 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Published works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Discography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="كورنيل ويست – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كورنيل ويست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Корнел Уест – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корнел Уест" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="کرنل وست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرنل وست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%84%AC_%EC%9B%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="코넬 웨스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코넬 웨스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A9" title="Քորնել Ուեսթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քորնել Ուեսթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98" title="קורנל וסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורנל וסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="كورنيل ويست – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كورنيل ويست" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="コーネル・ウェスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーネル・ウェスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Уэст, Корнел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уэст, Корнел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%84_%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="کۆرنێل وێست – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆرنێل وێست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cornel West" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9" title="کارنیل رونالڈ ویسٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارنیل رونالڈ ویسٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%83%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="康乃爾·韋斯特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="康乃爾·韋斯特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q712469#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American philosopher and political activist (born 1953)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the residential section of Cornell University, see <a href="/wiki/Cornell_West_Campus" title="Cornell West Campus">Cornell West Campus</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Cornel West</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/330px-Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/440px-Cornel_West_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">West in 2018</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Cornel Ronald West</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1953-06-02</span>) </span>June 2, 1953<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 71)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_Matters" title="Race Matters">Race Matters</a></i> (1993)</li><li><i>Democracy Matters</i> (2004)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Justice For All Party (since 2024)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (since 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-DN!2023_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN!2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Hill2023_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hill2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a> (2023)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a> (since 1982)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Hilda Holloman</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1977, divorced)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Ramona Santiago</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1981; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1986)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Elleni Gebre Amlak</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1992, divorced)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Leslie Kotkin</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2015; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2018)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Annahita Mahdavi</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2021)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">Neopragmatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist Christianity</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary (New York City)">Union Theological Seminary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris-VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris-VIII">University of Paris in Saint-Denis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11065324"><i>Ethics, Historicism and the Marxist Tradition</i></a> (1980)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Geuss" title="Raymond Geuss">Raymond Geuss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Wolin" title="Sheldon Wolin">Sheldon Wolin</a><sup id="cite_ref-diss_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leah_Hunt-Hendrix" title="Leah Hunt-Hendrix">Leah Hunt-Hendrix</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornel_West_on_Promoting_Young_Black_Voices_in_the_Media.flac" title="File:Cornel West on Promoting Young Black Voices in the Media.flac">West's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="Cornel_West_on_Promoting_Young_Black_Voices_in_the_Media.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Cornel_West_on_Promoting_Young_Black_Voices_in_the_Media.flac/Cornel_West_on_Promoting_Young_Black_Voices_in_the_Media.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Cornel_West_on_Promoting_Young_Black_Voices_in_the_Media.flac/Cornel_West_on_Promoting_Young_Black_Voices_in_the_Media.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Cornel_West_on_Promoting_Young_Black_Voices_in_the_Media.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACornel_West_on_Promoting_Young_Black_Voices_in_the_Media.flac&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">From an interview published on June 9, 2015</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cornelwest.com">cornelwest<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712469#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cornel Ronald West</b> (born June 2, 1953) is an American philosopher, theologian, political activist, politician, social critic, and <a href="/wiki/Public_intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Public intellectual">public intellectual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grandson of a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> minister, West's primary philosophy focuses on the roles of <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class struggle</a> in American society. A <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>, West draws intellectual contributions from multiple traditions, including <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">left-wing populism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">neopragmatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blackbio_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackbio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his most influential books are <i><a href="/wiki/Race_Matters" title="Race Matters">Race Matters</a></i> (1993) and <i>Democracy Matters</i> (2004). During his career, he has held professorships and fellowships at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary (New York City)">Union Theological Seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepperdine_University" title="Pepperdine University">Pepperdine University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_in_Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris in Saint-Denis">University of Paris in Saint-Denis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AmericanAcademy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericanAcademy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been featured in several documentaries, and made appearances in Hollywood films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded" title="The Matrix Reloaded">The Matrix Reloaded</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions" title="The Matrix Revolutions">The Matrix Revolutions</a></i>, as well as providing commentary for both films. West has also made several <a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> albums. West is an outspoken voice in <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">left-wing politics in the United States</a>. </p><p>West was an independent candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West was born on June 2, 1953, in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influx_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influx-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grew up in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>, California, where he graduated from <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_High_School_(Sacramento,_California)" title="John F. Kennedy High School (Sacramento, California)">John F. Kennedy High School</a>. His mother, Irene Rayshell (Bias), was a teacher and principal. His father, Clifton Louis West Jr., was a <a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">general contractor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather Clifton L. West, Sr. was pastor of the Tulsa Metropolitan Baptist Church.<sup id="cite_ref-princetondean_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princetondean-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irene B. West Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove,_California" title="Elk Grove, California">Elk Grove</a>, California, is named after his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a teen, West marched in <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> demonstrations and organized protests demanding Black studies courses at his high school, where he was the student body president. He later wrote that, in his youth, he admired "the sincere Black militancy of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>, the defiant rage of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a>, and the livid <a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a> of <a href="/wiki/James_Cone" class="mw-redirect" title="James Cone">James Cone</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, after graduation from high school, he enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> and took classes taught by the philosophers <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cavell" title="Stanley Cavell">Stanley Cavell</a>. In 1973, West was graduated from Harvard <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_honors" title="Latin honors">magna cum laude</a></i> in Near Eastern languages and civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He credits Harvard with exposing him to a broader range of ideas and that he was influenced by his professors as well as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> (BPP). West says his Christianity prevented him from joining the BPP, instead choosing to work in local breakfast, prison, and church programs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After completing his undergraduate work at Harvard, West enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, where he received master's and PhD degrees in 1980, completing a dissertation under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Geuss" title="Raymond Geuss">Raymond Geuss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Wolin" title="Sheldon Wolin">Sheldon Wolin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diss_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the first African American to graduate from Princeton with a PhD degree in philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Princeton, West was heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">neopragmatism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendieta_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendieta-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rorty remained a close friend and colleague of West's for many years following West's graduation. The title of West's <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> was <i>Ethics, Historicism, and the Marxist Tradition</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was later revised and published under the title <i>The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendieta_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendieta-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_appointments">Academic appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his late 20s, he returned to Harvard as a <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> before becoming an assistant professor at <a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_in_the_City_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York">Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York</a>. In 1984, he went to <a href="/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School" title="Yale Divinity School">Yale Divinity School</a> in what eventually became a joint appointment in <a href="/wiki/American_studies" title="American studies">American studies</a>. While at Yale, he participated in campus protests for a clerical labor union and <a href="/wiki/Divestment" title="Divestment">divestment</a> from <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South Africa. One of the protests resulted in his being arrested and jailed. As punishment, the university administration canceled his leave for the spring term in 1987, leading him to commute from Yale in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, where he was teaching two classes, across the Atlantic Ocean to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_in_Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris in Saint-Denis">University of Paris in Saint-Denis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blackbio_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackbio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then returned to Union Theological Seminary for one year before going to Princeton to become a professor of religion and director of the program in <a href="/wiki/African_American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African American studies">African American Studies</a> from 1988 to 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-blackbio_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackbio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Princeton, he accepted an appointment as professor of African American studies at Harvard University, with a joint appointment at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aaseng_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aaseng-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West taught one of the university's most popular courses, an introductory class on African American studies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, he was appointed the first <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse Fletcher">Alphonse Fletcher</a> <a href="/wiki/Endowed_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Endowed professor">University Professor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West used this new position to teach in not only African American studies, but also courses in divinity, religion, and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Aaseng_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aaseng-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West was also inducted into <a href="/wiki/Omicron_Delta_Kappa" title="Omicron Delta Kappa">Omicron Delta Kappa</a> in 1998 at <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Plattsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="SUNY Plattsburgh">SUNY Plattsburgh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dispute_with_Lawrence_Summers">Dispute with Lawrence Summers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dispute with Lawrence Summers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, economist and former U.S. Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a> became president of Harvard. Soon after, Summers held a private meeting with West, in which he reportedly rebuked West for missing too many classes, contributing to <a href="/wiki/Grade_inflation" title="Grade inflation">grade inflation</a>, neglecting serious scholarship, and spending too much time on his financially profitable projects.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summers reportedly suggested that West produce an academic book befitting his professorial position, as his recent output had consisted primarily of co-written and edited volumes. According to some reports, Summers also objected to West's production of a CD, the critically panned <i>Sketches of My Culture</i>, and to his political campaigning, including spending an alleged three weeks to promote <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley" title="Bill Bradley">Bill Bradley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Bradley 2000 presidential campaign">2000 presidential campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West contended he had missed only one class during his time at Harvard "in order to give a keynote address at a Harvard-sponsored conference on AIDS". Summers also allegedly suggested that since West held the rank of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Professor">Harvard University Professor</a> and thus reported directly to the president, he should meet with Summers regularly to discuss the progress of his academic production.<sup id="cite_ref-indignant_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indignant-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summers refused to comment on the details of his conversation with West, except to state that he hoped that West would remain at Harvard. Soon after, West was hospitalized for <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>. West noted that Summers failed to send him get-well wishes until weeks after his surgery, whereas newly installed Princeton president <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Tilghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirley Tilghman">Shirley Tilghman</a> had contacted him frequently before and after his treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-indignant_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indignant-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, West left Harvard University to return to Princeton. West criticized Summers in public interviews, calling him "the <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> of higher education" on the NPR program <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tavis_Smiley_Show" title="The Tavis Smiley Show">The Tavis Smiley Show</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to these remarks, five Princeton faculty members, led by professor of molecular biology <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Robert_Fresco" title="Jacques Robert Fresco">Jacques Robert Fresco</a>, said they looked with "strong disfavor upon his characterization" of Summers and that "such an analogy carries innuendoes and implications ... that many on the Princeton faculty find highly inappropriate, indeed repugnant and intolerable".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>'s undergraduate student newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></i>, suggested in October 2002 that the premise of the <i><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Order:_Criminal_Intent" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Order: Criminal Intent">Law and Order: Criminal Intent</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Thesis">Anti-Thesis</a>" was based on West's conflicts with Summers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post">Post</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, West returned to Princeton, where he helped found the Center for African American studies in 2006. In 2012, West left Princeton and returned to the institution where he began his teaching career, Union Theological Seminary.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to teach occasional courses at Princeton in an <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus</a> capacity as the Class of 1943 University Professor in the Center for African American Studies.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>West returned to Harvard in November 2016, leaving Union Theological Seminary for a nontenured position as Professor of the Practice of Public Philosophy. He was appointed jointly at the Harvard Divinity School and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</a> Department of African and African American Studies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In February 2021, reports circulated that West was denied consideration for <a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenure</a> at Harvard and that he had threatened to leave the university again.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 8, 2021, West announced that he would leave Harvard and move to the <a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary (New York City)">Union Theological Seminary</a> in Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He submitted a resignation letter to Harvard on June 30, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> West implied that the decision to deny him tenure was retaliation for his critical stance on Israel and the Palestinian cause. West wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Is Harvard a place for a free Black man like myself whose Christian faith and witness put equal value on Palestinian and Jewish babies – like all babies – and reject all occupations as immoral?</p></blockquote> <p>On July 1, 2021, West rejoined the faculty of Union Theological Seminary in Manhattan, holding the prestigious Dietrich Bonhoeffer Chair. Affiliated with Columbia University since 1928, Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York has served as the Columbia University constituent faculty of theology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The recipient of more than 20 honorary degrees and an <a href="/wiki/American_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="American Book Award">American Book Award</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pragmatic_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pragmatic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> West has written or contributed to more than twenty published books. West is a long-time member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a>, for which he has served as honorary chair.<sup id="cite_ref-blackbio_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackbio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Network_of_Spiritual_Progressives" title="Network of Spiritual Progressives">Network of Spiritual Progressives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> West is on the advisory board of the <a href="/wiki/International_Bridges_to_Justice" title="International Bridges to Justice">International Bridges to Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2008, he received special recognition from the <a href="/wiki/World_Cultural_Council" title="World Cultural Council">World Cultural Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> West is also a member of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a> fraternity and its <a href="/wiki/World_Policy_Council" title="World Policy Council">World Policy Council</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> whose purpose is to expand involvement of Alpha Phi Alpha in politics and social policy to encompass international concerns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Carby" title="Hazel Carby">Hazel Carby</a> compared West to <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> as a prolific African-American thinker and has been cited as "[p]erhaps the most influential contemporary recover of Du Bois".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By establishing West within Du Bois's tradition of racial thought, Carby emphasized the similarities in their intellectual positions and their aesthetic presences, such as clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West has been widely cited in the popular press.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His scholarship has been criticized as well as praised; <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> literary editor <a href="/wiki/Leon_Wieseltier" title="Leon Wieseltier">Leon Wieseltier</a> called West's writing "sectarian, humorless, pedantic, and self-endeared".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, West was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and in 1999, to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AmericanAcademy_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericanAcademy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast,_film,_and_recording"><span id="Broadcast.2C_film.2C_and_recording"></span>Broadcast, film, and recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Broadcast, film, and recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West appears as Councillor West in both <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded" title="The Matrix Reloaded">The Matrix Reloaded</a></i> (2001) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions" title="The Matrix Revolutions">The Matrix Revolutions</a></i> (2003) and also provides the voice for this character in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Matrix" title="Enter the Matrix">Enter the Matrix</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-agger_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agger-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, West provides philosophical commentary on all three Matrix films in <a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Matrix_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ultimate Matrix Collection">The Ultimate Matrix Collection</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Integral_theory_(Ken_Wilber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral theory (Ken Wilber)">integral theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </p><p>West has made several appearances in documentary films, such as 2008's <i><a href="/wiki/Examined_Life" title="Examined Life">Examined Life</a></i>, a documentary featuring several academics discussing philosophy in real-world contexts. West, "driving through Manhattan, ... compares philosophy to <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, reminding us how intense and invigorating a life of the mind can be".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He also appears in conversation with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Withers" title="Bill Withers">Bill Withers</a> in the 2009 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Still_Bill_(film)" title="Still Bill (film)">Still Bill</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>West has made frequent appearances on the political talk show <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_with_Bill_Maher" title="Real Time with Bill Maher">Real Time with Bill Maher</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A character based on West and events in his career appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent" title="Law & Order: Criminal Intent">Law & Order: Criminal Intent</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Thesis">Anti-Thesis</a>", significant for introducing the recurring villain character <a href="/wiki/List_of_Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent_characters#Nicole_Wallace" title="List of Law & Order: Criminal Intent characters">Nicole Wallace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2012, West guest-starred in the sixth season of the American television comedy series <i><a href="/wiki/30_Rock" title="30 Rock">30 Rock</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/What_Will_Happen_to_the_Gang_Next_Year%3F" title="What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year?">What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year?</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West recorded a recitation of <a href="/wiki/John_Mellencamp" title="John Mellencamp">John Mellencamp</a>'s song "Jim Crow" for inclusion on the singer's <a href="/wiki/Box_set" title="Box set">box set</a> <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Rural_Route_7609" title="On the Rural Route 7609">On the Rural Route 7609</a></i> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-princetonian_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princetonian-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2010, he completed recording with the Cornel West Theory, a <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> band endorsed by West.<sup id="cite_ref-princetonian_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princetonian-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He also has released several hip-hop-soul-spoken word albums. In 2001, West released his first album, <i>Sketches of My Culture</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Street Knowledge</i> followed in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, West released his third album, entitled <i>Never Forget: A Journey of Revelations</i>, which included collaborations with the likes of <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talib_Kweli" title="Talib Kweli">Talib Kweli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jill_Scott_(singer)" title="Jill Scott (singer)">Jill Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andre_3000" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre 3000">Andre 3000</a>, <a href="/wiki/KRS-One" title="KRS-One">KRS-One</a>, <a href="/wiki/Killer_Mike" title="Killer Mike">Killer Mike</a>, and the late <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Levert" title="Gerald Levert">Gerald Levert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West appeared on <a href="/wiki/Immortal_Technique" title="Immortal Technique">Immortal Technique</a>'s song "Sign of the Times", which appeared on the 2011 album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Martyr_(album)" title="The Martyr (album)">The Martyr</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, he was featured on <a href="/wiki/Brother_Ali" title="Brother Ali">Brother Ali</a>'s song "Letter to My Countrymen", which appeared on the album <i><a href="/wiki/Mourning_in_America_and_Dreaming_in_Color" title="Mourning in America and Dreaming in Color">Mourning in America and Dreaming in Color</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West is a frequent conversation partner with his friend <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">Robert P. George</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> intellectual, with the two often speaking together at colleges and universities on the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">liberal arts education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_discourse" title="Civil discourse">civil dialogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2020, he was listed by <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)"><i>Prospect</i> magazine</a> as the fourth-greatest thinker for the COVID-19 era.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 2020, West is also the co-host, along with <a href="/wiki/Tricia_Rose" title="Tricia Rose">Tricia Rose</a>, of the podcast <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tight_Rope" title="The Tight Rope">The Tight Rope</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_controversies">Criticism and controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West has drawn criticism for his spending habits, having been in debt often and owing the IRS $483,000 as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the spending has gone towards extramarital affairs, with some girlfriends and ex-wives claiming that he impregnates and abandons women.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has been described as controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism">Activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_race_in_the_United_States">Views on race in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Views on race in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm/220px--Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="3480" data-mwtitle="Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm/Cornel_West_-_What_It_Means_to_Be_Human.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>West discussing race and human nature in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>West has called the U.S. a "racist patriarchal" nation where <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> continues to define everyday life. "White America", he writes, "has been historically weak-willed in ensuring racial justice and has continued to resist fully accepting the humanity of Blacks." He goes on to say this has created many "degraded and oppressed people hungry for identity, meaning, and self-worth." West attributes most of the Black community's problems to "existential angst derive[d] from the lived experience of <a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontological</a> wounds and emotional scars inflicted by white supremacist beliefs and images permeating U.S. society and culture."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In West's view, the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> "gave white Americans a glimpse of what it means to be a Black person in the United States", feeling "unsafe, unprotected, subject to random violence, and hatred for who they are".<sup id="cite_ref-democracy_matters_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracy_matters-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "The ugly terrorist attacks on innocent civilians on 9/11", he said, "plunged the whole country into the blues."<sup id="cite_ref-democracy_matters_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracy_matters-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>West was arrested on October 13, 2014, while protesting against the <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Michael Brown">shooting of Michael Brown</a> and participating in <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_October" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferguson October">Ferguson October</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again on August 10, 2015, while demonstrating outside a courthouse in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> on the one-year anniversary of Brown's death.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2015 documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Bars4justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Bars4justice">#Bars4Justice</a></i> includes footage of West demonstrating and being arrested in Ferguson.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornel_West_%26_Robert_P._George_(28154741749).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cornel_West_%26_Robert_P._George_%2828154741749%29.jpg/220px-Cornel_West_%26_Robert_P._George_%2828154741749%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cornel_West_%26_Robert_P._George_%2828154741749%29.jpg/330px-Cornel_West_%26_Robert_P._George_%2828154741749%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cornel_West_%26_Robert_P._George_%2828154741749%29.jpg/440px-Cornel_West_%26_Robert_P._George_%2828154741749%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>West (left) with <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">Robert P. George</a> (right) in 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>West has described himself as a "non-<a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> socialist" (partly because he does not view Marxism and Christianity as reconcilable)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and previously served as honorary chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a>, which he has described as "the first multiracial, socialist organization close enough to my politics that I could join."<sup id="cite_ref-blackbio_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackbio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Matrix</i>-themed documentary entitled, <i>The Burly Man Chronicles</i>, he described himself as a "radical democrat, suspicious of all forms of authority".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>West has argued "the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s ugly totalitarian regime was desirable,"<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but that the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Iraq">war in Iraq</a> was the result of "dishonest manipulation" on the part of the Bush administration.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He asserts that Bush administration <a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">hawks</a> "are not simply conservative elites and right-wing ideologues," but rather are "evangelical nihilists – drunk with power and driven by grand delusions of American domination of the world." He adds, "[we now] are experiencing the sad gangsterization of America, an unbridled grasp at power, wealth, and status." Viewing capitalism as the root cause of these alleged American lusts, West warns, "<a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Free-market fundamentalism</a> trivializes the concern for public interest. It puts fear and insecurity in the hearts of anxiety-ridden workers. It also makes money-driven, poll-obsessed elected officials deferential to corporate goals of profit – often at the cost of the common good."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>West has been involved with such projects as the <a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russell_Simmons" title="Russell Simmons">Russell Simmons</a>'s Hip-Hop Summit, and he has worked with such public figures as <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Al Sharpton 2004 presidential campaign">2004 presidential campaign</a> West advised.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, West worked as a senior advisor to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a> presidential candidate Bill Bradley. When Bradley lost in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a>, West became a prominent and active supporter of <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a>, speaking at several Nader rallies. Some Greens sought to <a href="/wiki/Draft_(politics)" title="Draft (politics)">draft</a> West to run as a presidential candidate in 2004. West declined, citing his active participation in the Al Sharpton campaign. West, along with other prominent <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2000 presidential campaign">Nader 2000</a> supporters, signed the "Vote to Stop Bush" statement urging progressive voters in swing states to vote for <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, despite strong disagreements with many of Kerry's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In April 2002, West and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lerner_(rabbi)" title="Michael Lerner (rabbi)">Michael Lerner</a> engaged in an act of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> by sitting in the street in front of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> "in solidarity with suffering Palestinian and Israeli brothers and sisters". West said, "[w]e must keep in touch with the humanity of both sides".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2007, West joined a demonstration against "injustices faced by the Palestinian people resulting from the Israeli occupation" and "to bring attention to this 40-year travesty of justice". In 2011, West called on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> to divest from companies profiting from the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories">Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornel_West_by_DW_Nance_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cornel_West_by_DW_Nance_6.jpg/220px-Cornel_West_by_DW_Nance_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cornel_West_by_DW_Nance_6.jpg/330px-Cornel_West_by_DW_Nance_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cornel_West_by_DW_Nance_6.jpg/440px-Cornel_West_by_DW_Nance_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>West in January 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>West also serves as co-chair of the Network of Spiritual Progressives (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Tikkun_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikkun Community">Tikkun Community</a>). He co-chaired the National Parenting Organization's Task Force on Parent Empowerment and participated in President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s National Conversation on Race. He has publicly endorsed <i><a href="/wiki/In_These_Times_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="In These Times (publication)">In These Times</a></i> magazine by calling it: "The most creative and challenging news magazine of the American left." He is also a contributing editor for <i><a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a></i> magazine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>West supports <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a> (PETA) in its Kentucky Fried Cruelty campaign, aimed at eliminating what PETA describes as the inhumane treatment of chickens by <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a>. West is quoted on PETA flyers: "Although most people don't know chickens as well as they know cats and dogs, chickens are interesting individuals with personalities and interests every bit as developed as the dogs and cats with whom many of us share our lives."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, West contributed his insights on the global issue of modernized slavery and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> in the documentary <i>Call+Response</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> West is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Peace_and_Democracy" title="Campaign for Peace and Democracy">Campaign for Peace and Democracy</a>. </p><p>In 2011, West expressed his frustration with some critics of <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a>, who said the movement lacked a clear and unified message. West replied by saying:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>It's impossible to translate the issue of the greed of Wall Street into one demand, or two demands. We're talking about a democratic awakening...you're talking about raising political consciousness so it spills over all parts of the country, so people can begin to see what's going on through a set of different lens, and then you begin to highlight what the more detailed demands would be. Because in the end we're really talking about what <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin King</a> would call a revolution: A transfer of power from <a href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">oligarchs</a> to everyday people of all colors. And that is a step by step process.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>On October 16, 2011, West was in Washington, D.C., participating in the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_D.C." title="Occupy D.C.">Occupy D.C.</a> protests on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> over the court's decision in the <i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._Federal_Election_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission">Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission</a></i> case the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five days later, he was arrested during an Occupy Wall Street protest in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> against the New York Police Department's <a href="/wiki/Stop_and_frisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop and frisk">stop and frisk</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, West co-initiated the Stop Mass Incarceration Network, a project of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Communist Party USA">Revolutionary Communist Party USA</a>. Later that year, he and RCP chairman <a href="/wiki/Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">Bob Avakian</a> took part in a filmed discussion on "Religion and Revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In August 2017, West was one of a group of interfaith, multiracial clergy who took part in a counter-protest at the <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Unite the Right Rally">Unite the Right Rally</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>; West averred that <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifa (U.S.)">Antifa</a> had saved their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>West is an outspoken supporter of <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a>, on one occasion saying: "[Assange] has been simply laying bare some of the crimes and lies of the American empire".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West stated that he believed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> was "a criminal invasion, provoked by the expansion of <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">NATO</a>, which is an instrument of U.S. global power" and described the war as a "proxy war between the American Empire and the Russian Federation".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West condemned <a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israeli war crimes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and called for a ceasefire in the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, saying that the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-10/22" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22">US veto</a> at the UN Security Council "to block a vote to end Israel’s barbaric genocidal campaign in Gaza is an act of spiritual obscenity and moral bankruptcy."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He called President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> a war criminal and said Israel and the US are complicit in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">genocide of the Palestinians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_Barack_Obama">Views on Barack Obama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Views on Barack Obama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm/220px--Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="148" data-durationhint="198" data-mwtitle="Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="712" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1068" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1562" data-height="1054" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="214" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="356" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="534" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm/Cornel_West_Responds_to_Michael_Eric_Dyson.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="534" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>West discussing a public feud with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a> over <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>West has often spoken about the lack of adequate Black leadership and how it results in doubt within Black communities as to their political potential to ensure change.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West publicly supported <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2008">2008 Democratic presidential candidate</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, and spoke to more than 1,000 of Obama's supporters at the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, on November 29, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West criticized Obama when he won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 2009, saying that it would be difficult for Obama to be "a war president with a peace prize". West further retracted his support for Obama in an April 2011 interview, stating that Obama is "a black mascot of Wall Street oligarchs and a black muppet of corporate plutocrats. And now he has become head of the American killing machine and is proud of it".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2012, West said in an interview that he considered Obama a "<a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican" title="Rockefeller Republican">Rockefeller Republican</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 2011, West participated in a "Poverty Tour" with <a href="/wiki/Tavis_Smiley" title="Tavis Smiley">Tavis Smiley</a>, his co-host on the <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">Public Radio International</a> program <i>Smiley & West</i>. The tour became a two-part special on their radio program, as well as a five-night special on the PBS television program <i>Tavis Smiley</i>. They recounted their experience on the tour in their 2012 bestselling book <i>The Rich and the Rest of Us</i>. The stated aim of the tour was to highlight the plight of the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">impoverished population of the United States</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>, whose candidates, West and Smiley stated, had ignored the plight of the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm/220px--Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="356" data-mwtitle="Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm/Cornel_West_Introduces_Bernie_Sanders_in_South_Carolina.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>West introduces <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> at a September 2015 <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_presidential_campaign,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016">campaign</a> rally in South Carolina</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2014, West gave an interview criticizing Obama, calling him a "counterfeit" who posed as a progressive. West defined Obama's presidency as "a Wall Street presidency, a drone presidency, a national security presidency".<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_Bernie_Sanders">Support for Bernie Sanders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Support for Bernie Sanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, West expressed his support for Democratic contender <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> during an interview on <i><a href="/wiki/CNN_Tonight" title="CNN Tonight">CNN Tonight</a></i>. West argued that the Sanders plans to redistribute wealth from Wall Street elites to the poorest members of society would be beneficial for the African-American community.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On August 24, 2015, West tweeted, "I endorse Brother @BernieSanders because he is a long-distance runner with integrity in the struggle for justice for over 50 years."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2016, after Sanders exited the presidential race, West endorsed <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> and her running mate <a href="/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka" title="Ajamu Baraka">Ajamu Baraka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West, who was critical of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist</a> foreign policy in 2016, referred to Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> as a "<a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> disaster",<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accused Clinton of merely posing as a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Following the victory of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, West contended in an op-ed for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> that white working- and middle-class voters "rejected the economic neglect of neoliberal policies and the self-righteous arrogance of elites", yet "supported a candidate who appeared to blame their social misery on minorities, and who alienated Mexican immigrants, Muslims, Black people, Jews, gay people, women, and China in the process."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nina_Turner_%26_Cornel_West_(49392454532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nina_Turner_%26_Cornel_West_%2849392454532%29.jpg/220px-Nina_Turner_%26_Cornel_West_%2849392454532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nina_Turner_%26_Cornel_West_%2849392454532%29.jpg/330px-Nina_Turner_%26_Cornel_West_%2849392454532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nina_Turner_%26_Cornel_West_%2849392454532%29.jpg/440px-Nina_Turner_%26_Cornel_West_%2849392454532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Nina Turner</a> and West campaigning for Sanders in 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2020, West once again put his support behind Bernie Sanders, who mounted a <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign">second presidential bid</a> in that election cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_presidential_campaign">2024 presidential campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2024 presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cornel_West_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Cornel West 2024 presidential campaign">Cornel West 2024 presidential campaign</a></div><p>On June 5, 2023, West announced he would run in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 presidential election</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_People%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for a People's Party">People's Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ThirdParty_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThirdParty-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West's decision to run with the People's Party sparked criticism due to the party's lack of ballot access, claims of leadership dysfunction, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment allegations</a> against the party founder <a href="/wiki/Nick_Brana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Brana">Nick Brana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 14, West announced that he would instead seek the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> nomination, running a campaign centered around support for <a href="/wiki/Medicare_for_All" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicare for All">Medicare for All</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Public housing in the United States and Canada">public housing</a>, action on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and drastically cutting the <a href="/wiki/U.S._military_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military budget">U.S. military budget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 5, 2023, West announced that he was abandoning his candidacy for the Green nomination, and would instead continue his presidential bid as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent candidate">independent candidate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-slams_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slams-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 1, 2024, West announced the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Justice_For_All_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice For All Party">Justice For All Party</a> (JFA), which he claimed would pursue a strategy of securing ballot access in specific areas (Florida, North Carolina, and Washington).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2024, Cornel West and his running mate Melina Abdullah were both disqualified and denied entry onto the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan" title="2024 United States presidential election in Michigan">2024 Michigan presidential election</a> ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West's campaign received <a href="/wiki/Cornel_West_2024_presidential_campaign#Support_from_Republicans" title="Cornel West 2024 presidential campaign">extensive support from Republican and Trump allies</a> to stay on the ballot in swing states in hope that he would take votes from Kamala Harris.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West expressed ambivalence about the support from Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Masciotra criticized West for aligning himself with people and candidates who defend aggressive actions by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of August 2024, West was polling below 1% nationally, his campaign was $17,000 in debt, and he was no longer actively campaigning.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Black Theology and Marxist Thought" (1979) – essay</li> <li><i>Prophesy Deliverance! An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity</i> (1982)</li> <li><i>Post-Analytic Philosophy</i>, edited with John Rajchman (1985)</li> <li><i>Prophetic Fragments</i> (1988)</li> <li><i>The American Evasion of Philosophy: A Genealogy of Pragmatism</i> (1989)</li> <li><i>Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual Life</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a>, 1991)</li> <li><i>The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought</i> (1991)</li> <li><i>Prophetic Thought in Postmodern Times: Beyond Eurocentrism and Multiculturalism</i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_Matters" title="Race Matters">Race Matters</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i>Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America</i> (1994)</li> <li><i>Jews and Blacks: A Dialogue on Race, Religion, and Culture in America</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lerner_(rabbi)" title="Michael Lerner (rabbi)">Michael Lerner</a>, 1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_the_Race" title="The Future of the Race">The Future of the Race</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates, Jr.">Henry Louis Gates, Jr.</a>, 1996)</li> <li><i>Restoring Hope: Conversations on the Future of Black America</i> (1997)</li> <li><i>The War Against Parents: What We Can Do for America's Beleaguered Moms and Dads</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Ann_Hewlett" title="Sylvia Ann Hewlett">Sylvia Ann Hewlett</a>, 1998)</li> <li><i>The Future of American Progressivism</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Unger" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto Unger">Roberto Unger</a>, 1998)</li> <li><i>The Cornel West Reader</i> (1999)</li> <li><i>The African-American Century: How Black Americans Have Shaped Our Century</i> (with Henry Louis Gates, Jr., 2000)</li> <li><i>Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism</i> (2004)</li> <li>Commentary on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded" title="The Matrix Reloaded">The Matrix Reloaded</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions" title="The Matrix Revolutions">The Matrix Revolutions</a></i>; see <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Matrix_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ultimate Matrix Collection">The Ultimate Matrix Collection</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a>, 2004)</li> <li><i>Hope on a Tightrope: Words & Wisdom</i> (2008)</li> <li><i>Brother West: Living & Loving Out Loud</i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rich_and_the_Rest_of_Us:_A_Poverty_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifesto">The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifesto</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Tavis_Smiley" title="Tavis Smiley">Tavis Smiley</a>, 2012)</li> <li><i>Pro+Agonist: The Art of Opposition</i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Prophetic_Fire" title="Black Prophetic Fire">Black Prophetic Fire</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i>The Radical King</i> (2016)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Film</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mumia-themovie.com/interviews.html"><i>Long Distance Revolutionary: A Journey with Mumia Abu-Jamal</i></a> as himself</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded" title="The Matrix Reloaded">The Matrix Reloaded</a></i> (2003) as Councilor West</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions" title="The Matrix Revolutions">The Matrix Revolutions</a></i> (2003) as Councilor West</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Street_Fight_(film)" title="Street Fight (film)">Street Fight</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Examined_Life" title="Examined Life">Examined Life</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Private_Lives_of_Pippa_Lee" title="The Private Lives of Pippa Lee">The Private Lives of Pippa Lee</a> </i> (2009) as Don Sexton</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bars4justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Bars4justice">#Bars4Justice</a></i> (2015) as himself</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chasing_Trane:_The_John_Coltrane_Documentary" title="Chasing Trane: The John Coltrane Documentary">Chasing Trane: The John Coltrane Documentary</a> </i> (2016) as himself</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Safe_Spaces" title="No Safe Spaces">No Safe Spaces</a></i> (2019) as himself.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Television</b> </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Will_Happen_to_the_Gang_Next_Year%3F" title="What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year?">What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year?</a>" on <i><a href="/wiki/30_Rock" title="30 Rock">30 Rock</a></i> (2012) as himself</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Discography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Albums</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Sketches of My Culture</i> (2001)</li> <li><i>Street Knowledge</i> (2004)</li> <li><i>Never Forget: A Journey of Revelations</i> (2007) (with BMWMB)</li></ul> <p><b>Guest appearances</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-40" title="E-40">E-40</a> – "Born in the Struggle" from <i><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Retrievin%27:_Overtime_Shift" title="Revenue Retrievin': Overtime Shift">Revenue Retrievin': Overtime Shift</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootsy_Collins" title="Bootsy Collins">Bootsy Collins</a> – "Freedumb" from <i><a href="/wiki/Tha_Funk_Capital_of_the_World" title="Tha Funk Capital of the World">Tha Funk Capital of the World</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortal_Technique" title="Immortal Technique">Immortal Technique</a> – "Sign of the Times" from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Martyr_(album)" title="The Martyr (album)">The Martyr</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Ali" title="Brother Ali">Brother Ali</a> – "Letter to My Countrymen" from <i><a href="/wiki/Mourning_in_America_and_Dreaming_in_Color" title="Mourning in America and Dreaming in Color">Mourning in America and Dreaming in Color</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Blanchard" title="Terence Blanchard">Terence Blanchard</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Choices_(Terence_Blanchard_album)" title="Choices (Terence Blanchard album)">Choices</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Blanchard" title="Terence Blanchard">Terence Blanchard</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Breathless_(Terence_Blanchard_album)" title="Breathless (Terence Blanchard album)">Breathless</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Blanchard" title="Terence Blanchard">Terence Blanchard</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Live_(Terence_Blanchard_album)" title="Live (Terence Blanchard album)">Live</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_existentialism" title="Black existentialism">Black existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_philosophers" title="List of American philosophers">List of American philosophers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/pragmati/">"Pragmatism"</a>. <i>iep.utm.edu</i>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, University of Tennessee, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523181337/https://www.iep.utm.edu/pragmati/">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iep.utm.edu&rft.atitle=Pragmatism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fpragmati%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestRitz2009" class="citation book cs1">West, Cornel; <a href="/wiki/David_Ritz" title="David Ritz">Ritz, David</a> (2009). <i>Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud</i>. New York: SmileyBooks. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4019-2677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4019-2677-9"><bdi>978-1-4019-2677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brother+West%3A+Living+and+Loving+Out+Loud&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=SmileyBooks&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4019-2677-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Cornel&rft.au=Ritz%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diss-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diss_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diss_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1980" class="citation thesis cs1">West, Cornel Ronald (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/303076528"><i>Ethics, historicism and the Marxist tradition</i></a> (PhD). Princeton University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934884084">934884084</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/303076528">303076528</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119142210/https://www.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/303076528">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ethics%2C+historicism+and+the+Marxist+tradition&rft.inst=Princeton+University&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F934884084&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Cornel+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F303076528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/invested-impact/innovator-insights-leah-hunt-hendrix-founder-of-solidaire-network-8e30f81ed48">"Innovator Insights: Leah Hunt-Hendrix, Founder of Solidaire Network"</a>. <i>Invested Impact</i>. November 22, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072906/https://medium.com/invested-impact/innovator-insights-leah-hunt-hendrix-founder-of-solidaire-network-8e30f81ed48">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2019</span> – via Medium.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Invested+Impact&rft.atitle=Innovator+Insights%3A+Leah+Hunt-Hendrix%2C+Founder+of+Solidaire+Network&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Finvested-impact%2Finnovator-insights-leah-hunt-hendrix-founder-of-solidaire-network-8e30f81ed48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudo2023" class="citation web cs1">Trudo, Hanna (October 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4240149-cornel-west-switches-from-green-party-candidate-to-independent/">"Cornel West switches from Green Party presidential candidate to independent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+switches+from+Green+Party+presidential+candidate+to+independent&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft.aulast=Trudo&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fcampaign%2F4240149-cornel-west-switches-from-green-party-candidate-to-independent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DN!2023-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DN!2023_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2023/6/14/headlines/cornel_west_moves_to_green_party_in_2024_presidential_run">"Cornel West Moves to Green Party in 2024 Presidential Run"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>. June 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+Moves+to+Green+Party+in+2024+Presidential+Run&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2023%2F6%2F14%2Fheadlines%2Fcornel_west_moves_to_green_party_in_2024_presidential_run&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hill2023-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Hill2023_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGans2023" class="citation news cs1">Gans, Jared (June 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614152943/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4049401-cornel-west-seeking-green-party-nomination-for-presidential-run/">"Cornel West seeking Green Party nomination for presidential run"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4049401-cornel-west-seeking-green-party-nomination-for-presidential-run/">the original</a> on June 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+seeking+Green+Party+nomination+for+presidential+run&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft.aulast=Gans&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fcampaign%2F4049401-cornel-west-seeking-green-party-nomination-for-presidential-run%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorrien2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dorrien, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24461650">"IMAGINING SOCIAL JUSTICE: Cornel West's Prophetic Public Intellectualism"</a>. <i>CrossCurrents</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-1953">0011-1953</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24461650">24461650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CrossCurrents&rft.atitle=IMAGINING+SOCIAL+JUSTICE%3A+Cornel+West%27s+Prophetic+Public+Intellectualism&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24461650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0011-1953&rft.aulast=Dorrien&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24461650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Letter from Cornel West to Michael Harrington". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/tamwag/tam_105/"><i>Democratic Socialists of America Records, Harrington Correspondence, Box 6A, Folder: March-April 1982</i></a>. Tamiment Library. April 13, 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Cornel+West+to+Michael+Harrington&rft.btitle=Democratic+Socialists+of+America+Records%2C+Harrington+Correspondence%2C+Box+6A%2C+Folder%3A+March-April+1982&rft.pub=Tamiment+Library&rft.date=1982-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindingaids.library.nyu.edu%2Ftamwag%2Ftam_105%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestRitz2009" class="citation book cs1">West, Cornel; <a href="/wiki/David_Ritz" title="David Ritz">Ritz, David</a> (2009). <i>Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud</i>. New York: SmileyBooks. pp. 95, 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4019-2677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4019-2677-9"><bdi>978-1-4019-2677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brother+West%3A+Living+and+Loving+Out+Loud&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95%2C+107&rft.pub=SmileyBooks&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4019-2677-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Cornel&rft.au=Ritz%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestRitz2009" class="citation book cs1">West, Cornel; <a href="/wiki/David_Ritz" title="David Ritz">Ritz, David</a> (2009). <i>Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud</i>. New York: SmileyBooks. pp. 117–119, 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4019-2677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4019-2677-9"><bdi>978-1-4019-2677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brother+West%3A+Living+and+Loving+Out+Loud&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=117-119%2C+139&rft.pub=SmileyBooks&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4019-2677-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Cornel&rft.au=Ritz%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuwakkil2004" class="citation journal cs1">Muwakkil, Salim (November 4, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inthesetimes.com/article/1392/cornel_west_public_intellectual">"Cornel West: Public Intellectual"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/In_These_Times_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="In These Times (publication)">In These Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+These+Times&rft.atitle=Cornel+West%3A+Public+Intellectual&rft.date=2004-11-04&rft.aulast=Muwakkil&rft.aufirst=Salim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finthesetimes.com%2Farticle%2F1392%2Fcornel_west_public_intellectual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackbio-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blackbio_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackbio_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackbio_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackbio_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackbio_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cornel Ronald West." <i>Contemporary Black Biography</i>, Volume 33. Ed. Ashyia Henderson. Gale Group, 2002. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: The Gale Group. 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Thomas (2004). "Cornel West y la política de conversión". <i>Resistencia cultural: La nación en el ensayo de las Américas</i>. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma: 344–348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resistencia+cultural%3A+La+naci%C3%B3n+en+el+ensayo+de+las+Am%C3%A9ricas&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+y+la+pol%C3%ADtica+de+conversi%C3%B3n&rft.pages=344-348&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishikawa2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nishikawa, Kinohi (2005). "Cornel West". In Ostrom, Hans; Macey, J. David Jr. (eds.). <i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature</i>. 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University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://influx.uoregon.edu/1998/west/index.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inFlux&rft.atitle=Prisoner+of+Hope&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Elder&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finflux.uoregon.edu%2F1998%2Fwest%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/topics/cornel-west">"Cornel West Biography"</a>. Enotes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801051346/https://www.enotes.com/topics/cornel-west">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornel+West+Biography&rft.pub=Enotes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Ftopics%2Fcornel-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-princetondean-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-princetondean_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dof.princeton.edu/about/clerk-faculty/emeritus/cornel-r-west">"Cornel R. West"</a>. <i>dof.princeton.edu</i>. Princeton University (Dean of Faculty). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728221317/https://dof.princeton.edu/about/clerk-faculty/emeritus/cornel-r-west">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dof.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Cornel+R.+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdof.princeton.edu%2Fabout%2Fclerk-faculty%2Femeritus%2Fcornel-r-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsmitty1999" class="citation journal cs1">smitty, Fahizah (June 4, 1999). "Opening Doors: Irene West Gave Her All as a Teacher and Principal, Now, a New School Honors Her Name and Hard Work". <i>Sacramento Bee</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=Opening+Doors%3A+Irene+West+Gave+Her+All+as+a+Teacher+and+Principal%2C+Now%2C+a+New+School+Honors+Her+Name+and+Hard+Work&rft.date=1999-06-04&rft.aulast=smitty&rft.aufirst=Fahizah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest,_Cornel2000" class="citation book cs1">West, Cornel (August 13, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/221862.Cornel_West_Reader"><i>The Cornel West Reader</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09110-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09110-2"><bdi>978-0-465-09110-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729175750/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kk6ovUWs02AC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornel+West+Reader&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000-08-13&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09110-2&rft.au=West%2C+Cornel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F221862.Cornel_West_Reader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602022035/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v13/o21/postings.html">"Author Cornel West to Speak in Robsham Theater Oct. 30"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a> Chronicle</i>. October 21, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v13/o21/postings.html">the original</a> on June 2, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+College+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Author+Cornel+West+to+Speak+in+Robsham+Theater+Oct.+30&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bc.edu%2Fbc_org%2Frvp%2Fpubaf%2Fchronicle%2Fv13%2Fo21%2Fpostings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmany2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Goodmany, Amy</a> (September 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/30/dr_cornel_west_on_his_new">"Dr. Cornel West Releases Long-Awaited Memoir, "Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Democracy Now!</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801050805/https://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/30/dr_cornel_west_on_his_new">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Dr.+Cornel+West+Releases+Long-Awaited+Memoir%2C+%22Brother+West%3A+Living+and+Loving+Out+Loud%22&rft.date=2009-09-30&rft.aulast=Goodmany&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2009%2F9%2F30%2Fdr_cornel_west_on_his_new&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801111109/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/faultlines/2010/03/201031162433794100.html">"Cornel West"</a>. Aljazeera.com. March 11, 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornel+West&rft.pub=Aljazeera.com&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2Ffaultlines%2F2010%2F03%2F201031162433794100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendieta-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendieta_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendieta_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendieta2007" class="citation book cs1">Mendieta, Eduardo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CycoIHOtyhYC&pg=PA173"><i>Global Fragments: Globalizations, Latinamericanisms, and Critical Theory</i></a>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7257-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7257-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-7257-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516193343/https://books.google.com/books?id=CycoIHOtyhYC&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Fragments%3A+Globalizations%2C+Latinamericanisms%2C+and+Critical+Theory&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7257-6&rft.aulast=Mendieta&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCycoIHOtyhYC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"<i>Ethics, historicism and the Marxist tradition</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest Dissertations Publishing">ProQuest Dissertations Publishing</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/303076528">303076528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ProQuest+Dissertations+Publishing&rft.atitle=Ethics%2C+historicism+and+the+Marxist+tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2024" class="citation web cs1">Adamson, Peter (January 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofphilosophy.net/transcript-cornel-west">"140. Cornel West on Himself, Africana Philosophy in the Twentieth Century | History of Philosophy without any gaps"</a>. <i>historyofphilosophy.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyofphilosophy.net&rft.atitle=140.+Cornel+West+on+Himself%2C+Africana+Philosophy+in+the+Twentieth+Century+%7C+History+of+Philosophy+without+any+gaps&rft.date=2024-01-28&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofphilosophy.net%2Ftranscript-cornel-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aaseng-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aaseng_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aaseng_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaseng2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aaseng, Nathan, ed. 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New York: Facts on File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericanr00aase_0/page/237">237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4878-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4878-9"><bdi>0-8160-4878-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cornel+West&rft.btitle=African-American+Religious+Leaders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8160-4878-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanamericanr00aase_0%2Fpage%2F237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke2002" class="citation news cs1">Duke, Lynn (August 16, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2002/08/16/cornel-wests-difficult-road-to-princeton/">"Cornel West's difficult road to Princeton"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808174111/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-08-16/features/0208160010_1_cornel-west-president-of-harvard-university-prostate-surgery">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Defector+Indignant+at+President+of+Harvard&rft.date=2002-04-16&rft.aulast=Belluck&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft.au=Jacques+Steinberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C0DE6DB113CF935A25757C0A9649C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/about/press/020415.cwest.html">"Cornel West Outlines "Pull toward Princeton" and "Push from Harvard" in Exclusive Interview with NPR's Tavis Smiley"</a>. Npr.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+Returning+to+Union+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft.aulast=Goodstein&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F11%2F17%2Fnyregion%2Fcornel-west-returning-to-union-theological-seminary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.princeton.edu/people/faculty/emeriti-faculty/cornel-west/">"Cornel West – Department of Religion"</a>. <i>princeton.edu</i>. August 25, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801072652/https://religion.princeton.edu/people/faculty/emeriti-faculty/cornel-west/">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Religion&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion.princeton.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Femeriti-faculty%2Fcornel-west%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/cornel-r-west">"Cornel R. West"</a>. <i>aaas.fas.harvard.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911094147/https://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/cornel-r-west">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aaas.fas.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Cornel+R.+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faaas.fas.harvard.edu%2Fpeople%2Fcornel-r-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/hdscommunications/docs/hds.deansreport2017">"HDS Dean's Report 2017"</a>. <i>hds.harvard.edu</i>. November 2017. p. 33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216155149/https://issuu.com/hdscommunications/docs/hds.deansreport2017">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hds.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=HDS+Dean%27s+Report+2017&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fhdscommunications%2Fdocs%2Fhds.deansreport2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelye2016" class="citation news cs1">Seelye, Katharine Q. (November 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/us/cornel-west-harvard.html">"Cornel West Will Return to Teach at Harvard"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821160729/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/us/cornel-west-harvard.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+Will+Return+to+Teach+at+Harvard&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Seelye&rft.aufirst=Katharine+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F20%2Fus%2Fcornel-west-harvard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrantz" class="citation web cs1">Krantz, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/02/18/metro/cornel-west-threatens-leave-harvard-again/">"Cornel West threatens to leave Harvard again"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219080558/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/02/18/metro/cornel-west-threatens-leave-harvard-again/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+threatens+to+leave+Harvard+again&rft.aulast=Krantz&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2021%2F02%2F18%2Fmetro%2Fcornel-west-threatens-leave-harvard-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boycottx.org/full-of-fire/">"Full of Fire"</a>. <i>The Boycott Times</i>. March 8, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308225058/https://boycottx.org/full-of-fire/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boycott+Times&rft.atitle=Full+of+Fire&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboycottx.org%2Ffull-of-fire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelWest2021" class="citation web cs1">@CornelWest (March 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/CornelWest/status/1369009967496237058">"I am blessed to announce with my dear brother Mordecai Lyon of The Boycott Times that I am moving from Harvard to U..."</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+am+blessed+to+announce+with+my+dear+brother+Mordecai+Lyon+of+The+Boycott+Times+that+I+am+moving+from+Harvard+to+U...&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.au=CornelWest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FCornelWest%2Fstatus%2F1369009967496237058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/03/08/metro/cornel-west-leaving-harvard-teaching-post/">"Cornel West leaving Harvard teaching post after tenure dispute"</a>. The Boston Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308232238/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/03/08/metro/cornel-west-leaving-harvard-teaching-post/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornel+West+leaving+Harvard+teaching+post+after+tenure+dispute&rft.pub=The+Boston+Globe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2021%2F03%2F08%2Fmetro%2Fcornel-west-leaving-harvard-teaching-post%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelWest2021" class="citation web cs1">@CornelWest (July 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/CornelWest/status/1414765668222869508">"This is my candid letter of resignation to my Harvard Dean. I try to tell the unvarnished truth about the decadence..."</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+is+my+candid+letter+of+resignation+to+my+Harvard+Dean.+I+try+to+tell+the+unvarnished+truth+about+the+decadence...&rft.date=2021-07-13&rft.au=CornelWest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FCornelWest%2Fstatus%2F1414765668222869508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pragmatic-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pragmatic_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pragmatism.org/research/cont_prag_books.htm#west">"Contemporary Research"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pragmatism.org&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pragmatism.org (page does not exist)">Pragmatism.org</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217175110/http://pragmatism.org/research/cont_prag_books.htm#west">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pragmatism.org&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pragmatism.org%2Fresearch%2Fcont_prag_books.htm%23west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spiritualprogressives.org/newsite/?page_id=33">"NSP Co-Founders"</a>. Network of Spiritual Progressives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918224409/http://spiritualprogressives.org/newsite/?page_id=33">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSP+Co-Founders&rft.pub=Network+of+Spiritual+Progressives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspiritualprogressives.org%2Fnewsite%2F%3Fpage_id%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126142945/http://www.ibj.org/about-us/directors-and-advisors/">"Board of Directors and Advisors"</a>. International Bridges to Justice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibj.org/about-us/directors-and-advisors/">the original</a> on November 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+of+Directors+and+Advisors&rft.pub=International+Bridges+to+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibj.org%2Fabout-us%2Fdirectors-and-advisors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105183105/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/memories-ceremony2008-SpecialRecognitions.php">"Special Recognitions 2008"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Cultural_Council" title="World Cultural Council">World Cultural Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/memories-ceremony2008-SpecialRecognitions.php">the original</a> on November 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Recognitions+2008&rft.pub=World+Cultural+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consejoculturalmundial.org%2Fmemories-ceremony2008-SpecialRecognitions.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hazel_V._Carby" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazel V. Carby">Carby, Hazel</a>, "The Souls of Black Men", in <i>Race Men: The Body and Soul of Race, Nation, and Manhood</i>, 1998, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carby (1998), "The Souls of Black Men", in <i>Race Men</i>, pp. 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcherFerdinand2002" class="citation news cs1">Fletcher, Michael A.; Ferdinand, Pamela (April 13, 2002). "Cornel West Quitting Harvard". <i>The Washington Post</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/409336618">409336618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+Quitting+Harvard&rft.date=2002-04-13&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Ferdinand%2C+Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wieseltier, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2000" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Mark David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVdQ0mhiapUC&q=wieseltier"><i>Cornel West and the Politics of Prophetic Pragmatism</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-25-202578-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-25-202578-4"><bdi>0-25-202578-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729173059/https://books.google.com/books?id=RVdQ0mhiapUC&q=wieseltier">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornel+West+and+the+Politics+of+Prophetic+Pragmatism&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-25-202578-4&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Mark+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVdQ0mhiapUC%26q%3Dwieseltier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Cornel+West&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210160608/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Cornel+West&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+top+50+thinkers+for+the+Covid-19+age&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fcontent%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F09%2FPWTT20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2020" class="citation web cs1">Samuel, Sigal (July 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/7/29/21340730/cornel-west-coronavirus-racism-way-through-podcast">"Why Cornel West is hopeful (but not optimistic)"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420025805/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/7/29/21340730/cornel-west-coronavirus-racism-way-through-podcast">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Why+Cornel+West+is+hopeful+%28but+not+optimistic%29&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Sigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Ffuture-perfect%2F2020%2F7%2F29%2F21340730%2Fcornel-west-coronavirus-racism-way-through-podcast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasciotra2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Masciotra, David (December 29, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/177213/cornel-west-2024-charlatan-narcissist">"Cornel West Is the Charlatan of the Year"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+Is+the+Charlatan+of+the+Year&rft.date=2023-12-29&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Masciotra&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F177213%2Fcornel-west-2024-charlatan-narcissist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Zach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimadenham/2023/12/01/why-cornel-west-is-broke/">"Why Cornel West Is Broke"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Why+Cornel+West+Is+Broke&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjemimadenham%2F2023%2F12%2F01%2Fwhy-cornel-west-is-broke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801111109/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/faultlines/2010/03/201031162433794100.html">"Cornel West"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aljazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Aljazeera">Aljazeera</a>. March 11, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/faultlines/2010/03/201031162433794100.html">the original</a> on August 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Avi Lewis talks to one of the most controversial academics in the US.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornel+West&rft.pub=Aljazeera&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2Ffaultlines%2F2010%2F03%2F201031162433794100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Dyson, Michael Eric (April 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/121550/cornel-wests-rise-fall-our-most-exciting-black-scholar-ghost">"The Ghost of Cornel West"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2024</span>. <q>West may be a heavyweight champ of controversy, but he has competition as the pound-for-pound greatest</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Ghost+of+Cornel+West&rft.date=2015-04-19&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Michael+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F121550%2Fcornel-wests-rise-fall-our-most-exciting-black-scholar-ghost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2015" class="citation web cs1">McMahon, Neil (June 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/qa-recap-controversial-us-academic-dr-cornel-west-stars-on-rich-episode-with-fingerwaving-eyerolling-performance-20150609-ghjfi6.html">"Q&A recap: Controversial US academic Dr Cornel West stars on rich episode with finger-waving, eye-rolling performance"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Q%26A+recap%3A+Controversial+US+academic+Dr+Cornel+West+stars+on+rich+episode+with+finger-waving%2C+eye-rolling+performance&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Ftv-and-radio%2Fqa-recap-controversial-us-academic-dr-cornel-west-stars-on-rich-episode-with-fingerwaving-eyerolling-performance-20150609-ghjfi6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGift2024" class="citation web cs1">Gift, Thomas (January 11, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/us-election-third-party-candidates-can-tip-the-balance-in-a-tight-race-heres-why-robert-f-kennedy-jr-matters-220578">"US election: third party candidates can tip the balance in a tight race – here's why Robert F Kennedy Jr matters"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Third-party candidates in the US always prove controversial....because, almost by definition, anyone who runs without an 'R' or 'D' on the ballot has the potential to play spoiler.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=US+election%3A+third+party+candidates+can+tip+the+balance+in+a+tight+race+%E2%80%93+here%27s+why+Robert+F+Kennedy+Jr+matters&rft.date=2024-01-11&rft.aulast=Gift&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fus-election-third-party-candidates-can-tip-the-balance-in-a-tight-race-heres-why-robert-f-kennedy-jr-matters-220578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoynton1991" class="citation news cs1">Boynton, BY Robert S. (September 15, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/15/magazine/princeton-s-public-intellectual.html">"Princeton's Public Intellectual"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Cornel West, in short, is controversial...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Princeton%27s+Public+Intellectual&rft.date=1991-09-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Boynton&rft.aufirst=BY+Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F09%2F15%2Fmagazine%2Fprinceton-s-public-intellectual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/1995/03/31/controversial-pbs-show-has-its-rights/">"CONTROVERSIAL PBS SHOW HAS ITS 'RIGHTS'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. March 31, 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2024</span>. <q>It also offers an interview with Cornel West, the controversial Harvard professor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=CONTROVERSIAL+PBS+SHOW+HAS+ITS+%27RIGHTS%27&rft.date=1995-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2F1995%2F03%2F31%2Fcontroversial-pbs-show-has-its-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornel West, <i>Race Matters</i>, p. 27, 2001 edition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0972-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0972-7">978-0-8070-0972-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-democracy_matters-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-democracy_matters_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-democracy_matters_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornel West, <i>Democracy Matters,</i> p. 20, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303583-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303583-5">0-14-303583-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fusion.net/video/21051/unrest-in-st-louis/">"Cornel West arrested; video of #FergusonOctober from Fusion's Tim Pool"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fusion.net" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion.net">Fusion.net</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130316/http://fusion.net/video/21051/unrest-in-st-louis/">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fusion.net&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+arrested%3B+video+of+%23FergusonOctober+from+Fusion%27s+Tim+Pool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffusion.net%2Fvideo%2F21051%2Funrest-in-st-louis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truthdig.com/avbooth/item/cornel_west_in_ferguson_i_came_here_to_go_to_jail_20141013">"Cornel West in Ferguson: 'I Came Here to Go to Jail'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Truth Dig</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015075818/http://www.truthdig.com/avbooth/item/cornel_west_in_ferguson_i_came_here_to_go_to_jail_20141013">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Truth+Dig&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+in+Ferguson%3A+%27I+Came+Here+to+Go+to+Jail%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthdig.com%2Favbooth%2Fitem%2Fcornel_west_in_ferguson_i_came_here_to_go_to_jail_20141013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephSiemaszko2015" class="citation web cs1">Joseph, Cameron; Siemaszko, Corky (August 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/cornel-west-dozens-arrested-missouri-protests-article-1.2320829">"Cornel West among dozens of protesters arrested at St. Louis courthouse as state of emergency declared in Missouri"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)">New York Daily News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811112419/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/cornel-west-dozens-arrested-missouri-protests-article-1.2320829">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nation19&rft.atitle=Filmmakers+bring+Ferguson+to+Phoenix%27s+Hip+Hop+community...+Sheriff+Arpaio+not+invited&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation19.com%2Fnation19s-new-short-film-filmed-in-ferguson-set-to-premier-in-phoenix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Anderson, Jervis (January 9, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1994/01/17/cornel-west-the-public-intellectual">"The Public Intellectual"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. New York, New York, USA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230530035606/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1994/01/17/cornel-west-the-public-intellectual">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Public+Intellectual&rft.date=1994-01-09&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jervis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F1994%2F01%2F17%2Fcornel-west-the-public-intellectual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1999" class="citation book cs1">West, Cornel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bNJD8g1e-QQC&pg=PA13"><i>The Cornel West Reader</i></a>. New York: Basic Civitas Books. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-09109-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-09109-1"><bdi>0-465-09109-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107045423/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNJD8g1e-QQC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornel+West+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-465-09109-1&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Cornel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbNJD8g1e-QQC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Cornel West. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Matrix_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ultimate Matrix Collection">The Ultimate Matrix Collection</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Matrix+Collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, <i>Democracy Matters</i> (2004), p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, <i>Democracy Matters</i> (2004), p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203073821/http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=4262">"Theglobalist.com"</a>. 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"Cornel West, Cloaked in Street Smarts". <i>The Washington Post</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/409271497">409271497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cornel+West%2C+Cloaked+in+Street+Smarts&rft.date=2002-01-25&rft.aulast=Givhan&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Senators Hillary Clinton and John Kerry are exemplary paternalistic nihilists... Their centrist or conservative policies... are opportunistic efforts to satisfy centrist or conservative constituencies." West, <i>Democracy Matters</i> (2004), p. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2002" class="citation news cs1">Montgomery, David (April 12, 2002). "Peace Demonstrators Arrested, Without Much Conviction". <i>The Washington Post</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/409255662">409255662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Peace+Demonstrators+Arrested%2C+Without+Much+Conviction&rft.date=2002-04-12&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719162402/http://nomoredeaths.org/University-of-Arizona-NMD/cornel-west-ua-letter.html">"Nomordeaths.org"</a>. 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July 10, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Animals+are+people%2C+too&rft.date=2004-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fanimals-are-people-too%2Farticle744664%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223190730/http://www.callandresponse.com/">"Call + Response"</a>. Callandresponse.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.callandresponse.com">the original</a> on February 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Call+%2B+Response&rft.pub=Callandresponse.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.callandresponse.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2011/9/29/cornel_west_on_occupy_wall_street_its_the_makings_of_a_us_autumn_responding_to_the_arab_spring">"Cornel West on Occupy Wall Street: It's the Makings of a U.S. Autumn Responding to the Arab Spring"</a>. <i>Democracy Now!</i>. September 29, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002120206/http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2011/9/29/cornel_west_on_occupy_wall_street_its_the_makings_of_a_us_autumn_responding_to_the_arab_spring">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+on+Occupy+Wall+Street%3A+It%27s+the+Makings+of+a+U.S.+Autumn+Responding+to+the+Arab+Spring&rft.date=2011-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2Fblog%2F2011%2F9%2F29%2Fcornel_west_on_occupy_wall_street_its_the_makings_of_a_us_autumn_responding_to_the_arab_spring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThisltethwaite,_Susan_Brooks2011" class="citation news cs1">Thisltethwaite, Susan Brooks (October 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103103346/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/guest-voices/post/dr-cornel-west-honors-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-by-going-to-jail/2011/10/17/gIQA9oLRrL_blog.html">"Dr. Cornel West honors Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. by going to jail"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/guest-voices/post/dr-cornel-west-honors-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-by-going-to-jail/2011/10/17/gIQA9oLRrL_blog.html">the original</a> on January 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Dr.+Cornel+West+honors+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+by+going+to+jail&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft.au=Thisltethwaite%2C+Susan+Brooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fguest-voices%2Fpost%2Fdr-cornel-west-honors-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-by-going-to-jail%2F2011%2F10%2F17%2FgIQA9oLRrL_blog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarbone,_Nick2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Carbone, Nick (October 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/10/22/cornel-west-arrested-again-at-occupy-protest/">"Cornel West Arrested Again at Occupy Protest"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422234825/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/10/22/cornel-west-arrested-again-at-occupy-protest/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+Arrested+Again+at+Occupy+Protest&rft.date=2011-10-22&rft.au=Carbone%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsfeed.time.com%2F2011%2F10%2F22%2Fcornel-west-arrested-again-at-occupy-protest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revcom.us/film">"Revolution and Religion: The Fight for Emancipation and the Role of Religion"</a>. <i>Revcom.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224065428/http://revcom.us/film/">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revcom.us&rft.atitle=Revolution+and+Religion%3A+The+Fight+for+Emancipation+and+the+Role+of+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevcom.us%2Ffilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2017/8/14/cornel_west_rev_toni_blackmon_clergy">"Cornel West & Rev. Traci Blackmon: Clergy in Charlottesville Were Trapped by Torch-Wielding Nazis"</a>. <i>Democracy Now!</i>. August 14, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817010619/https://www.democracynow.org/2017/8/14/cornel_west_rev_toni_blackmon_clergy">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+%26+Rev.+Traci+Blackmon%3A+Clergy+in+Charlottesville+Were+Trapped+by+Torch-Wielding+Nazis&rft.date=2017-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2017%2F8%2F14%2Fcornel_west_rev_toni_blackmon_clergy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2020" class="citation web cs1">Muir, Hugh (October 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/19/cornel-west-george-floyds-public-lynching-pulled-the-cover-off-who-we-really-are">"Cornel West: 'George Floyd's public lynching pulled the cover off who we really are'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024093454/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/19/cornel-west-george-floyds-public-lynching-pulled-the-cover-off-who-we-really-are">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cornel+West%3A+%27George+Floyd%27s+public+lynching+pulled+the+cover+off+who+we+really+are%27&rft.date=2020-10-19&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2020%2Foct%2F19%2Fcornel-west-george-floyds-public-lynching-pulled-the-cover-off-who-we-really-are&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2023" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Nick (July 11, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/cornel-west-blames-nato-russias-war-ukraine-1812320">"Cornel West blames NATO for Russia's war with Ukraine"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+blames+NATO+for+Russia%27s+war+with+Ukraine&rft.date=2023-07-11&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fcornel-west-blames-nato-russias-war-ukraine-1812320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediaite.com/politics/cornel-west-roasted-for-claiming-u-s-provoked-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-no-different-than-trump-rfk-jr-tucker-carlson/">"Cornel West Roasted For Claiming U.S. 'Provoked' Russian Invasion of Ukraine: 'No Different Than Trump, RFK Jr, Tucker Carlson'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Mediaite</i>. July 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mediaite&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+Roasted+For+Claiming+U.S.+%27Provoked%27+Russian+Invasion+of+Ukraine%3A+%27No+Different+Than+Trump%2C+RFK+Jr%2C+Tucker+Carlson%27&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaite.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcornel-west-roasted-for-claiming-u-s-provoked-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-no-different-than-trump-rfk-jr-tucker-carlson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/american-political-activist-cornel-west-slams-us-over-veto-on-gaza-cease-fire/3078717">"American political activist Cornel West slams US over veto on Gaza cease-fire"</a>. <i>Anadolu Agency</i>. December 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=American+political+activist+Cornel+West+slams+US+over+veto+on+Gaza+cease-fire&rft.date=2023-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Famericas%2Famerican-political-activist-cornel-west-slams-us-over-veto-on-gaza-cease-fire%2F3078717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-bottom-line/2024/2/4/us-presidential-candidate-cornel-west-biden-is-a-war-criminal">"US presidential candidate Cornel West: 'Biden is a war criminal'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. February 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=US+presidential+candidate+Cornel+West%3A+%27Biden+is+a+war+criminal%27&rft.date=2024-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogram%2Fthe-bottom-line%2F2024%2F2%2F4%2Fus-presidential-candidate-cornel-west-biden-is-a-war-criminal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michele_Wallace" title="Michele Wallace">Wallace, Michele</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackpopularcult00dent"><i>Black Popular Culture</i></a></span>. Seattle: Bay Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackpopularcult00dent/page/45">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-459-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-459-9"><bdi>978-1-56584-459-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Bay+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56584-459-9&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackpopularcult00dent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker_Aab2007" class="citation news cs1">Parker Aab, Stacy (October 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stacy-parker-aab/obama-race-and-the-righ_b_74871.html">"Obama, Race, and the Right Side of History"</a>. <i>The Huffington News</i>. HuffingtonPost.com, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202020438/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stacy-parker-aab/obama-race-and-the-righ_b_74871.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+News&rft.atitle=Obama%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Right+Side+of+History&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft.aulast=Parker+Aab&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fstacy-parker-aab%2Fobama-race-and-the-righ_b_74871.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/10/cornel-west-comments-on-o_n_316476.html">"Cornel West Comments on Obama's Nobel Peace Prize: Hard to Be War President with Peace Prize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. October 10, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091016105829/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/10/cornel-west-comments-on-o_n_316476.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+Comments+on+Obama%27s+Nobel+Peace+Prize%3A+Hard+to+Be+War+President+with+Peace+Prize&rft.date=2009-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2009%2F10%2F10%2Fcornel-west-comments-on-o_n_316476.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneider, Matt (April 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaite.com/tv/wild-shoutfest-between-al-sharpton-and-cornel-west-on-obamas-leadership-on-racial-issues/">"Wild Shoutfest Between Al Sharpton And Cornel West On Obama And Race"</a>, mediaite.com.. Retrieved 2011-4-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110412075613/http://www.mediaite.com/tv/wild-shoutfest-between-al-sharpton-and-cornel-west-on-obamas-leadership-on-racial-issues/">Archived</a> April 12, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/the_obama_deception_why_cornel_west_went_ballistic_20110516">"Chris Hedges: The Obama Deception: Why Cornel West Went Ballistic – Chris Hedges"</a>. Truthdig.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519092538/http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/the_obama_deception_why_cornel_west_went_ballistic_20110516/">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chris+Hedges%3A+The+Obama+Deception%3A+Why+Cornel+West+Went+Ballistic+%E2%80%93+Chris+Hedges&rft.pub=Truthdig.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthdig.com%2Freport%2Fitem%2Fthe_obama_deception_why_cornel_west_went_ballistic_20110516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirell2012" class="citation web cs1">Kirell, Andrew (November 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaite.com/tv/cornel-west-obama-a-republican-in-blackface-black-msnbc-hosts-are-selling-their-souls/">"Cornel West: Obama A 'Republican In Blackface,' Black MSNBC Hosts Are 'Selling Their Souls'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mediaite" title="Mediaite">Mediaite</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202065305/http://www.mediaite.com/tv/cornel-west-obama-a-republican-in-blackface-black-msnbc-hosts-are-selling-their-souls/">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mediaite&rft.atitle=Cornel+West%3A+Obama+A+%27Republican+In+Blackface%2C%27+Black+MSNBC+Hosts+Are+%27Selling+Their+Souls%27&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.aulast=Kirell&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaite.com%2Ftv%2Fcornel-west-obama-a-republican-in-blackface-black-msnbc-hosts-are-selling-their-souls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2011/8/9/cornel_west_tavis_smiley_on_obama">"Cornel West & Tavis Smiley on Obama: 'Many of Us Are Exploring Other Possibilities in Coming Election'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Democracy Now!</i>. August 9, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417030551/http://www.democracynow.org/2011/8/9/cornel_west_tavis_smiley_on_obama">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+%26+Tavis+Smiley+on+Obama%3A+%27Many+of+Us+Are+Exploring+Other+Possibilities+in+Coming+Election%27&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2011%2F8%2F9%2Fcornel_west_tavis_smiley_on_obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2014" class="citation news cs1">Frank, Thomas (August 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2014/08/24/cornel_west_he_posed_as_a_progressive_and_turned_out_to_be_counterfeit_we_ended_up_with_a_wall_street_presidency_a_drone_presidency/">"Cornel West: "He posed as a progressive and turned out to be counterfeit. We ended up with a Wall Street presidency, a drone presidency"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200915031013/https://www.salon.com/2014/08/24/cornel_west_he_posed_as_a_progressive_and_turned_out_to_be_counterfeit_we_ended_up_with_a_wall_street_presidency_a_drone_presidency/">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Cornel+West%3A+%22He+posed+as+a+progressive+and+turned+out+to+be+counterfeit.+We+ended+up+with+a+Wall+Street+presidency%2C+a+drone+presidency%22&rft.date=2014-08-24&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2014%2F08%2F24%2Fcornel_west_he_posed_as_a_progressive_and_turned_out_to_be_counterfeit_we_ended_up_with_a_wall_street_presidency_a_drone_presidency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ringoffireradio.com/2015/08/civil-rights-activist-cornel-west-throws-support-behind-bernie-sanders/">"Civil Rights Activist Cornel West Throws Support Behind Bernie Sanders"</a>. <i>Ring of Fire</i>. August 19, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150820020115/http://ringoffireradio.com/2015/08/civil-rights-activist-cornel-west-throws-support-behind-bernie-sanders/">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ring+of+Fire&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+Activist+Cornel+West+Throws+Support+Behind+Bernie+Sanders&rft.date=2015-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fringoffireradio.com%2F2015%2F08%2Fcivil-rights-activist-cornel-west-throws-support-behind-bernie-sanders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappeport2015" class="citation news cs1">Rappeport, Alan (August 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/08/25/bernie-sanders-gets-stamp-of-approval-from-cornel-west/">"Bernie Sanders Gets Stamp of Approval From Cornel West"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514001821/http://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/08/25/bernie-sanders-gets-stamp-of-approval-from-cornel-west/?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bernie+Sanders+Gets+Stamp+of+Approval+From+Cornel+West&rft.date=2015-08-25&rft.aulast=Rappeport&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Ffirst-draft%2F2015%2F08%2F25%2Fbernie-sanders-gets-stamp-of-approval-from-cornel-west%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHensch2016" class="citation web cs1">Hensch, Mark (July 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/287829-sanders-ally-cornel-west-backs-green-candidate/">"Sanders ally Cornel West backs Green candidate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715094902/http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/287829-sanders-ally-cornel-west-backs-green-candidate">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Sanders+ally+Cornel+West+backs+Green+candidate&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft.aulast=Hensch&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fballot-box%2Fpresidential-races%2F287829-sanders-ally-cornel-west-backs-green-candidate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2016/7/18/why_a_member_of_the_democratic">"Cornel West: Why I Endorse Green Party's Jill Stein Over 'Neoliberal Disaster' Hillary Clinton"</a>. <i>democracynow.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518063853/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/7/18/why_a_member_of_the_democratic">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=democracynow.org&rft.atitle=Cornel+West%3A+Why+I+Endorse+Green+Party%27s+Jill+Stein+Over+%27Neoliberal+Disaster%27+Hillary+Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2016%2F7%2F18%2Fwhy_a_member_of_the_democratic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2016/3/9/bernie_or_hillary_cornel_west_dolores">"Bernie or Hillary? Cornel West & Dolores Huerta Debate After Sanders' Upset Win in Michigan"</a>. <i>democracynow.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518183617/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/3/9/bernie_or_hillary_cornel_west_dolores">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=democracynow.org&rft.atitle=Bernie+or+Hillary%3F+Cornel+West+%26+Dolores+Huerta+Debate+After+Sanders%27+Upset+Win+in+Michigan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2016%2F3%2F9%2Fbernie_or_hillary_cornel_west_dolores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, Cornel (November 17, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/17/american-neoliberalism-cornel-west-2016-election">"Goodbye, American neoliberalism. A new era is here"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117153319/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/17/american-neoliberalism-cornel-west-2016-election">Archived</a> November 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeconstructed2019" class="citation web cs1">Deconstructed (March 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2019/03/07/cornel-west-on-bernie-trump-and-racism/">"Deconstructed Podcast: Cornel West on Bernie, Trump, and Racism"</a>. <i>The Intercept</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722055308/https://theintercept.com/2019/03/07/cornel-west-on-bernie-trump-and-racism/">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=Deconstructed+Podcast%3A+Cornel+West+on+Bernie%2C+Trump%2C+and+Racism&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft.au=Deconstructed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2019%2F03%2F07%2Fcornel-west-on-bernie-trump-and-racism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThirdParty-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThirdParty_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstor2023" class="citation news cs1">Astor, Maggie (June 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/05/us/politics/cornel-west-2024-candidate-president.html">"Cornel West, Progressive Scholar, Announces Third-Party Bid for President"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cornel+West%2C+Progressive+Scholar%2C+Announces+Third-Party+Bid+for+President&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft.aulast=Astor&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F06%2F05%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fcornel-west-2024-candidate-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeer2023" class="citation web cs1">Heer, Jeet (June 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/cornel-west-peoples-party/">"Cornel West Is the Right Man in the Wrong Party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation.com&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+Is+the+Right+Man+in+the+Wrong+Party&rft.date=2023-06-12&rft.aulast=Heer&rft.aufirst=Jeet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics%2Fcornel-west-peoples-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGans2023" class="citation web cs1">Gans, Jared (June 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4049401-cornel-west-seeking-green-party-nomination-for-presidential-run/">"Cornel West seeking Green Party nomination for presidential run"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+seeking+Green+Party+nomination+for+presidential+run&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft.aulast=Gans&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fcampaign%2F4049401-cornel-west-seeking-green-party-nomination-for-presidential-run%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slams-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slams_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2023" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Ken (October 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/cornel-west-slams-biden-trump-and-runs-as-2024-independent-d44a2af5">"Cornel West Slams Biden, Trump, and Runs as 2024 Independent"</a>. <i>WSJ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+Slams+Biden%2C+Trump%2C+and+Runs+as+2024+Independent&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2Fcornel-west-slams-biden-trump-and-runs-as-2024-independent-d44a2af5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2023" class="citation web cs1">Gibson, Britanny (October 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/05/cornel-west-independent-bid-00120132">"Cornel West leaves the Green Party in favor of an independent bid"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+leaves+the+Green+Party+in+favor+of+an+independent+bid&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Britanny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F10%2F05%2Fcornel-west-independent-bid-00120132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2024" class="citation web cs1">Perry, Mitch (February 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://floridaphoenix.com/2024/02/01/cornel-west-forms-new-political-party-justice-for-all-he-plans-to-be-on-fl-ballot-in-november/">"Cornel West forms new political party 'Justice for All'; he plans to be on FL ballot in November"</a>. <i>Florida Phoenix</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Phoenix&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+forms+new+political+party+%27Justice+for+All%27%3B+he+plans+to+be+on+FL+ballot+in+November&rft.date=2024-02-01&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffloridaphoenix.com%2F2024%2F02%2F01%2Fcornel-west-forms-new-political-party-justice-for-all-he-plans-to-be-on-fl-ballot-in-november%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/2024/08/16/cornel-west-michigan-disqualified/">"Michigan election officials say Cornel West is disqualified from ballot"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. August 16, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Michigan+election+officials+say+Cornel+West+is+disqualified+from+ballot&rft.date=2024-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Felections%2F2024%2F08%2F16%2Fcornel-west-michigan-disqualified%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMericaSlodysko2024" class="citation web cs1">Merica, Dan; Slodysko, Brian (August 19, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/republican-lawyers-cornel-west-arizona-88cd1b4f698715a3071a93b5e1526074">"Republicans scrambled to get Cornel West on the Arizona ballot. The left-wing academic is OK with it"</a>. <i>AP News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Republicans+scrambled+to+get+Cornel+West+on+the+Arizona+ballot.+The+left-wing+academic+is+OK+with+it&rft.date=2024-08-19&rft.aulast=Merica&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Slodysko%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frepublican-lawyers-cornel-west-arizona-88cd1b4f698715a3071a93b5e1526074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/republicans-are-central-in-an-effort-to-rescue-cornel-wests-ballot-hopes-in-arizona">"Republicans are central in an effort to rescue Cornel West's ballot hopes in Arizona"</a>. <i>PBS News</i>. August 19, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+News&rft.atitle=Republicans+are+central+in+an+effort+to+rescue+Cornel+West%27s+ballot+hopes+in+Arizona&rft.date=2024-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fpolitics%2Frepublicans-are-central-in-an-effort-to-rescue-cornel-wests-ballot-hopes-in-arizona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/robert-f-kennedy-jr-cornel-west-wisconsin-ballot/">"RFK Jr., Cornel West approved for ballot in Wisconsin - CBS Minnesota"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i>. August 28, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Republicans and their allies have worked to get West on the ballot in Wisconsin and other states in the hope that West would help boost Trump's chances of winning by pulling support from Harris. West would not have needed to win a state to serve as a spoiler candidate — a few thousand votes in battleground states could have been decisive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=RFK+Jr.%2C+Cornel+West+approved+for+ballot+in+Wisconsin+-+CBS+Minnesota&rft.date=2024-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fminnesota%2Fnews%2Frobert-f-kennedy-jr-cornel-west-wisconsin-ballot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasciotra2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Masciotra, David (December 29, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/177213/cornel-west-2024-charlatan-narcissist">"Cornel West Is the Charlatan of the Year"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2024</span>. <q>His alliances also betray his proclamations of 'love,' 'service,' and 'justice.' A so-called 'revolutionary Christian,' West has praised and appeared at events with the likes of Claudia De La Cruz, the presidential candidate for the Party for Socialism and Liberation. As David Corn reported for Mother Jones, the PSL supports Kim Jong Un's pursuit of nuclear weapons and defends the Chinese government against accusations of human rights abuses. Among West's other allies are former Radio Sputnik hosts who revere Putin and compliment the Chinese Communist Party as an 'inspiration.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+Is+the+Charlatan+of+the+Year&rft.date=2023-12-29&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Masciotra&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F177213%2Fcornel-west-2024-charlatan-narcissist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlodyskoCooper2024" class="citation web cs1">Slodysko, Brian; Cooper, Jonathan J. (August 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/ballot-deception-cornel-west-conservatives-0d2c94da68bbd136442e63edadf14398">"Her name was on a filing agreeing to be a Cornel West elector. Her question: What's an elector?"</a>. <i>AP News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Her+name+was+on+a+filing+agreeing+to+be+a+Cornel+West+elector.+Her+question%3A+What%27s+an+elector%3F&rft.date=2024-08-17&rft.aulast=Slodysko&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Jonathan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fballot-deception-cornel-west-conservatives-0d2c94da68bbd136442e63edadf14398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2024" class="citation web cs1">Garrison, Joey (August 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/08/14/cornel-west-boosted-by-trump-allies-wisconsin-ballot/74772257007/">"Cornel West boosted by Trump allies to get name on Wisconsin ballot"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Cornel+West+boosted+by+Trump+allies+to+get+name+on+Wisconsin+ballot&rft.date=2024-08-14&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Joey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2F2024%2F08%2F14%2Fcornel-west-boosted-by-trump-allies-wisconsin-ballot%2F74772257007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFund2019" class="citation web cs1">Fund, John (November 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/11/documentary-no-safe-spaces-adam-carolla-dennis-prager-fight-free-speech-bans/">"In No Safe Spaces, an Odd Couple Teams up to Fight Free-Speech Bans"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218052250/https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/11/documentary-no-safe-spaces-adam-carolla-dennis-prager-fight-free-speech-bans/">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=In+No+Safe+Spaces%2C+an+Odd+Couple+Teams+up+to+Fight+Free-Speech+Bans&rft.date=2019-11-03&rft.aulast=Fund&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2019%2F11%2Fdocumentary-no-safe-spaces-adam-carolla-dennis-prager-fight-free-speech-bans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2004" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcwI2eX_aJYC"><i>Cornel West</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0003-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0003-6"><bdi>978-1-4381-0003-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornel+West&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0003-6&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcwI2eX_aJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadenBlue2005" class="citation book cs1">Naden, Corinne J.; Blue, Rose (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlp-BfutAZIC"><i>Cornel West</i></a>. Chicago, IL: Heinemann-Raintree Library (division of Reed Elsevier). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4109-1040-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4109-1040-0"><bdi>978-1-4109-1040-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornel+West&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=Heinemann-Raintree+Library+%28division+of+Reed+Elsevier%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4109-1040-0&rft.aulast=Naden&rft.aufirst=Corinne+J.&rft.au=Blue%2C+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlp-BfutAZIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span> (juvenile nonfiction)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2015" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Dyson, Michael Eric</a> (April 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/121550/cornel-wests-rise-fall-our-most-exciting-black-scholar-ghost">"The Ghost of Cornel West"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Ghost+of+Cornel+West&rft.date=2015-04-19&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Michael+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F121550%2Fcornel-wests-rise-fall-our-most-exciting-black-scholar-ghost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornel+West" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0922002/">Cornel West</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/Cornel+West">Cornel West</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?31663">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/cornel-west">Column archive</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Alphonse Fletcher University Professor </b><br />1998–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr.</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Union_Theological_Seminary" title="Template:Union Theological Seminary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Union_Theological_Seminary" title="Template talk:Union Theological Seminary"><abbr title="Discuss this 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sloane_Coffin" title="Henry Sloane Coffin">Henry Sloane Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Hough_Jr." title="Joseph C. Hough Jr.">Joseph C. Hough Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Jones" title="Serene Jones">Serene Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Faculty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Founding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Butler_(NYU)" title="Charles Butler (NYU)">Charles Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Greenough_Thayer_Shedd" title="William Greenough Thayer Shedd">William Greenough Thayer Shedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustus_Briggs" title="Charles Augustus Briggs">Charles Augustus Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Macquarrie" title="John Macquarrie">John Macquarrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pollack_(biologist)" title="Robert Pollack (biologist)">Robert Pollack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Edward Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sloane_Coffin" title="Henry Sloane Coffin">Henry Sloane Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Cone" title="James H. Cone">James H. Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothee_S%C3%B6lle" title="Dorothee Sölle">Dorothee Sölle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Wildung_Harrison" title="Beverly Wildung Harrison">Beverly Wildung Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Emerson_Fosdick" title="Harry Emerson Fosdick">Harry Emerson Fosdick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Ward" title="Harry F. Ward">Harry F. Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wink" title="Walter Wink">Walter Wink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Haight" title="Roger Haight">Roger Haight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_S._Elliot" title="Harrison S. Elliot">Harrison S. Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Brooke_Mosley" title="J. Brooke Mosley">J. Brooke Mosley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Boys" title="Mary C. Boys">Mary C. Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Carr" title="David M. Carr">David M. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_F._Knitter" title="Paul F. Knitter">Paul F. Knitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Hyun_Kyung" title="Chung Hyun Kyung">Chung Hyun Kyung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Morse" title="Christopher Morse">Christopher Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_McGuckin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anthony McGuckin">John Anthony McGuckin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Belford_Ulanov" title="Ann Belford Ulanov">Ann Belford Ulanov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornel West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Union_Seminary_Quarterly_Review" title="Union Seminary Quarterly Review">Union Seminary Quarterly Review</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism" title="Template:Socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism" title="Template talk:Socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Schools of<br />thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics<br />and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">Socialism WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Book_Awards_winners_(1980–1999)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Book_Awards" title="Template:American Book Awards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Book_Awards" title="Template talk:American Book Awards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Book_Awards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Book Awards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Book_Awards_winners_(1980–1999)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Book_Awards" title="American Book Awards">American Book Awards</a> winners (1980–1999)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Woolf" title="Douglas Woolf">Douglas Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Dorn" title="Ed Dorn">Edward Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayne_Cortez" title="Jayne Cortez">Jayne Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Marmon_Silko" title="Leslie Marmon Silko">Leslie Marmon Silko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei-mei_Berssenbrugge" title="Mei-mei Berssenbrugge">Mei-mei Berssenbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Murayama" title="Milton Murayama">Milton Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Troupe" title="Quincy Troupe">Quincy Troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolfo_Anaya" title="Rudolfo Anaya">Rudolfo Anaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(poet)" title="Alta (poet)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Chong_Lau" title="Alan Chong Lau">Alan Chong Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienvenido_N._Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bienvenido N. Santos">Bienvenido N. Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Adam" title="Helen Adam">Helen Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionel Mitchell (page does not exist)">Lionel Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn" title="Miguel Algarín">Miguel Algarín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholasa_Mohr" title="Nicholasa Mohr">Nicholasa Mohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blue_Cloud" title="Peter Blue Cloud">Peter Blue Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kelly_(poet)" title="Robert Kelly (poet)">Robert Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Drachler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose Drachler (page does not exist)">Rose Drachler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howe" title="Susan Howe">Susan Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Cade_Bambara" title="Toni Cade Bambara">Toni Cade Bambara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Young" title="Al Young">Al Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Niatum" title="Duane Niatum">Duane Niatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._L._Mayo" title="E. L. Mayo">E. L. Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chin" title="Frank Chin">Frank Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Obenzinger" title="Hilton Obenzinger">Hilton Obenzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Him_Mark_Lai" title="Him Mark Lai">Him Mark Lai</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genny_Lim" title="Genny Lim">Genny Lim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Yung" title="Judy Yung">Judy Yung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Rothenberg" title="Jerome Rothenberg">Jerome Rothenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Thomas" title="Joyce Carol Thomas">Joyce Carol Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Quintana" title="Leroy Quintana">Leroy Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Dee_Cervantes" title="Lorna Dee Cervantes">Lorna Dee Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Phillip_Tanaka" title="Ronald Phillip Tanaka">Ronald Phillip Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Banks" title="Russell Banks">Russell Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tato_Laviera" title="Tato Laviera">Tato Laviera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Christian" title="Barbara Christian">Barbara Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecilia_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecilia Liang (page does not exist)">Cecilia Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelina_Vigil-Pi%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Evangelina Vigil-Piñón">Evangelina Vigil-Piñón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Rohmer" title="Harriet Rohmer">Harriet Rohmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Houston" title="James D. Houston">James D. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tarahata_Hagedorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn">Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Williams" title="John A. Williams">John A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Kogawa" title="Joy Kogawa">Joy Kogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Grahn" title="Judy Grahn">Judy Grahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Candelaria" title="Nash Candelaria">Nash Candelaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guralnick" title="Peter Guralnick">Peter Guralnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Tuama" title="Seán Ó Tuama">Seán Ó Tuama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Brown_(writer)" title="Cecil Brown (writer)">Cecil Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Schwartz_(writer_and_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Schwartz (writer and editor)">Howard Schwartz</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Mark_Podwal" title="Mark Podwal">Mark Podwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamu_Amiri_Baraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamu Amiri Baraka">Imamu Amiri Baraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Col%C3%B3n" title="Jesús Colón">Jesús Colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruchac" title="Joseph Bruchac">Joseph Bruchac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kenny" title="Maurice Kenny">Maurice Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei-mei_Berssenbrugge" title="Mei-mei Berssenbrugge">Mei-mei Berssenbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9_Okubo" title="Miné Okubo">Miné Okubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paule_Marshall" title="Paule Marshall">Paule Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthanne_Lum_McCunn" title="Ruthanne Lum McCunn">Ruthanne Lum McCunn</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=You-shan_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="You-shan Tang (page does not exist)">You-shan Tang</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Lai-shan_Yeung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellen Lai-shan Yeung (page does not exist)">Ellen Lai-shan Yeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McGrath_(poet)" title="Thomas McGrath (poet)">Thomas McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatesh_Kulkarni" title="Venkatesh Kulkarni">Venkatesh Kulkarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William J. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Jackson" title="Angela Jackson">Angela Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Genthe" title="Arnold Genthe">Arnold Genthe</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kuo_Wei_Tchen" title="John Kuo Wei Tchen">John Kuo Wei Tchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_J._McElroy" title="Colleen J. McElroy">Colleen J. McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Soto" title="Gary Soto">Gary Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Irons" title="Peter Irons">Peter Irons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiho_Soga" title="Keiho Soga">Keiho Soga</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taisanboku_Mori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taisanboku Mori (page does not exist)">Taisanboku Mori</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sojin_Takei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sojin Takei (page does not exist)">Sojin Takei</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muin_Ozaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muin Ozaki (page does not exist)">Muin Ozaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Owen" title="Maureen Owen">Maureen Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Sarton" title="May Sarton">May Sarton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)" title="Robert Duncan (poet)">Robert Edward Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Jones_(teacher)" title="Ron Jones (teacher)">Ron Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Cisneros" title="Sandra Cisneros">Sandra Cisneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sanchez" title="Sonia Sanchez">Sonia Sanchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Vinograd" title="Julia Vinograd">Julia Vinograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Oandasan" title="William Oandasan">William Oandasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lee_Walters" title="Anna Lee Walters">Anna Lee Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherr%C3%ADe_Moraga" title="Cherríe Moraga">Cherríe Moraga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria E. Anzaldúa">Gloria E. Anzaldúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Barolini" title="Helen Barolini">Helen Barolini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Hannusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Hannusch (page does not exist)">Jeff Hannusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hogan_(writer)" title="Linda Hogan (writer)">Linda Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn" title="Miguel Algarín">Miguel Algarín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Borovsky" title="Natasha Borovsky">Natasha Borovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Federman" title="Raymond Federman">Raymond Federman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howe" title="Susan Howe">Susan Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Winch" title="Terence Winch">Terence Winch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshio_Mori" title="Toshio Mori">Toshio Mori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_(poet)" title="Ai (poet)">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Castillo" title="Ana Castillo">Ana Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyn_Zarco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyn Zarco (page does not exist)">Cyn Zarco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_McGuire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel McGuire (page does not exist)">Daniel McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bryant" title="Dorothy Bryant">Dorothy Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etheridge_Knight" title="Etheridge Knight">Etheridge Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Giddins" title="Gary Giddins">Gary Giddins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Pekar" title="Harvey Pekar">Harvey Pekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Welch_(writer)" title="James Welch (writer)">James Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wieners" title="John Wieners">John Wieners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Felipe_Herrera" title="Juan Felipe Herrera">Juan Felipe Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Chiavola_Birnbaum" title="Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum">Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mayo_(poet)" title="Michael Mayo (poet)">Michael Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Poinsette Clark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Stokes_Brown" title="Cynthia Stokes Brown">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McMillan" title="Terry McMillan">Terry McMillan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Blakely" title="Allison Blakely">Allison Blakely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(civil_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy Bates (civil rights activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sanders" title="Ed Sanders">Edward Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor" title="Gerald Vizenor">Gerald Vizenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Santiago_Baca" title="Jimmy Santiago Baca">Jimmy Santiago Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesho_Y._Scott" title="Kesho Y. Scott">Kesho Y. Scott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Muhanji" title="Cherry Muhanji">Cherry Muhanji</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyirba_High&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egyirba High (page does not exist)">Egyirba High</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marlon_K._Hom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marlon K. Hom (page does not exist)">Marlon K. Hom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hoff" title="Benjamin Hoff">Benjamin Hoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sukenick" title="Ronald Sukenick">Ronald Sukenick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_La_Puma" title="Salvatore La Puma">Salvatore La Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Tek_Lum" title="Wing Tek Lum">Wing Tek Lum</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tek_Lum_Lum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tek Lum Lum (page does not exist)">Tek Lum Lum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Luz_Villanueva" title="Alma Luz Villanueva">Alma Luz Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askia_M._Tour%C3%A9" title="Askia M. Touré">Askia M. Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Lau" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn Lau">Carolyn Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Elliott" title="Emory Elliott">Emory Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Galeano" title="Eduardo Galeano">Eduardo Galeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chin" title="Frank Chin">Frank Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Henry Louis Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._California_Cooper" title="J. California Cooper">J. California Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Stone_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Stone (writer) (page does not exist)">Jennifer Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Gattuso_Hendin" title="Josephine Gattuso Hendin">Josephine Gattuso Hendin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Scalapino" title="Leslie Scalapino">Leslie Scalapino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuntaro_Tanikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuntaro Tanikawa">Shuntaro Tanikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fanning" title="Charles Fanning">Charles Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Minoru_Hohri" class="mw-redirect" title="William Minoru Hohri">William Minoru Hohri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Kennedy" title="Adrienne Kennedy">Adrienne Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grizzuti_Harrison" title="Barbara Grizzuti Harrison">Barbara Grizzuti Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Gioseffi" title="Daniela Gioseffi">Daniela Gioseffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woody" title="Elizabeth Woody">Elizabeth Woody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualing_Nieh_Engle" title="Hualing Nieh Engle">Hualing Nieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabari_Njeri" title="Itabari Njeri">Itabari Njeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Freeman" title="James M. Freeman">James M. Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Walter" title="John C. Walter">John C. Walter</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Raymond_Jones" title="J. Raymond Jones">J. Raymond Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Norton_(author)" title="John Norton (author)">John Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Emilio_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="José Emilio González">José Emilio González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kan" title="Sergei Kan">Sergei Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_A._Thompson" title="Lloyd A. Thompson">Lloyd A. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bernal" title="Martin Bernal">Martin Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_T._Clinton" title="Michelle T. Clinton">Michelle T. Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sesshu_Foster" title="Sesshu Foster">Sesshu Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Gunn_Allen" title="Paula Gunn Allen">Paula Gunn Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Geok-lin_Lim" title="Shirley Geok-lin Lim">Shirley Geok-lin Lim</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayumi_Tsutakawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayumi Tsutakawa (page does not exist)">Mayumi Tsutakawa</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarita_Donnelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarita Donnelly (page does not exist)">Margarita Donnelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Murgu%C3%ADa" title="Alejandro Murguía">Alejandro Murguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Wright" title="Bruce M. Wright">Bruce Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Trujillo" title="Charley Trujillo">Charley Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Melhem" title="D. H. Melhem">D. H. Melhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Keenan" title="Deborah Keenan">Deborah Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hagedorn" title="Jessica Hagedorn">Jessica Hagedorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Wideman" title="John Edgar Wideman">John Edgar Wideman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Tei_Yamashita" title="Karen Tei Yamashita">Karen Tei Yamashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Berlin" title="Lucia Berlin">Lucia Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Crow_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Crow Dog">Mary Crow Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridel_Le_Sueur" title="Meridel Le Sueur">Meridel Le Sueur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mill_Hunk_Herald_Collective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mill Hunk Herald Collective (page does not exist)">Mill Hunk Herald Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Marks_Dauenhauer" title="Nora Marks Dauenhauer">Nora Marks Dauenhauer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dauenhauer" title="Richard Dauenhauer">Richard Dauenhauer</a></li> <li>R. Baxter Miller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Centolella" title="Thomas Centolella">Thomas Centolella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%27Lelia_Bundles" title="A'Lelia Bundles">A'Lelia Perry Bundles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Alire_S%C3%A1enz" title="Benjamin Alire Sáenz">Benjamin Alire Sáenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_J._Haraway" class="mw-redirect" title="Donna J. Haraway">Donna J. Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Fritjof Capra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Burciaga" title="José Antonio Burciaga">José Antonio Burciaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Gilyard" title="Keith Gilyard">Keith Gilyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Thompson" title="Lucy Thompson">Lucy Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Field" title="Norma Field">Norma Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bacho" title="Peter Bacho">Peter Bacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kalifornsky" title="Peter Kalifornsky">Peter Kalifornsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Andrews" title="Raymond Andrews">Raymond Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Scofield" title="Sandra Scofield">Sandra Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Hamanaka" title="Sheila Hamanaka">Sheila Hamanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Klinkenborg" title="Verlyn Klinkenborg">Verlyn Klinkenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Branch" title="William B. Branch">William B. Branch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amiri_Baraka" title="Amiri Baraka">Amiri Baraka</a> / <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asake_Bomani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asake Bomani (page does not exist)">Asake Bomani</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belvie_Rooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belvie Rooks (page does not exist)">Belvie Rooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Mogil" title="Christopher Mogil">Christopher Mogil</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Woodrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Woodrow (page does not exist)">Peter Woodrow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Giardina" title="Denise Giardina">Denise Giardina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Glancy" title="Diane Glancy">Diane Glancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_B._Redmond" title="Eugene B. Redmond">Eugene B. Redmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_X._Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Francisco X. Alarcón">Francisco X. Alarcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Graff" title="Gerald Graff">Gerald Graff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Beatty" title="Jack Beatty">Jack Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_V._Quintana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leroy V. Quintana (page does not exist)">Leroy V. Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine Peter (page does not exist)">Katherine Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninotchka_Rosca" title="Ninotchka Rosca">Ninotchka Rosca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giose_Rimanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giose Rimanelli (page does not exist)">Giose Rimanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Drooker" title="Eric Drooker">Eric Drooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graciela_Lim%C3%B3n" title="Graciela Limón">Graciela Limón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_J._Reed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory J. Reed (page does not exist)">Gregory J. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Campbell_Hale" title="Janet Campbell Hale">Janet Campbell Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Nelson" title="Jill Nelson">Jill Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawson_Fusao_Inada" title="Lawson Fusao Inada">Lawson Fusao Inada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Blackman" title="Nicole Blackman">Nicole Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Paul Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Takaki" title="Ronald Takaki">Ronald Takaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_L._Glickman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose L. Glickman (page does not exist)">Rose L. Glickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tino_Villanueva" title="Tino Villanueva">Tino Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_L._Kroll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia L. Kroll (page does not exist)">Virginia L. Kroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Rodriguez_(novelist)" title="Abraham Rodriguez (novelist)">Abraham Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Boyd" title="Herb Boyd">Herb Boyd</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Allen" title="Robert L. Allen">Robert L. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Denise Chavez">Denise Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton_(journalist)" title="John Egerton (journalist)">John Egerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(activist)" title="John Ross (activist)">John Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Avena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Avena (page does not exist)">Thomas Avena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Raymond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Raymond (page does not exist)">Linda Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Young_Lee" title="Li-Young Lee">Li-Young Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marianna_De_Marco_Torgovnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marianna De Marco Torgovnick (page does not exist)">Marianna De Marco Torgovnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marnie_Mueller" title="Marnie Mueller">Marnie Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Quinn_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Quinn (author) (page does not exist)">Peter Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Martz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Martz (page does not exist)">Sandra Martz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Henry_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Henry Jr.">Gordon Henry Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Rose" title="Tricia Rose">Tricia Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_Nesaule" title="Agate Nesaule">Agate Nesaule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sze" title="Arthur Sze">Arthur Sze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang-Rae_Lee" title="Chang-Rae Lee">Chang-Rae Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitra_Banerjee_Divakaruni" title="Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni">Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.J._Miller_Laino" class="mw-redirect" title="E.J. Miller Laino">E.J. Miller Laino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_C._Loury" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn C. Loury">Glenn C. Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Loewen" title="James W. Loewen">James W. Loewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sacco" title="Joe Sacco">Joe Sacco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiko_Hahn" title="Kimiko Hahn">Kimiko Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Espinosa" title="Maria Espinosa">Maria Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Viscusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Viscusi (page does not exist)">Robert Viscusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Alexie" title="Sherman Alexie">Sherman Alexie</a></li> <li>Ron Sakolsky / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Weihan_Ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Weihan Ho">Fred Weihan Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Cowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanie Cowell (page does not exist)">Stephanie Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Gass" title="William H. Gass">William H. Gass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alurista" title="Alurista">Alurista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Bell" title="Derrick Bell">Derrick Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Barresi" title="Dorothy Barresi">Dorothy Barresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_G%C3%B3mez-Pe%C3%B1a" title="Guillermo Gómez-Peña">Guillermo Gómez-Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Owens" title="Louis Owens">Louis Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Espada" title="Martín Espada">Martín Espada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montserrat_Fontes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montserrat Fontes (page does not exist)">Montserrat Fontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Ignatiev" title="Noel Ignatiev">Noel Ignatiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Geok-lin_Lim" title="Shirley Geok-lin Lim">Shirley Geok-lin Lim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunaina_Maira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunaina Maira (page does not exist)">Sunaina Maira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulani_Davis" title="Thulani Davis">Thulani Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_De_Haven" title="Tom De Haven">Tom De Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Banks_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William M. Banks (author) (page does not exist)">William M. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Knight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenda Knight (page does not exist)">Brenda Knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Adelle_Hedge_Coke" class="mw-redirect" title="Allison Adelle Hedge Coke">Allison Adelle Hedge Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Y._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela Y. Davis">Angela Y. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Marie_Osbey" title="Brenda Marie Osbey">Brenda Marie Osbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Barnes_(writer)" title="Jim Barnes (writer)">Jim Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Williams" title="John A. Williams">John A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rawles" title="Nancy Rawles">Nancy Rawles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Okja_Keller" title="Nora Okja Keller">Nora Okja Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Benitez" title="Sandra Benitez">Sandra Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_DeVeaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott DeVeaux (page does not exist)">Scott DeVeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_(poet)" title="Thomas Lynch (poet)">Thomas Lynch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_McDermott" title="Alice McDermott">Alice McDermott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Linzer" title="Anna Linzer">Anna Linzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Ward_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Ward (author) (page does not exist)">Brian Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiori_Santiago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiori Santiago (page does not exist)">Chiori Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Donald_Two-Rivers" title="E. Donald Two-Rivers">E. Donald Two-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat" title="Edwidge Danticat">Edwidge Danticat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Roche" title="Judith Roche">Judith Roche</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meg_McHutchison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meg McHutchison (page does not exist)">Meg McHutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gioia_Timpanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gioia Timpanelli (page does not exist)">Gioia Timpanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Naylor" title="Gloria Naylor">Gloria Naylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Houston" title="James D. Houston">James D. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Lipka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Lipka (page does not exist)">Jerry Lipka</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_V._Mohatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald V. Mohatt (page does not exist)">Gerald V. Mohatt</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciulistet_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciulistet Group (page does not exist)">Ciulistet Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Ellis" title="Trey Ellis">Trey Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Novakovich" title="Josip Novakovich">Josip Novakovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Flores" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauro Flores">Lauro Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alberto_Urrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís Alberto Urrea">Luís Alberto Urrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speer_Morgan" title="Speer Morgan">Speer Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gach" title="Gary Gach">Gary Gach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiori_Santiago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiori Santiago (page does not exist)">Chiori Santiago</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judith_Lowry" title="Judith Lowry">Judith Lowry</a></li></ul> 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2024 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2024 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2020)_2024_United_States_presidential_election_(2028_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">← 2020</a>) <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election" title="2028 United States presidential election">2028 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_elections" title="2024 United States elections">2024 United States elections</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election">state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2024 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2024 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_access_in_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Ballot access in the 2024 United States presidential election">Ballot access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Foreign interference in the 2024 United States elections">Interference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2024 United States elections">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">Transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;; font-weight:normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br /><span style="color:#f598e2;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">WFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Opinion polling for the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2024 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protest_vote_movements" title="Israel–Hamas war protest vote movements">Protest votes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Voters_for_Harris" title="Haley Voters for Harris">Haley Voters for Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dudes_for_Harris" title="White Dudes for Harris">White Dudes for Harris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Kamala_Harris" title="Political positions of Kamala Harris">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Withdrew after primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democrats_who_opposed_the_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign" title="List of Democrats who opposed the Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign">opposition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williamson" title="Marianne Williamson">Marianne Williamson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williamson_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Marianne Williamson 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jason_Palmer_(politician)" title="Jason Palmer (politician)">Jason Palmer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dean_Phillips" title="Dean Phillips">Dean Phillips</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dean_Phillips_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Dean Phillips 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Cenk Uygur</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Segal" title="Jerome Segal">Jerome Segal</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;; font-weight:normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br /><span style="color:#FF8C00;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">CPNYS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2024 Republican Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2024 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_of_the_2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="Logistics of the 2024 Republican National Convention">logistics</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2024 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2024 Republican Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">eligibility</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson" title="Trump v. Anderson">Trump v. Anderson</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_oppose_the_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Republicans who oppose the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_JD_Vance" title="Political positions of JD Vance">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Withdrew during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Binkley" title="Ryan Binkley">Ryan Binkley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Castro" title="John Anthony Castro">John Anthony Castro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Ron DeSantis 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ron_DeSantis_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Ron DeSantis 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_DeSantis" title="Political positions of Ron DeSantis">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki Haley</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Nikki Haley 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nikki_Haley_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Nikki Haley 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nikki_Haley" title="Political positions of Nikki Haley">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asa_Hutchinson" title="Asa Hutchinson">Asa Hutchinson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Asa_Hutchinson_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Asa Hutchinson 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._W._Jackson" title="E. W. Jackson">E. W. Jackson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vivek_Ramaswamy" title="Vivek Ramaswamy">Vivek Ramaswamy</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Vivek_Ramaswamy_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Vivek Ramaswamy 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sloan" title="Sam Sloan">Sam Sloan</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Doug_Burgum" title="Doug Burgum">Doug Burgum</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Doug_Burgum_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Doug Burgum 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Chris Christie 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Larry Elder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Will_Hurd" title="Will Hurd">Will Hurd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Perry_Johnson_(businessman)" title="Perry Johnson (businessman)">Perry Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steve_Laffey" title="Steve Laffey">Steve Laffey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Pence 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mike_Pence" title="Political positions of Mike Pence">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Tim Scott 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Corey_Stapleton" title="Corey Stapleton">Corey Stapleton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Suarez" title="Francis Suarez">Francis Suarez</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2024 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Chase Oliver</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Chase Oliver 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mike_ter_Maat" title="Mike ter Maat">Mike ter Maat</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Eliminated in balloting</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Art_Olivier" title="Art Olivier">Art Olivier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rectenwald" title="Michael Rectenwald">Michael Rectenwald</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_ter_Maat" title="Mike ter Maat">Mike ter Maat</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Exotic" title="Joe Exotic">Joe Exotic</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Colorado" title="Libertarian Party of Colorado">LPCO</a> · <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_New_Hampshire" title="Libertarian Party of New Hampshire">LPNH</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;; font-weight:normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></b><br /><span style="color:#009736;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Party" title="Kentucky Party">KP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Green_National_Convention" title="2024 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jill_Stein_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Jill Stein 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Butch_Ware" title="Butch Ware">Butch Ware</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Withdrew after primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Randy_Toler" title="Randy Toler">Randy Toler</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Pastreich" title="Emanuel Pastreich">Emanuel Pastreich</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornel West</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;; font-weight:normal"><b>Independent</b><br /><span style="color:#D6FF33;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">GMPJ</a> · <span style="color:#50C878;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Legal_Marijuana_NOW_Party" title="Nebraska Legal Marijuana NOW Party">NLMN</a> · <span style="color:#5FD170;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Progressive_Party" title="Oregon Progressive Party">OPP</a><br /><span style="color:#FF3300;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">SA</a> · <span style="color:#778899;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/United_Citizens_Party" title="United Citizens Party">UCP</a> · <span style="color:#ADD8E6;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">UPC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Candidate: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornel West</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Cornel West 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Running mate: <a href="/wiki/Melina_Abdullah" title="Melina Abdullah">Melina Abdullah</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;; font-weight:normal"><b>Independent</b> (withdrawn)<br /><span style="color:#385AA3;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">AP</a> · <span style="color:#800080;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">AIP</a> · <span style="color:#98d8e9;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_of_Delaware" title="Independent Party of Delaware">IPoD</a><br /><span style="color:#ffe4e1">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">NLP</a> · <span style="color:#6A287E;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">RPUSA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Candidate: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr._2024_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Reform_National_Convention" title="2024 Reform National Convention">Reform Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Running mate: <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan" title="Nicole Shanahan">Nicole Shanahan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2024 United States presidential election">third-party candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F37120;"><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sonski" title="Peter Sonski">Peter Sonski</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sonski_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Peter Sonski 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/2024_Constitution_National_Convention" title="2024 Constitution National Convention">Convention</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Randall_Terry" title="Randall Terry">Randall Terry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Terry_2024_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Randall Terry 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Broden" title="Stephen Broden">Stephen Broden</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joel_Skousen" title="Joel Skousen">Joel Skousen</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #c49334;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_American_Party_of_Nevada" title="Independent American Party of Nevada">Independent American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joel_Skousen" title="Joel Skousen">Joel Skousen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #50C878;"><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/2024_Minnesota_Legal_Marijuana_Now_presidential_primary" title="2024 Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now presidential primary">Primary</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Schuller" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Schuller">Dennis Schuller</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Reyes_(activist)" title="Rudy Reyes (activist)">Rudy Reyes</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ed_Forchion" title="Ed Forchion">Ed Forchion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krystal_Gabel" title="Krystal Gabel">Krystal Gabel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Reyes_(activist)" title="Rudy Reyes (activist)">Rudy Reyes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0b106b;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal Party USA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ebke" title="Laura Ebke">Laura Ebke</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #9258B0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFF53B;"><b><a href="/wiki/Party_Party_of_Rhode_Island" title="Party Party of Rhode Island">Party Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;; font-weight:normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism & Liberation</a></b><br /><span style="color:#00FF00;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">PFP</a> · <span style="color:#FF6347;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">SCW</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_De_la_Cruz" title="Claudia De la Cruz">Claudia De la Cruz</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_De_la_Cruz_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Claudia De la Cruz 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kishore" title="Joseph Kishore">Joseph Kishore</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(socialist)" title="Jerry White (socialist)">Jerry White</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rachele_Fruit" title="Rachele Fruit">Rachele Fruit</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity Party of America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Noel_Fiorino" title="Paul Noel Fiorino">Paul Noel Fiorino</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Other independent candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Declared</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Ayyadurai" title="Shiva Ayyadurai">Shiva Ayyadurai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Buss" title="Johnny Buss">Johnny Buss</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Afroman" title="Afroman">Joseph "Afroman" Foreman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Marshall" title="Taylor Marshall">Taylor Marshall</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Pastreich" title="Emanuel Pastreich">Emanuel Pastreich</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krist_Novoselic" title="Krist Novoselic">Krist Novoselic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kanye_West_2024_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanye West 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Kanye_West" title="Views of Kanye West">positions</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disputes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disputes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_efforts_to_disrupt_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Republican Party efforts to disrupt the 2024 United States presidential election">Republican Party efforts to disrupt the 2024 United States presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States#2024" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/21px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/42px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/19px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/29px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/38px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/21px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/32px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/42px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma" title="Portal:Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/19px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/29px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/38px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712469#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712469#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712469#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123215424">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/109231256">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/92177/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCMqH3JBPPvgfCcMyPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122939298">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82065739">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028053c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028053c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01145551">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osd2015891776&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13982256">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01764576?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpeople.org/profiles/cornel-west">PhilPeople</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500246741">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5859ad9f-3d22-45b6-9b52-fd3311da9862">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/122939298">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028447026">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="West, Cornel, 1953-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fv9cdt">SNAC</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="West, Cornel, 1953-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69w0v2t">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&oldid=1259075483">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornel_West&oldid=1259075483</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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