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</button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Social significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monogenetic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monogenetic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Monogenetic theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monogenetic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallel-development_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel-development_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Parallel-development theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel-development_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zamboangueño" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zamboangueño"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Zamboangueño</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zamboangueño-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caviteño/Ternateño" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caviteño/Ternateño"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Caviteño/Ternateño</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caviteño/Ternateño-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Samples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Samples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Samples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zamboangueño_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zamboangueño_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Zamboangueño</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zamboangueño_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Another_sample_of_Zamboangueño_Chavacano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Another_sample_of_Zamboangueño_Chavacano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Another sample of Zamboangueño Chavacano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Another_sample_of_Zamboangueño_Chavacano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ermiteño" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ermiteño"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ermiteño</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ermiteño-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caviteño/Ternateño_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caviteño/Ternateño_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Caviteño/Ternateño</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caviteño/Ternateño_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Another_sample_of_Caviteño_Chavacano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Another_sample_of_Caviteño_Chavacano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Another sample of Caviteño Chavacano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Another_sample_of_Caviteño_Chavacano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castellano_Abakay_(Davaoeño_Chavacano)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castellano_Abakay_(Davaoeño_Chavacano)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Castellano Abakay (Davaoeño Chavacano)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castellano_Abakay_(Davaoeño_Chavacano)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Castellano_Abakay_Chino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castellano_Abakay_Chino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Castellano Abakay Chino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castellano_Abakay_Chino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castellano_Abakay_Japon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castellano_Abakay_Japon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Castellano Abakay Japon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castellano_Abakay_Japon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pledge_of_Allegiance_to_the_Philippine_Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pledge_of_Allegiance_to_the_Philippine_Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pledge_of_Allegiance_to_the_Philippine_Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zamboangueño_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zamboangueño_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Zamboangueño</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zamboangueño_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forms_and_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Forms and style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letters_and_letter_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_and_letter_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Letters and letter names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_and_letter_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other sounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sounds_from_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sounds_from_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sounds from English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sounds_from_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_sentence_structure_(verb–subject–object_word_order)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_sentence_structure_(verb–subject–object_word_order)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Simple sentence structure (verb–subject–object word order)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_sentence_structure_(verb–subject–object_word_order)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declarative_affirmative_sentences_in_the_simple_present,_past,_and_future_tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declarative_affirmative_sentences_in_the_simple_present,_past,_and_future_tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Declarative affirmative sentences in the simple present, past, and future tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declarative_affirmative_sentences_in_the_simple_present,_past,_and_future_tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declarative_negative_sentences_in_the_simple_present,_past,_and_future_tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declarative_negative_sentences_in_the_simple_present,_past,_and_future_tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Declarative negative sentences in the simple present, past, and future tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declarative_negative_sentences_in_the_simple_present,_past,_and_future_tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns_and_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_and_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Nouns and articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_and_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Singular_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singular_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Singular nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singular_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plural_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Plural nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plural_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_(nominative/subjective_case)_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_(nominative/subjective_case)_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Personal (nominative/subjective case) pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_(nominative/subjective_case)_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronouns_(Zamboangueño_Chavacano,_Castellano_Abakay)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronouns_(Zamboangueño_Chavacano,_Castellano_Abakay)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Possessive pronouns (Zamboangueño Chavacano, Castellano Abakay)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronouns_(Zamboangueño_Chavacano,_Castellano_Abakay)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verb_tenses_–_simple_tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_tenses_–_simple_tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Verb tenses – simple tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_tenses_–_simple_tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perfect_constructions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfect_constructions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1.1</span> <span>Perfect constructions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfect_constructions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_and_active_voice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_and_active_voice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Passive and active voice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_and_active_voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic_Spanish_words_and_false_friends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_Spanish_words_and_false_friends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Archaic Spanish words and false friends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_Spanish_words_and_false_friends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chavacano</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="لغة تشاباكانو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة تشاباكانو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollu_chabacanu" title="Criollu chabacanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Criollu chabacanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چاباکانو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاباکانو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Zamboangue%C3%B1o" title="Tataramon na Zamboangueño – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Zamboangueño" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabacano" title="Chabacano – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chabacano" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Tsabakano" title="Pinulongang Tsabakano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Tsabakano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabacano" title="Chabacano – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chabacano" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_chabacano" title="Criollo chabacano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Criollo chabacano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88abakana_lingvo" title="Ĉabakana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉabakana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="زبان چاباکانو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان چاباکانو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano-ng%C3%AE" title="Chavacano-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chavacano-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%B0%94%EC%B9%B4%EB%85%B8%EC%96%B4" title="차바카노어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차바카노어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano_jezik" title="Chavacano jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chavacano jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Chabacano" title="Pagsasao a Chabacano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Chabacano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_chavacan" title="Lingua chavacan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua chavacan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_zamboangue%C3%B1a" title="Lingua zamboangueña – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua zamboangueña" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Chavacano" title="Basa Chavacano – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cavakano" title="Čavakano – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čavakano" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavacano" title="Xavacano – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xavacano" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabacano_nyelv" title="Chabacano nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chabacano nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%90%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8E%E8%AA%9E" title="チャバカノ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャバカノ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacan" title="Chavacan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chavacan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Chabacano" title="Salitan Chabacano – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Chabacano" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_chavacano" title="Lenga chavacano – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga chavacano" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_chavacano" title="Język chavacano – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język chavacano" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_chavacana" title="Língua chavacana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua chavacana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Чабакано – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чабакано" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Chavacano" title="Wikang Chavacano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சவகான மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சவகான மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Чавакано теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чавакано теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาชาบากาโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาชาบากาโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabacano" title="Chabacano – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chabacano" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Чавакано – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чавакано" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Chavacano" title="Tiếng Chavacano – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Chavacano" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%AB%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="查瓦卡諾語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="查瓦卡諾語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%8D%A1%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%87" title="查巴卡諾文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查巴卡諾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%AB%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="查瓦卡諾語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查瓦卡諾語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33281#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish-based creole of the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chabacano" redirects here. For the Mexico City Metro station, see <a href="/wiki/Chabacano_metro_station" title="Chabacano metro station">Chabacano metro station</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Chavacano</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Chabacano</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a> (Zamboangueño and Basileño), <a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite City</a> (Caviteño) and <a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">Ternate, Cavite</a> (Ternateño/Bahra)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zamboangue%C3%B1o_people" title="Zamboangueño people">Zamboangueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish Filipino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(700,000 native speakers; 1.2 million as a second language;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cited 1992)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cervantes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cervantes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-based creole language">Spanish-based creole</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Chavacano</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish alphabet">Spanish alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Komisyon_sa_Wikang_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino">Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cbk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cbk">cbk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chav1241">chav1241</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAC-ba">51-AAC-ba</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chavacano_language_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chavacano_language_map.png/320px-Chavacano_language_map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="499" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chavacano_language_map.png/480px-Chavacano_language_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chavacano_language_map.png/640px-Chavacano_language_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c12939; color:white;"> </span> Areas where Chavacano is mainly spoken</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Chavacano</b> or <b>Chabacano</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[tʃaβaˈkano]</a></span>) is a group of <a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Spanish-based creole language</a> varieties spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The variety spoken in <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>, located in the southern Philippine island group of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, has the highest concentration of speakers. Other currently existing varieties are found in Cavite City and Ternate, located in the <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> province on the island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chavacano is the only Spanish-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2020 Census of Population and Housing counted 106,000 households generally speaking Chavacano. </p><p>The one responsible<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for this Spanish creole was Don <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera">Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera</a>, then governor of Panama, who was also responsible for settling Zamboanga City by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists. There was an Asian-American route, which led to traders and adventurers carrying silver from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> through <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> to reach <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> before sailing to <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Philippines using the famed <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleons</a>. </p><p>The different varieties of Chavacano differ in certain aspects like vocabulary but they are generally <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> by speakers of these varieties, especially between neighboring varieties. While a majority of the lexicon of the different Chavacano varieties derive from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, their grammatical structures are generally similar to other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>. Among <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippine languages</a>, it is the only one that is not an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian language</a>, but like <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a>, it uses <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a>. </p><p>The word <i><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chabacano#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chabacano">Chabacano</a></i></i> is derived from Spanish, roughly meaning "poor taste" or "vulgar", though the term itself carries no negative connotations to contemporary speakers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_variants">Distribution and variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution and variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties">Varieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_chavacano.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_chavacano.gif/190px-Map_chavacano.gif" decoding="async" width="190" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_chavacano.gif/285px-Map_chavacano.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_chavacano.gif/380px-Map_chavacano.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Native Zamboangueño speakers in Mindanao</figcaption></figure> <p>Linguists have identified at least six Spanish creole varieties in the Philippines. Their classification is based on their <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substrate languages</a> and the regions where they are commonly spoken. The three known varieties of Chavacano with <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> as their substrate language are the <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>-based creoles of which are <b>Caviteño</b> (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite City</a>), <b>Bahra</b> or <b>Ternateño</b> (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">Ternate, Cavite</a>) and <b>Ermiteño</b> (once spoken in the old district of <a href="/wiki/Ermita,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermita, Manila">Ermita</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and is now extinct). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Variety </th> <th style="width:13%;">Places </th> <th>Main language <p>of households (2020 census) </p> </th> <th style="width:12%;">Native speakers </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Zamboangueño (Zamboangueño/Zamboangueño Chavacano/Chabacano de Zamboanga)</b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur" title="Zamboanga del Sur">Zamboanga del Sur</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Norte" title="Zamboanga del Norte">Zamboanga del Norte</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Sibugay" title="Zamboanga Sibugay">Zamboanga Sibugay</a></b> </td> <td>104,470<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>359,000 (Rubino 2008, citing 2000 census)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Caviteño (Chabacano di Nisos/Chabacano de Cavite)</b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite City</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a></b> </td> <td>921<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>4,000 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Cotabateño (Chabacano de Cotabato)</b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_City" title="Cotabato City">Cotabato City</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao" title="Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></b> </td> <td>442<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Castellano Abakay (Chabacano Davaoeño)</b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a></b> </td> <td>542<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Ternateño (Bahra)</b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">Ternate</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a></b> </td> <td>No data</td> <td>3,000 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Ermiteño (Ermitense)</b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ermita" title="Ermita">Ermita</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></b> </td> <td>0 (extinct)</td> <td>Extinct </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are a number of theories on how these different varieties of Chavacano have evolved and how they are related to one another. According to some linguists, Zamboangueño Chavacano is believed to have been influenced by Caviteño Chabacano as evidenced by prominent <a href="/wiki/Zamboangue%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamboangueño">Zamboangueño</a> families who descended from Spanish Army officers (from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>), primarily Caviteño mestizos, stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pilar" title="Fort Pilar">Fort Pilar</a> in the 19th century. When Caviteño officers recruited workers and technicians from <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a> to man their <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> plantations and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> fields to reduce the local population's dependence on the Donativo de Zamboanga, the Spanish colonial government levied taxes on the islanders to support the fort's operations. With the subsequent migration of Ilonggo traders to Zamboanga, the Zamboangueño Chavacano was infused with <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> words as the previous migrant community was assimilated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of what appears to be <a href="/wiki/Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisaya language">Bisaya</a> words in Zamboangueño Chavacano are actually Hiligaynon. Although Zamboangueño Chavacano's contact with Bisaya began much earlier when Bisaya soldiers were stationed at Fort Pilar during the Spanish colonial period, it was not until closer to the middle of the 20th century that borrowings from Bisaya accelerated from more migration from the Visayas as well as the current migration from other Visayan-speaking areas of the Zamboanga Peninsula. </p><p><b>Zamboangueño</b> (Chavacano) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur" title="Zamboanga del Sur">Zamboanga del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Sibugay" title="Zamboanga Sibugay">Zamboanga Sibugay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Norte" title="Zamboanga del Norte">Zamboanga del Norte</a>. Zamboangueño Chavacano is the most dynamically spoken language of Philippine Creole Spanish. It is used as a lingua franca between both Muslim and Christians in the Southwestern Mindanao and Basilan Islands communities. Its influence has spread to other islands in the west, such as the Jolo Islands, as well as to Cotabato and Davao in Mindanao.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other varieties of Chavacano with <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> as their primary substrate language are the <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>-based creoles of which are <b>Castellano Abakay</b> or <b>Chavacano Davaoeño</b> (spoken in some areas of <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a>), influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien in the Philippines">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and divided into two varieties, <i>Castellano Abakay Chino</i> and <i>Castellano Abakay Japón</i>, and <b>Cotabateño</b> (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Cotabato_City" title="Cotabato City">Cotabato City</a>). Both Cotabateño and Davaoeño are very similar to Zamboangueño. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chavacano languages in the Philippines are creoles based on <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">peninsular Spanish</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. In some Chavacano languages, most words are common with <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian Spanish</a>, but there are many words borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, a language native to Central Mexico, which aren't found in Andalusian Spanish. Although the vocabulary is largely Mexican, its grammar is mostly based on other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippine languages</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Ilonggo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisaya language">Bisaya</a>. By way of Spanish, its vocabulary also has influences from the Native American languages <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>, etc. as can be evidenced by the words <i>chongo</i> ("monkey", instead of Spanish <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mono#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:mono">mono</a></i>), <i>tiange</i> ("mini markets"), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast with the Luzon-based dialects, the Zamboangueño variety has the most borrowings and/or influence from other Philippine <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> including <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>. Words of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> origin are present in the Zamboangueño variety; the latter is included because although not local in Philippines, it was the lingua franca of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime Southeast Asia</a> and is still spoken in Muslim areas of Mindanao. As the Zamboangueño variety is also spoken by Muslims, the variety has some <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> loanwords, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Islamic terms</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (February 2018)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chavacano#Dubious" title="Talk:Chavacano">discuss</a></i>]</sup> In spite of this, it's difficult to trace whether these words have their origin in the local population or in Spanish itself, given that Spanish has about 6,000 words of Arabic origin. Chavacano also contains loanwords of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> origin which enter Chavacano via Malay and Arabic; both Persian and Spanish are <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest number of Chavacano speakers are found in <b><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a></b> and in the island province of <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a>. A significant number of Chavacano speakers are found in Cavite City and Ternate. There are also speakers in some areas in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur" title="Zamboanga del Sur">Zamboanga del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Sibugay" title="Zamboanga Sibugay">Zamboanga Sibugay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Norte" title="Zamboanga del Norte">Zamboanga del Norte</a>, Davao, and in Cotabato City. According to the official 2000 Philippine census, there were altogether 607,200 Chavacano speakers in the Philippines in that same year. The exact figure could be higher as the 2000 population of Zamboanga City, whose main language is Chavacano, far exceeded that census figure. Also, the figure doesn't include Chavacano speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Filipino">Filipino diaspora</a>. All the same, Zamboangueño is the variety with the most number of speakers, being the official language of Zamboanga City whose population is now believed to be over a million; is also an official language in Basilan. </p><p>Chavacano speakers are also found in <a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a> and elsewhere in Sabah via immigration to Sabah during the Spanish colonial period and via Filipino refugees who escaped from <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a> and predominantly Muslim areas of Mindanao like <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small number of Zamboanga's indigenous peoples and of Basilan, such as the <a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausugs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Samal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Samal people">Samals</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakans</a>, majority of those people are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>, also speak the language. In the close provinces of Sulu and <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a> areas, there are Muslim speakers of the <i>Chavacano de Zamboanga</i>, all of them are neighbors of Christians. Speakers of the <i>Chavacano de Zamboanga</i>, both Christians and Muslims, also live in <a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Norte" title="Lanao del Norte">Lanao del Norte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Sur" title="Lanao del Sur">Lanao del Sur</a>. Christians and Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao" title="Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Kudarat" title="Sultan Kudarat">Sultan Kudarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Cotabato" title="South Cotabato">South Cotabato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotabato_City" title="Cotabato City">Cotabato City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saranggani" class="mw-redirect" title="Saranggani">Saranggani</a> speak <i>Chavacano de Zamboanga</i>. Take note that <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a>, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-tawi, <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao" title="Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotabato_City" title="Cotabato City">Cotabato City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a> (region that composed of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Kudarat" title="Sultan Kudarat">Sultan Kudarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Cotabato" title="South Cotabato">South Cotabato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saranggani" class="mw-redirect" title="Saranggani">Saranggani</a>) and Davao Region became part of short-lived <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of Zamboanga</a>, which chose Chavacano as <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>. As a result of Spanish colonization, according to a genetic study written by Maxmilian Larena, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, the Philippine ethnic groups with the highest amount of Spanish/European descent are the Chavacanos, with 4 out of 10 Chavacanos having detectable Spanish descent, followed by <a href="/wiki/Bicolanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicolanos">Bicolanos</a>, with 1–2 out of 10, while most of the lowland urbanized Christian ethnic groups have some Spanish descent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_significance">Social significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ternatejf5766_19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ternatejf5766_19.JPG/220px-Ternatejf5766_19.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ternatejf5766_19.JPG/330px-Ternatejf5766_19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ternatejf5766_19.JPG/440px-Ternatejf5766_19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A welcome arch in Ternate with a Chavacano message that reads, "<i>Ta recibi mijotro con ustede con todo corazon</i>" ("We receive you with all our hearts")</figcaption></figure> <p>Chavacano has been primarily and practically a spoken language. In the past, its use in literature was limited and chiefly local to the geographical location where the particular variety of the language was spoken. Its use as a spoken language far exceeds its use in literary work in comparison to the use of Spanish in the Philippines which was more successful as a written language than a spoken language. In recent years, there have been efforts to encourage the use of Chavacano as a written language, but the attempts were mostly minor attempts in folklore and religious literature and few pieces of written materials by the print media. In Zamboanga City, while the language is used by the mass media, the Catholic Church, education, and the local government, there have been few literary work written in Zamboangueño and access to these resources by the general public isn't readily available; Bibles of Protestant Christians are also written in standard Chavacano. As Chavacano is spoken by Muslims as second language not only in Zamboanga City and Basilan but even in Sulu and Tawi-tawi, a number of <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> books are published in Chavacano. </p><p>The Zamboangueño variety has been constantly evolving especially during half of the past century until the present. Zamboangueño has been experiencing an infusion of English and more Tagalog words and from other languages worldwide in its vocabulary and there have been debates and discussions among older Chavacano speakers, new generation of Chavacano speakers, scholars, linguists, sociologists, historians, and educators regarding its preservation, cultivation, standardization, and its future as a Spanish-based creole. In 2000, The <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a> in Manila hosted a conference entitled "Shedding Light on the Chavacano Language" at the <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>. Starting school year 2012–13, the Zamboangueño variant has also been taught at schools following the implementation of the Department of Education's policy of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE). It serves as a medium of instruction from kindergarten to grade 3 and as a separate subject (Mother Tongue) from grades 1 to 3. </p><p>Because of the grammatical structures, Castilian usage, and archaic Spanish words and phrases that Chavacano (especially Zamboangueño) uses, between speakers of both contemporary Spanish and Chavacano who are uninitiated, both languages appear to be non-intelligible to a large extent. For the initiated speakers, Chavacano can be intelligible to some Spanish speakers, and while most Spanish words can easily be understood by Chavacano speakers, many would struggle to understand a complete Spanish sentence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2020)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <b>Chavacano</b> or <b>Chabacano</b> originated from the Spanish word <i><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chabacano#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chabacano">chabacano</a></i></i> which literally means "poor taste", "vulgar", "common", "of low quality", or "coarse". Chavacano has since evolved into a word of its own in different spellings with no negative connotation, but to simply being the name of the language itself (Banquicio, 2021). </p><p>During the Spanish colonial period, what is today called <i>Chavacano</i> was also called by the Spanish-speaking population as the "<i>lenguaje de la calle</i>", "<i>lenguaje de parian</i>" (language of the street), or "<i>lenguaje de cocina</i>" (language of the kitchen) to refer to the Chabacano spoken by the people of Manila, particularly in Ermita) to distinguish it from the Spanish language spoken by those of the upper class, which consisted of Spaniards and educated Natives. </p><p>Linguists use the term <b>Philippine Creole Spanish</b> which can be further divided into two geographic classifications: Manila Bay Creoles (which includes Ternateño and Caviteño) and Mindanao Creole (including Zamboangueño). The varieties of the language are geographically related. The Manila Bay Creoles have Tagalog as their substrate language while The Mindanao Creoles have <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Subanon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Subanon language">Subanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a> as their substrate language(s). </p><p>Chavacano/Chabacano speakers themselves have different preferences on whether to spell the language with a V or a B.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They emphasise the difference between their variety and others using their own geographical location as a point of reference. Language speakers in Ternate also use the term Bahra to refer to their language and their city. Chavacano varieties usually have their area name attached to the language. </p><p>In Zamboanga City, most people are using the V in spelling the language as Chavacano. In the three-day Chavacano Orthography Congress held on Nov 19–21, 2014, wherein it included the presentation by researchers on Chavacano, mostly results from surveys conducted among selected respondents in the city, the newly organized Chavacano Orthography Council met with the officials of the Department of Education and agreed among others that the language is to be spelled with the V. Most people in support of this move would like to distance their language Chavacano to the word Chabacano which also means ‘vulgar” in Spanish. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Chavacano/Chabacano varieties and alternative names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Geographical area </th> <th>Alternative names and spellings </th></tr> <tr> <td>Zamboanga </td> <td>Mindanao </td> <td>Chavacano, Zamboangueño, Zamboangueño Chavacano </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cavite </td> <td>Manila Bay </td> <td>Chabacano de Cavite, Caviteño, Chabacano Caviteño, Linguaje de Niso </td></tr> <tr> <td>Basilan </td> <td>Mindanao </td> <td>Zamboangueño, Chavacano de Zamboanga </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cotabato </td> <td>Mindanao </td> <td>Cotabateño, Chavacano Cotabateño </td></tr> <tr> <td>Davao </td> <td>Mindanao </td> <td>Davaoeño, Chavacano Davaoeño, Castellano Abakay, Davao Chavacano </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ermita </td> <td>Manila Bay </td> <td>Ermitense, Ermita Chabacano </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ternate </td> <td>Manila Bay </td> <td>Ternateño, Ternateño Chabacano, Bahra, Linguaje di Bahra </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no definite conclusion on the precise history of how these different varieties of Chavacano developed. </p><p>Prior to the formation of what is today the Philippines, what existed were a collection of various islands and different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnolinguistic groups</a> inhabiting them. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonisation_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Colonisation of the Philippines">Spanish colonisation</a> of the Philippine islands had led to the presence of the Spanish language in the islands. Though Spanish was the language of the government, the various languages originating and found in the islands remained the mother tongue of the various inhabitants. Instead of using Spanish to spread Christianity, Spanish missionaries preferred to learn the various local languages. With over 300 years of Spanish colonial rule, the Spanish language came to influence the various Philippine languages to varying degrees by way of aspects like new loanwords and expressions. </p><p>Creole languages (such as <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="French-based creole">French-based creoles</a>) have formed at various points in time around the world due to colonialism. As a result of contact between speakers of two mutually non-intelligible languages, creole languages have evolved in some cases to facilitate communication. This usually involves taking the vocabulary of another language and grammatical features of the native language. In contrast to the numerous French-based creole languages, only three creole languages have been found to be Spanish-based or heavily influenced: <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a>, and Chavacano. In the Philippines, a major difficulty in tracing the development of Chabacano is the confusion attributed to in accounts of travelers to the Philippines between a coherent creole language, `broken Spanish', and fluent Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest believed attestation of a coherent creole language spoken in Cavite City comes from the Augustinian priest Martínez de Zúñiga who in his 1803 accounts of his travels in the Philippines, <i>Estadismos de las Islas Filipinas</i>, notes that "In Cavite and in its suburb of San Roque, a very corrupted Spanish is spoken, whose phraseology is entirely taken from the language of the country".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mentions of a vernacular referred to as "kitchen Spanish" and "language of the market" (referring to the Manila variety), or other terms are found in a number of texts of the 19th century. However, the kind of vernacular referred to by these terms are imprecise and these terms may refer to a fully fledged creole or to a Spanish-pidgin spoken by Chinese and Filipino merchants. </p><p>The manner of formation of this type of speech found in a number of communities around the Philippines remains unclear today. A sample of what is today called <i>Chabacano</i> may be found in dialogues contained in chapters 18 (<i>Supercherías</i>) and 28 (<i>Tatakut</i>) of Filipino writer <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>'s 1891 work <i><a href="/wiki/El_Filibusterismo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Filibusterismo">El Filibusterismo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialogue found in chapter 18 is: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>¿Porque ba no di podí nisós entrá?</i> preguntaba una voz de mujer. </p><p>―<i>Abá, ñora, porque ‘tallá el maná prailes y el maná empleau</i>, contestó un hombre; <i>‘ta jasí solo para ilós el cabesa de espinge</i>. </p><p> ―<i>¡Curioso también el maná prailes!</i> dijo la voz de mujer alejándose; <i>¡no quiere pa que di sabé nisos cuando ilos ta sali ingañau! ¡Cosa! ¡Querida be de praile el cabesa!</i></p></blockquote> <p>In the 1883 work of German linguist <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Schuchardt" title="Hugo Schuchardt">Hugo Schuchardt</a> <i>Uber das Malaiospanische der Philippinen</i>, he presents fragments of texts and comments of what he calls "Malayo-Spanish". However, the first to give a general study and investigation of the varieties of Chavacano as a group was by Keith Whinnom in his 1956 work <i>The Spanish Contact Vernaculars in the Philippine Islands </i>. Whinnom gives an overall view of the history and grammar of what he calls "Ermitaño" of Ermita in Manila, "Caviteño" of Cavite and "Zamboangueño" of Zamboanga. In it, he also postulates his <a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_theory_of_pidgins" title="Monogenetic theory of pidgins">monogenetic theory</a> on the origin of these vernaculars. </p><p>Linguists are unsettled about how these vernaculars formed and how they connect to one another, if any. There are many theories, but the two main theories of the origin of Chavacano are Whinnom's "monogenetic theory" and a "parallel-development" theory proposed by Frake in 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monogenetic_theory">Monogenetic theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monogenetic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the monogenetic theory or one-way theory advanced by Whinnom, all varieties of Chavacano result from a single source, and all such varieties are related to each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallel-development_theory">Parallel-development theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parallel-development theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The parallel development theory or two-way theory as advocated by Frake in 1971, the variants found in Luzon and Mindanao had evolved autonomously from each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zamboangueño"><span id="Zamboangue.C3.B1o"></span>Zamboangueño</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Zamboangueño"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 June 1635, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Subanon_people" title="Subanon people">Subanon people</a>'s ancestral land, became a permanent foothold of the Spanish government with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pilar" title="Fort Pilar">San José Fortress</a>. Bombardment and harassment from pirates and raiders of the sultans of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jolo" title="Jolo">Jolo</a> and the determination to spread Christianity further south (as Zamboanga was a crucial strategic location) of the Philippines forced the Spanish missionary friars to request reinforcements from the colonial government. </p><p>The military authorities decided to import labour from Luzon and the Visayas. Thus, the construction workforce eventually consisted of Spanish, Mexican and Peruvian soldiers, masons from Cavite (who comprised the majority), sacadas from Cebu and Iloilo, and those from the various local tribes of Zamboanga like the Samals and Subanons. </p><p>Language differences made it difficult for one ethnic group to communicate with another. To add to this, work instructions were issued in Spanish. The majority of the workers were unschooled and therefore did not understand Spanish but needed to communicate with each other and the Spaniards. A <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> developed and became a full-fledged <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> still in use today as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> and/or as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> gave up its territories in <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a> to Spain within late 1700s (Sulu Sultanate gave up Basilan to Spain in 1762, while Sulu and Tawi-tawi were not given up by sultanate because the Sulu Sultanate only recognised partial Spanish sovereignty to Sulu and Tawi-tawi), Spanish settlers and soldiers brought the language to the region until Spain, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> signed an agreement named the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol of 1885</a> that recognised Spanish rule of Sulu Archipelago. Chavacano becomes a lingua franca of Sulu Archipelago (composing of Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Basilan), as these were formerly part of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Western Mindanao (presently named Zamboanga Peninsula)</a>, only <a href="/wiki/Isabela,_Basilan" title="Isabela, Basilan">Isabela City</a> (Basilan's capital) remained part of Zamboanga Peninsula; although North Borneo (now Sabah) is not included on the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> area as stated on the Protocol and control by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, Chavacano has still a little impact in Semporna. </p><p>From then on, constant Spanish military reinforcements as well as increased presence of Spanish religious and educational institutions have fostered the Spanish creole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caviteño/Ternateño"><span id="Cavite.C3.B1o.2FTernate.C3.B1o"></span>Caviteño/Ternateño<span class="anchor" id="Caviteño"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Caviteño/Ternateño"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merdicas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merdicas (page does not exist)">Merdicas</a> (also spelled Mardicas or Mardikas) were <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> natives of the islands of <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a> in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, converted during the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> occupation of the islands by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionaries. The islands were later captured by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> who vied for their control with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a>. In 1663, the Spanish garrison in Ternate was forced to pull out to defend <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> against an impending invasion by <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a>, the new ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Formosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>) (sacrificing the Moluccas to the Dutch in doing so). A number of Merdicas volunteered to help, eventually being resettled in a sandbar near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Maragondon" title="Maragondon">Maragondon</a> river (known as the <i>Barra de Maragondon</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Tanza" title="Tanza">Tanza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-lipski_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipski-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invasion did not occur as Koxinga fell ill and died. The Merdicas' community eventually integrated into the local population. Today, the location of the community is called <a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">Ternate</a> after the island of Ternate in the Moluccas, and the descendants of the Merdicas continue to use their Spanish creole (with Portuguese influence), which has come to be known as Caviteño or Ternateño Chavacano.<sup id="cite_ref-lipski_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipski-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zamboangueño_2"><span id="Zamboangue.C3.B1o_2"></span>Zamboangueño</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Zamboangueño"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Donde tu ay anda?</dt> <dd>Spanish: ¿A dónde vas?</dd> <dd>(‘Where are you going?’)</dd> <dt>Ya mirá yo con José.</dt> <dd>Spanish: Yo vi a José.</dd> <dd>(‘I saw José.’)</dd> <dt>Ya empezá ele buscá que buscá entero lugar con el sal.</dt> <dd>Spanish: El/Ella empezó a buscar la sal en todas partes.</dd> <dd>(‘He/She began to search everywhere for the salt.’)</dd> <dt>Ya andá ele na escuela.</dt> <dd>Spanish: Él/Ella se fue al colegio / a la escuela.</dd> <dd>(‘He/She went to school.’)</dd> <dt>Si Mario ya dormí na casa.</dt> <dd>Spanish: Mario durmió en la casa.</dd> <dd>(‘Mario slept in the house.’)</dd> <dt>El hombre, con quien ya man encuentro tu, es mi hermano.</dt> <dd>Spanish: El hombre que encontraste, es mi hermano.</dd> <dd>(The man [whom] you met is my brother.)</dd> <dt>El persona con quien tu tan cuento, bien alegre gayot.</dt> <dd>Spanish: La persona con la que estás hablando es muy alegre. / La persona con quien tú estás conversando es bien alegre.</dd> <dd>(The person you are talking to is very happy indeed.)</dd> <dd></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Another_sample_of_Zamboangueño_Chavacano"><span id="Another_sample_of_Zamboangue.C3.B1o_Chavacano"></span>Another sample of Zamboangueño Chavacano</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Another sample of Zamboangueño Chavacano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Zamboangueño Chavacano </th> <th>Spanish </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Treinta y cuatro kilometro desde el pueblo de Zamboanga el Bunguiao, un diutay barrio que estaba un desierto. No hay gente quien ta queda aquí antes. Abundante este lugar de maga animales particularmente maga puerco 'e monte, gatorgalla, venao y otro más pa. Solamente maga pajariadores lang ta visitá con este lugar. </td> <td>El Bunguiao, a treinta y cuatro kilómetros desde el pueblo de Zamboanga, es un pequeño barrio que una vez fue un área salvaje. No había gente que se quedara a vivir ahí. En este lugar había en abundancia animales salvajes tales como cerdos, gatos monteses, venados, y otros más. Este lugar era visitado únicamente por cazadores de pájaros. </td> <td>Bunguiao, a small village, thirty four kilometers from the city of Zamboanga, was once a wilderness. No people lived here. The place abounded with wild animals such as pigs, wildcats, deer, and still others. The place was visited only by bird hunters. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ermiteño"><span id="Ermite.C3.B1o"></span>Ermiteño</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ermiteño"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>En la dulzura de mi afán,</dd> <dd>Junto contigo na un peñon</dd> <dd>Mientras ta despierta</dd> <dd>El buan y en</dd> <dd>Las playas del Pasay</dd> <dd>Se iba bajando el sol.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Yo te decía, "gusto ko"</dd> <dd>Tu me decías, "justo na"</dd> <dd>Y de repente</dd> <dd>¡Ay nakú!</dd> <dd>Ya sentí yo como si</dd> <dd>Un asuáng ta cercá.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Que un cangrejo ya corré,</dd> <dd>Poco a poco na tu lao.</dd> <dd>Y de pronto ta escondé</dd> <dd>Bajo tus faldas, ¡amoratáo!</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Cosa que el diablo hacé,</dd> <dd>Si escabeche o kalamáy,</dd> <dd>Ese el que no ta sabé</dd> <dd>Hasta que yo ya escuché</dd> <dd>Fuerte-fuerte el voz: ¡Aray!</dd></dl> <p>The following is a sample of Ermitaño taken from the April 1917 publication of <i>The Philippine Review</i>. The poem was written by the Filipino Spanish-language writer <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Balmori" title="Jesús Balmori">Jesús Balmori</a> (who also wrote other texts in Ermitaño),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is entitled "Na Maldito Arena":<sup id="cite_ref-1917_Revista_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1917_Revista-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Ta sumí el sol na fondo del mar, y el mar, callao el boca. Ta jugá con su mana marejadas com'un muchacha nerviosa con su mana pulseras. El viento no mas el que ta alborota, el viento y el pecho de Felisa que ta lleno de sampaguitas na fuera y lleno de suspiros na dentro...<sup id="cite_ref-1917_Revista_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1917_Revista-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Keith Whinnom's "Spanish contact vernaculars in the Philippine Islands" (1956), there were reportedly still an estimated 12,000 speakers in 1942 of Ermitaño. After World War II, much of Manila was destroyed and its citizens displaced. This variety is considered to be virtually extinct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caviteño/Ternateño_2"><span id="Cavite.C3.B1o.2FTernate.C3.B1o_2"></span>Caviteño/Ternateño</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Caviteño/Ternateño"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Nisós ya pidí pabor cun su papáng.</dt> <dd>Spanish: Nosotros ya pedimos un favor de tu padre.</dd> <dd>(We have already asked your father for a favor.)</dd></dl> <p>Ternateño follows a pronominal system of three different pronouns, including subjects, objects and possession. The system follows the same pattern as Spanish, including both singular and plural conjugations based on what the speaker is explaining. For example <i>yo (Spanish singular) becomes bo (Ternateño),</i> whereas nosotros (Spanish plural) becomes mihótro (<i>Ternateño).</i> Additionally Ternateño incorporates alternate language forms for different participles to denote the relationship with the individual being the speaker as well as the listener. This includes polite as well as casual foundations of speech, for example, yo (casual) versus (éle).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Another_sample_of_Caviteño_Chavacano"><span id="Another_sample_of_Cavite.C3.B1o_Chavacano"></span>Another sample of Caviteño Chavacano</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Another sample of Caviteño Chavacano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Caviteño Chavacano</b>: </p><p>Puede nisós hablá: que grande nga palá el sacrificio del mga héroes para niso independencia. Debe nga palá no niso ulvida con ilos. Ansina ya ba numa? Debe hací niso mga cosa para dale sabí que ta aprecia niso con el mga héroes. Que preparáo din niso hací sacrificio para el pueblo. ¿Qué laya? ¿Escribí mga novela como José Rizal? </p> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 10px;"> <p><b>Spanish</b>: </p><p>Nosotros podemos decir qué grandes sacrificios ofrecieron nuestros héroes para obtener nuestra independencia. Entonces, no nos olvidemos de ellos. ¿Cómo lo logramos? Necesitamos hacer cosas para que sepan que apreciamos a nuestros héroes; que estamos preparados también a sacrificarnos por el pueblo. ¿Cómo lo haremos? ¿Hay que escribir también novelas como José Rizal? </p> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 10px;"> <p><b>English</b>: </p><p>We can say what great sacrifices our heroes have done to achieve our independence. We should therefore not forget them. How do we do that? We should do things to let it be known that we appreciate the heroes; that we are prepared to make sacrifices for our people. How? Should we write novels like José Rizal?  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castellano_Abakay_(Davaoeño_Chavacano)"><span id="Castellano_Abakay_.28Davaoe.C3.B1o_Chavacano.29"></span>Castellano Abakay (Davaoeño Chavacano)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Castellano Abakay (Davaoeño Chavacano)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are samples of dialogues and sentences of Davaoeño in two spoken forms: Castellano Abakay Chino (Chinese style) by the Chinese speakers of Chabacano and Castellano Abakay Japon (Japanese style) by the Japanese speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Castellano_Abakay_Chino">Castellano Abakay Chino</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Castellano Abakay Chino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Note: only selected phrases are given with Spanish translations, some are interpretations and rough English translations are also given.</li></ul> <dl><dt>La Ayuda</dt> <dd><b>Ayudante</b>: <i>Señor, yo vino aquí para pedir vos ayuda.</i></dd> <dd>(Spanish: Señor, he venido aquí para pedir su ayuda.)</dd> <dd>(English: Sir, I have come here to ask for your help.)</dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Patron</b>: <i>Yo quiere prestá contigo diez pesos. Ese ba hija tiene mucho calentura. Necesita llevá doctor.</i></dd> <dd>(Spanish: Quiero pedirle diez pesos prestados. Mi hija tiene calentura. Necesita un médico.)</dd> <dd>(English: I want borrow ten pesos from you. My daughter has a fever. She needs a doctor.)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Valentina y Conching (Conchita)</dt> <dd><b>Valentina</b>: <i>¿¡Conching, dónde vos (tu) papá?! ¿No hay pa llegá?</i></dd> <dd>Spanish: ¿¡Conching, dónde está tu papá?! ¿No ha llegado todavía?</dd> <dd>English: Conching, where is your dad? Hasn't he arrived yet?</dd> <dd><b>Conching</b>: <i>Llegá noche ya. ¿Cosa quiere ako (yo) habla cuando llegá papa?</i></dd> <dd>Spanish: Llegará esta noche. ¿Qué quiere que le diga cuando llegue?</dd> <dd>English: He will arrive this evening. What do you want me to tell him when he comes?</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Ako (yo) hablá ese esposa mio, paciencia plimelo (primero). Cuando male negocio, comé nugaw (lugaw – puré de arroz). Pero, cuando bueno negocio, katáy (carnear) manok (pollo).</dt> <dd>Spanish: Me limitaré a decir a mi esposa, mis disculpas. Cuando nuestro negocio va mal, comemos gachas. Pero si funciona bien, carneamos y servimos pollo.</dd> <dd>English: I will just tell my wife, my apologies. We eat porridge when our business goes very badly. But if it goes well, then we will butcher and serve chicken.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>¡Corre pronto! ¡Caé aguacero! Yo hablá contigo cuando salé casa lleva payóng (paraguas). No quiere ahora mucho mojáo.</dt> <dd>Spanish: ¡Corre rápido! ¡La lluvia está cayendo! Ya te dije que cuando salgas de tu casa, debes llevar un paraguas. No quiero que te mojes.</dd> <dd>English: Run quickly! It's raining! I already told you to take an umbrella when you leave the house. I don't want you to get wet.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>¿Ese ba Tinong (Florentino) no hay vergüenza? Anda visita casa ese novia, comé ya allí. Ese papa de iya novia, regañá mucho. Ese Tinong, no hay colocación. ¿Cosa dale comé esposa después?</dt> <dd>Spanish: ¿Que Florentino no tiene vergüenza? Fue a visitar a su novia, y comió allí. El padre de su novia lo regaña mucho. Florentino no tiene trabajo. ¿Qué le proveerá a su esposa después?</dd> <dd>English: Doesn't Florentino have any shame? He went to visit his girlfriend and ate dinner there. Her father scolds him a lot. That Florentino has no job. What will he provide for his wife then?</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Castellano_Abakay_Japon">Castellano Abakay Japon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Castellano Abakay Japon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimated English translations provided with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> words. </p> <dl><dt>¿Por qué usted no andá paseo? Kará tiene coche, viaje usted. ¿Cosa hace dinero? Trabaja mucho, no gozá.</dt> <dd>Why don't you go for a walk? You travel by your car. What makes money? You work a lot, you don't enjoy yourself.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Kará (から) – <i>por</i> (Spanish); <i>from</i> or <i>by</i> (English)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Usted mirá porque yo no regañá ese hijo mío grande. Día-día sale casa, ese ba igual andá oficina; pero día-día pide dinero.</dt> <dd>Look because I don't tell off that big son of mine. Every day he leaves the house, the same for walking to the office; but every day he asks for money.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Señora, yo dale este pescado usted. No grande, pero mucho bueno. Ese kirei y muy bonito. (<i>op. cit.</i>)</dt> <dd>Madam, I give this fish to you. It's not big, but it's very good. It is gorgeous and very nice.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Kirei (綺麗) – <i>hermosa</i>, <i>bonita</i>, <i>bella</i> (Spanish); <i>beautiful</i>, <i>bonny</i> (English)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pledge_of_Allegiance_to_the_Philippine_Flag">Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zamboangueño_3"><span id="Zamboangue.C3.B1o_3"></span>Zamboangueño</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Zamboangueño"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Yo (soy) un Filipino.</dd> <dd>Yo ta prometé mi lealtad</dd> <dd>na bandera de Filipinas</dd> <dd>y el País que ese ta representá</dd> <dd>Con Honor, Justicia y Libertad</dd> <dd>que ya pone na movemiento el un nación</dd> <dd>para Dios,</dd> <dd>para'l pueblo,</dd> <dd>para naturaleza,</dd> <dd>y para Patria.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish">Spanish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>(Yo) soy un filipino.</dd> <dd>yo prometo mi lealtad</dd> <dd>a la bandera de las Filipinas</dd> <dd>y al país que esta representa</dd> <dd>con honor, justicia y libertad</dd> <dd>puestos en movemiento por una nación</dd> <dd>por Dios,</dd> <dd>por el pueblo,</dd> <dd>por la naturaleza</dd> <dd>y por la patria.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English">English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>I am a Filipino</dd> <dd>I pledge my allegiance</dd> <dd>To the flag of the Philippines</dd> <dd>And to the country it represents</dd> <dd>With honour, justice and freedom</dd> <dd>Put in motion by one Nation</dd> <dd>For God</dd> <dd>for the People,</dd> <dd>for Nature and</dd> <dd>for the Country.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_and_style">Forms and style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Forms and style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chavacano (especially Zamboangueño) has two <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a>: The common, colloquial, vulgar or familiar and the formal register/sociolects. Broadly speaking, the formal register is closer to Spanish, and the colloquial register to the local Austronesian languages. </p><p>In the common, colloquial, vulgar or familiar register/sociolect, words of local origin or a mixture of local and Spanish words predominate. The common or familiar register is used ordinarily when conversing with people of equal or lower status in society. It is also used more commonly in the family, with friends and acquaintances. Its use is of general acceptance and usage. </p><p>In the formal register/sociolect, words of Spanish origin or Spanish words predominate. The formal register is used especially when conversing with people of higher status in society. It is also used when conversing with elders (especially in the family and with older relatives) and those in authority. It is more commonly used by older generations, by Zamboangueño mestizos, and in the barrios. It is the form used in speeches, education, media, and writing. The formal register used in conversation is sometimes mixed with some degree of colloquial register. </p><p>The following examples show a contrast between the usage of formal words and common or familiar words in Chavacano: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Chavacano (formal) </th> <th>Chavacano (common/colloquial/vulgar/familiar) </th> <th>Spanish </th></tr> <tr> <td>slippery </td> <td>resbalozo/resbaladizo </td> <td>malandug </td> <td>resbaloso/resbaladizo </td></tr> <tr> <td>rice </td> <td>morisqueta </td> <td>kanon/arroz </td> <td>morisqueta (understood as a Filipino rice dish)/arroz </td></tr> <tr> <td>rain </td> <td>lluvia/aguacero </td> <td>aguacero/ulan </td> <td>lluvia/aguacero </td></tr> <tr> <td>dish </td> <td>vianda/comida </td> <td>comida/ulam </td> <td>vianda/comida </td></tr> <tr> <td>braggart/boastful </td> <td>orgulloso(a) </td> <td>bugalon(a)/ hambuguero(a) </td> <td>orgulloso(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>car </td> <td>coche </td> <td>auto </td> <td>auto/coche </td></tr> <tr> <td>housemaid </td> <td>muchacho (m)/muchacha (f) </td> <td>ayudanta (female); ayudante (male) </td> <td>muchacha(o)/ayudante </td></tr> <tr> <td>father </td> <td>papá (tata) </td> <td>pápang (tata) </td> <td>papá (padre) </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother </td> <td>mamá (nana) </td> <td>mámang (nana) </td> <td>mamá (madre) </td></tr> <tr> <td>grandfather </td> <td>abuelo </td> <td>abuelo/lolo </td> <td>abuelo/lolo </td></tr> <tr> <td>grandmother </td> <td>abuela </td> <td>abuela/lola </td> <td>abuela/lela </td></tr> <tr> <td>small </td> <td>chico(a)/pequeño(a) </td> <td>pequeño(a)/diutay </td> <td>pequeño/chico </td></tr> <tr> <td>nuisance </td> <td>fastidio </td> <td>asarante/salawayun </td> <td>fastidio </td></tr> <tr> <td>hard-headed </td> <td>testarudo </td> <td>duro cabeza/duro pulso </td> <td>testarudo/cabeza dura </td></tr> <tr> <td>slippers </td> <td>chancla </td> <td>chinelas </td> <td>chancla/chinelas </td></tr> <tr> <td>married </td> <td>de estado/de estao </td> <td>casado/casao </td> <td>casado </td></tr> <tr> <td>(my) parents </td> <td>(mis) padres </td> <td>(mi) tata'y nana </td> <td>(mis) padres </td></tr> <tr> <td>naughty </td> <td>travieso(a) </td> <td>guachi/guachinanggo(a) </td> <td>travieso(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>slide </td> <td>rezbalasa/deslizar </td> <td>landug </td> <td>resbalar/deslizar </td></tr> <tr> <td>ugly </td> <td>feo (masculine)/fea (feminine) </td> <td>malacara, malacuka </td> <td>feo(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>rainshower </td> <td>lluve </td> <td>talítih </td> <td>lluvia </td></tr> <tr> <td>lightning </td> <td>rayo </td> <td>rayo/quirlat </td> <td>rayo </td></tr> <tr> <td>thunder/thunderstorm </td> <td>trueno </td> <td>trueno </td> <td>trueno </td></tr> <tr> <td>tornado </td> <td>tornado/remolino, remulleno </td> <td>ipo-ipo </td> <td>tornado/remolino </td></tr> <tr> <td>thin (person) </td> <td>delgado(a)/flaco(a)/chiquito(a) </td> <td>flaco/flaquit </td> <td>delgado/flaco/flaquito </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Self-contradictory plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accuracy dispute"><img alt="Exclamation mark with arrows pointing at each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/38px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/57px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/76px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article or section <b>appears to contradict itself</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please see the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chavacano" title="Talk:Chavacano">talk page</a> for more information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chavacano is written using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. As Chavacano has mostly been a <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> than a written one, multiple ways of writing the different varieties of Chavacano exist. Most published Chavacano texts utilize spelling systems nearly identical to Spanish, adjusting certain spellings of words to reflect how they are pronounced by native Chavacano speakers. Since the propagation of the usage of the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a> in education and the media as the national language, Filipino's orthography has affected how certain persons might spell Chavacano, especially since recent generations have grown unfamiliar with Spanish orthography; Most published works, and the general media, however, more often retain Spanish-based spelling systems. </p><p>The kind of writing system used to write Chavacano may differ according to the writer of the text. Writing may be written using a Spanish-derived writing system, where all words (including words of local origin) are spelled adhering to basic Spanish orthographic rules; it may also be written "phonetically", similar to the modern orthography of Filipino; another writing style uses a mixture of the two, spelling words based on an etymological approach, using phonetic spelling for words of Filipino origin and Spanish spelling rules for words of Spanish origin. </p><p>in Zamboanga, an etymological-based approach was formally recently endorsed by the local city government and this is the system used in public schools as part of the mother-tongue policy of the Department of Education for kindergarten to grade 3. In principle, words of Spanish origin are to be spelled using Spanish rules while Chavacano words of local origin are spelled in the manner according to their origin. Thus, the letter <i>k</i> appear mostly in words of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> origin or in loanwords from other Philippine languages (words such as <i>kame</i>, <i>kita</i>, <i>kanamon</i>, <i>kaninyo</i>). </p><p>It is uncommon in modern written works to include the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trema_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trema (diacritic)">trema</a> in writing except in linguistic or highly formalized texts. Also, the letters <i>ñ</i> and <i>ll</i> are sometimes replaced by <i>ny</i> and <i>ly</i> in informal texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chavacano alphabet has 30 letters, including <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ll⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ñ⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span>:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>a</b>, <b>b</b>, <b>c</b>, <b>ch</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>f</b>, <b>g</b>, <b>h</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>j</b>, <b>k</b>, <b>l</b>, <b>ll</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>ñ</b>, <b>o</b>, <b>p</b>, <b>q</b>, <b>r</b>, <b>rr</b>, <b>s</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>u</b>, <b>v</b>, <b>w</b>, <b>x</b>, <b>y</b>, <b>z</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Letters_and_letter_names">Letters and letter names</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Letters and letter names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:2.5em;">A a</td> <td style="width: 17em;"><b>a</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">J j</td> <td style="width: 20em;"><b>jota</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈxota/</span> </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">R r</td> <td style="width: 25em;"><b>ere</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈeɾe/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B b</td> <td><b>be</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/be/</span><br /> </td> <td>K k</td> <td><b>ka</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka/</span> </td> <td>Rr rr</td> <td><b>erre</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈere/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C c</td> <td><b>ce</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/se/</span> </td> <td>L l</td> <td><b>ele</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈele/</span> </td> <td>S s</td> <td><b>ese</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈese/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ch ch</td> <td><b>che</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃe/</span> </td> <td>Ll ll</td> <td><b>elle</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈeʎe/</span> </td> <td>T t</td> <td><b>te</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/te/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D d</td> <td><b>de</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/de/</span> </td> <td>M m</td> <td><b>eme</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈeme/</span> </td> <td>U u</td> <td><b>u</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>E e</td> <td><b>e</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td>N n</td> <td><b>ene</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ene/</span> </td> <td>V v</td> <td><b>uve</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈube/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>F f</td> <td><b>efe</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈefe/</span> </td> <td>Ñ ñ</td> <td><b>eñe</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈeɲe/</span> </td> <td>W w</td> <td><b>doble u</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈuve<span class="wrap"> </span>doble/</span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G g</td> <td><b>ge</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xe/</span> </td> <td>O o</td> <td><b>o</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td> <td>X x</td> <td><b>equis</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈekis/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H h</td> <td><b>hache</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈatʃe/</span> </td> <td>P p</td> <td><b>pe</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pe/</span> </td> <td>Y y</td> <td><b>ye</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟʝe/</span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I i</td> <td><b>i</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span><br /> </td> <td>Q q</td> <td><b>cu</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ku/</span> </td> <td>Z z</td> <td><b>zeta</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈseta/</span><br /><b>zeda</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈseda/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other letter combinations include <i>rr</i> (erre), which is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xr/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, and <i>ng,</i> which is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋɡ/</span>. Another combination was <i>ñg,</i> which was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> but is now obsolete and is only written as <i>ng</i>. </p><p>Some sounds are not represented in the Chavacano written language. These sounds are mostly in words of Philippine and foreign origin. Furthermore, the pronunciation of some words of Spanish origin have become distorted or Philippinized in modern Chavacano. Some vowels have become allophonized ('e' and 'o' becomes 'i' and 'u' in some words) and some consonants have changed their pronunciation. (i.e. <i>escoger</i> became <i>iscují</i> in informal speech; <i>tiene</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃɛnɛ/</span>; <i>Dios</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒɔs/</span>; <i>Castilla</i> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kastilla/</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kastiʎa/</span>). </p><p>Glottal stops, as in Filipino languages, are not also indicated (â, ê, î, ô, û). These sounds are mainly found in words of Philippine origin and are only indicated in dictionaries (i.e. jendê = not; olê = again) and when they are, the circumflex accent is used. </p><p>Other pronunciation changes in some words of Spanish origin include: </p> <dl><dd>f ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></dd> <dd>j, g (before 'e' and 'i') ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> (in common with dialects of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a> and other areas of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">southern Spain</a>)</dd> <dd>ch ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span></dd> <dd>rr ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xr/</span></dd> <dd>di, de ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> (when followed or preceded by other vowels: Dios ~ /jos/; dejalo ~ /jalo/)</dd> <dd>ti, te ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> (when followed or preceded by other vowels: tierra ~ /chehra/; tiene ~ /chene/)</dd> <dd>ci, si ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> (when followed or preceded by other vowels: conciencia ~ /konʃenʃa/)</dd></dl> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ/</span>, which are pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> in other Spanish dialects when between vowels, are uniformly pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">stops</a> in Chavacano. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sounds">Other sounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other sounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>-h <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> (glottal fricative in the final position); sometimes not written</dd> <dd>-g <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>; sometimes written as just -k</dd> <dd>-d <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>; sometimes written as just -t</dd> <dd>-kh [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>]; only in loanwords of Arabic origin, mostly Islamic terms</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sounds_from_English">Sounds from English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sounds from English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>“v” pronounced as English “v” (like: vase) (vi)</dd> <dd>“z” pronounced as English “z” (like: zebra) (zi)</dd> <dd>“x” pronounced as English “x” (like: X-ray) (ex/eks)</dd> <dd>“h” like: house (/eitsh/); sometimes written as 'j'</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letters </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Significant </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>ae</b> </td> <td>aye </td> <td>caé </td> <td>fall, to fall </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ai</b> </td> <td>ay </td> <td>caido </td> <td>fallen, fell </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ao</b> </td> <td>aow </td> <td>cuidao </td> <td>take care, cared </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ea</b> </td> <td>eya </td> <td>patéa </td> <td>kick, to kick </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ei</b> </td> <td>ey </td> <td>reí </td> <td>laugh </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>eo</b> </td> <td>eyo </td> <td>vídeo </td> <td>video </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ia</b> </td> <td>ya </td> <td>advertencia </td> <td>warning, notice </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ie</b> </td> <td>ye </td> <td>cien(to) </td> <td>one hundred, hundred </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>io</b> </td> <td>yo </td> <td>canción </td> <td>song </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>iu</b> </td> <td>yu </td> <td>saciút </td> <td>to move the hips a little </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>uo</b> </td> <td>ow </td> <td>institutuo </td> <td>institute </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>qu</b> </td> <td>ke </td> <td>qué, que </td> <td>what, that, than </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>gu</b> </td> <td>strong g </td> <td>guía </td> <td>to guide, guide </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ua</b> </td> <td>wa </td> <td>agua </td> <td>water </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ue</b> </td> <td>we </td> <td>cuento </td> <td>story </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ui</b> </td> <td>wi </td> <td>cuidá </td> <td>care, to take care </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>oi</b> </td> <td>oy </td> <td>oí </td> <td>hear, to hear </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_sentence_structure_(verb–subject–object_word_order)"><span id="Simple_sentence_structure_.28verb.E2.80.93subject.E2.80.93object_word_order.29"></span>Simple sentence structure (verb–subject–object word order)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Simple sentence structure (verb–subject–object word order)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chavacano is a language with the <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> sentence order. This is because it follows the Hiligaynon or Tagalog grammatical structures. However, the <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> order does exist in Chavacano but only for emphasis purposes (see below). New generations have been slowly and vigorously using the S-V-O pattern mainly because of the influence of the English language. These recent practices have been most prevalent and evident in the mass media particularly among Chavacano newswriters who translate news leads from English or Tagalog to Chavacano where the "who" is emphasized more than the "what". Because the mass media represent "legitimacy", it is understood by Chavacano speakers (particularly Zamboangueños) that the S-V-O sentence structure used by Chavacano journalists is standardized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declarative_affirmative_sentences_in_the_simple_present,_past,_and_future_tenses"><span id="Declarative_affirmative_sentences_in_the_simple_present.2C_past.2C_and_future_tenses"></span>Declarative affirmative sentences in the simple present, past, and future tenses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Declarative affirmative sentences in the simple present, past, and future tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chavacano generally follows the simple verb–subject–object or verb–object–subject sentence structure typical of Hiligaynon or Tagalog in declarative affirmative sentences: </p> <dl><dd><b>Ta comprá</b> (verb) <b>el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject) <b>con el tierra</b> (object).</dd> <dd><b>Ta comprá</b> (verb) <b>tierra</b> (object) <b>el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject). <dl><dd>Hiligaynon: Nagabakal (verb) ang mga manogbaligya (subject) sang duta (object).</dd> <dd>Hiligaynon: Nagabakal (verb) sang duta (object) ang mga manogbaligya (subject).</dd> <dd>Tagalog: Bumibili (verb) ang mga negosyante (subject) ng lupa (object).</dd> <dd>Tagalog: Bumibili (verb) ng lupa (object) ang mga negosyante (subject). <dl><dd>(‘The businessmen are buying land.’)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The subject always appears after the verb, and in cases where pronominal subjects (such as personal pronouns) are used in sentences, they will never occur before the verb: </p> <dl><dd><b>Ya andá yo na iglesia enantes</b>. <dl><dd>(‘I went to church a while ago.’)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declarative_negative_sentences_in_the_simple_present,_past,_and_future_tenses"><span id="Declarative_negative_sentences_in_the_simple_present.2C_past.2C_and_future_tenses"></span>Declarative negative sentences in the simple present, past, and future tenses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Declarative negative sentences in the simple present, past, and future tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the predicate of the sentence is negated, Chavacano uses the words <b>hindê</b> (from Tagalog ’hindi’ or Hiligaynon 'indi' which means ’no’; the Cebuano uses 'dili', which shows its remoteness from Chavacano as compared to Hiligaynon) to negate the verb in the present tense, <b>no hay</b> (which literally means ’none’) to negate the verb that was supposed to happen in the past, and <b>hindê</b> or <b>nunca</b> (which means ’no’ or ’never’) to negate the verb that will not or will never happen in the future respectively. This manner of negating the predicate always happens in the verb–subject–object or verb–object–subject sentence structure: </p><p>Present Tense </p> <dl><dd><b>Hindê ta comprá</b> (verb) <b>el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject) <b>con el tierra</b> (object).</dd> <dd><b>Hindê ta comprá</b> (verb) <b>tierra</b> (object) <b>el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject). <dl><dd>(Eng: The businessmen are not buying land. Span: Los hombres de negocios no están comprando tierras)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Past Tense </p> <dl><dd><b>No hay comprá</b> (verb) <b>el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject) <b>con el tierra</b> (object).</dd> <dd><b>No hay comprá</b> (verb) <b>tierra</b> (object) <b>el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject). <dl><dd>(Eng: The businessmen did not buy land. Span: Los hombres de negocios no compraron tierras)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Future Tense </p> <dl><dd><b>Ay hindê comprá</b> (verb) <b>el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject) <b>con el tierra</b> (object).</dd> <dd><b>Ay hindê comprá</b> (verb) <b>tierra</b> (object) <b>el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject). <dl><dd>(Eng: The businessmen will not buy land. Span: Los hombres de negocios no comprarán tierras)</dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Nunca ay/Ay nunca comprá</b> (verb) <b>el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject) <b>con el tierra</b> (object).</dd> <dd><b>Nunca ay/Ay nunca comprá</b> (verb) <b>tierra</b> (object) <b>el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject). <dl><dd>(Eng: The businessmen will never buy land. Span: Los hombres de negocios nunca comprarán tierras)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The negator <b>hindê</b> can appear before the subject in a subject–verb–object structure to negate the subject rather than the predicate in the present, past, and future tenses: </p><p>Present Tense </p> <dl><dd><b>Hindê el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject) <b>ta comprá</b> (verb) <b>con el tierra</b> (object) <b>sino el maga/mana empleados</b>. <dl><dd>(Eng: It is not the businessmen who are buying land but the employees. Span: No son los hombres de negocios los que están comprando tierras, sino los empleados)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Past Tense </p> <dl><dd><b>Hindê el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject) <b>ya comprá</b> (verb) <b>con el tierra</b> (object) <b>sino el maga/mana empleados</b>. <dl><dd>(Eng: It was not the businessmen who bought the land but the employees. Span: No fueron los hombres de negocio los que compraron tierras, sino los empleados)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Future Tense </p> <dl><dd><b>Hindê el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject) <b>ay comprá</b> (verb) <b>con el tierra</b> (object) <b>sino el maga/mana empleados</b>.</dd> <dd><b>Ay hindê comprá</b> (verb) <b>el maga/mana negociante(s)</b> (subject) <b>con el tierra</b> (object) <b>sino el maga/mana empleados</b>. <dl><dd>(Eng: It will not be the businessmen who will buy land but the employees. Span: No serán los hombres de negocios los que compren tierras, sino los empleados)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The negator <b>nunca</b> can appear before the subject in a subject–verb–object structure to strongly negate (or denote impossibility) the subject rather than the predicate in the future tense: </p><p>Future Tense </p> <dl><dd><b>Nunca el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject) <b>ay comprá</b> (verb) <b>con el tierra</b> (object) <b>sino el maga/mana empleados</b>.</dd> <dd><b>Nunca ay comprá</b> (verb) <b>el mana/maga negociante</b> (subject) <b>con el tierra</b> (object) <b>sino el maga/mana empleados</b>. <dl><dd>(Eng: It will never be the businessmen who will buy land but the employees. Span: Nunca serán los hombres de negocios los que compren tierras, sino los empleados)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The negator <b>no hay</b> and <b>nunca</b> can also appear before the subject to negate the predicate in a subject–verb–object structure in the past and future tenses respectively. Using <b>nunca</b> before the subject to negate the predicate in a subject–verb–object structure denotes strong negation or impossibility for the subject to perform the action in the future: </p><p>Past Tense </p> <dl><dd><b>No hay el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject) <b>comprá</b> (verb) <b>con el tierra</b> (object). <dl><dd>(Eng: The businessmen did not buy land. Span: Los hombres de negocios no compraron tierras)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Future Tense </p> <dl><dd><b>Nunca el maga/mana negociante</b> (subject) <b>ay comprá</b> (verb) <b>con el tierra</b> (object). <dl><dd>(Eng: The businessmen will never buy land. Span: Los hombres de negocios nunca comprarán tierras)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns_and_articles">Nouns and articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Nouns and articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chavacano definite article <b>el</b> precedes a singular noun or a plural marker (for a plural noun). The indefinite article <b>un</b> stays constant for gender as 'una' has almost completely disappeared in Chavacano, except for some phrases like "una vez". It also stays constant for number as for singular nouns. In Chavacano, it is quite common for <b>el</b> and <b>un</b> to appear together before a singular noun, the former to denote certainty and the latter to denote number: </p> <dl><dd><b>el cajón</b> (’the box’) – <b>el maga/mana cajón(es)</b> (’the boxes’)</dd> <dd><b>un soltero</b> (’a bachelor’) – <b>un soltera</b> (’a spinster’)</dd> <dd><b>el un soltero</b> (’the bachelor’) – <b>el un soltera</b> (’the spinster’)</dd></dl> <p>Nouns in Chavacano are not always preceded by articles. Without an article, a noun is a generic reference: </p> <dl><dd><b>Hindê yo ta llorá lagrimas sino sangre</b>. <dl><dd>(’I do not cry tears but blood’.)</dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Ta cargá yo palo</b>. <dl><dd>(’I am carrying wood’).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Proper names of persons are preceded by the definite article <b>si</b> or the phrase <b>un tal</b> functioning as an indefinite article would: </p> <dl><dd><b>Un bonita candidata si Maria.</b>. <dl><dd>(’Maria is a beautiful candidate’.)</dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>un tal Juancho</b> <dl><dd>(’a certain Juancho’)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singular_nouns">Singular nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Singular nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike in Spanish, Chavacano <a href="/wiki/Nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouns">nouns</a> derived from Spanish do not follow gender rules in general. In Zamboangueño, the <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a> 'el' basically precedes every singular noun. However, this rule is not rigid (especially in Zamboangueño) because the formal vocabulary mode wherein Spanish words predominate almost always is the preferred mode especially in writing. The Spanish article 'la' for feminine singular nouns does exist in Chavacano, though it occurs rarely and mostly in the formal medium of writing, such as poems and lyrics. When accompanying a Spanish feminine noun, the 'la' as the article is more tolerated than acceptable. Among the few exceptions where the 'la' occurs is as a formal prefix when addressing the Blessed Virgin Mary, perhaps more as an emphasis of her importance in Christian devotion. But the real article is still the 'el', which makes this use of a "double article" quite unique. Thus it is common to hear the Blessed Virgin addressed in Chavacano as 'el La Virgen Maria' (the "L" of the 'la' capitalized to signify its permanent position within the noun compound). In general, though, when in doubt, the article 'el' is always safe to use. Compare: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English singular noun </th> <th>Chavacano singular noun (general and common) </th> <th>Chavacano singular noun (accepted or uncommon) </th></tr> <tr> <td>the virgin </td> <td>el virgen </td> <td>la virgen (accepted) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the peace </td> <td>el paz </td> <td>la paz (accepted) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the sea </td> <td>el mar </td> <td>la mar (accepted) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the cat </td> <td>el gato </td> <td>el gato (la gata is uncommon) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the sun </td> <td>el sol </td> <td>el sol </td></tr> <tr> <td>the moon </td> <td>el luna </td> <td>el luna (la luna is uncommon) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the view </td> <td>el vista </td> <td>la vista (accepted) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the tragedy </td> <td>el tragedia </td> <td>el tragedia (la tragedia is uncommon) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the doctor </td> <td>el doctor </td> <td>el doctora (la doctora is uncommon) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>And just like Spanish, Chavacano nouns can have gender but only when referring to persons. However, they are always masculine in the sense (Spanish context) that they are generally preceded by the article 'el'. Places and things are almost always masculine. The -o is dropped in masculine nouns and -a is added to make the noun feminine: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English singular noun </th> <th>Chavacano singular noun (masculine) </th> <th>Chavacano singular noun (feminine) </th></tr> <tr> <td>the teacher </td> <td>el maestro </td> <td>el maestra </td></tr> <tr> <td>the witch </td> <td>el burujo </td> <td>el buruja </td></tr> <tr> <td>the engineer </td> <td>el engeniero </td> <td>el engeniera </td></tr> <tr> <td>the tailor/seamstress </td> <td>el sastrero </td> <td>el sastrera </td></tr> <tr> <td>the baby </td> <td>el niño </td> <td>el niña </td></tr> <tr> <td>the priest/nun </td> <td>el padre/sacerdote </td> <td>el madre/monja </td></tr> <tr> <td>the grandson/granddaughter </td> <td>el nieto </td> <td>el nieta </td></tr> <tr> <td>the professor </td> <td>el profesor </td> <td>el profesora </td></tr> <tr> <td>the councilor </td> <td>el consejal </td> <td>el consejala </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Not all nouns referring to persons can become feminine nouns. In Chavacano, some names of persons are masculine (because of the preceding article 'el' in Spanish context) but do not end in -o. </p> <dl><dd>Examples: <b>el alcalde</b>, <b>el capitan</b>, <b>el negociante</b>, <b>el ayudante</b>, <b>el chufer</b></dd></dl> <p>All names of animals are always masculine—in Spanish context—preceded by the article 'el'. </p> <dl><dd>Examples: <b>el gato</b> (gata is uncommon), <b>el puerco</b> (puerca is uncommon), <b>el perro</b> (perra is uncommon)</dd></dl> <p>Names of places and things can be either masculine or feminine, but they are considered masculine in the Spanish context because the article 'el' always precedes the noun: </p> <dl><dd><b>el cocina</b>, <b>el pantalón</b>, <b>el comida</b>, <b>el camino</b>, <b>el trapo</b>, <b>el ventana</b>, <b>el mar</b></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plural_nouns">Plural nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Plural nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Chavacano, plural nouns (whether masculine or feminine in Spanish context) are preceded by the retained singular masculine Spanish article 'el'. The Spanish articles 'los' and 'las' have almost disappeared. They have been replaced by the modifier (a plural marker) 'maga/mana' which precedes the singular form of the noun. Maga comes from the native Hiligaynon 'maga' or the Tagalog 'mga'. The formation of the Chavacano plural form of the noun (el + maga/mana + singular noun form) applies whether in common, familiar or formal mode. It may be thought of as roughly equivalent to saying in English, "the many (noun)" instead of "the (noun)s", and in fact "the many (noun)s" is used more in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a> than elsewhere. </p><p>There are some Chavacano speakers (especially older Caviteño or Zamboangueño speakers) who would tend to say 'mana' for 'maga'. 'Mana' is accepted and quite common, especially among older speakers, but when in doubt, the modifier 'maga' to pluralize nouns is safer to use. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English plural noun </th> <th>Chavacano plural noun (masculine) </th> <th>Chavacano plural noun (feminine) </th></tr> <tr> <td>the teachers </td> <td>el maga/mana maestro(s) </td> <td>el maga/mana maestra(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the witches </td> <td>el maga/mana burujo(s) </td> <td>el maga/mana buruja(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the engineers </td> <td>el maga/mana engeniero(s) </td> <td>el maga/mana engeniera(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the tailors/seamstresses </td> <td>el maga/mana sastrero(s) </td> <td>el maga/mana sastrera(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the babies </td> <td>el maga/mana niño(s) </td> <td>el maga/mana niña(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the priests/nuns </td> <td>el maga/mana padre(s) </td> <td>el maga/mana madre(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the grandsons/granddaughters </td> <td>el maga/mana nieto(s) </td> <td>el maga/mana nieta(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the professors </td> <td>el maga/mana professor(es) </td> <td>el maga/mana profesora(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the councilors </td> <td>el maga/mana consejal(es) </td> <td>el maga/mana consejala(s) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Again, this rule is not rigid (especially in the Zamboangueño formal mode). The articles 'los' or 'las' do exist sometimes before nouns that are pluralized in the Spanish manner, and their use is quite accepted: </p> <dl><dd><b>los caballeros</b>, <b>los dias</b>, <b>las noches</b>, <b>los chavacanos</b>, <b>los santos</b>, <b>las mañanas</b>, <b>las almujadas</b>, <b>las mesas</b>, <b>las plumas</b>, <b>las cosas</b></dd></dl> <p>When in doubt, it is always safe to use 'el' and 'maga or mana' to pluralize singular nouns: </p> <dl><dd><b>el maga/mana caballero(s)</b>, <b>el maga/mana día(s)</b>, <b>el maga/mana noche(s)</b>, <b>el maga/mana chavacano(s)</b>, <b>el maga/mana santo(s)</b>, <b>el maga/mana día(s) que viene</b> (this is a phrase; 'el maga/mana mañana' is uncommon), <b>el maga/mana almujada(s)</b>, <b>el maga/mana mesa(s)</b>, <b>el maga/mana pluma(s)</b></dd></dl> <p>In Chavacano, it is common for some nouns to become doubled when pluralized (called <i><a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Reduplication</a></i>, a characteristic of the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages): </p> <dl><dd><b>el maga cosa-cosa</b> (el maga cosa/s is common), <b>el maga casa casa</b> (el maga casa is common), <b>el maga gente gente</b> (el maga gente is common), <b>el maga juego juego</b> (el maga juego is common)</dd></dl> <p>But note that in some cases, this "reduplication" signifies a difference in meaning. For example, 'el maga bata' means 'the children' but 'el maga bata-bata' means one's followers or subordinates, as is a gang or mob. </p><p>In general, the suffixes -s, -as, -os to pluralize nouns in Spanish have also almost disappeared in Chavacano. However, the formation of plural nouns with suffixes ending in -s, -as, and -os are accepted. Basically, the singular form of the noun is retained, and it becomes plural because of the preceding modifier/plural marker 'maga' or 'mana': </p> <dl><dd><b>el maga/mana caballeros</b> (accepted)</dd> <dd><b>el maga/mana caballero</b> (correct)</dd> <dd><b>el maga/mana días</b> (accepted)</dd> <dd><b>el maga/mana día</b> (correct)</dd></dl> <p>Adding the suffix -es to some nouns is quite common and accepted. Nouns ending in -cion can also be pluralized by adding the suffix -es: </p> <dl><dd><b>el maga meses</b>, <b>el maga mujeres</b>, <b>el maga mayores</b>, <b>el maga tentaciones</b>, <b>el maga contestaciones</b>, <b>el maga naciones</b>, <b>el maga organizaciones</b></dd></dl> <p>However, it is safer to use the general rule (when in doubt) of retaining the singular form of the noun preceded by the modifier/plural marker 'maga' or 'mana': </p> <dl><dd><b>el maga mes</b>, <b>el maga mujer</b>, <b>el maga mayor</b>, <b>el maga tentación</b>, <b>el maga contestación</b>, <b>el maga nación</b>, <b>el maga organización</b></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chavacano pronouns are based on Spanish and native sources; many of the pronouns are not used in either but may be derived in part. </p><p>In contrast to the other varieties of Chavacano, the variety spoken in Zamboanga uses more pronouns derived from a native Philippine language (I.e. Hiligaynon) in addition to Spanish. In Zamboangueño, there are three different levels of usage for certain pronouns depending on the level of familiarity between the speaker and the addressee, the status of both in family and society, or the mood of the speaker and addressee at the particular moment: <i>common</i>, <i>familiar</i>, and <i>formal</i>. The common forms are, particularly in the second and third person plural, derived from Cebuano while most familiar and formal forms are from Spanish. The <i>common forms</i> are used to address a person below or of equal social or family status or to someone is who is acquainted. The common forms are used to regard no formality or courtesy in conversation. Its use can also mean rudeness, impoliteness or offensiveness. The <i>familiar forms</i> are used to address someone of equal social or family status. It indicates courteousness, and is commonly used in public conversations, the broadcast media, and in education. The <i>formal forms</i> are used to address someone older and/or higher in social or family status. It is the form used in writing. </p><p>Additionally, Zamboangueño is the only variety of Chavacano which distinguishes between the <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive and exclusive we">inclusive we</a> (<i>kita</i>) – including the person spoken to (the addressee) – and the <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive and exclusive we">exclusive we</a> (<i>kame</i>) – excluding the person spoken to (the addressee) – in the first person plural except in the formal form where <i>nosotros</i> is used for both. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_(nominative/subjective_case)_pronouns"><span id="Personal_.28nominative.2Fsubjective_case.29_pronouns"></span>Personal (nominative/subjective case) pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Personal (nominative/subjective case) pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a table comparing the personal pronouns in three varieties of Chavacano. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Zamboangueño </th> <th>Caviteño </th> <th>Bahra </th> <th>Castellano Abakay (de Davao) </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1st person singular</b> </td> <td>yo </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">yo </td> <td>yo (Chino, Japón) <p>ako (Chino) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2nd person singular</b> </td> <td>[e]vo[s] (common)/(informal)<br />tú (familiar)<br />usted (formal) </td> <td>vo/bo<br />tu<br />usté </td> <td>vo/bo<br />usté </td> <td>usted <p>vos </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>3rd person singular</b> </td> <td>él<br />ele </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">eli </td> <td>él </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1st person plural</b> </td> <td>kamé (exclusive/common/familiar)<br />kitá (inclusive/common/familiar)<br />nosotros (formal) </td> <td>nisos </td> <td>mijotro<br />mihotro<br />motro </td> <td>nosotros (Chino, Japón) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2nd person plural</b> </td> <td>kamó (common)<br /> vosotros (familiar)<br /> ustedes (formal) </td> <td>vusos<br />busos </td> <td>buhotro<br />bujotro<br />ustedi<br />tedi </td> <td>ustedes <p>vosotros </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>3rd person plural</b> </td> <td>silá (common/familiar)<br />ellos (formal) </td> <td>ilos </td> <td>lojotro<br />lohotro<br />lotro </td> <td>ellos </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possessive_pronouns_(Zamboangueño_Chavacano,_Castellano_Abakay)"><span id="Possessive_pronouns_.28Zamboangue.C3.B1o_Chavacano.2C_Castellano_Abakay.29"></span>Possessive pronouns (Zamboangueño Chavacano, Castellano Abakay)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Possessive pronouns (Zamboangueño Chavacano, Castellano Abakay)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The usage modes also exist in the possessive pronouns especially in Zamboangueño. <i>Amon</i>, <i>aton</i>, <i>ila</i> and <i>inyo</i> are obviously of <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> origins, and when used as pronouns, they are of either the common or familiar mode. The inclusive and exclusive characteristics peculiar to Zamboangueño appear again in the 1st person plural. Below is a table of the possessive pronouns in the Chavacano de Zamboanga: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Zamboangueño </th> <th>Castellano Abakay (de Davao) </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1st person singular</b> </td> <td>mi<br />mío<br />de mi<br />de mío<br />di mio/di mío </td> <td>mi <p>mío </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2nd person singular</b> </td> <td>de vos (<i>common</i>)<br />de tu (<i>familiar</i>)<br />tuyo (<i>familiar</i>)<br />de tuyo/di tuyo (<i>familiar</i>)<br />de usted (<i>formal</i>) </td> <td>de tu </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>3rd person singular</b> </td> <td>su<br />suyo<br />de su<br />de suyo/di suyo </td> <td>ese (Chino, Japón) <p>de iya (Chino) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1st person plural</b> </td> <td>de amón/diamon (<i>common/familiar</i>) (exclusive)<br />de atón/diaton (<i>common/familiar</i>) (inclusive)<br />nuestro (<i>formal</i>)<br />de/di nuestro (<i>formal</i>) </td> <td>nuestro </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2nd person plural</b> </td> <td>de iño/di inyo (<i>common</i>)<br />de vosotros (<i>familiar</i>)<br />de ustedes (<i>formal</i>) </td> <td>vos </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>3rd person plural</b> </td> <td>de ila (<i>common/familiar</i>)<br />de ellos/di ellos (<i>formal</i>) </td> <td>de ellos </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Zamboangueño, Chavacano verbs are mostly Spanish in origin. In contrast with the other varieties, there is rarely a Zamboangueño verb that is based on or has its origin from other Philippine languages. Hence, verbs contribute much of the Spanish vocabulary in Chavacano de Zamboanga. </p><p>Generally, the simple form of the Zamboangueño verb is based upon the infinitive of the Spanish verb, minus the final /r/. For example, <i>continuar</i>, <i>hablar</i>, <i>poner</i>, <i>recibir</i>, and <i>llevar</i> become <i>continuá</i>, <i>hablá</i>, <i>poné</i>, <i>recibí</i>, and <i>llevá</i> with the accent called "acento agudo" on the final syllable. </p><p>There are some rare exceptions. Some verbs are not derived from infinitives but from words that are technically Spanish phrases or from other Spanish verbs. For example, <i>dar</i> (give) does not become 'da' but <i>dale</i> (give) (literally in Spanish, to "give it" [verb phrase]). In this case, <i>dale</i> has nothing to do with the Spanish infinitive <i>dar</i>. The Chavacano <i>brinca</i> (to hop) is from Spanish <i>brincar</i> which means the same thing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb_tenses_–_simple_tenses"><span id="Verb_tenses_.E2.80.93_simple_tenses"></span>Verb tenses – simple tenses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Verb tenses – simple tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chavacano of Zamboangueño uses the words <i>ya</i> (from Spanish <i>ya</i> [already]), <i>ta</i> (from Spanish <i>está</i> [is]), and <i>ay</i> plus the simple form of the verb to convey the basic tenses of <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> respectively: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English infinitive </th> <th>Spanish infinitive </th> <th>Zamboangueño infinitive </th> <th>Past tense </th> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Future tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>to sing </td> <td>cantar </td> <td>cantá </td> <td>ya cantá </td> <td>ta cantá </td> <td>ay cantá </td></tr> <tr> <td>to drink </td> <td>beber </td> <td>bebé </td> <td>ya bebé </td> <td>ta bebé </td> <td>ay bebé </td></tr> <tr> <td>to sleep </td> <td>dormir </td> <td>dormí </td> <td>ya dormí </td> <td>ta dormí </td> <td>ay dormí </td></tr> <tr> <td>to ask (of something) </td> <td>pedir </td> <td>pedí </td> <td>ya pedí </td> <td>ta pedí </td> <td>ay pedí </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Caviteño uses the words <i>ya</i>, <i>ta</i>, and <i>di</i> plus the simple form of the verb to convey the basic tenses of <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> respectively: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English infinitive </th> <th>Spanish infinitive </th> <th>Caviteño infinitive </th> <th>Past tense </th> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Future tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>to sing </td> <td>cantar </td> <td>cantá </td> <td>ya cantá </td> <td>ta cantá </td> <td>di cantá </td></tr> <tr> <td>to drink </td> <td>beber </td> <td>bebé </td> <td>ya bebé </td> <td>ta bebé </td> <td>di bebé </td></tr> <tr> <td>to sleep </td> <td>dormir </td> <td>dormí </td> <td>ya dormí </td> <td>ta dormí </td> <td>di dormí </td></tr> <tr> <td>to ask (of something) </td> <td>pedir </td> <td>pedí </td> <td>ya pedí </td> <td>ta pedí </td> <td>di pedí </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While Bahra uses the words <i>a</i>, <i>ta</i>, and <i>di</i> plus the simple form of the verb to convey the basic tenses of <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> respectively: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English infinitive </th> <th>Spanish infinitive </th> <th>Bahra ininitive </th> <th>Past tense </th> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Future tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>to sing </td> <td>cantar </td> <td>cantá </td> <td>a cantá </td> <td>ta cantá </td> <td>di cantá </td></tr> <tr> <td>to drink </td> <td>beber </td> <td>bebé </td> <td>a bebé </td> <td>ta bebé </td> <td>di bebé </td></tr> <tr> <td>to sleep </td> <td>dormir </td> <td>dormí </td> <td>a dormí </td> <td>ta dormí </td> <td>di dormí </td></tr> <tr> <td>to ask (of something) </td> <td>pedir </td> <td>pedí </td> <td>a pedí </td> <td>ta pedí </td> <td>di pedí </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unlike in the Zamboangueño, Caviteño, and Bahra, Castellano Abakay (Davaoeño) doesn't have the <i>ya</i> and <i>ta</i> prefix. The infinitives and their conjugations are somehow retained, and there are some that have simplified conjugations: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English infinitive </th> <th>Spanish infinitive </th> <th>Castellano Abakay infinitive </th> <th>Past tense </th> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Future tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>to sing </td> <td>cantar </td> <td>cantar </td> <td>cantó </td> <td>canta </td> <td>cantá </td></tr> <tr> <td>to drink </td> <td>beber </td> <td>beber </td> <td>bibío </td> <td>bebe </td> <td>bebé </td></tr> <tr> <td>to sleep </td> <td>dormir </td> <td>dormir </td> <td>durmió </td> <td>duerme </td> <td>dormí </td></tr> <tr> <td>to ask (of something) </td> <td>pedir </td> <td>pedir </td> <td>pidió </td> <td>pide </td> <td>pedí </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Perfect_constructions">Perfect constructions</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Perfect constructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Zamboangueño, there are three ways to express that the verb is in the <a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a>. First, <i>ya</i> can appear both before and after the main verb to express that in the present perspective, the action has already been completed somewhere in the past with the accent falling on the final <i>ya</i>. Second, <i>ta</i> and <i>ya</i> can appear before and after the verb respectively to express that the action was expected to happen in the past (but did not happen), is still expected to happen in the present, and actually the expectation has been met (the verb occurs in the present). And third, a verb between <i>ta</i> and <i>pa</i> means an action started in the past and still continues in the present: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Zamboangueño past perfect </th> <th>Zamboangueño present perfect </th> <th>Zamboangueño future perfect </th></tr> <tr> <td>ya cantá ya. </td> <td>ta cantá pa. / ta canta ya. </td> <td>ay cantá ya. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ya bebé ya. </td> <td>ta bebé pa. / ta bebe ya. </td> <td>ay bebé ya. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ya dormí ya. </td> <td>ta dormí pa. / ta dormi ya. </td> <td>ay dormí ya. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ya pedí ya. </td> <td>ya pedí pa. / ya pedí ya. </td> <td>ay pedí ya. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Past_perfect" class="mw-redirect" title="Past perfect">past perfect</a> exists in Zamboangueño. The words <i>antes</i> (before) and <i>despues</i> (after) can be used between two sentences in the simple past form to show which verb came first. The words <i>antes</i> (before) and <i>despues</i> (after) can also be used between a sentence in the present perfect using <i>ya</i> + verb + <i>ya</i> and another sentence in the simple past tense: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Past perfect (Zamboangueño) </th> <th>Past perfect (English) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ya mirá kame el película antes de ya comprá con el maga chichirías. </td> <td>We had watched the movie before we bought the snacks. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Past perfect (Zamboangueño) </th> <th>Past perfect (English) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ya mirá ya kame el película después ya comprá kame con el maga chichirías. </td> <td>We had watched the movie and then we bought the snacks. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Zamboangueño Chavacano uses a verb between "hay" and "ya" to denote the <a href="/wiki/Future_perfect" title="Future perfect">future perfect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Past_perfect" class="mw-redirect" title="Past perfect">past perfect</a> respectively: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Future perfect (Zamboangueño) </th> <th>Future perfect (English) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hay mirá ya kame el película si hay llegá vosotros. </td> <td>We will have watched the movie when you arrive. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Zamboangueño Chavacano also uses a verb between "ta" and "ya" to denote the <a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Present perfect (Zamboangueño) </th> <th>Present perfect (English) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ta mirá ya kame con el película mientras ta esperá con vosotros. </td> <td>We are already watching the movie while waiting for you. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passive_and_active_voice">Passive and active voice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Passive and active voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To form the Zamboangueño Chavacano active voice, Zamboangueños follow the pattern: </p><p><b>El maga soldao ya mata con el criminal</b> The soldiers killed the criminal. </p><p>As illustrated above, active (causative) voice is formed by placing the doer <i>el maga soldao</i> before the verb phrase <i>ya mata</i> and then the object <i>el criminal</i> as indicated by the particle <i>con</i> </p><p>Traditionally, Zamboangueño does not have a passive construction of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaic_Spanish_words_and_false_friends">Archaic Spanish words and false friends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Archaic Spanish words and false friends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chabacano has preserved plenty of archaic Spanish phrases and words in its vocabulary that modern Spanish no longer uses; for example: </p> <dl><dd>"En denantes" which means 'a while ago' (Spanish: "hace un tiempo"). Take note that "En denantes" is an archaic Spanish phrase. Modern Spanish would express the phrase as "hace poco tiempo" or "hace un tiempo", but Chabacano still retains this archaic Spanish phrase and many other archaic Spanish words. This word is still being used in some areas of southern Spain.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Masquen"/"Masquin" means 'even (if)' or 'although'. In Spanish, "mas que" is a somewhat out of fashion Spanish phrase meaning 'although', nowadays replaced by the Spanish word "aunque" most of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>In Chavacano, the Spanish language is commonly called "castellano". Chavacano speakers, especially older Zamboangueños, call the language as "castellano" implying the original notion as the language of Castille while "español" is used to mean a Spaniard or a person from Spain.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>The pronoun "vos" is alive in Chavacano. While "vos" was used in the highest form of respect before the 16th century in classical Spanish and is quite archaic nowadays in modern Spanish (much like the English "thou"), in Chavacano it is used at the common level of usage (lower than tu, which is used at the familiar level) in the same manner of the works of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> and in the same manner as in certain Latin American countries such as Argentina (informally and in contrast with usted, which is used formally). Chavacano followed the development of vos in same manner as in Latin America – (the <a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">voseo</a>) or, incidentally, as with English "thou" vs. "you".</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Ansina" means 'like that' or 'that way'. In modern Spanish, "así" is the evolved form of this archaic word. The word "ansina" can still be heard among the aged in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and is the only way of expressing this meaning in <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>.</dd></dl> <p>On the other hand, some words from the language spoken in Spain have evolved or have acquired totally different meanings in Chavacano. Hence, for Castillian speakers who would encounter Chavacano speakers, some words familiar to them have become <a href="/wiki/False_friends" class="mw-redirect" title="False friends">false friends</a>. Some examples of false friends are: </p> <dl><dd>"Siguro"/"Seguro" means 'maybe'. In Spanish, "seguro" means 'sure', 'secure', or 'stable', although it could imply probability as well, as in the phrase, "Seguramente vendrá" (Probably he will come).</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Siempre" means 'of course'. In Spanish, "siempre" means 'always'.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Firmi" means 'always'. In Spanish, "firme" means 'firm' or 'steady'.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a>, extinct Portuguese-Malay creole language from Ternate and Ambon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Spanish-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavacano Wikipedia">Chavacano Wikipedia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubino2008">Rubino (2008</a>:279)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southeastasiaglobe.com/spanish-in-the-philippines/">HOLA Y BIENVENIDOS By Richard Collet. February 19, 2020. (Publisher: GLOBE)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cervantes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cervantes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_98/moreno/cuadro03.htm">Número de hispanohablantes en países y territorios donde el español no es lengua oficial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429103156/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_98/moreno/cuadro03.htm">Archived</a> 29 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cbk">"Chavacano"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Chavacano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fcbk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zamboanga.com/history/history_chabacano_versus_related_creoles.htm">"The Early History of Chavacano de Zamboanga: Chabacano versus related creoles"</a>. <i>www.zamboanga.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zamboanga.com&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Chavacano+de+Zamboanga%3A+Chabacano+versus+related+creoles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zamboanga.com%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_chabacano_versus_related_creoles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/PR_Statistical%20Tables_Language_030323_PMMJ_CRD.xlsx">"Language/Dialect Generally Spoken at Home"</a>. <i>Philippine Statistics Authority</i>. July 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.atitle=Language%2FDialect+Generally+Spoken+at+Home&rft.date=2023-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fphcd%2FPR_Statistical%2520Tables_Language_030323_PMMJ_CRD.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnologue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205215037/http://www.zamboanga.org/chavacano/chabacano_by_ben_saavedra.htm">"Mensajes Y Noticias"</a>. 2005-02-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamboanga.org/chavacano/chabacano_by_ben_saavedra.htm">the original</a> on 2005-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mensajes+Y+Noticias&rft.date=2005-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zamboanga.org%2Fchavacano%2Fchabacano_by_ben_saavedra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Glenn (2005-06-01). "The Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages and the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, In Retrospect". <i>Creole Language in Creole Literatures</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 167–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.20.1.09gil">10.1075/jpcl.20.1.09gil</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-9034">0920-9034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creole+Language+in+Creole+Literatures&rft.atitle=The+Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages+and+the+Society+for+Pidgin+and+Creole+Linguistics%2C+In+Retrospect&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-174&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.20.1.09gil&rft.issn=0920-9034&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesho2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Lesho, Marivic (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1388249508&disposition=attachment"><i>The Sociophonetics and Phonology of the Cavite Chabacano Vowel System</i></a> (Graduate). Ohio State University. p. 171. <q>Cavite Chabacano /s/ occurs in onset or coda, but there is some vestigial aspiration or deletion that occurs in final position. The aspiration or deletion of coda /s/ is widespread in southern Peninsular and Latin American Spanish dialects (Hualde 2005:161-165), and the occurrence of this feature in certain modern Cavite Chabacano words reflects an earlier period when those processes were more common in the Spanish of Cavite. According to Lipski (1986), the earlier variety of Spanish spoken in the Philippines had Mexican and Andalusian Spanish features, including /s/ aspiration, but in the late 1800s a more conservative non-aspirating variety of Peninsular Spanish was spoken there. As a result, certain Cavite Chabacano words have aspiration or deletion while others do not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Sociophonetics+and+Phonology+of+the+Cavite+Chabacano+Vowel+System&rft.inst=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lesho&rft.aufirst=Marivic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Fapexprod%2Frws_etd%2Fsend_file%2Fsend%3Faccession%3Dosu1388249508%26disposition%3Dattachment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/257/259">Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines</a> Page 136-137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusanne_Michaelis2008" class="citation book cs1">Susanne Michaelis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC"><i>Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Substrates and Superstrates</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5255-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5255-5"><bdi>978-90-272-5255-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Creole+Structures%3A+Weighing+the+Contribution+of+Substrates+and+Superstrates&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5255-5&rft.au=Susanne+Michaelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpPUeQLcGMOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaximilian_Larena2021" class="citation web cs1">Maximilian Larena (2021-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/suppl/2021/03/17/2026132118.DCSupplemental/pnas.2026132118.sapp.pdf">"Supplementary Information for Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years (Appendix, Page 35)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. p. 35<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supplementary+Information+for+Multiple+migrations+to+the+Philippines+during+the+last+50%2C000+years+%28Appendix%2C+Page+35%29&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft.au=Maximilian+Larena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fpnas%2Fsuppl%2F2021%2F03%2F17%2F2026132118.DCSupplemental%2Fpnas.2026132118.sapp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span>(Appendix)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaptista,_MarlyseGuéron,_Jacqueline2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marlyse_Baptista" title="Marlyse Baptista">Baptista, Marlyse</a>; Guéron, Jacqueline, eds. (2007). <i>Noun phrases in Creole languages : a multi-faceted approach</i>. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027291820" title="Special:BookSources/9789027291820"><bdi>9789027291820</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233632814">233632814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noun+phrases+in+Creole+languages+%3A+a+multi-faceted+approach&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=J.+Benjamins+Pub.+Co&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233632814&rft.isbn=9789027291820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lipski, J. M. Chabacano/Spanish and the Philippine linguistic identity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">text reproduced by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filipinoscribbles.wordpress.com/2011/09/08/chabacano-in-el-filibusterismo/">Filipino Scribbles</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/art2/roger_santos/rizal.html">"Chabacano - Cavite's Dialect"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chabacano+-+Cavite%27s+Dialect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fart2%2Froger_santos%2Frizal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lipski-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lipski_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lipski_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn._M._Lipski,_with_P._Mühlhaüsler_and_F._Duthin1996" class="citation book cs1">John. M. Lipski, with P. Mühlhaüsler and F. Duthin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johnlipski.github.io/pacific.pdf">"Spanish in the Pacific"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Stephen Adolphe Wurm & Peter Mühlhäusler (ed.). <i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Texts, Volume 2</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110134179" title="Special:BookSources/9783110134179"><bdi>9783110134179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish+in+the+Pacific&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas%3A+Texts%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9783110134179&rft.au=John.+M.+Lipski%2C+with+P.+M%C3%BChlha%C3%BCsler+and+F.+Duthin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohnlipski.github.io%2Fpacific.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmori1917" class="citation magazine cs1">Balmori, Jesús (May 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/acp0898.0002.001/437">"Poema ermitense: El que ta pensá ele; Quilaya bos; Por causa del sirena"</a>. <i>The Philippine Review (Revista Filipina)</i>. Vol. II, no. 5. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Review+%28Revista+Filipina%29&rft.atitle=Poema+ermitense%3A+El+que+ta+pens%C3%A1+ele%3B+Quilaya+bos%3B+Por+causa+del+sirena&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1917-05&rft.aulast=Balmori&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fp%2Fphilamer%2Facp0898.0002.001%2F437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1917_Revista-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1917_Revista_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1917_Revista_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmori1917" class="citation magazine cs1">Balmori, Jesús (April 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/acp0898.0002.001/384">"Na maldito arena (poema ermitense)"</a>. <i>The Philippine Review (Revista Filipina)</i>. Vol. II, no. 4. pp. 71–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Review+%28Revista+Filipina%29&rft.atitle=Na+maldito+arena+%28poema+ermitense%29&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=71-73&rft.date=1917-04&rft.aulast=Balmori&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fp%2Fphilamer%2Facp0898.0002.001%2F384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelis,_Susanne2008" class="citation book cs1">Michaelis, Susanne, ed. (2008). <i>Roots of Creole structures: weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027289964" title="Special:BookSources/9789027289964"><bdi>9789027289964</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/300482807">300482807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Creole+structures%3A+weighing+the+contribution+of+substrates+and+superstrates&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300482807&rft.isbn=9789027289964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Education,_Culture_and_Sports_and_The_Summer_Institute_of_Linguistics1979" class="citation book cs1">Department of Education, Culture and Sports and The Summer Institute of Linguistics (1979). <i>Languages of the Southern Gateway: Chavacano, Sinama, Tausug, Yakan</i>. Manila, Philippines: The Summer Institute of Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9711801311" title="Special:BookSources/978-9711801311"><bdi>978-9711801311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+Southern+Gateway%3A+Chavacano%2C+Sinama%2C+Tausug%2C+Yakan&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=The+Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-9711801311&rft.au=Department+of+Education%2C+Culture+and+Sports+and+The+Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chabacano de Zamboanga Handbook</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks 1933, Vol. 16, 1st Ed.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1933" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, John (1 January 1933). "Más que, mas que and mas ¡qué!". <i>Hispania</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 23–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F332588">10.2307/332588</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2133">0018-2133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/332588">332588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=M%C3%A1s+que%2C+mas+que+and+mas+%C2%A1qu%C3%A9%21&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-34&rft.date=1933-01-01&rft.issn=0018-2133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F332588%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F332588&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Castillo, Edwin Gabriel Ma., S.J. "Glosario Liturgico: Liturgical Literacy in the Chavacano de Zamboanga",(Unpublished) Archdiocese of Zamboanga.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambersWee2003" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, John; Wee, Salvador, eds. (2003). <i>English-Chabacano Dictionary</i>. Ateneo de Zamboanga University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Chabacano+Dictionary&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Zamboanga+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holm, J. A. (1988). "Pidgins and creoles" (Vols. 1–2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKaughan1954" class="citation journal cs1">McKaughan, Howard P. (1954). "Notes on Chabacano grammar". <i>Journal of East Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>3</b>: 205–226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Chabacano+grammar&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=205-226&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=McKaughan&rft.aufirst=Howard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelis2008" class="citation book cs1">Michaelis, Susanne, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC"><i>Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates</i></a>. Creole Language Library. Vol. 33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fcll.33">10.1075/cll.33</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F6022">10197/6022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5255-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5255-5"><bdi>978-90-272-5255-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-9026">0920-9026</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008019875">2008019875</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Creole+Structures%3A+Weighing+the+contribution+of+substrates+and+superstrates&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Creole+Language+Library&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F6022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fcll.33&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008019875&rft.issn=0920-9026&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5255-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpPUeQLcGMOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubino2008" class="citation book cs1">Rubino, Carl (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/cll.33.15rub">"12. Zamboangueño Chavacano and the potentive mode"</a>. In Michaelis, Susanne (ed.). <i>Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates</i>. Creole Language Library. Vol. 33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 279–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fcll.33.15rub">10.1075/cll.33.15rub</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5255-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5255-5"><bdi>978-90-272-5255-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-9026">0920-9026</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12.+Zamboangue%C3%B1o+Chavacano+and+the+potentive+mode&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Creole+Structures%3A+Weighing+the+contribution+of+substrates+and+superstrates&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Creole+Language+Library&rft.pages=279-299&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0920-9026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fcll.33.15rub&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5255-5&rft.aulast=Rubino&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjamins.com%2Fcatalog%2Fcll.33.15rub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinkrüger2007" class="citation journal cs1">Steinkrüger, Patrick O. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263449541">"Notes on Ternateño (A Philippine Spanish Creole)"</a>. <i>Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 367–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.22.2.10ste">10.1075/jpcl.22.2.10ste</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-9034">0920-9034</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Ternate%C3%B1o+%28A+Philippine+Spanish+Creole%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=367-378&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.22.2.10ste&rft.issn=0920-9034&rft.aulast=Steinkr%C3%BCger&rft.aufirst=Patrick+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263449541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhinnom1956" class="citation book cs1">Whinnom, Keith (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYVkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Spanish contact vernaculars in the Philippine Islands</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608137933" title="Special:BookSources/9780608137933"><bdi>9780608137933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+contact+vernaculars+in+the+Philippine+Islands&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=9780608137933&rft.aulast=Whinnom&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJYVkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForman1972" class="citation thesis cs1">Forman, Michael Lawrence (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=7049179"><i>Zamboangueño texts with grammatical analysis. A Study of Philippine Creole Spanish</i></a> (PH D Dissertation, Cornell University). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Zamboangue%C3%B1o+texts+with+grammatical+analysis.+A+Study+of+Philippine+Creole+Spanish&rft.inst=Cornell+University&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Forman&rft.aufirst=Michael+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felibrary.ru%2Fitem.asp%3Fid%3D7049179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSippola2011" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sippola, E. (2011-12-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/28255/unagrama.pdf"><i>Una gramática descriptiva del chabacano de Ternate</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctoral dissertation (monograph)) (in Spanish). University of Helsinki. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/0138%2F28255">0138/28255</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-10-7327-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-10-7327-4"><bdi>978-952-10-7327-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Una+gram%C3%A1tica+descriptiva+del+chabacano+de+Ternate&rft.inst=University+of+Helsinki.&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F0138%2F28255&rft.isbn=978-952-10-7327-4&rft.aulast=Sippola&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10138%2F28255%2Funagrama.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesho2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Lesho, Marivic (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1388249508"><i>The sociophonetics and phonology of the Cavite Chabacano vowel system</i></a> (Ohio State University dissertation). Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+sociophonetics+and+phonology+of+the+Cavite+Chabacano+vowel+system&rft.inst=The+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lesho&rft.aufirst=Marivic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frave.ohiolink.edu%2Fetdc%2Fview%3Facc_num%3Dosu1388249508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChavacano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zamboangueño Chavacano por Jose Genaro Ruste Yap – Aizon, Ph.D.:</li></ul> <p>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.evri.com/media/article;jsessionid=ud7mj8tleegi?title=Home+%7C+Zamboanga+ChavacanoZamboanga+Chavacano+%7C+by+Jose+Genaro+...&page=http://www.josegenaroyapaizon.com/&referring_uri=/location/chavacano-language-0x398c30%3Bjsessionid%3Dud7mj8tleegi&referring_title=Evri">http://www.evri.com/media/article;jsessionid=ud7mj8tleegi?title=Home+%7C+Zamboanga+ChavacanoZamboanga+Chavacano+%7C+by+Jose+Genaro+...&page=http://www.josegenaroyapaizon.com/&referring_uri=/location/chavacano-language-0x398c30%3Bjsessionid%3Dud7mj8tleegi&referring_title=Evri</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cbk-zam:"> Zamboangueño Chavacano edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/40px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/60px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/80px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Meta has related information at: <i><b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Philippines/cbk-zam" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Philippines/cbk-zam">Wikimedia Philippines/cbk-zam</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chavacano_phrasebook#Q33281" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Chavacano phrasebook">Chavacano</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chavacano_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Chavacano language">Chavacano language</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamboanga.com/chavacano/index.html">An abridged Chavacano dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103741/http://www.zamboanga.com/chavacano/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikapinoy.com/lessons/course/view.php?id=9">Chavacano Lessons with Audio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182558/http://www.wikapinoy.com/lessons/course/view.php?id=9">Archived</a> 2022-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chavacanohandbook.wordpress.com">Chavacano Handbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filipinokastila.tripod.com/chabig.html">FilipinoKastila - Database of Chavacano academic articles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schuchardt.uni-graz.at/id/letter/1360">1883 letter</a> – correspondence of Jacinto Juanmartí to German linguist <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Schuchardt" title="Hugo Schuchardt">Hugo Schuchardt</a> dated 19 November 1883 containing text of chavacano spoken in Cotabato</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ternate-cavite.tripod.com/id47.html">Chavacano Ternate</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Template:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Template talk:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_varieties_of_Spanish_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Africa and Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Americas<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Interamerican</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Spanish" title="Trinidadian Spanish">Trinidadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachuco#Costa_Rica" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)"><i>Caló</i> <small>(<i>Chicano</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_South_America" title="Spanish language in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></i> <ul><li><small>Chiloé Archipelago</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordob%C3%A9s_Spanish" title="Cordobés Spanish">Cordobés</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuyo_Spanish" title="Cuyo Spanish">Cuyano</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central western Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Ecuador</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a></i> <ul><li><small>Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a></i> <ul><li><small>Zulia State</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paisa_Region#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisa Region">Paisa</a></i> <ul><li><small>Paisa Region</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish#Pastuso_dialect" title="Colombian Spanish">Pastuso</a></i> <ul><li><small>Colombia-Ecuador border</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Ribereño</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Peru</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Europe<br />(<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></i> <small>(Galicia)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></i> <small>(Extremadura)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">spoken by Catalan speakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a></i> <small>(creole)</small></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chavacano</a></i> <small>(creole)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Media_Lengua" title="Media Lengua">Media Lengua</a></i> <small>(mixed language)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></i> <small>(Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Argentina, Uruguay</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn" title="Malespín">Malespín</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central America</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozal_Spanish" title="Bozal Spanish">Bozal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines" title="List of regional languages of the Philippines">Regional languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Inagta Partido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Catanduanes_Bikol_language" title="Southern Catanduanes Bikol language">Southern Catanduanes Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Central Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapigue_Agta" title="Dinapigue Agta">Dinapigue Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupaningan_Agta" title="Dupaningan Agta">Dupaningan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagtipunan_Agta" title="Nagtipunan Agta">Nagtipunan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_Agta_language" title="Paranan Agta language">Paranan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_language" title="Paranan language">Paranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_Agta" title="Casiguran Dumagat Agta">Casiguran Dumagat Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasiguranin language">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27dang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ga'dang language">Ga'dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davaoeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Bukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Malay language in the Philippines">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85022232">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jazyk chabacano"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph838842&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284792305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/135615437">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&oldid=1258241572">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavacano&oldid=1258241572</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish-based_pidgins_and_creoles" title="Category:Spanish-based pidgins and creoles">Spanish-based pidgins and 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