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id="toc-Strategic_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Verdun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Verdun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Battle of Verdun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Verdun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brusilov_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brusilov_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Brusilov offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brusilov_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tactical developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglo-French_plan_of_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-French_plan_of_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Anglo-French plan of attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-French_plan_of_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Betrayal_of_British_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betrayal_of_British_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Betrayal of British plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betrayal_of_British_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_defences_on_the_Somme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_defences_on_the_Somme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>German defences on the Somme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_defences_on_the_Somme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles_of_the_Somme,_1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_of_the_Somme,_1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battles of the Somme, 1916</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battles_of_the_Somme,_1916-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battles of the Somme, 1916 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battles_of_the_Somme,_1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_phase:_1–17_July_1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_phase:_1–17_July_1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First phase: 1–17 July 1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_phase:_1–17_July_1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Albert,_1–13_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Albert,_1–13_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Battle of Albert, 1–13 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Albert,_1–13_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>First day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge,_14–17_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge,_14–17_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Battle of Bazentin Ridge, 14–17 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge,_14–17_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Fromelles,_19–20_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Fromelles,_19–20_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Battle of Fromelles, 19–20 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Fromelles,_19–20_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_phase:_July–September_1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_phase:_July–September_1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second phase: July–September 1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_phase:_July–September_1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Delville_Wood,_14_July_–_15_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Delville_Wood,_14_July_–_15_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Battle of Delville Wood, 14 July – 15 September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Delville_Wood,_14_July_–_15_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Pozières,_23_July_–_7_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Pozières,_23_July_–_7_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Battle of Pozières, 23 July – 7 August</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Pozières,_23_July_–_7_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Guillemont,_3–6_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Guillemont,_3–6_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Battle of Guillemont, 3–6 September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Guillemont,_3–6_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Ginchy,_9_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Ginchy,_9_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Battle of Ginchy, 9 September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Ginchy,_9_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_phase:_September–November_1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_phase:_September–November_1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Third phase: September–November 1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_phase:_September–November_1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Flers–Courcelette,_15–22_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Flers–Courcelette,_15–22_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Battle of Flers–Courcelette, 15–22 September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Flers–Courcelette,_15–22_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Morval,_25–28_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Morval,_25–28_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Battle of Morval, 25–28 September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Morval,_25–28_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Thiepval_Ridge,_26–28_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Thiepval_Ridge,_26–28_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Battle of Thiepval Ridge, 26–28 September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Thiepval_Ridge,_26–28_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Le_Transloy,_1_October_–_11_November" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Le_Transloy,_1_October_–_11_November"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Battle of Le Transloy, 1 October – 11 November</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Le_Transloy,_1_October_–_11_November-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights,_1_October_–_11_November" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights,_1_October_–_11_November"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Battle of the Ancre Heights, 1 October – 11 November</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights,_1_October_–_11_November-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Ancre,_13–18_November" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Ancre,_13–18_November"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Battle of the Ancre, 13–18 November</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Ancre,_13–18_November-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subsequent operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsequent_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subsequent operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancre,_January–March_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancre,_January–March_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancre, January–March 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancre,_January–March_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindenburg_Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindenburg_Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hindenburg Line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindenburg_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Histories_of_the_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histories_of_the_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Histories of the battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histories_of_the_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of the Somme</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_die_Somme" title="Slag van die Somme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van die Somme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="معركة السوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة السوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somma_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Somma döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Somma döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="سومما دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سومما دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Бітва на Соме – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва на Соме" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Бітва на Соме – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бітва на Соме" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Битка при Сома – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Сома" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_na_Somi_(1916)" title="Bitka na Somi (1916) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bitka na Somi (1916)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_ar_Somme" title="Emgann ar Somme – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann ar Somme" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_Somme" title="Batalla del Somme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla del Somme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_na_Somm%C4%9B" title="Bitva na Sommě – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva na Sommě" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_y_Somme_1916" title="Brwydr y Somme 1916 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr y Somme 1916" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Somme" title="Slaget ved Somme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Somme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_an_der_Somme" title="Schlacht an der Somme – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht an der Somme" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme%27i_lahing" title="Somme'i lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Somme'i lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%BC" title="Μάχη του Σομ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Σομ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_Somme" title="Batalla del Somme – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla del Somme" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_%C4%89e_la_Somme" title="Batalo ĉe la Somme – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo ĉe la Somme" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommeko_gudua" title="Sommeko gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sommeko gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نبرد سم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد سم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_la_Somme" title="Bataille de la Somme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de la Somme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slach_oan_de_Somme" title="Slach oan de Somme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slach oan de Somme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_an_Somme" title="Cath an Somme – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath an Somme" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A0r_an_Somme" title="Blàr an Somme – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Blàr an Somme" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofensiva_do_Somme" title="Ofensiva do Somme – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ofensiva do Somme" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%9C_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="솜 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="솜 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Սոմի ճակատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոմի ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_na_Sommi_(1916.)" title="Bitka na Sommi (1916.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka na Sommi (1916.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Somme" title="Batalio di Somme – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Somme" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Somme" title="Pertempuran Somme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Somme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Somme" title="Orrustan við Somme – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orrustan við Somme" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_della_Somme" title="Battaglia della Somme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia della Somme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9D" title="הקרב על הסום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקרב על הסום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="სომის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauja_pie_Sommas" title="Kauja pie Sommas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kauja pie Sommas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schluecht_vun_der_Somme" title="Schluecht vun der Somme – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schluecht vun der Somme" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somos_m%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Somos mūšis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Somos mūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjlaag_um_de_Somme" title="Sjlaag um de Somme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjlaag um de Somme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme-i_csata_(1916)" title="Somme-i csata (1916) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Somme-i csata (1916)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Битка на Сома – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка на Сома" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="सोमची लढाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोमची लढाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Somme" title="Pertempuran Somme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Somme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_aan_de_Somme" title="Slag aan de Somme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag aan de Somme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="ソンムの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソンムの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Somme" title="Slaget ved Somme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Somme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Somme" title="Slaget ved Somme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaget ved Somme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Somme_(1916)" title="Batalha de Somme (1916) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Somme (1916)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_nad_Somm%C4%85" title="Bitwa nad Sommą – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa nad Sommą" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_do_Somme" title="Batalha do Somme – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha do Somme" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_pe_Somme_(1916)" title="Bătălia de pe Somme (1916) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de pe Somme (1916)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Битва на Сомме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва на Сомме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of the Somme" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_na_Somme_(1916)" title="Bitka na Somme (1916) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka na Somme (1916)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_na_Somi_(1916)" title="Bitka na Somi (1916) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka na Somi (1916)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Битка на Соми – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка на Соми" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_na_Sommi" title="Bitka na Sommi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka na Sommi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommen_taistelu" title="Sommen taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sommen taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Somme" title="Slaget vid Somme – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Somme" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme_b%C3%A4rele%C5%9Fe" title="Somme bäreleşe – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Somme bäreleşe" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="ยุทธการที่แม่น้ำซอม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่แม่น้ำซอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme_Muharebesi" title="Somme Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Somme Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Битва на Соммі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва на Соммі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Somme_(1916)" title="Trận Somme (1916) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Somme (1916)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="索姆河战役 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="索姆河战役" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Somme&params=50_00_56_N_02_41_51_E_type:event_region:FR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°00′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">02°41′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.01556°N 2.69750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.01556; 2.69750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme_(1916)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Somme (1916)">Battle of the Somme (1916)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">WWI battle pitting France and Britain against Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the battle fought in 1918, see <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Second Battle of the Somme">Second Battle of the Somme</a>. For the 1916 film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Somme_(film)" title="The Battle of the Somme (film)"><i>The Battle of the Somme</i> (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Somme</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme,_1916.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="921" /></a></span><br />Complete map of the Battle of the Somme</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">1 July 1916</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre" title="Battle of the Ancre">18 November 1916</a> <br /> (4 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Somme_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Somme River">Somme River</a>, north-central <a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a> and south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> Départements, France</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Somme&params=50_00_56_N_02_41_51_E_type:event_region:FR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°00′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">02°41′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.01556°N 2.69750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.01556; 2.69750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Inconclusive</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Bulge driven into the <a href="/wiki/Noyon_Salient" class="mw-redirect" title="Noyon Salient">Noyon salient</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a>:</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/23px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/35px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/46px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="New Zealand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Newfoundland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Bermuda"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg/21px-Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg/32px-Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg/42px-Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div> <span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baron_Rawlinson" title="Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson">Henry Rawlinson</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Gough" title="Hubert Gough">Hubert Gough</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joseph Joffre</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Fayolle" title="Émile Fayolle">Émile Fayolle</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alfred_Micheler" title="Joseph Alfred Micheler">Joseph Alfred Micheler</a><br /></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">Rupprecht of Bavaria</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Gallwitz" title="Max von Gallwitz">Max von Gallwitz</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_von_Below" title="Fritz von Below">Fritz von Below</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>1 July</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"><img alt="British Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 13 divisions<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 11 divisions<br /><b>July–November</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"><img alt="British Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 50 divisions<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 48 divisions</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>1 July</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 10 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> divisions<br /><b>July–November</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 50 divisions</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"><img alt="British Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420,000</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2006398Sheffield2011194,_197Philpott2009602–603_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2006398Sheffield2011194,_197Philpott2009602–603-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(95,675 killed or missing)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200,000</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309Harris2009271Philpott2009602–603_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309Harris2009271Philpott2009602–603-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(50,729 killed or missing)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 440,000</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendt1931246Harris2009271Philpott2009602–603_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendt1931246Harris2009271Philpott2009602–603-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><hr />41,605 men captured by French<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009438_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009438-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />31,396 men captured by British<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009438_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009438-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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(1916)">Albert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">First day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Montauban" title="Capture of Montauban">Montauban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mametz" title="Capture of Mametz">Mametz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fricourt" title="Capture of Fricourt">Fricourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Contalmaison" title="Capture of Contalmaison">Contalmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_La_Boisselle" title="Capture of La Boisselle">La Boisselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Gommecourt_Salient" title="Attack on the Gommecourt Salient">Gommecourt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge" title="Battle of Bazentin Ridge">Bazentin Ridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Longueval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Longueval (page does not exist)">Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tr%C3%B4nes_Wood" title="Capture of Trônes Wood">Trônes Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ovillers" title="Capture of Ovillers">Ovillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Fromelles" title="Attack at Fromelles">Fromelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_High_Wood" title="Attacks on High Wood">High Wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delville_Wood" title="Battle of Delville Wood">Delville Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Pozières">Pozières</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mouquet_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mouquet Farm">Mouquet Farm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guillemont" title="Battle of Guillemont">Guillemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ginchy" title="Battle of Ginchy">Ginchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flers%E2%80%93Courcelette" title="Battle of Flers–Courcelette">Flers–Courcelette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Martinpuich" title="Capture of Martinpuich">Martinpuich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morval" title="Battle of Morval">Morval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Combles" title="Capture of Combles">Combles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Lesb%C5%93ufs" title="Capture of Lesbœufs">Lesbœufs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gueudecourt" title="Capture of Gueudecourt">Gueudecourt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thiepval_Ridge" title="Battle of Thiepval Ridge">Thiepval Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Transloy" title="Battle of Le Transloy">Le Transloy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Eaucourt_l%27Abbaye" title="Capture of Eaucourt l'Abbaye">Eaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Le_Sars" title="Capture of Le Sars">Le Sars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_the_Butte_de_Warlencourt" title="Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt">Butte de Warlencourt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights" title="Battle of the Ancre Heights">Ancre Heights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Schwaben_Redoubt" title="Capture of Schwaben Redoubt">Schwaben Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Stuff_Redoubt" title="Capture of Stuff Redoubt">Stuff Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Regina_Trench" title="Capture of Regina Trench">Regina Trench</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre" title="Battle of the Ancre">Ancre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Beaumont-Hamel" title="Capture of Beaumont-Hamel">Beaumont-Hamel</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Associated articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%A9buterne" title="Battle of Hébuterne">Hébuterne (1915)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_Battle_of_the_Somme" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle for the Battle of the Somme">Order of Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boar%27s_Head" title="Battle of the Boar's Head">Boar's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_on_the_first_day_of_the_Somme" title="Mines on the first day of the Somme">Mines, 1 July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lochnagar_mine" title="Lochnagar mine">Lochnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Sap_mine" title="Y Sap mine">Y Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt" title="Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt">Hawthorn Ridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Salient" title="Leipzig Salient">Leipzig Salient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiepval_Memorial" title="Thiepval Memorial">Thiepval Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre,_January%E2%80%93March_1917" title="Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917">Ancre, 1917</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1914</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Capture_of_Moresnet" class="mw-redirect" title="German Capture of Moresnet">Moresnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">Invasion of Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Battle of Liège">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dinant" title="Battle of Dinant">Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1914)" title="Siege of Namur (1914)">Namur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Frontiers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lorraine" title="Battle of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ardennes" title="Battle of the Ardennes">Ardennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Charleroi" title="Battle of Charleroi">Charleroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons" title="Battle of Mons">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trou%C3%A9e_de_Charmes" title="Battle of the Trouée de Charmes">Trouée de Charmes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat" title="Great Retreat">Great Retreat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Cateau" title="Battle of Le Cateau">Le Cateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rearguard_Affair_of_%C3%89treux" title="Rearguard Affair of Étreux">Étreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1914)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1914)">1st St. Quentin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maubeuge" title="Siege of Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">1st Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="First Battle of the Aisne">1st Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1914)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yser" title="Battle of the Yser">Yser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">1st Ypres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_operations_1914%E2%80%931915" title="Winter operations 1914–1915">Winter actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Artois" title="First Battle of Artois">1st Artois</a></li></ul> <p><b>1915</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Champagne" title="First Battle of Champagne">1st Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hartmannswillerkopf" title="Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf">Hartmannswillerkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle" title="Battle of Neuve Chapelle">Neuve Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">2nd Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">2nd Artois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%A9buterne" title="Battle of Hébuterne">Hébuterne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">2nd Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Artois" title="Third Battle of Artois">3rd Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_phosgene_attack_(19_December_1915)" class="mw-redirect" title="German phosgene attack (19 December 1915)">Gas: Wieltje</a></li></ul> <p><b>1916</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_the_Bluff,_1916" title="Actions of the Bluff, 1916">The Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_Redoubt_action,_2%E2%80%9318_March_1916" title="Hohenzollern Redoubt action, 2–18 March 1916">Hohenzollern Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_St_Eloi_Craters" title="Actions of St Eloi Craters">St Eloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Hulluch" title="Gas attacks at Hulluch">Hulluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Wulverghem" title="Gas attacks at Wulverghem">Wulverghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_the_Kink_Salient" title="Loss of the Kink Salient">Kink Salient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_attack_on_Vimy_Ridge" title="German attack on Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mont_Sorrel" title="Battle of Mont Sorrel">Mont Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boar%27s_Head" title="Battle of the Boar's Head">Boar's Head</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Fromelles" title="Attack at Fromelles">Fromelles</a></li></ul> <p><b>1917</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre,_January%E2%80%93March_1917" title="Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917">Ancre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich"><i>Alberich</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivelle_offensive" title="Nivelle offensive">Nivelle offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Vimy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne">2nd Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills" title="Battle of the Hills">The Hills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)" title="Battle of Messines (1917)">Messines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Passchendaele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Cambrai</a></li></ul> <p><b>1918</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael"><i>Michael</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">The Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Third Battle of the Aisne">3rd Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood" title="Battle of Belleau Wood">Belleau Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">2nd Marne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(1918)" title="Battle of Soissons (1918)">Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ailette" title="Battle of the Ailette">Ailette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Second Battle of the Somme">2nd Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel" title="Battle of Saint-Mihiel">Saint-Mihiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Quentin_Canal" title="Battle of St Quentin Canal">St Quentin Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse-Argonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Fifth Battle of Ypres">5th Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1918)">2nd Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Courtrai (1918)">Courtrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_(1918)" title="Battle of the Sambre (1918)">Sambre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_and_the_Escaut" title="Battle of the Lys and the Escaut">Lys and Escaut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Associated articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">1914 Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">French Army mutinies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_tactics,_1917" title="Western Front tactics, 1917">Western Front tactics, 1917</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of the Somme</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Bataille de la Somme</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schlacht an der Somme</i>), also known as the <b>Somme offensive</b>, was a major battle of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> fought by the armies of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> against the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on both sides of the upper reaches of the river <a href="/wiki/Somme_(river)" title="Somme (river)">Somme</a> in France. The battle was intended to hasten a victory for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>. More than three million men fought in the battle, of whom more than one million were either wounded or killed, making it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_by_casualties" title="List of battles by casualties">deadliest battles</a> in all of human history. </p><p>The French and British had committed themselves to an offensive on the Somme during the <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_Conferences" title="Chantilly Conferences">Chantilly Conference</a> in December 1915. The Allies agreed upon a strategy of combined offensives against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in 1916 by the French, Russian, British and Italian armies, with the Somme offensive as the Franco-British contribution. Initial plans called for the French army to undertake the main part of the Somme offensive, supported on the northern flank by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fourth Army (United Kingdom)">Fourth Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF). When the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> on 21 February 1916, French commanders diverted many of the divisions intended for the Somme and the "supporting" attack by the British became the principal effort. The British troops on the Somme comprised a mixture of the remains of the pre-war army, the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Force" title="Territorial Force">Territorial Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">Kitchener's Army</a>, a force of wartime volunteers. </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day on the Somme</a> (1 July) the German <a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(German_Empire)" title="2nd Army (German Empire)">2nd Army</a> suffered a serious defeat opposite the French <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Army (France)">Sixth Army</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Foucaucourt-en-Santerre" title="Foucaucourt-en-Santerre">Foucaucourt-en-Santerre</a> south of the Somme to <a href="/wiki/Maricourt,_Somme" title="Maricourt, Somme">Maricourt</a> on the north bank and by the Fourth Army from Maricourt to the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Albert,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, France">Albert</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bapaume" title="Bapaume">Bapaume</a> road. The 57,470 casualties suffered by the British, including 19,240 killed, were the worst in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Army" title="History of the British Army">history of the British Army</a>. Most of the British casualties were suffered on the front between the Albert–Bapaume road and <a href="/wiki/Gommecourt,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Gommecourt, Pas-de-Calais">Gommecourt</a> to the north, which was the area where the principal German defensive effort (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Schwerpunkt" title="Blitzkrieg">Schwerpunkt</a></i></span>) was made. The battle became notable for the importance of air power and the first use of the <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> in September but these were a product of new technology and proved unreliable. </p><p>At the end of the battle, British and French forces had penetrated 6 mi (10 km) into German-occupied territory along the majority of the front, their largest territorial gain since the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a> in 1914. The operational objectives of the Anglo-French armies were unfulfilled, as they failed to capture <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme" title="Péronne, Somme">Péronne</a> and Bapaume, where the German armies maintained their positions over the winter. British attacks in the <a href="/wiki/Ancre" title="Ancre">Ancre</a> valley resumed in January 1917 and forced the Germans into local withdrawals to reserve lines in February before the strategic retreat by about 25 mi (40 km) in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich">Operation Alberich</a> to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siegfriedstellung</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a>) in March 1917. Debate continues over the necessity, significance, and effect of the battle. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategic_developments">Strategic developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Strategic developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_front_1915-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Western_front_1915-16.jpg/310px-Western_front_1915-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Western_front_1915-16.jpg/465px-Western_front_1915-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Western_front_1915-16.jpg/620px-Western_front_1915-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Western Front 1915–1916</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Allied war strategy for 1916 was decided at the <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_Conferences" title="Chantilly Conferences">Chantilly Conference</a> from 6th to 8th December 1915. Simultaneous offensives on the <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Brusilov Offensive">Eastern Front</a> by the Russian army, on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Front (World War I)">Italian Front</a> by the Italian army and on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> by the Franco-British armies were to be carried out to deny time for the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> to move troops between fronts during lulls. In December 1915, General Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig</a> replaced Field Marshal Sir <a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">John French</a> as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig favoured a British offensive in Flanders, close to BEF supply routes, to drive the Germans from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">Belgian coast</a> and end the <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> threat from Belgian waters. Haig was not formally subordinate to <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joseph Joffre</a> but the British played a lesser role on the Western Front and complied with French strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200627–37_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200627–37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1916, Joffre had agreed to the BEF making its main effort in Flanders but in February 1916 it was decided to mount a combined offensive where the French and British armies met, astride the Somme River in <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> before the British offensive in Flanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200637_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200637-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week later the Germans began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a> against the French army. The costly defence of Verdun forced the army to divert divisions intended for the Somme offensive, eventually reducing the French contribution to <span class="nowrap">13 divisions</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Army (France)">Sixth Army</a>, against <span class="nowrap">20 British</span> divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005291_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005291-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 31 May, the ambitious Franco-British plan for a decisive victory had been reduced to a limited offensive to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun and inflict attrition on the German armies in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott200981,_86_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott200981,_86-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chief of the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a>, intended to end the war by splitting the Anglo-French Entente in 1916, before its material superiority became unbeatable. Falkenhayn planned to defeat the large number of reserves which the Entente could move into the path of a breakthrough, by threatening a sensitive point close to the existing <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> and provoking the French into counter-attacking German positions. Falkenhayn chose to attack towards Verdun to take the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> heights and make Verdun untenable. The French would have to conduct a counter-offensive on ground dominated by the German army and ringed with masses of heavy artillery, leading to huge losses and bringing the French army close to collapse. The British would mount a hasty relief offensive and suffer similar losses. Falkenhayn expected the relief offensive to fall south of <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> against the 6th Army and be destroyed. (Despite the certainty by mid-June of an Anglo-French attack on the Somme against the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(German_Empire)" title="2nd Army (German Empire)">2nd Army</a>, Falkenhayn sent only four divisions, keeping eight in the western strategic reserve. No divisions were taken from the Sixth Army, despite it holding a shorter line with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">17<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> divisions and three of the divisions in OHL reserve behind the 6th Army. The maintenance of the strength of the 6th Army, at the expense of the 2nd Army on the Somme, indicated that Falkenhayn intended the counter-offensive against the British to be made north of the Somme front, once the British offensive had been shattered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley2007248–249_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley2007248–249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) If such Franco-British defeats were not enough, Germany would attack the remnants of both armies and end the western alliance for good.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley2007206–207_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley2007206–207-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unexpected length of the Verdun offensive, and the need to replace many drained units at Verdun, depleted the German strategic reserve placed behind the 6th Army, which held the Western Front from <a href="/wiki/Hannescamps" title="Hannescamps">Hannescamps</a>, 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Arras to <a href="/wiki/Sint-Elooi" title="Sint-Elooi">St Eloi</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a> and reduced the German counter-offensive strategy north of the Somme to one of passive and unyielding defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976104_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976104-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Verdun">Battle of Verdun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle of Verdun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></div> <p>The Battle of Verdun (<span class="nowrap">21 February – 16 </span> December 1916) began a week after Joffre and Haig agreed to mount an offensive on the Somme. The German offensive at Verdun was intended to threaten the capture of the city and induce the French to fight an attrition battle, in which German advantages of terrain and firepower would cause the French disproportionate casualties. The battle changed the nature of the offensive on the Somme, as French divisions were diverted to Verdun, and the main effort by the French diminished to a supporting attack for the British. German overestimation of the cost of Verdun to the French contributed to the concentration of German infantry and guns on the north bank of the Somme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200318–19_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200318–19-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May, Joffre and Haig had changed their expectations of an offensive on the Somme, from a decisive battle to a hope that it would relieve Verdun and keep German divisions in France, which would assist the Russian armies conducting the Brusilov Offensive. The German offensive at Verdun was suspended in July, and troops, guns, and ammunition were transferred to Picardy, leading to a similar transfer of the French Tenth Army to the Somme front. Later in the year, the Franco-British were able to attack on the Somme and at Verdun sequentially and the French recovered much of the ground lost on the east bank of the Meuse in October and December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009412–413_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009412–413-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brusilov_offensive">Brusilov offensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brusilov offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_bicycle_troops_Somme_1916_IWM_Q_3983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Indian_bicycle_troops_Somme_1916_IWM_Q_3983.jpg/220px-Indian_bicycle_troops_Somme_1916_IWM_Q_3983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Indian_bicycle_troops_Somme_1916_IWM_Q_3983.jpg/330px-Indian_bicycle_troops_Somme_1916_IWM_Q_3983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Indian_bicycle_troops_Somme_1916_IWM_Q_3983.jpg/440px-Indian_bicycle_troops_Somme_1916_IWM_Q_3983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Troops of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> at Battle of the Somme.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Brusilov offensive (<span class="nowrap">4 June – 20 September</span>) on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> absorbed the extra forces that had been requested on 2 June by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_von_Below" title="Fritz von Below">Fritz von Below</a>, commanding the German Second Army, for a spoiling attack on the Somme. On 4 June, Russian armies attacked on a 200 mi (320 km) front, from the Romanian frontier to Pinsk and eventually advanced 93 mi (150 km), reaching the foothills of the Carpathian mountains, against German and Austro-Hungarian troops of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Armeegruppe von Linsingen</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Armeegruppe Archduke Joseph</i></span>. During the offensive the Russians inflicted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,500,000 losses</span> including <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 407,000 prisoners</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowling2008xv,_163_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowling2008xv,_163-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three divisions were ordered from France to the Eastern Front on 9 June and the spoiling attack on the Somme was abandoned. Only four more divisions were sent to the Somme front before the Anglo-French offensive began, bringing the total to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> divisions. Falkenhayn, and then Hindenburg and Ludendorff, were forced to send divisions to Russia throughout the summer to prevent a collapse of the Austro-Hungarian army and then to conduct a counter-offensive against <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War I">Romania</a>, which declared war against the Central Powers on 27 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200327_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200327-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July there were <span class="nowrap">112 German</span> divisions on the Western Front and <span class="nowrap">52 divisions</span> in Russia and in November there were <span class="nowrap">121 divisions</span> in the west and <span class="nowrap">76 divisions</span> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992555_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992555-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactical_developments">Tactical developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tactical developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Somme,_July-november_1916_Q724.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q724.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q724.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q724.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q724.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Men of the 10th (Service) Battalion, <a href="/wiki/East_Yorkshire_Regiment" title="East Yorkshire Regiment">East Yorkshire Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/31st_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="31st Division (United Kingdom)">31st Division</a> marching to the front line, 28 June 1916.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The original <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF) of 6 <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> and the Cavalry Division, had lost most of the British pre-war regulars in the battles of 1914 and 1915. The bulk of the army was made up of volunteers of the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Force" title="Territorial Force">Territorial Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">Kitchener's Army</a>, which had begun forming in August 1914. Rapid expansion created many vacancies for senior commands and specialist functions, which led to many appointments of retired officers and inexperienced newcomers. In 1914, Douglas Haig had been a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">lieutenant-general</a> in command of <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a> and was promoted to command the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">First Army</a> in early 1915 and then the BEF in December, which eventually comprised five armies with sixty divisions. The swift increase in the size of the army reduced the average level of experience within it and created an acute equipment shortage. Many officers resorted to directive command to avoid delegating to novice subordinates, although divisional commanders were given great latitude in training and planning for the attack of 1 July, since the heterogeneous nature of the 1916 army made it impossible for corps and army commanders to know the capacity of each division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson200534_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson200534-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite considerable debate among German <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">staff officers</a>, Erich von Falkenhayn continued the policy of unyielding defence in 1916. Falkenhayn implied after the war that the psychology of German soldiers, shortage of manpower and lack of reserves made the policy inescapable, as the troops necessary to seal off breakthroughs did not exist. High losses incurred in holding ground by a policy of no retreat were preferable to higher losses, voluntary withdrawals and the effect of a belief that soldiers had discretion to avoid battle. When a more flexible policy was substituted later, decisions about withdrawal were still reserved to army commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2006223_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2006223-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Somme front, Falkenhayn's construction plan of January 1915 had been completed. Barbed wire obstacles had been enlarged from one belt 5–10 yards (4.6–9.1 m) wide to two, 30 yards (27 m) wide and about 15 yards (14 m) apart. Double and triple thickness wire was used and laid 3–5 feet (0.91–1.52 m) high. The front line had been increased from one trench line to a position of three lines 150–200 yards (140–180 m) apart, the first trench (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kampfgraben</i></span>) occupied by sentry groups, the second (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wohngraben</i></span>) for the bulk of the front-trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves. The trenches were <a href="/wiki/Traverse_(trench_warfare)" title="Traverse (trench warfare)">traversed</a> and had sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapet</a>. Dugouts had been deepened from 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m) to 20–30 feet (6.1–9.1 m), 50 yards (46 m) apart and large enough for <span class="nowrap">25 men</span>. An intermediate line of strongpoints (the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stützpunktlinie</i></span>) about 1,000 yards (910 m) behind the front line was also built. Communication trenches ran back to the reserve line, renamed the second position, which was as well-built and wired as the first position. The second position was beyond the range of Allied field artillery, to force an attacker to stop and move field artillery forward before assaulting the position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100–101_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100–101-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-French_plan_of_attack">Anglo-French plan of attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anglo-French plan of attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mines_on_the_first_day_of_the_Somme" title="Mines on the first day of the Somme">Mines on the first day of the Somme</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bassin_de_la_Somme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bassin_de_la_Somme.svg/290px-Bassin_de_la_Somme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bassin_de_la_Somme.svg/435px-Bassin_de_la_Somme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bassin_de_la_Somme.svg/580px-Bassin_de_la_Somme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of the Valley of the Somme</div></figcaption></figure> <p>French losses at Verdun reduced the contribution available for the offensive on the Somme and increased the urgency for the commencement of operations on the Somme. The principal role in the offensive devolved to the British and on 16 June, Haig defined the objectives of the offensive as the relief of pressure on the French at Verdun and the infliction of losses on the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles199286_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles199286-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a five-day artillery bombardment, the British Fourth Army was to capture 27,000 yards (25,000 m) of the German first line, from Montauban to Serre and the Third Army was to mount a diversion at Gommecourt. In a second phase, the Fourth Army was to take the German second position, from Pozières to the Ancre and then the second position south of the Albert–Bapaume Road, ready for an attack on the German third position south of the road towards Flers, when the Reserve Army which included three cavalry divisions, would exploit the success to advance east and then north towards Arras. The French Sixth Army, with one corps on the north bank from Maricourt to the Somme and two corps on the south bank southwards to Foucaucourt, would make a subsidiary attack to guard the right flank of the main attack being made by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200321,_64–65_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200321,_64–65-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Betrayal_of_British_plans">Betrayal of British plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Betrayal of British plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research in German archives revealed in 2016 that the date and location of the British offensive had been betrayed to German interrogators by two politically disgruntled soldiers several weeks in advance. The German military accordingly undertook significant defensive preparatory work on the British section of the Somme offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other intelligence which warned the Germans included POW reports, interception of Rawlinson's message to his troops and early detonation of a mine. Thus alerted, the Germans were waiting in their trenches when the British troops went over the top.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_defences_on_the_Somme">German defences on the Somme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: German defences on the Somme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwaben_Redoubt_aerial_photograph_10-05-1916_IWM_HU_91107.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Schwaben_Redoubt_aerial_photograph_10-05-1916_IWM_HU_91107.jpg/170px-Schwaben_Redoubt_aerial_photograph_10-05-1916_IWM_HU_91107.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Schwaben_Redoubt_aerial_photograph_10-05-1916_IWM_HU_91107.jpg/255px-Schwaben_Redoubt_aerial_photograph_10-05-1916_IWM_HU_91107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Schwaben_Redoubt_aerial_photograph_10-05-1916_IWM_HU_91107.jpg/340px-Schwaben_Redoubt_aerial_photograph_10-05-1916_IWM_HU_91107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>British aerial photograph of German trenches north of Thiepval, 10 May 1916, with the German forward lines to the lower left. The <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">crenellated</a> appearance of the trenches is due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Traverse_(trench_warfare)" title="Traverse (trench warfare)">traverses</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Autumn Battles (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herbstschlacht</i></span>) of 1915, a third defensive position another 3,000 yards (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) back from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stützpunktlinie</i></span> (Support line) begun in February 1916 and was almost complete on the Somme front when the battle began. German artillery was organised in a series of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sperrfeuerstreifen</i></span> (barrage sectors); each officer was expected to know the batteries covering his section of the front line and the batteries ready to engage fleeting targets. A telephone system was built, with lines buried 6 feet (1.8 m) deep for 5 mi (8.0 km) behind the front line, to connect the front line to the artillery. The Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses that the rebuilding had not remedied. The front trenches were on a forward slope, lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by ground observers. The defences were crowded towards the front trench with a regiment having two battalions near the front-trench system and the reserve battalion divided between the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stützpunktlinie</i></span> and the second position, all within 2,000 yards (1,800 m) of no man's land and most troops within 1,000 yards (910 m) of the front line, accommodated in the new deep dugouts. The concentration of troops at the front line on a forward slope guaranteed that it would face the bulk of an artillery bombardment, directed by ground observers on clearly marked lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100–103_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100–103-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battles_of_the_Somme,_1916"><span id="Battles_of_the_Somme.2C_1916"></span>Battles of the Somme, 1916</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battles of the Somme, 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_phase:_1–17_July_1916"><span id="First_phase:_1.E2.80.9317_July_1916"></span>First phase: 1–17 July 1916</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First phase: 1–17 July 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Albert,_1–13_July"><span id="Battle_of_Albert.2C_1.E2.80.9313_July"></span>Battle of Albert, 1–13 July</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of Albert, 1–13 July"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_(1916)" title="Battle of Albert (1916)">Battle of Albert (1916)</a></div> <p>The Battle of Albert was the first two weeks of Anglo-French offensive operations in the Battle of the Somme. The Allied preparatory artillery bombardment began on 24 June and the Anglo-French infantry attacked on 1 July, on the south bank from Foucaucourt to the Somme and from the Somme north to Gommecourt, 2 mi (3.2 km) beyond Serre. The French Sixth Army and the right wing of the British Fourth Army inflicted a considerable defeat on the German Second Army, but from the Albert–Bapaume road to Gommecourt the British attack was a disaster where most of the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 60,000 British</span> casualties were incurred. Against Joffre's wishes, Haig abandoned the offensive north of the road, to reinforce the success in the south, where the Anglo-French forces pressed forward towards the German second line, preparatory to a general attack on 14 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200376–78_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200376–78-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="First_day">First day</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">First day on the Somme</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_plan_Somme_1_July_1916.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/British_plan_Somme_1_July_1916.png/170px-British_plan_Somme_1_July_1916.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/British_plan_Somme_1_July_1916.png/255px-British_plan_Somme_1_July_1916.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/British_plan_Somme_1_July_1916.png/340px-British_plan_Somme_1_July_1916.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>British objectives, 1 July 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of the Somme lasted <span class="nowrap">141 days</span> beginning with the opening day of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_(1916)" title="Battle of Albert (1916)">Battle of Albert</a>. The attack was made by five divisions of the French Sixth Army on the east side of the Somme, eleven British divisions of the Fourth Army north of the Somme to Serre and two divisions of the Third Army opposite Gommecourt, against the German Second Army of General Fritz von Below. The German defence south of the Albert–Bapaume road mostly collapsed and the French had "complete success" on both banks of the Somme, as did the British from the army boundary at Maricourt to the Albert–Bapaume road. On the south bank the German defence was made incapable of resisting another attack and a substantial retreat began; on the north bank the abandonment of Fricourt was ordered. The defenders on the commanding ground north of the road inflicted a huge defeat on the British infantry, who took an unprecedented number of casualties. Several truces were negotiated to recover wounded from <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">no man's land</a> north of the road. The Fourth Army took <span class="nowrap">57,470 casualties</span>, of which <span class="nowrap">19,240 men</span> were killed. The French Sixth Army had <span class="nowrap">1,590 casualties</span>, and the 2nd German Army had <span class="nowrap">10,000–12,000 losses</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200341–69_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200341–69-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge,_14–17_July"><span id="Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge.2C_14.E2.80.9317_July"></span>Battle of Bazentin Ridge, 14–17 July</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle of Bazentin Ridge, 14–17 July"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge" title="Battle of Bazentin Ridge">Battle of Bazentin Ridge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazentin_le_Petit_14_July_1916_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bazentin_le_Petit_14_July_1916_map.png/220px-Bazentin_le_Petit_14_July_1916_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bazentin_le_Petit_14_July_1916_map.png/330px-Bazentin_le_Petit_14_July_1916_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bazentin_le_Petit_14_July_1916_map.png/440px-Bazentin_le_Petit_14_July_1916_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/21st_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="21st Division (United Kingdom)">British 21st Division</a> attack on Bazentin le Petit, 14 July 1916.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Somme,_July-november_1916_Q4417.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4417.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4417.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4417.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4417.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4417.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4417.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5079" data-file-height="4139" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers digging a communication trench through Delville Wood</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fourth Army attacked the German second defensive position from the Somme past <a href="/wiki/Guillemont" title="Guillemont">Guillemont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ginchy" title="Ginchy">Ginchy</a>, north-west along the crest of the ridge to <a href="/wiki/Pozi%C3%A8res" title="Pozières">Pozières</a> on the Albert–Bapaume road. The objectives of the attack were the villages of <a href="/wiki/Bazentin_le_Petit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazentin le Petit">Bazentin le Petit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bazentin_le_Grand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazentin le Grand">Bazentin le Grand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longueval" title="Longueval">Longueval</a> which was adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Delville_Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Delville Wood">Delville Wood</a>, with <a href="/wiki/High_Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="High Wood">High Wood</a> on the ridge beyond. The attack was made by four divisions on a front of 6,000 yd (5.5 km) at <span class="nowrap">3:25 a.m.</span> after a five-minute <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_bombardment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane bombardment">hurricane artillery bombardment</a>. Field artillery fired a creeping barrage and the attacking waves pushed up close behind it in no man's land, leaving them only a short distance to cross when the barrage lifted from the German front trench. Most of the objective was captured and the German defence south of the Albert–Bapaume road put under great strain but the attack was not followed up due to British communication failures, casualties and disorganisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200379–85_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200379–85-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Fromelles,_19–20_July"><span id="Battle_of_Fromelles.2C_19.E2.80.9320_July"></span>Battle of Fromelles, 19–20 July</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Fromelles, 19–20 July"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fromelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fromelles">Battle of Fromelles</a></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Fromelles</b> was a subsidiary attack to support the Fourth Army on the Somme 80 km (50 mi) to the south, to exploit any weakening of the German defences opposite. Preparations for the attack were rushed, the troops involved lacked experience in trench warfare and the power of the German defence was "gravely" underestimated, the attackers being <span class="nowrap">outnumbered 2:1</span>. On 19 July, von Falkenhayn had judged the British attack to be the anticipated offensive against the 6th Army. Next day, Falkenhayn ordered the <a href="/wiki/Guards_Reserve_Corps" title="Guards Reserve Corps">Guard Reserve Corps</a> to be withdrawn to reinforce the Somme front. The Battle of Fromelles had inflicted some losses on the German defenders but gained no ground and deflected few German troops bound for the Somme. The attack was the debut of the <a href="/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="First Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> on the Western Front and, according to McMullin, "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2006_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2006-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of <span class="nowrap">7,080 BEF casualties</span>, <span class="nowrap">5,533 losses</span> were incurred by the <a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(Australia)" title="5th Division (Australia)">5th Australian Division</a>; German losses were <span class="nowrap">1,600–2,000, with</span> <span class="nowrap">150 taken</span> prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992133_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992133-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_phase:_July–September_1916"><span id="Second_phase:_July.E2.80.93September_1916"></span>Second phase: July–September 1916</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Second phase: July–September 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Delville_Wood,_14_July_–_15_September"><span id="Battle_of_Delville_Wood.2C_14_July_.E2.80.93_15_September"></span>Battle of Delville Wood, 14 July – 15 September</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Battle of Delville Wood, 14 July – 15 September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delville_Wood" title="Battle of Delville Wood">Battle of Delville Wood</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delville_Wood_14_July_1916_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Delville_Wood_14_July_1916_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Delville_Wood_14_July_1916_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Delville_Wood_14_July_1916_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Delville_Wood_14_July_1916_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Delville_Wood_14_July_1916_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Delville_Wood_14_July_1916_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3440" data-file-height="2517" /></a><figcaption>Positions on 14 July 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of Delville Wood was an operation to secure the British right <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flank</a>, while the centre advanced to capture the higher-lying areas of High Wood and Pozières. After the Battle of Albert the offensive had evolved to the capture of fortified villages, woods, and other terrain that offered observation for artillery fire, jumping-off points for more attacks, and other tactical advantages. The mutually costly fighting at Delville Wood eventually secured the British right flank and marked the Western Front debut of the South African <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Brigade_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa)">1st Infantry Brigade</a> (incorporating a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesian</a> contingent), which held the wood from 15 to 20 July. When relieved, the brigade had lost <span class="nowrap">2,536 men</span>, similar to the casualties of many brigades on 1 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009251_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009251-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Pozières,_23_July_–_7_August"><span id="Battle_of_Pozi.C3.A8res.2C_23_July_.E2.80.93_7_August"></span>Battle of Pozières, 23 July – 7 August</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Battle of Pozières, 23 July – 7 August"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Pozières">Battle of Pozières</a></div> <p>The Battle of Pozières began with the capture of the village by the 1st Australian Division (Australian Imperial Force) of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Reserve Army (United Kingdom)">Reserve Army</a>, the only British success in the Allied fiasco of <span class="nowrap">22/23 July,</span> when a general attack combined with the French further south, degenerated into a series of separate attacks due to communication failures, supply failures and poor weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200394–95_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200394–95-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German bombardments and counter-attacks began on 23 July and continued until 7 August. The fighting ended with the Reserve Army taking the plateau north and east of the village, overlooking the fortified village of <a href="/wiki/Thiepval" title="Thiepval">Thiepval</a> from the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200394–96_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200394–96-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Guillemont,_3–6_September"><span id="Battle_of_Guillemont.2C_3.E2.80.936_September"></span>Battle of Guillemont, 3–6 September</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battle of Guillemont, 3–6 September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guillemont" title="Battle of Guillemont">Battle of Guillemont</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Somme,_July-november_1916_Q4172.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4172.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4172.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4172.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4172.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4172.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4172.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>British gunners watching German prisoners passing after the taking of Guillemont, 3 September 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of Guillemont was an attack on the village which was captured by the Fourth Army on the first day. Guillemont was on the right flank of the British sector, near the boundary with the French Sixth Army. German defences ringed the British salient at Delville Wood to the north and had observation over the French Sixth Army area to the south towards the Somme river. The German defence in the area was based on the second line and numerous fortified villages and farms north from <a href="/wiki/Maurepas,_Somme" title="Maurepas, Somme">Maurepas</a> at Combles, Guillemont, Falfemont Farm, Delville Wood and High Wood, which were mutually supporting. The battle for Guillemont was considered by some observers to be the supreme effort of the German army during the battle. Numerous meetings were held by Joffre, Haig, Foch, General Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baron_Rawlinson" title="Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson">Henry Rawlinson</a> (commander of the British Fourth Army) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Fayolle" title="Émile Fayolle">Fayolle</a> to co-ordinate joint attacks by the four armies, all of which broke down. A pause in Anglo-French attacks at the end of August, coincided with the largest counter-attack by the German army in the Battle of the Somme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200398–100_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200398–100-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Ginchy,_9_September"><span id="Battle_of_Ginchy.2C_9_September"></span>Battle of Ginchy, 9 September</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Battle of Ginchy, 9 September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ginchy" title="Battle of Ginchy">Battle of Ginchy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148,_Westfront,_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg/270px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg/360px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>A young German <i>Sommekämpfer</i> in 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Battle of Ginchy the <a href="/wiki/16th_(Irish)_Division" title="16th (Irish) Division">16th Division</a> captured the German-held village. Ginchy was 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north-east of Guillemont, at the junction of six roads on a rise overlooking Combles, 4 km (2.5 mi) to the south-east. After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guillemont" title="Battle of Guillemont">Battle of Guillemont</a>, British troops were required to advance to positions which would give observation over the German third position, ready for a general attack in mid-September. British attacks from Leuze Wood northwards to Ginchy had begun on 3 September, when the 7th Division captured the village and was then forced out by a German counter-attack. The capture of Ginchy and the success of the French Sixth Army on 12 September, in its biggest attack of the battle of the Somme, enabled both armies to make much bigger attacks, sequenced with the Tenth and Reserve armies, which captured much more ground and inflicted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130,000</span> casualties on the German defenders during the month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009355_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009355-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_phase:_September–November_1916"><span id="Third_phase:_September.E2.80.93November_1916"></span>Third phase: September–November 1916</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Third phase: September–November 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Flers–Courcelette,_15–22_September"><span id="Battle_of_Flers.E2.80.93Courcelette.2C_15.E2.80.9322_September"></span>Battle of Flers–Courcelette, 15–22 September</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Battle of Flers–Courcelette, 15–22 September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flers%E2%80%93Courcelette" title="Battle of Flers–Courcelette">Battle of Flers–Courcelette</a></div> <p>The Battle of Flers–Courcelette was the third and final general offensive mounted by the British Army, which attacked an intermediate line and the German third line to take Morval, Lesboeufs and Gueudecourt, which was combined with a French attack on Frégicourt and Rancourt to encircle Combles and a supporting attack on the south bank of the Somme. The strategic objective of a breakthrough was not achieved but the tactical gains were considerable, the front line being advanced by 2,500–3,500 yards (2,300–3,200 m) and many casualties were inflicted on the German defenders. The battle was the debut of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Division" title="New Zealand Division">New Zealand Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> of the Heavy Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Machine_Gun_Corps" title="Machine Gun Corps">Machine Gun Corps</a> on the Somme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003112–124_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2003112–124-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Morval,_25–28_September"><span id="Battle_of_Morval.2C_25.E2.80.9328_September"></span>Battle of Morval, 25–28 September</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Battle of Morval, 25–28 September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morval" title="Battle of Morval">Battle of Morval</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Somme,_July-november_1916_Q1308_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q1308_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q1308_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q1308_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q1308_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q1308_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q1308_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>British troops moving up to the attack during the Battle of Morval, 25 September 1916.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of Morval was an attack by the Fourth Army on <a href="/wiki/Morval,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Morval, Pas-de-Calais">Morval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gueudecourt" title="Gueudecourt">Gueudecourt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesboeufs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesboeufs">Lesboeufs</a> held by the German <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(German_Empire)" title="1st Army (German Empire)">1st Army</a>, which had been the final objectives of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flers%E2%80%93Courcelette" title="Battle of Flers–Courcelette">Battle of Flers–Courcelette</a> (15–22 September). The attack was postponed to combine with attacks by the French Sixth Army on <a href="/wiki/Combles" title="Combles">Combles</a>, south of Morval and because of rain. The combined attack was also intended to deprive the German defenders further west, near Thiepval of reinforcements, before an attack by the Reserve Army, due on 26 September. Combles, Morval, Lesboeufs and Gueudecourt were captured and a small number of tanks joined in the battle later in the afternoon. Many casualties were inflicted on the Germans but the French made slower progress. The Fourth Army advance on 25 September was its deepest since 14 July and left the Germans in severe difficulties, particularly in a Salients, re-entrants and pockets salient near Combles. The Reserve Army attack began on 26 September in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thiepval_Ridge" title="Battle of Thiepval Ridge">Battle of Thiepval Ridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009383_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009383-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Thiepval_Ridge,_26–28_September"><span id="Battle_of_Thiepval_Ridge.2C_26.E2.80.9328_September"></span>Battle of Thiepval Ridge, 26–28 September</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Battle of Thiepval Ridge, 26–28 September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thiepval_Ridge" title="Battle of Thiepval Ridge">Battle of Thiepval Ridge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg/220px-British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg/330px-British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg/440px-British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>British Mark I male tank near Thiepval, 25 September 1916.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of Thiepval Ridge was the first large offensive mounted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Reserve_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Reserve Army">Reserve Army</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Gough" title="Hubert Gough">Hubert Gough</a> and was intended to benefit from the <a href="/wiki/British_Fourth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Fourth Army">Fourth Army</a> attack at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morval" title="Battle of Morval">Morval</a> by starting <span class="nowrap">24 hours</span> afterwards. Thiepval Ridge was well fortified and the German defenders fought with great determination, while the British co-ordination of infantry and artillery declined after the first day, due to confused fighting in the maze of trenches, dug-outs and shell-craters. The final British objectives were not reached until the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights" title="Battle of the Ancre Heights">Battle of the Ancre Heights</a> (1 October – 11 November). Organisational difficulties and deteriorating weather frustrated Joffre's intention to proceed by vigorous co-ordinated attacks by the Anglo-French armies, which became disjointed and declined in effectiveness during late September, at the same time as a revival occurred in the German defence. The British experimented with new techniques in gas warfare, machine-gun bombardment and tank–infantry co-operation, as the Germans struggled to withstand the preponderance of men and material fielded by the Anglo-French, despite reorganisation and substantial reinforcements of troops, artillery and aircraft from Verdun. September became the worst month for casualties for the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003130–131_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2003130–131-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Le_Transloy,_1_October_–_11_November"><span id="Battle_of_Le_Transloy.2C_1_October_.E2.80.93_11_November"></span>Battle of Le Transloy, 1 October – 11 November</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Battle of Le Transloy, 1 October – 11 November"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Transloy" title="Battle of Le Transloy">Battle of Le Transloy</a></div> <p>The Battle of Le Transloy began in good weather and Le Sars was captured on 7 October. Pauses were made from <span class="nowrap">8–11 October</span> due to rain and <span class="nowrap">13–18 October</span> to allow time for a methodical bombardment, when it became clear that the German defence had recovered from earlier defeats. Haig consulted with the army commanders and on <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> reduced the scope of operations by cancelling the Third Army plans and reducing the Reserve Army and Fourth Army attacks to limited operations, in co-operation with the French Sixth Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992458–459_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992458–459-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another pause followed before operations resumed on 23 October on the northern flank of the Fourth Army, with a delay during more bad weather on the right flank of the Fourth Army and on the French Sixth Army front, until 5 November. Next day, the Fourth Army ceased offensive operations, except for small attacks intended to improve positions and divert German attention from attacks being made by the Reserve/Fifth Army. Larger operations resumed in January 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992474_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992474-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights,_1_October_–_11_November"><span id="Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights.2C_1_October_.E2.80.93_11_November"></span>Battle of the Ancre Heights, 1 October – 11 November</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Battle of the Ancre Heights, 1 October – 11 November"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights" title="Battle of the Ancre Heights">Battle of the Ancre Heights</a></div> <p>The Battle of the Ancre Heights was fought after Haig made plans for the Third Army to take the area east of Gommecourt, the Reserve Army to attack north from Thiepval Ridge and east from Beaumont Hamel–Hébuterne and for the Fourth Army to reach the Péronne–Bapaume road around Le Transloy and Beaulencourt–Thilloy–Loupart Wood, north of the Albert–Bapaume road. The Reserve Army attacked to complete the capture of Regina Trench/Stuff Trench, north of Courcelette to the west end of Bazentin Ridge around <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwaben</i></span> and Stuff Redoubts, during which bad weather caused great hardship and delay. The Marine Brigade from Flanders and fresh German divisions brought from quiet fronts counter-attacked frequently and the British objectives were not secured until 11 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992447–456_&_460–466_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992447–456_&_460–466-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Ancre,_13–18_November"><span id="Battle_of_the_Ancre.2C_13.E2.80.9318_November"></span>Battle of the Ancre, 13–18 November</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Battle of the Ancre, 13–18 November"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre" title="Battle of the Ancre">Battle of the Ancre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mametz_Western_Front_(Frank_Crozier).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mametz_Western_Front_%28Frank_Crozier%29.jpg/220px-Mametz_Western_Front_%28Frank_Crozier%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mametz_Western_Front_%28Frank_Crozier%29.jpg/330px-Mametz_Western_Front_%28Frank_Crozier%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mametz_Western_Front_%28Frank_Crozier%29.jpg/440px-Mametz_Western_Front_%28Frank_Crozier%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Mametz, Western Front, a winter scene, painting by <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Crozier" title="Frank R. Crozier">Frank Crozier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of the Ancre was the last big British operation of the year. The Fifth (formerly Reserve) Army attacked into the Ancre valley to exploit German exhaustion after the Battle of the Ancre Heights and gain ground ready for a resumption of the offensive in 1917. Political calculation, concern for Allied morale and Joffre's pressure for a continuation of attacks in France, to prevent German troop transfers to Russia and Italy also influenced Haig.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992476–477_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992476–477-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle began with another <a href="/wiki/Mining_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining (military)">mine</a> being detonated beneath <a href="/wiki/Hawthorn_Ridge_Redoubt" title="Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt">Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt</a>. The attack on <a href="/wiki/Serre_(Somme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serre (Somme)">Serre</a> failed, although a brigade of the 31st Division, which had attacked in the disaster of 1 July, took its objectives before being withdrawn later. South of Serre, Beaumont Hamel and <a href="/wiki/Beaucourt-sur-l%27Ancre" title="Beaucourt-sur-l'Ancre">Beaucourt-sur-l'Ancre</a> were captured. South of the Ancre, St. Pierre Division was captured, the outskirts of Grandcourt reached and the Canadian 4th Division captured <a href="/wiki/Regina_Trench" class="mw-redirect" title="Regina Trench">Regina Trench</a> north of Courcelette, then took Desire Support Trench on 18 November. Until January 1917 a lull set in, as both sides concentrated on enduring the weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy1995148–162_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy1995148–162-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_operations">Subsequent operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Subsequent operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancre,_January–March_1917"><span id="Ancre.2C_January.E2.80.93March_1917"></span>Ancre, January–March 1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ancre, January–March 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre,_January%E2%80%93March_1917" title="Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917">Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre" title="Battle of the Ancre">Battle of the Ancre</a> (13–18 November 1916), British attacks on the Somme front were stopped by the weather and military operations by both sides were mostly restricted to survival in the rain, snow, fog, mud fields, waterlogged trenches and shell-holes. As preparations for the offensive at Arras continued, the British attempted to keep German attention on the Somme front. British operations on the Ancre from <span class="nowrap">10 January – 22 February 1917</span>, forced the Germans back 5 mi (8.0 km) on a 4 mi (6.4 km) front, ahead of the schedule of the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line#Alberich_Bewegung" title="Hindenburg Line">Alberich Bewegung</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Alberich</i></span> Manoeuvre/Operation Alberich) and eventually took <span class="nowrap">5,284 prisoners</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoraston192064_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoraston192064-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <span class="nowrap">22/23 February,</span> the Germans fell back another 3 mi (4.8 km) on a 15 mi (24 km) front. The Germans then withdrew from much of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">R. I Stellung</i></span> to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">R. II Stellung</i></span> on 11 March, forestalling a British attack, which was not noticed by the British until dark on 12 March; the main German withdrawal from the Noyon salient to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich) commenced on schedule on 16 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992115_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992115-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindenburg_Line">Hindenburg Line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hindenburg Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line#Alberich_Bewegung" title="Hindenburg Line">Operation Alberich</a></div> <p>Von Falkenhayn was sacked and replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the end of August 1916. At a conference at Cambrai on 5 September, a decision was taken to build a new defensive line well behind the Somme front. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siegfriedstellung</i></span> was to be built from Arras to St. Quentin, La Fère and Condé, with another new line between Verdun and Pont-à-Mousson. These lines were intended to limit any Allied breakthrough and to allow the German army to withdraw if attacked; work began on the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siegfriedstellung</i></span> (Hindenburg Line) at the end of September. Withdrawing to the new line was not an easy decision and the German high command struggled over it during the winter of 1916–1917. Some members wanted to take a shorter step back to a line between Arras and Sailly, while the 1st and 2nd army commanders wanted to stay on the Somme. <i><a href="/wiki/Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a></i> von Fuchs on 20 January 1917 said that, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Enemy superiority is so great that we are not in a position either to fix their forces in position or to prevent them from launching an offensive elsewhere. We just do not have the troops.... We cannot prevail in a second battle of the Somme with our men; they cannot achieve that any more. (20 January 1917)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon20094_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon20094-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hermann von Kuhl</cite></div></blockquote> <p>and that half measures were futile, retreating to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siegfriedstellung</i></span> was unavoidable. After the loss of a considerable amount of ground around the Ancre valley to the British Fifth Army in February 1917, the German armies on the Somme were ordered on 14 February, to withdraw to reserve lines closer to Bapaume. A further retirement to the Hindenburg Line (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siegfriedstellung</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Alberich_(World_War_I_German_operation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberich (World War I German operation)">Operation Alberich</a> began on 16 March 1917, despite the new line being unfinished and poorly sited in some places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon20094–5_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon20094–5-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defensive positions held by the German army on the Somme after November 1916 were in poor condition; the garrisons were exhausted and censors of correspondence reported tiredness and low morale in front-line soldiers. The situation left the German command doubtful that the army could withstand a resumption of the battle. The German defence of the Ancre began to collapse under British attacks, which on 28 January 1917 caused Rupprecht to urge that the retirement to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siegfriedstellung</i></span> (Hindenburg Line) begin. Ludendorff rejected the proposal the next day, but British attacks on the First Army – particularly the action of Miraumont (also known as the Battle of Boom Ravine, 17–18 February) – caused Rupprecht on the night of 22 February to order a preliminary withdrawal of c. 4 mi (6.4 km) to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">R. I Stellung</i></span> (R. I Position). On 24 February the Germans withdrew, protected by <a href="/wiki/Rear_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear guard">rear guards</a>, over roads in relatively good condition, which were then destroyed. The German withdrawal was helped by a thaw, which turned roads behind the British front into bogs and by disruption, to the railways, which supplied the Somme front. On the night of 12 March, the Germans withdrew from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">R. I Stellung</i></span> between Bapaume and Achiet le Petit and the British reached the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">R. II Stellung</i></span> (R. II Position) on 13 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls199295–107_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls199295–107-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The withdrawal took place from <span class="nowrap">16–20 March,</span> with a retirement of about 25 mi (40 km), giving up more French territory than that gained by the Allies from September 1914 until the beginning of the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimkinsJukesHickey2003119_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkinsJukesHickey2003119-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_map.png/170px-Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_map.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_map.png/255px-Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_map.png/340px-Battle_of_the_Somme_1916_map.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Progress of the Battle of the Somme between 1 July and 18 November.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of 1916, most of the British Army was an inexperienced and patchily trained mass of volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992570–572_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992570–572-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009150–151_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009150–151-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Somme was a great test for Kitchener's Army, created by Kitchener's call for <a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War">recruits</a> at the start of the war. The British volunteers were often the fittest, most enthusiastic and best-educated citizens but were inexperienced and it has been claimed that their loss was of lesser military significance than the losses of the remaining peacetime-trained officers and men of the Imperial German Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003186_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2003186-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British casualties on the first day were the worst in the history of the British Army, with <span class="nowrap">57,470 casualties,</span> <span class="nowrap">19,240 of</span> whom were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993483_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993483-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriorWilson2005119_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriorWilson2005119-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British survivors of the battle had gained experience and the BEF learned how to conduct the mass industrial warfare which the continental armies had been fighting since 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003186_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2003186-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European powers had begun the war with trained armies of regulars and reservists, which were wasting assets. <a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria</a> wrote, "What remained of the old first-class peace-trained German infantry had been expended on the battlefield".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003156_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2003156-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">war of attrition</a> was a logical strategy for Britain against Germany, which was also at war with France and Russia. A school of thought holds that the Battle of the Somme placed unprecedented strain on the German army and that after the battle it was unable to replace casualties like-for-like, which reduced it to a <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009436–437_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009436–437-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003156_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2003156-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philpott argues that the German army was exhausted by the end of 1916, with loss of morale and the cumulative effects of attrition and frequent defeats causing it to collapse in 1918, a process which began on the Somme, echoing Churchill's argument that the German soldiery was never the same again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009602–603_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009602–603-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The destruction of German units in battle was made worse by lack of rest. British and French aircraft and long-range guns reached well behind the front line, where trench-digging and other work meant that troops returned to the line exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2006326_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2006326-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the strategic predicament of the German army, it survived the battle, withstood the pressure of the Brusilov Offensive and conquered almost all of Romania. In 1917, the German army in the west survived the large British and French offensives of the <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelle Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres</a>, though at great cost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2009398_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2009398-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em"> <caption><small><b>BEF railway tonnage, France 1916</b></small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenniker2009179_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenniker2009179-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">LT</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>January</td> <td align="right">2,484 </td></tr> <tr> <td>February</td> <td align="right">2,535 </td></tr> <tr> <td>March</td> <td align="right">2,877 </td></tr> <tr> <td>April</td> <td align="right">3,121 </td></tr> <tr> <td>May</td> <td align="right">3,391 </td></tr> <tr> <td>June</td> <td align="right">4,265 </td></tr> <tr> <td>July</td> <td align="right">4,478 </td></tr> <tr> <td>August</td> <td align="right">4,804 </td></tr> <tr> <td>September</td> <td align="right">4,913 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October</td> <td align="right">5,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November</td> <td align="right">5,107 </td></tr> <tr> <td>December</td> <td align="right">5,202 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The British and French had advanced about 6 miles (9.7 km) on the Somme, on a front of 16 miles (26 km) at a cost of <span class="nowrap">419,654</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2011194,_197_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2011194,_197-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009271_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009271-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <span class="nowrap">432,000</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriorWilson2005300–301_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriorWilson2005300–301-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British and about <span class="nowrap">200,000 French</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> casualties, against <span class="nowrap">465,181</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <span class="nowrap">500,000</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009271_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009271-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or perhaps <span class="nowrap">600,000</span> German casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2011194,_197_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2011194,_197-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009602–603_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009602–603-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 1930s the dominant view of the battle in English-language writing was that the battle was a hard-fought victory against a brave, experienced and well-led opponent. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> had objected to the way the battle was being fought in August 1916, and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> criticised attrition warfare frequently and condemned the battle in his post-war memoirs. In the 1930s a new orthodoxy of "mud, blood and futility" emerged and gained more emphasis in the 1960s when the 50th anniversaries of the Great War battles were commemorated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond20021–104_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond20021–104-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1916, transport arrangements for the BEF were based on an assumption that the war of movement would soon resume and make it pointless to build <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, since it would be left behind. The British relied on motor transport from <a href="/wiki/Railheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Railheads">railheads</a> which was insufficient where large masses of men and guns were concentrated. When the Fourth Army advance resumed in August, the wisdom of not building light railways which would be left behind was argued by some, in favour of building standard gauge lines. Experience of crossing the beaten zone showed that such lines or metalled roads could not be built quickly enough to sustain an advance, and that pausing while communications caught up allowed the defenders to recover. On the Somme the daily carry during attacks on a 12 mi (19 km) front was 20,000 long tons (20,000 t) and a few wood roads and rail lines were inadequate for the number of lorries and roads. A comprehensive system of transport was needed, which required a much greater diversion of personnel and equipment than had been expected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenniker2009161_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenniker2009161-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">World War I casualties</a></div> <table class="wikitable" align="left" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em"> <caption><small>British, French and German casualties<br />July–November 1916</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendt1931246_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendt1931246-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th>British </th> <th>French </th> <th>Sub-<br />total </th> <th>German </th> <th>(% of<br />Allied<br />total) </th></tr> <tr> <td>July</td> <td align="right">158,786</td> <td align="right">49,859</td> <td align="right">208,645</td> <td align="right">103,000</td> <td align="right">49.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>August</td> <td align="right">58,085</td> <td align="right">18,806</td> <td align="right">76,891</td> <td align="right">68,000</td> <td align="right">88.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>September</td> <td align="right">101,313</td> <td align="right">76,147</td> <td align="right">177,460</td> <td align="right">140,000</td> <td align="right">78.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October</td> <td align="right">57,722</td> <td align="right">37,626</td> <td align="right">95,348</td> <td align="right">78,500</td> <td align="right">82.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November</td> <td align="right">39,784</td> <td align="right">20,129</td> <td align="right">59,913</td> <td align="right">45,000</td> <td align="right">75.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td align="right">415,690</td> <td align="right">202,567</td> <td align="right">618,257</td> <td align="right">434,500</td> <td align="right">70.3 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em"> <caption>Somme<br />casualties </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality </th> <th>No. </th> <th>Killed &<br />missing </th> <th>POW </th></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td align="right">350,000+</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada</td> <td align="right">24,029  </td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia </td> <td align="right">23,000  </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="left">< 200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand</td> <td align="right">7,408  </td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa</td> <td align="right">3,000+</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Newfoundland</td> <td align="right">2,000+</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black">Total Commonwealth </td> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black" align="right">419,654<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black" align="right">95,675 </td> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black" align="left">- </td></tr> <tr> <td>French</td> <td align="right">204,253<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">50,729</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eeeeee"> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black"><b>Allied</b> </td> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black" align="right">623,907 </td> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black" align="right">146,404 </td> <td style="border-top:2pt solid black" align="left">- </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>German</b> </td> <td align="right">465,000–<br />600,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xvSheffield2011194,_197Harris2009271Philpott2009602–603_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xvSheffield2011194,_197Harris2009271Philpott2009602–603-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">164,055</td> <td align="right">72,901<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009438Clodfelter2017398_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009438Clodfelter2017398-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The Battle of the Somme was one of the costliest battles of World War I. The original Allied estimate of casualties on the Somme, made at the Chantilly Conference on 15 November 1916, was that the Germans suffered 630,000 casualties, exceeding the 485,000 suffered by the British and French. As one German officer wrote, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Somme. The whole history of the world cannot contain a more ghastly word.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Friedrich Steinbrecher<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, Churchill wrote that Allied casualties had exceeded German losses. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Crisis" title="The World Crisis">The World Crisis</a></i> (first published in the early 1920s, reprinted in 1938), he quoted the German <i>Reichsarchiv</i> data, showing that on the Western Front between February and June 1916, the Germans had suffered <span class="nowrap">270,000 casualties</span> against the French and <span class="nowrap">390,000 between</span> July and the end of the year (Appendix J); he wrote that the Germans suffered <span class="nowrap">278,000 casualties</span> at Verdun and that around one eighth of their casualties were suffered on "quiet" sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill19381,_427,_1,_004_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill19381,_427,_1,_004-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the tables, between July and October 1916, German forces on the Western Front suffered <span class="nowrap">537,919 casualties,</span> <span class="nowrap">288,011 inflicted</span> by the French and <span class="nowrap">249,908 </span>by the British; German forces inflicted <span class="nowrap">794,238 casualties</span> on the Entente.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill19381,_427,_1,_004_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill19381,_427,_1,_004-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, Hermann Wendt published a comparison of German and British–French casualties which showed an average of 30 per cent more Allied casualties than German losses on the Somme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendt1931246_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendt1931246-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first 1916 volume of the British Official History (1932), J. E. Edmonds wrote that comparisons of casualties were inexact, because of different methods of calculation by the belligerents but that British casualties were <span class="nowrap">419,654, from</span> total British casualties in France in the period of <span class="nowrap">498,054.</span> French Somme casualties were <span class="nowrap">194,451 and</span> German casualties were <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 445,322,</span> to which should be added <span class="nowrap">27 per cent</span> for woundings, which would have been counted as casualties using British criteria; Anglo-French casualties on the Somme were over <span class="nowrap">600,000 and</span> German casualties were <span class="nowrap">under 600,000.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993496–497_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993496–497-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second 1916 volume of the British Official History (1938), Wilfrid Miles wrote that German casualties were <span class="nowrap">660,000–680,000</span> and Anglo-French casualties were just under <span class="nowrap">630,000, using</span> "fresh data" from the French and German official accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992553_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992553-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The addition by Edmonds of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30 per cent</span> to German figures, supposedly to make them comparable to British criteria, was criticised as "spurious" by M. J. Williams in 1964. McRandle and Quirk in 2006 cast doubt on the Edmonds calculations but counted <span class="nowrap">729,000 German</span> casualties on the Western Front from July to December against <span class="nowrap">631,000 by</span> Churchill, concluding that there had been fewer German losses than Anglo-French casualties but that the ability of the German army to inflict disproportionate losses had been eroded by attrition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009601–602_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009601–602-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003 British historian Gary Sheffield wrote that the calculation by Edmonds of Anglo-French casualties was correct but the one for German casualties was <i>discredited</i>, quoting the official German figure of <span class="nowrap">500,000 casualties.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003151_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2003151-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em"> <caption><small>Western Front casualties<br />July–December 1916</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill19381427_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill19381427-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009600–602_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009600–602-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th>No. </th></tr> <tr> <td>July</td> <td align="right">196,081 </td></tr> <tr> <td>August</td> <td align="right">75,249 </td></tr> <tr> <td>September</td> <td align="right">115,056 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October</td> <td align="right">66,852 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November</td> <td align="right">46,238 </td></tr> <tr> <td>December</td> <td align="right">13,803 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total<br />British</td> <td align="right">513,289 </td></tr> <tr> <td>French</td> <td align="right"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 434,000</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total:<br />Anglo-French</td> <td align="right"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 947,289</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>German</td> <td align="right"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 719,000</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Grand total</b></td> <td align="right"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,666,289</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Somme,_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2862" /></a><figcaption>Dead German soldiers in a captured German trench near Ginchy, August 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Doughty wrote that French losses on the Somme were "surprisingly high" at <span class="nowrap">202,567 men,</span> <span class="nowrap">54 per cent</span> of the <span class="nowrap">377,231 casualties</span> at Verdun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior and Wilson used Churchill's research and wrote that the British suffered <span class="nowrap">420,000 casualties</span> from 1 July to mid-November (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3,600 per</span> day) in inflicting <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 280,000 German</span> casualties and offer no figures for French casualties or the losses they inflicted on the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriorWilson2005300–301_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriorWilson2005300–301-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheldon wrote that the British lost "over <span class="nowrap">400,000" casualties.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2006398_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2006398-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harris wrote that British losses were <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420,000, French</span> casualties were over <span class="nowrap">200,000 men</span> and German losses were <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500,000, according</span> to the "best" German sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009271_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009271-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheffield wrote that the losses were "appalling", with <span class="nowrap">419,000 British</span> casualties, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 204,000 French</span> and <i>perhaps</i> <span class="nowrap">600,000 German</span> casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2011194,_197_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2011194,_197-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a commentary on the debate about Somme casualties, Philpott used Miles's figures of <span class="nowrap">419,654 British</span> casualties and the French official figures of <span class="nowrap">154,446 Sixth</span> Army losses and <span class="nowrap">48,131 Tenth</span> Army casualties. Philpott described German losses as "disputed", with estimates ranging from <span class="nowrap">400,000 to 680,000.</span> The high Allied casualties of July 1916 are not representative of the way attrition turned in the Allies' favour in September, although this was not sustained as the weather deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philpott quoted Robin Prior (in <i>Churchill's World Crisis As History</i> [1983]) that the "blood test" is a crude measure compared to manpower reserves, industrial capacity, farm productivity and financial resources and that intangible factors were more influential on the course of the war, which the Allies won despite "losing" the purely quantitative test.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009602–603_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009602–603-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thiepval_Memorial" title="Thiepval Memorial">Thiepval Memorial</a></div> <p>In the United Kingdom and Newfoundland, the Battle of the Somme became the central memory of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_British_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal British Legion">The Royal British Legion</a> with the British Embassy in Paris and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> commemorate the battle on 1 July each year, at the <a href="/wiki/Thiepval_Memorial_to_the_Missing_of_the_Somme" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme">Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme</a>. For their efforts on the first day of the battle, the 1st Newfoundland Regiment was given the name "The Royal Newfoundland Regiment" by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> on 28 November 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteele200310_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteele200310-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first day of the Battle of the Somme is commemorated in Newfoundland, remembering the "Best of the Best" at 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>am on the Sunday nearest to 1 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteele2003192_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteele2003192-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Somme is remembered in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> due to the participation of the <a href="/wiki/36th_(Ulster)_Division" title="36th (Ulster) Division">36th (Ulster) Division</a> and commemorated by veterans' groups and by <a href="/wiki/Ulster_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster unionism">unionist</a>/Protestant groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="British Legion">British Legion</a> and others commemorate the battle on 1 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson201086–87_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson201086–87-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiepval_cimeti%C3%A8re_derri%C3%A8re_m%C3%A9morial_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Thiepval_cimeti%C3%A8re_derri%C3%A8re_m%C3%A9morial_1.jpg/220px-Thiepval_cimeti%C3%A8re_derri%C3%A8re_m%C3%A9morial_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Thiepval_cimeti%C3%A8re_derri%C3%A8re_m%C3%A9morial_1.jpg/330px-Thiepval_cimeti%C3%A8re_derri%C3%A8re_m%C3%A9morial_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Thiepval_cimeti%C3%A8re_derri%C3%A8re_m%C3%A9morial_1.jpg/440px-Thiepval_cimeti%C3%A8re_derri%C3%A8re_m%C3%A9morial_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Thiepval Memorial to the British Missing of the Somme</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 July 2016, at 7:28 a.m. <a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> observed a <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_silence" title="Moment of silence">two minute silence</a> to mark the start of the battle which began 100 years earlier. A special ceremony was broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC1" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC1">BBC1</a> and all BBC radio stations participated in the silence. At the start of the silence, the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Troop,_Royal_Horse_Artillery" title="King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery">King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery</a> fired a gun every four seconds for one hundred seconds and a whistle was blown to end it. Just like a <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Sunday" title="Remembrance Sunday">Remembrance Sunday</a> silence, a bugler played <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Post">The Last Post</a> after the silence. The silence was announced during a speech by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> who said, "There will be a national two-minute silence on Friday morning. I will be attending a service at the Thiepval Memorial near the battlefield and it's right that the whole country pauses to remember the sacrifices of all those who fought and lost their lives in that conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-sommecentury_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sommecentury-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 July 2016, a ceremony was held in <a href="/wiki/Heaton_Park" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Park</a> in north Manchester in England, which was the site of a large army training camp during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain on 1 July 2016, 1,400 actors dressed in replica Great War British Army uniforms, walked about in streets and public open areas, from 7:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. to 7:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. Each took on temporarily the identity of a British soldier who died on the first day of the Somme and handed out information cards about that soldier. They did not talk, except for occasionally singing "<i>We're here because we're here</i>" to the tune of <i><a href="/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne" title="Auld Lang Syne">Auld Lang Syne</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event was called "Ghost Soldiers".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histories_of_the_battle">Histories of the battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Histories of the battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Battle of the Somme has been called the beginning of modern all-arms warfare, during which Kitchener's Army learned to fight the mass-industrial war in which the continental armies had been engaged for two years. This view sees the British contribution to the battle as part of a coalition war and part of a process, which took the strategic initiative from the German Army and caused it irreparable damage, leading to its collapse in late 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haig and General Rawlinson have been criticised ever since 1916 for the human cost of the battle and for failing to achieve their territorial objectives. On 1 August 1916, Churchill, then out of office, criticised the British Army's conduct of the offensive to the British Cabinet, claiming that though the battle had forced the Germans to end their offensive at Verdun, attrition was damaging the British armies more than the German armies. Though Churchill was unable to suggest an alternative, a critical view of the British on the Somme has been influential in English-language writing ever since. In 2016, historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Barton_(historian)" title="Peter Barton (historian)">Peter Barton</a> argued in a series of three television programmes that the Battle of the Somme should be regarded as a German defensive victory.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Terraine" title="John Terraine">John Terraine</a>, Gary Sheffield, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duffy" title="Christopher Duffy">Christopher Duffy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Chickering" title="Roger Chickering">Roger Chickering</a>, Holger Herwig, William Philpott et al. wrote that there was no strategic alternative for the British in 1916 and that an understandable horror at British losses is insular, given the millions of casualties borne by the French and Russian armies since 1914. This school of thought sets the battle in a context of a general Allied offensive in 1916 and notes that German and French writing on the battle puts it in a continental perspective. Little German and French writing on this topic has been translated, leaving much of their historical perspective and detail of German and French military operations inaccessible to the English-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerraine2005230_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerraine2005230-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2002188_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2002188-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2006324,_327_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2006324,_327-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChickering200470–71_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChickering200470–71-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1996249_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1996249-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009625_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009625-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_battles_during_the_First_World_War" title="List of Canadian battles during the First World War">List of Canadian battles during the First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_memorials_and_cemeteries_in_the_Somme" title="List of World War I memorials and cemeteries in the Somme">List of World War I memorials and cemeteries in the Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_Battle_of_the_Somme" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle for the Battle of the Somme">Order of battle for the Battle of the Somme</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philpott writes of Churchill's "snapshot of July 1916". It is not entirely clear what he means by this. He may be referring to the paper which Churchill distributed in August 1916, rather than the fuller numbers later presented in <i>The World Crisis</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2006398Sheffield2011194,_197Philpott2009602–603-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2006398Sheffield2011194,_197Philpott2009602–603_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheldon2006">Sheldon 2006</a>, p. 398; <a href="#CITEREFSheffield2011">Sheffield 2011</a>, pp. 194, 197; <a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, pp. 602–603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309Harris2009271Philpott2009602–603-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309Harris2009271Philpott2009602–603_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, p. 309; <a href="#CITEREFHarris2009">Harris 2009</a>, pp. 271; <a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, p. 602–603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendt1931246Harris2009271Philpott2009602–603-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendt1931246Harris2009271Philpott2009602–603_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendt1931">Wendt 1931</a>, p. 246; <a href="#CITEREFHarris2009">Harris 2009</a>, pp. 271; <a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, pp. 602–603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009438-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009438_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009438_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200627–37-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200627–37_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart2006">Hart 2006</a>, pp. 27–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200637-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200637_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart2006">Hart 2006</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005291-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005291_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott200981,_86-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott200981,_86_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, pp. 81, 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley2007248–249-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley2007248–249_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoley2007">Foley 2007</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley2007206–207-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley2007206–207_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoley2007">Foley 2007</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976104-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976104_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200318–19-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200318–19_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009412–413-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009412–413_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, pp. 412–413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowling2008xv,_163-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowling2008xv,_163_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowling2008">Dowling 2008</a>, pp. xv, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200327-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200327_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992555-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992555_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1992">Miles 1992</a>, p. 555.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson200534-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson200534_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2005">Simpson 2005</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2006223-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2006223_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheldon2006">Sheldon 2006</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100–101-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100–101_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles199286-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles199286_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1992">Miles 1992</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200321,_64–65-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200321,_64–65_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, pp. 21, 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07lst9t">"The Somme 1916 – From Both Sides of the Wire"</a>. <i>BBC TV</i>. 3 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+TV&rft.atitle=The+Somme+1916+%E2%80%93+From+Both+Sides+of+the+Wire&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb07lst9t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Sebag-Montefiore2016" class="citation cs2">Hugh Sebag-Montefiore (16 June 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww1.nam.ac.uk/2439/news/rewriting-somme/"><i>Rewriting the Somme</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rewriting+the+Somme&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft.au=Hugh+Sebag-Montefiore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww1.nam.ac.uk%2F2439%2Fnews%2Frewriting-somme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100–103-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976100–103_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, pp. 100–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200376–78-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200376–78_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, pp. 76–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200341–69-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200341–69_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, pp. 41–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200379–85-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200379–85_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, pp. 79–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2006-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2006_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMullin2006">McMullin 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992133-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992133_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1992">Miles 1992</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009251-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009251_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200394–95-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200394–95_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200394–96-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200394–96_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, pp. 94–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200398–100-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200398–100_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, pp. 98–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009355-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009355_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2003112–124-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003112–124_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, pp. 112–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009383-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009383_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2003130–131-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003130–131_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992458–459-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992458–459_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1992">Miles 1992</a>, pp. 458–459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992474-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992474_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1992">Miles 1992</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992447–456_&_460–466-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992447–456_&_460–466_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1992">Miles 1992</a>, pp. 447–456 & 460–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992476–477-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992476–477_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1992">Miles 1992</a>, pp. 476–477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy1995148–162-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy1995148–162_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1995">McCarthy 1995</a>, pp. 148–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoraston192064-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoraston192064_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoraston1920">Boraston 1920</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992115-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992115_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon20094-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon20094_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheldon2009">Sheldon 2009</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon20094–5-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon20094–5_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheldon2009">Sheldon 2009</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls199295–107-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls199295–107_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, pp. 95–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkinsJukesHickey2003119-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimkinsJukesHickey2003119_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimkinsJukesHickey2003">Simkins, Jukes & Hickey 2003</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992570–572-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992570–572_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1992">Miles 1992</a>, pp. 570–572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009150–151-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009150–151_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, pp. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2003186-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003186_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003186_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993483-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1993483_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdmonds1993">Edmonds 1993</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriorWilson2005119-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriorWilson2005119_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriorWilson2005">Prior & Wilson 2005</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2003156-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003156_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2003156_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2003">Sheffield 2003</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009436–437-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009436–437_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, pp. 436–437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009602–603-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009602–603_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009602–603_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009602–603_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, pp. 602–603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2006326-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2006326_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy2006">Duffy 2006</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2009398-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2009398_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheldon2009">Sheldon 2009</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenniker2009179-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenniker2009179_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenniker2009">Henniker 2009</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992xv_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1992">Miles 1992</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2011194,_197-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2011194,_197_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2011194,_197_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2011194,_197_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2011">Sheffield 2011</a>, pp. 194, 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009271-62"><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Somme+to+be+commemorated+with+two-minute+silence&rft.aulast=Wilcock&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fbattle-of-the-somme-to-be-commemorated-with-two-minute-silence-a7110501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlaterBrittonCoyle2016" class="citation web cs1">Slater, Chris; Britton, Paul; Coyle, Simon (1 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/somme-centenary-remembrance-manchester-parade-11552350">"Thousands gather in Manchester to mark Battle of the Somme centenary – recap"</a>. <i>Manchester Evening News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Thousands+gather+in+Manchester+to+mark+Battle+of+the+Somme+centenary+%E2%80%93+recap&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Britton%2C+Paul&rft.au=Coyle%2C+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fsomme-centenary-remembrance-manchester-parade-11552350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> Saturday 2 July 2016, bottom of page 1, with photograph.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://becausewearehere.co.uk/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'we're here because we're here'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>we're here because we're here</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=we%27re+here+because+we%27re+here&rft.atitle=%27we%27re+here+because+we%27re+here%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbecausewearehere.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1997" class="citation journal cs1">Reeves, Nicholas (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439689700260601">"Cinema, spectatorship and propaganda: 'Battle of the Somme' (1916) and its contemporary audience"</a>. <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 5–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01439689700260601">10.1080/01439689700260601</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-9685">0143-9685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal+of+Film%2C+Radio+and+Television&rft.atitle=Cinema%2C+spectatorship+and+propaganda%3A+%27Battle+of+the+Somme%27+%281916%29+and+its+contemporary+audience&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-28&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01439689700260601&rft.issn=0143-9685&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F01439689700260601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the German historiography see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2011" class="citation journal cs1">Foley, Robert T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1833451">"Learning War's Lessons: The German Army and the Battle of the Somme 1916"</a>. <i>Journal of Military History</i>. <b>75</b> (2): 471–504. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-7795">1543-7795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Learning+War%27s+Lessons%3A+The+German+Army+and+the+Battle+of+the+Somme+1916&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=471-504&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1543-7795&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1833451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the French historiography see Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century, William Philpott (2009) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhalgh2003" class="citation journal cs1">Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (July 2003). "Flames over the Somme: A Retort to William Philpott". <i>War in History</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 335–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0968344503wh281oa">10.1191/0968344503wh281oa</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-0385">1477-0385</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159609046">159609046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Flames+over+the+Somme%3A+A+Retort+to+William+Philpott&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=335-342&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159609046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1477-0385&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F0968344503wh281oa&rft.aulast=Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On British historiography see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpott2006" class="citation journal cs1">Philpott, William (2006). "The Anglo-French Victory on the Somme". <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 731–751. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592290600943262">10.1080/09592290600943262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-301X">1557-301X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153318860">153318860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-French+Victory+on+the+Somme&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=731-751&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153318860%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1557-301X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592290600943262&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeverell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Deverell, Christopher (Spring 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14702430500097317">"X. Haig versus Rawlinson-Manoeuvre versus Attrition: The British Army on the Somme, 1916"</a>. <i>Defense Studies</i>. <b>V</b> (1): 124–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14702430500097317">10.1080/14702430500097317</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55201531">55201531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defense+Studies&rft.atitle=X.+Haig+versus+Rawlinson-Manoeuvre+versus+Attrition%3A+The+British+Army+on+the+Somme%2C+1916&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124-137&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55201531&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14702430500097317&rft.aulast=Deverell&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14702430500097317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2014" class="citation web cs1">Coleman, Joseph (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140606014721-81743749-historiographical-essay-on-the-battle-of-the-somme">"Historiographical Essay on the Battle of the Somme"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historiographical+Essay+on+the+Battle+of+the+Somme&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fpulse%2F20140606014721-81743749-historiographical-essay-on-the-battle-of-the-somme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/entertainment/14625124.The_Somme_from_the_German_side_of_the_wire/">"The Somme from the German side of the wire (From The Northern Echo)"</a>. <i>Thenorthernecho.co.uk</i>. 18 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thenorthernecho.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Somme+from+the+German+side+of+the+wire+%28From+The+Northern+Echo%29&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenorthernecho.co.uk%2Fentertainment%2F14625124.The_Somme_from_the_German_side_of_the_wire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETerraine2005230-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerraine2005230_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTerraine2005">Terraine 2005</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2002188-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2002188_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2002">Sheffield 2002</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2006324,_327-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2006324,_327_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy2006">Duffy 2006</a>, pp. 324, 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChickering200470–71-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChickering200470–71_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChickering2004">Chickering 2004</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1996249-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1996249_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerwig1996">Herwig 1996</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009625-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpott2009625_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2009">Philpott 2009</a>, p. 625.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2002" class="citation book cs1">Bond, B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unquietwesternfr00bond"><i>The Unquiet Western Front: Britain's Role in Literature and History</i></a>. London: CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52180-995-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-52180-995-9"><bdi>0-52180-995-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unquiet+Western+Front%3A+Britain%27s+Role+in+Literature+and+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-52180-995-9&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funquietwesternfr00bond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoraston1920" class="citation book cs1">Boraston, J. H. (1920) [1919]. <i>Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches</i> (repr. ed.). London: Dent. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/633614212">633614212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Douglas+Haig%27s+Despatches&rft.place=London&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F633614212&rft.aulast=Boraston&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1938" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, W. S. (1938). <i>The World Crisis</i>. London: Odhams. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4945014">4945014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Crisis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Odhams&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4945014&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChickering2004" class="citation book cs1">Chickering, R. (2004) [1998]. <i>Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918</i> (2nd ed.). London: CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52154-780-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-52154-780-6"><bdi>0-52154-780-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Germany+and+the+Great+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-52154-780-6&rft.aulast=Chickering&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-7470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughty2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Doughty" title="Robert A. Doughty">Doughty, R. A.</a> (2005). <i>Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operation in the Great War</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-67401-880-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-67401-880-X"><bdi>0-67401-880-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyrrhic+Victory%3A+French+Strategy+and+Operation+in+the+Great+War&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-67401-880-X&rft.aulast=Doughty&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2008" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, T. (2008). <i>The Brusilov Offensive</i>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35130-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35130-2"><bdi>978-0-253-35130-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brusilov+Offensive&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35130-2&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2006" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, C. (2006). <i>Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916</i> (Phoenix 2007 ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2202-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2202-9"><bdi>978-0-7538-2202-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+German+Eyes%3A+The+British+and+the+Somme+1916&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Phoenix+2007&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2202-9&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds1993" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, J. E. (1993) [1932]. <i>Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-185-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89839-185-7"><bdi>0-89839-185-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium%2C+1916%3A+Sir+Douglas+Haig%27s+Command+to+the+1st+July%3A+Battle+of+the+Somme&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=Imperial+War+Museum+%26+Battery+Press&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-89839-185-7&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalls1992" class="citation book cs1">Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. <i>Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-180-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89839-180-6"><bdi>0-89839-180-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium+1917%3A+The+German+Retreat+to+the+Hindenburg+Line+and+the+Battles+of+Arras&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=Imperial+War+Museum+%26+Battery+Press&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-89839-180-6&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2007" class="citation book cs1">Foley, R. T. (2007) [2005]. <i>German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916</i> (pbk. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04436-3"><bdi>978-0-521-04436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Strategy+and+the+Path+to+Verdun%3A+Erich+von+Falkenhayn+and+the+Development+of+Attrition%2C+1870%E2%80%931916&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=pbk.&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04436-3&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation book cs1">Harris, J. P. (2009) [2008]. <i>Douglas Haig and the First World War</i> (repr. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89802-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89802-7"><bdi>978-0-521-89802-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Douglas+Haig+and+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89802-7&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2006" class="citation book cs1">Hart, P. (2006). <i>The Somme</i>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36735-1"><bdi>978-0-304-36735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somme&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-304-36735-1&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenniker2009" class="citation book cs1">Henniker, A. M. (2009) [1937]. <i>Transportation on the Western Front 1914–1918</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-765-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-765-7"><bdi>978-1-84574-765-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transportation+on+the+Western+Front+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=Imperial+War+Museum+and+Battery+Press&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84574-765-7&rft.aulast=Henniker&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerwig1996" class="citation book cs1">Herwig, H. (1996). <i>The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918</i>. London: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-34057-348-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-34057-348-1"><bdi>0-34057-348-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+Germany+and+Austria-Hungary+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-34057-348-1&rft.aulast=Herwig&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1995" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, C. (1995) [1993]. <i>The Somme: The Day-by-Day Account</i> (Arms & Armour Press ed.). London: Weidenfeld Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-330-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-330-4"><bdi>1-85409-330-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somme%3A+The+Day-by-Day+Account&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Arms+%26+Armour+Press&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+Military&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85409-330-4&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1992" class="citation book cs1">Miles, W. (1992) [1938]. <i>Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901627-76-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-901627-76-3"><bdi>0-901627-76-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium%2C+1916%3A+2nd+July+1916+to+the+End+of+the+Battles+of+the+Somme&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=Imperial+War+Museum+%26+Battery+Press&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-901627-76-3&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpott2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpott, W. (2009). <i>Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century</i>. London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0108-9"><bdi>978-1-4087-0108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloody+Victory%3A+The+Sacrifice+on+the+Somme+and+the+Making+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4087-0108-9&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriorWilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somme00prio"><i>The Somme</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10694-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10694-7"><bdi>0-300-10694-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somme&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-300-10694-7&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomme00prio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2002" class="citation book cs1">Sheffield, G. (2002) [2001]. <i>Forgotten Victory, The First World War: Myths and Realities</i> (Review ed.). London: Hodder Headline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7472-6460-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7472-6460-0"><bdi>0-7472-6460-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Victory%2C+The+First+World+War%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Review&rft.pub=Hodder+Headline&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7472-6460-0&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2003" class="citation book cs1">Sheffield, G. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somme0000shef"><i>The Somme</i></a></span>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36649-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36649-8"><bdi>0-304-36649-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somme&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-304-36649-8&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomme0000shef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2011" class="citation book cs1">Sheffield, G. (2011). <i>The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army</i>. London: Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-691-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-691-8"><bdi>978-1-84513-691-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chief%3A+Douglas+Haig+and+the+British+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84513-691-8&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span>}</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2006" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, J. (2006) [2005]. <i>The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916</i> (Pen & Sword Military ed.). London: Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-269-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-269-3"><bdi>1-84415-269-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+on+the+Somme+1914%E2%80%931916&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84415-269-3&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2009" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, J. (2009). <i>The German Army at Cambrai</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-944-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-944-4"><bdi>978-1-84415-944-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+at+Cambrai&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-944-4&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkinsJukesHickey2003" class="citation book cs1">Simkins, P.; Jukes, G.; Hickey, M. (2003). <i>The First World War: The War to End All Wars</i>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-738-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-738-3"><bdi>978-1-84176-738-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+The+War+to+End+All+Wars&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-738-3&rft.aulast=Simkins&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Jukes%2C+G.&rft.au=Hickey%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2005" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, A. (2005) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=2&uin=uk.bl.ethos.367588"><i>The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18</i></a>. London: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86227-292-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86227-292-1"><bdi>1-86227-292-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Operational+Role+of+British+Corps+Command+on+the+Western+Front+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-86227-292-1&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethos.bl.uk%2FOrderDetails.do%3Fdid%3D2%26uin%3Duk.bl.ethos.367588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2003" class="citation book cs1">Steele, O. W. (2003). Facey-Crowther, D. R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lieutenantowenwi0000stee"><i>Lieutenant Owen William Steele of the Newfoundland Regiment: Diary and Letters</i></a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2428-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2428-2"><bdi>0-7735-2428-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lieutenant+Owen+William+Steele+of+the+Newfoundland+Regiment%3A+Diary+and+Letters&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7735-2428-2&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=O.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flieutenantowenwi0000stee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerraine2005" class="citation book cs1">Terraine, J. (2005) [1963]. <i>Douglas Haig: The Educated Soldier</i> (repr. ed.). London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35319-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35319-1"><bdi>0-304-35319-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Douglas+Haig%3A+The+Educated+Soldier&rft.place=London&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-304-35319-1&rft.aulast=Terraine&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendt1931" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wendt, H. L. (1931). <i>Verdun 1916 Die Angriffe Falkenhayns im Maasgebiet mit Richtung auf Verdun als strategisches Problem</i> [<i>Verdun 1916 The attacks by Falkenhayn in the Meuse area towards Verdun as a strategic question</i>] (in German). Berlin: Mittler. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503838028">503838028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdun+1916+Die+Angriffe+Falkenhayns+im+Maasgebiet+mit+Richtung+auf+Verdun+als+strategisches+Problem&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mittler&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503838028&rft.aulast=Wendt&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne1976" class="citation book cs1">Wynne, G. C. (1976) [1939]. <i>If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West</i> (Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-5029-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-5029-9"><bdi>0-8371-5029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=If+Germany+Attacks%3A+The+Battle+in+Depth+in+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Greenwood+Press%2C+NY&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8371-5029-9&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, H. (2010). "Remembering War in the Midst of Conflict: First World War Commemorations in the Northern Irish Troubles". <i>20th Century British History</i>. <b>XXI</b> (1): 80–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwp047">10.1093/tcbh/hwp047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-4674">1477-4674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=20th+Century+British+History&rft.atitle=Remembering+War+in+the+Midst+of+Conflict%3A+First+World+War+Commemorations+in+the+Northern+Irish+Troubles&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-101&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwp047&rft.issn=1477-4674&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullin2006" class="citation web cs1">McMullin, R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609104522/http://awm.gov.au/wartime/36/article.asp">"Disaster at Fromelles"</a>. <i>Wartime Magazine</i>. AU: <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1328-2727">1328-2727</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/36/article.asp">the original</a> on 9 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wartime+Magazine&rft.atitle=Disaster+at+Fromelles&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1328-2727&rft.aulast=McMullin&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fwartime%2F36%2Farticle.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420022107/http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol072iu.html">"The South Africans at Delville Wood"</a>. <i>Military History Journal (S Afr MHJ)</i>. The South African Military History Society. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-4016">0026-4016</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol072iu.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+History+Journal+%28S+Afr+MHJ%29&rft.atitle=The+South+Africans+at+Delville+Wood&rft.issn=0026-4016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamilitaryhistory.org%2Fvol072iu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506210945/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/first-world-war/interviews/025015-1400-e.html">"The Somme in Oral Histories of the First World War: Veterans 1914–1918"</a>. Ottawa: <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/439730254">439730254</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.ca/first-world-war/interviews/025015-1400-e.html">the original</a> on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Somme+in+Oral+Histories+of+the+First+World+War%3A+Veterans+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F439730254&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.ca%2Ffirst-world-war%2Finterviews%2F025015-1400-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2004" class="citation book cs1">Ball, S. (2004). <i>The Guardsmen: Harold Macmillan, Three Friends, and The World They Made</i>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-653163-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-653163-0"><bdi>978-0-00-653163-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guardsmen%3A+Harold+Macmillan%2C+Three+Friends%2C+and+The+World+They+Made&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-00-653163-0&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchan1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">Buchan, J.</a> (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofsomme00buch"><i>The Battle of the Somme</i></a>. New York: George H. Doran. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/699175025">699175025</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Somme&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=George+H.+Doran&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F699175025&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofsomme00buch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugmore2014" class="citation book cs1">Dugmore, A. R. (2014). <i>Blood in the Trenches: A Memoir of the Battle of the Somme</i>. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-311-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-311-4"><bdi>978-1-78346-311-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+in+the+Trenches%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Battle+of+the+Somme&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78346-311-4&rft.aulast=Dugmore&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, M.</a> (2006) [1994]. <i>The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War</i> (repr. ed.). Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-8127-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-8127-5"><bdi>0-8050-8127-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somme%3A+Heroism+and+Horror+in+the+First+World+War&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8050-8127-5&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2003" class="citation book cs1">Green, A. (2003). <i>Writing the Great War: Sir James Edmonds and the Official Histories 1915–1948</i>. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8430-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8430-9"><bdi>0-7146-8430-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Great+War%3A+Sir+James+Edmonds+and+the+Official+Histories+1915%E2%80%931948&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7146-8430-9&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhalgh2013" class="citation book cs1">Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2013) [2011]. "Chapter 7: The Scientific Method: planning the Somme, 1916 and Chapter 8: Fighting on the Somme, July–November 1916". <i>Foch in Command: The Making of a First World War General</i>. Cambridge Military Histories (pbk. repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-63385-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-63385-8"><bdi>978-1-107-63385-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+The+Scientific+Method%3A+planning+the+Somme%2C+1916+and+Chapter+8%3A+Fighting+on+the+Somme%2C+July%E2%80%93November+1916&rft.btitle=Foch+in+Command%3A+The+Making+of+a+First+World+War+General&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Military+Histories&rft.pages=140-191&rft.edition=pbk.+repr.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-63385-8&rft.aulast=Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiesoftwohu02unit"><i>Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918)</i></a>. Washington: United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Intelligence Section. 1920. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87296-917-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-87296-917-1"><bdi>5-87296-917-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+of+Two+Hundred+and+Fifty-One+Divisions+of+the+German+Army+which+Participated+in+the+War+%281914%E2%80%931918%29&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=United+States+Army%2C+American+Expeditionary+Forces%2C+Intelligence+Section&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=5-87296-917-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoriesoftwohu02unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1990" class="citation book cs1">James, E. A. (1990) [1924]. <i>A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918</i> (London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948130-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948130-18-2"><bdi>978-0-948130-18-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Record+of+the+Battles+and+Engagements+of+the+British+Armies+in+France+and+Flanders+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.edition=London+Stamp+Exchange&rft.pub=Gale+%26+Polden&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-948130-18-2&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, H. A. (2002) [1928]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warinairbeingsto02rale"><i>The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force</i></a>. Vol. II (N & M Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84342-413-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84342-413-4"><bdi>1-84342-413-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+in+the+Air%2C+Being+the+Story+of+the+Part+Played+in+the+Great+War+by+the+Royal+Air+Force&rft.place=London&rft.edition=N+%26+M+Press&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84342-413-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarinairbeingsto02rale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, J.</a> (1998). <i>The First World War</i>. London: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-180178-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-180178-8"><bdi>0-09-180178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-09-180178-8&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, B. H.</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179095"><i>Foch: The Man of Orleans</i></a>. Boston, Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16161900">16161900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foch%3A+The+Man+of+Orleans&rft.pub=Boston%2C+Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16161900&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.179095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1973" class="citation book cs1">Liddell Hart, B. H. (1973) [1970]. <i>History of the First World War</i> (3rd ed.). London: Book Club Associates. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/819218074">819218074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Book+Club+Associates&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F819218074&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasefield1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Masefield" title="John Masefield">Masefield, J.</a> (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldfrontline01mase"><i>The Old Front Line</i></a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1183536">1183536</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Front+Line&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1183536&rft.aulast=Masefield&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldfrontline01mase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyn_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyn MacDonald">MacDonald, L.</a> (1983). <i><a href="/wiki/Somme_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somme (book)">Somme</a></i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-017867-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-017867-8"><bdi>0-14-017867-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somme&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-14-017867-8&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_McLaughlin" title="Peter McLaughlin">McLaughlin, P.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ragtimesoldiersr00mcla"><i>Ragtime Soldiers: the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War</i></a>. Bulawayo: Books of Zimbabwe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86920-232-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86920-232-4"><bdi>0-86920-232-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ragtime+Soldiers%3A+the+Rhodesian+Experience+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Bulawayo&rft.pub=Books+of+Zimbabwe&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-86920-232-4&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fragtimesoldiersr00mcla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlebrook1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Middlebrook" title="Martin Middlebrook">Middlebrook, M.</a> (1971). <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Day_on_the_Somme" title="The First Day on the Somme">The First Day on the Somme</a></i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-139071-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-139071-9"><bdi>0-14-139071-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Day+on+the+Somme&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-14-139071-9&rft.aulast=Middlebrook&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeillands2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Neillands" title="Robin Neillands">Neillands, R.</a> (2004). <i>The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914–1918</i>. Magpie Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84119-863-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84119-863-3"><bdi>1-84119-863-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+Generals+on+the+Western+Front+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Magpie+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84119-863-3&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Mitchell, S. B. T. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/5283/"><i>An Inter-Disciplinary Study of Learning in the 32nd Division on the Western Front, 1916–1918</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (PhD). University of Birmingham. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894593861">894593861</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=An+Inter-Disciplinary+Study+of+Learning+in+the+32nd+Division+on+the+Western+Front%2C+1916%E2%80%931918&rft.inst=University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894593861&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=S.+B.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.bham.ac.uk%2F5283%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._W._L._Nicholson" title="G. W. L. Nicholson">Nicholson, G. W. L.</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826165151/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/CEF_e.pdf"><i>Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/557523890">557523890</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/CEF_e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47-389770-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47-389770-0"><bdi>978-1-47-389770-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somme+1916+Touring+the+French+Sector&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-47-389770-0&rft.aulast=O%27Mara&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mara2018" class="citation book cs1">O'Mara, David (2018). <i>The French on the Somme – From Serre to the River Somme</i>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. 1994 [1922]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84342-196-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84342-196-8"><bdi>1-84342-196-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Battles+of+the+Somme+%28Cmnd+1138%29&rft.place=London&rft.edition=N+%26+M+Press&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-84342-196-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Prior, R. (1999). <i>The First World War</i> (1st ed.). London: Cassel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35984-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35984-X"><bdi>0-304-35984-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cassel&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-304-35984-X&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecouly1920" class="citation book cs1">Recouly, R. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fochwinnerwar01recogoog"><i>Foch, The Winner of The War</i></a>. Translated by Jones, Mary Cadwalader. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2036520">2036520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foch%2C+The+Winner+of+The+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2036520&rft.aulast=Recouly&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffochwinnerwar01recogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Regan" title="Geoffrey Regan">Regan, G.</a> (1993). <i>The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders</i>. London: Guinness Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-728-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85112-728-2"><bdi>0-85112-728-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+Book+of+More+Military+Blunders&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Guinness+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85112-728-2&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertshaw2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Robertshaw" title="Andrew Robertshaw">Robertshaw, A.</a> (2006). <i>Somme 1 July 1916: Tragedy and Triumph</i>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-038-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-038-2"><bdi>1-84603-038-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somme+1+July+1916%3A+Tragedy+and+Triumph&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84603-038-2&rft.aulast=Robertshaw&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacco2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sacco" title="Joe Sacco">Sacco, J.</a> (2013). <i>The Great War: July 1, 1916: The First Day of the Battle of the Somme</i>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08880-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08880-9"><bdi>978-0-393-08880-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War%3A+July+1%2C+1916%3A+The+First+Day+of+the+Battle+of+the+Somme&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08880-9&rft.aulast=Sacco&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea"><i>Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920</i></a> (1st ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. 1922. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1318955">1318955</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Military+Effort+of+the+British+Empire+During+the+Great+War+1914%E2%80%931920&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1318955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatisticsofmili00grea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Watson_(historian)" title="Alexander Watson (historian)">Watson, A.</a> (2008). <i>Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918</i>. Cambridge Military Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52188-101-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52188-101-2"><bdi>978-0-52188-101-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enduring+the+Great+War%3A+Combat%2C+Morale+and+Collapse+in+the+German+and+British+Armies%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Cambridge+Military+Histories&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-52188-101-2&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, R. (2006). <i>Pals on the Somme 1916</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-393-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-393-2"><bdi>1-84415-393-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64746633">64746633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pals+on+the+Somme+1916&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64746633&rft.isbn=1-84415-393-2&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Hartsveldt1996" class="citation book cs1">van Hartsveldt, Fred R. (1996). <i>The Battles of the Somme: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography</i>. London and Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29386-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29386-4"><bdi>0-313-29386-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battles+of+the+Somme%3A+Historiography+and+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.place=London+and+Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-29386-4&rft.aulast=van+Hartsveldt&rft.aufirst=Fred+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Somme" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a></li> <li>William Philpott: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/somme_battles_of/">Somme, Battles of</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BlbdNq1UCE">Battle of the Somme (WW1 Documentary) | History Documentary | Reel Truth History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132568#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4181782-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85124800">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bitva na Sommě (1916 : Somme, Francie : řeka)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph436863&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556088505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&oldid=1259080059">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Somme&oldid=1259080059</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Category:Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Category:Battles of the Western Front (World War I)">Battles of the Western Front (World War I)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Hauts-de-France" title="Category:Military history of Hauts-de-France">Military history of Hauts-de-France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1916_in_France" title="Category:1916 in France">1916 in France</a></li><li><a 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