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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Late </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alzheimer's_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alzheimer's_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Alzheimer's disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alzheimer's_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vascular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vascular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Vascular </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vascular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lewy_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lewy_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Lewy bodies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lewy_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parkinson's_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parkinson's_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Parkinson's disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parkinson's_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frontotemporal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frontotemporal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Frontotemporal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frontotemporal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huntington's_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huntington's_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Huntington's disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huntington's_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 HIV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcoholism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcoholism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Alcoholism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcoholism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_dementia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_dementia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Mixed dementia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_dementia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Cognitive testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Laboratory tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Imaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Risk factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Dental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oral_bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Oral bacteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Oral viruses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychological_and_psychosocial_therapies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_and_psychosocial_therapies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Psychological and psychosocial therapies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_and_psychosocial_therapies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive_training_and_rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_training_and_rehabilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Cognitive training and rehabilitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_training_and_rehabilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personally_tailored_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personally_tailored_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Personally tailored activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personally_tailored_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Medications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep_disturbances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep_disturbances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Sleep disturbances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep_disturbances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Pain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eating_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Eating difficulties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Exercise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assistive_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistive_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Assistive technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistive_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Alternative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palliative_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palliative_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Palliative care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palliative_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remotely_delivered_information_for_caregivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remotely_delivered_information_for_caregivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9.1 Remotely delivered information for caregivers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remotely_delivered_information_for_caregivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Epidemiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affected_ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affected_ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Affected ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affected_ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Society and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dementia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demensie" title="Demensie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Demensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demenz" title="Demenz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Demenz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%81" title="خرف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մտագարութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մտագարութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ডিমেন্‌চিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডিমেন্‌চিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teko_tarova" title="Teko tarova – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Teko tarova" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demensiya" title="Demensiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Demensiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دیمئنسییا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیمئنسییا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="চিত্তভ্রংশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিত্তভ্রংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дэменцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэменцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дэмэнцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэмэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Деменция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Деменция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demencija" title="Demencija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Demencija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem%C3%A8ncia" title="Demència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Demència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demence" title="Demence – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Demence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorddryswch" title="Gorddryswch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gorddryswch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demens" title="Demens – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Demens" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demenz" title="Demenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementsus" title="Dementsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dementsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Άνοια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνοια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demencia" title="Demencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Demencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demenco" title="Demenco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Demenco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementzia" title="Dementzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dementzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="زوال عقل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زوال عقل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mence" title="Démence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demintens" title="Demintens – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Demintens" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9altr%C3%BA" title="Néaltrú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Néaltrú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demencia" title="Demencia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Demencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="ડિમેન્શિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ડિમેન્શિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EB%A7%A4" title="치매 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치매" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dementia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Դեմենցիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեմենցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="मनोभ्रंश रोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मनोभ्रंश रोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demencija" title="Demencija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Demencija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementeso" title="Dementeso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dementeso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demensia" title="Demensia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demensia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demenza" title="Demenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Demenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="שיטיון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיטיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬುದ್ಧಿಮಾಂದ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬುದ್ಧಿಮಾಂದ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დემენცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დემენცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%95%D9%84" title="زَوال عقٕل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زَوال عقٕل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%83" title="Алжу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алжу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimenshia" title="Dimenshia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dimenshia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demenza" title="Demenza – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Demenza" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dementia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%81npr%C4%81t%C4%ABba" title="Plānprātība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plānprātība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demenz" title="Demenz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Demenz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silpnaprotyst%C4%97" title="Silpnaprotystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Silpnaprotystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkiensje" title="Verkiensje – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Verkiensje" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demencia" title="Demencia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Demencia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Деменција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Деменција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മേധാക്ഷയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മേധാക്ഷയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demenzja" title="Demenzja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Demenzja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="ديمينشا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديمينشا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demensia" title="Demensia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demensia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementie" title="Dementie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dementie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%97%87" title="認知症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="認知症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demens" title="Demens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Demens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demens" title="Demens – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Demens" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଡିମେନ୍ସିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଡିମେନ୍ସିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demensiya" title="Demensiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Demensiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="زوال عقل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زوال عقل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="عقل زوال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عقل زوال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C4%99pienie" title="Otępienie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Otępienie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem%C3%AAncia" title="Demência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Demência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Demență – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Demență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Деменция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Деменция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Деменция – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Деменция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scucun" title="Scucun – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Scucun" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demenca" title="Demenca – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Demenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demenza" title="Demenza – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Demenza" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dementia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demencia" title="Demencia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Demencia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demenca" title="Demenca – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Demenca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xusuusla%27aanta" title="Xusuusla'aanta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xusuusla'aanta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Деменција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Деменција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demencija" title="Demencija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Demencija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9m%C3%A9nsia" title="Déménsia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Déménsia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dementia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demens" title="Demens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Demens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demensiya" title="Demensiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Demensiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antidementia_drug&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia drug</a>) <div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Dementia">reviewed</a> on 19 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Long-term brain disorders causing impaired memory, thinking and behavior</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the cognitive disorder. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dementia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dementia (disambiguation)">Dementia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Senile" and "Demented" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Senile_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Senile (disambiguation)">Senile (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demented_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Demented (disambiguation)">Demented (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Dementia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Senility,<a href="#cite_note-medline2021-1">[1]</a> senile dementia</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:An_old_man_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_senile_dementia._Colo_Wellcome_L0026689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/An_old_man_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_senile_dementia._Colo_Wellcome_L0026689.jpg/220px-An_old_man_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_senile_dementia._Colo_Wellcome_L0026689.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/An_old_man_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_senile_dementia._Colo_Wellcome_L0026689.jpg/330px-An_old_man_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_senile_dementia._Colo_Wellcome_L0026689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/An_old_man_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_senile_dementia._Colo_Wellcome_L0026689.jpg/440px-An_old_man_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_senile_dementia._Colo_Wellcome_L0026689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">Lithograph</a> of a man diagnosed with dementia in the 1800s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Decreased ability to think and remember, emotional problems, problems with <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, decreased <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>, general decline in cognitive abilities<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Malnutrition, <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">aspiration pneumonia</a>, inability to perform self-care tasks, personal safety challenges, <a href="/wiki/Akinetic_mutism" title="Akinetic mutism">akinetic mutism</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Varies, usually gradual<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Varies, usually long term<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">vascular dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewy_body_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewy body disease">Lewy body disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">frontotemporal dementia</a>, and others<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lack of education and socialization, family history</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive testing">Cognitive testing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">mini–mental state examination</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Creavin-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a><a href="#cite_note-NICE2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Early education, prevent high blood pressure, prevent <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, no smoking, social engagement<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2020-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Varies, some types can be reversed, but <a href="/wiki/Supportive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Supportive care">supportive care</a> is given to people suffering from irreversible forms of dementia.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Varies depending on the type, most medications have a small benefit<a href="#cite_note-Comm2012-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Varies, life expectancy usually shortened</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">55 million (2021)<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">2.4 million (2016)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2019-9">[9]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Dementia is a <a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndrome</a> associated with many <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative diseases</a>, characterized by a general decline in cognitive abilities that affects a person's ability to perform <a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">everyday activities</a>. This typically involves problems with <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinking">thinking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motor control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Aside from <a href="/wiki/Memory_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory impairment">memory impairment</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Thought_disorder" title="Thought disorder">disruption in thought patterns</a>, the most common symptoms of dementia include emotional problems, difficulties with <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, and decreased <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a> The symptoms may be described as occurring in a <a href="/wiki/Continuum_(measurement)" title="Continuum (measurement)">continuum</a> over several stages.<a href="#cite_note-Bathini-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> Dementia ultimately has a significant effect on the individual, their <a href="/wiki/Caregiver" title="Caregiver">caregivers</a>, and their social relationships in general.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a> A diagnosis of dementia requires the observation of a change from a person's usual mental functioning and a greater <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> decline than might be caused by the normal <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> Several diseases and injuries to the brain, such as a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, can give rise to dementia. However, the most common cause is <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, a neurodegenerative disorder.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)</a>, has re-described dementia as a <a href="/wiki/DSM-5#Neurocognitive_disorders" title="DSM-5">mild or major neurocognitive disorder</a> with varying degrees of severity and many <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">causative</a> subtypes. The <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">International Classification of Diseases</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a>) also classifies dementia as a neurocognitive disorder (NCD) with many forms or subclasses.<a href="#cite_note-ICD11A-15">[14]</a> Dementia is listed as an acquired brain syndrome, marked by a decline in cognitive function, and is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">neurodevelopmental disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DementiaUK-16">[15]</a> It is also described as a spectrum of disorders with causative subtypes of dementia based on a known disorder, such as <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> for <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease_dementia" title="Parkinson's disease dementia">Parkinson's disease dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a> for Huntington's disease dementia, <a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">vascular disease</a> for <a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">vascular dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV infection">HIV infection</a> causing <a href="/wiki/HIV_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV dementia">HIV dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a> for <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">frontotemporal dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewy_body_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewy body disease">Lewy body disease</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">dementia with Lewy bodies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prion_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Prion disease">prion diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson1-17">[16]</a> Subtypes of neurodegenerative dementias may also be based on the underlying pathology of misfolded proteins, such as <a href="/wiki/Synucleinopathies" class="mw-redirect" title="Synucleinopathies">synucleinopathies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tauopathies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauopathies">tauopathies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson1-17">[16]</a> The coexistence of more than one type of dementia is known as <a href="/wiki/Mixed_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed dementia">mixed dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DementiaUK-16">[15]</a> Many neurocognitive disorders may be caused by another medical condition or disorder, including brain tumours and <a href="/wiki/Subdural_hematoma" title="Subdural hematoma">subdural hematoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine disorder">endocrine disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_deficiencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional deficiencies">nutritional deficiencies</a> including <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">niacin</a>, infections, immune disorders, liver or kidney failure, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">metabolic disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kufs_disease" title="Kufs disease">Kufs disease</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Leukodystrophies" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukodystrophies">leukodystrophies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">neurological disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>. Some of the neurocognitive deficits may sometimes show improvement with treatment of the causative medical condition.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5a-18">[17]</a> Diagnosis of dementia is usually based on <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">history of the illness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive testing">cognitive testing</a> with <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">imaging</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">Blood tests</a> may be taken to rule out other possible causes that may be reversible, such as hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid), and to determine the dementia subtype. One commonly used cognitive test is the <a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">mini–mental state examination</a>. Although the greatest risk factor for developing dementia is aging, dementia is not a normal part of the aging process; many people aged 90 and above show no signs of dementia.<a href="#cite_note-NIHa2022-19">[18]</a> Several risk factors for dementia, such as smoking and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, are preventable by lifestyle changes. <a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">Screening</a> the general older population for the disorder is not seen to affect the outcome.<a href="#cite_note-Lin-20">[19]</a> Dementia is currently the seventh leading cause of death worldwide and has 10 million new cases reported every year (approximately one every three seconds).<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a> There is no known <a href="/wiki/Cure" title="Cure">cure</a> for dementia. <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Donepezil" title="Donepezil">donepezil</a> are often used and may be beneficial in mild to moderate disorder, but the overall benefit may be minor. There are many measures that can improve the quality of life of a person with dementia and their caregivers. <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive and behavioral interventions</a> may be appropriate for treating the associated symptoms of depression.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane2015-21">[20]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">signs and symptoms</a> of dementia are termed as the <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatric_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychiatric symptoms">neuropsychiatric symptoms</a>—also known as the behavioral and psychological symptoms—of dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Radue-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kales-23">[22]</a> The behavioral symptoms can include <a href="/wiki/Agitation_(dementia)" title="Agitation (dementia)">agitation</a>, restlessness, inappropriate behavior, sexual disinhibition, and verbal or physical aggression.<a href="#cite_note-Sahin-24">[23]</a> These symptoms may result from impairments in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_inhibition" title="Cognitive inhibition">cognitive inhibition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APAorg-25">[24]</a> The psychological symptoms can include depression, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a> (most often visual),<a href="#cite_note-medline-26">[25]</a> delusions, apathy, and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Sahin-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The most commonly affected areas of brain function include <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visuospatial_function" title="Visuospatial function">visuospatial function</a> affecting perception and orientation. The symptoms progress at a continuous rate over several stages, and they vary across the dementia subtypes.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bathini-11">[11]</a> Most types of dementia are slowly progressive with some deterioration of the brain well established before signs of the disorder become apparent. There are often <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">other conditions</a> present, such as <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, and there can sometimes be as many as four of these comorbidities.<a href="#cite_note-GOVUK-29">[28]</a> Signs of dementia include getting lost in a familiar neighborhood, using unusual words to refer to familiar objects, forgetting the name of a close family member or friend, forgetting old memories, and being unable to complete tasks independently.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> People with developing dementia often fall behind on bill payments; specifically mortgage and credit cards, and a crashing <a href="/wiki/Credit_score" title="Credit score">credit score</a> can be an early indicator of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> People with dementia are more likely to have problems with incontinence than those of a comparable age without dementia; they are three times more likely to have <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a> and four times more likely to have <a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">fecal incontinence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stages">Stages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stages">edit</a>]</div> The course of dementia is often described in four stages – pre-dementia, early, middle, and late, that show a pattern of progressive cognitive and functional impairment. More detailed descriptions can be arrived at by the use of numeric scales. These scales include the Global Deterioration Scale for Assessment of Primary Degenerative Dementia (GDS or Reisberg Scale), the Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST), and the <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Dementia_Rating" title="Clinical Dementia Rating">Clinical Dementia Rating</a> (CDR).<a href="#cite_note-Sheehan-35">[34]</a> Using the GDS, which more accurately identifies each stage of the disease progression, a more detailed course is described in seven stages – two of which are broken down further into five and six degrees. Stage 7(f) is the final stage.<a href="#cite_note-DCC-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-ALZ-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-dementia">Pre-dementia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-dementia">edit</a>]</div> Pre-dementia includes pre-clinical and <a href="/wiki/Prodromal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodromal">prodromal</a> stages. The latter stage includes <a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">mild cognitive impairment</a> (MCI), delirium-onset, and psychiatric-onset presentations.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-clinical">Pre-clinical</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-clinical">edit</a>]</div> Sensory dysfunction is claimed for the pre-clinical stage, which may precede the first clinical signs of dementia by up to ten years.<a href="#cite_note-Bathini-11">[11]</a> Most notably the <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">sense of smell</a> is lost,<a href="#cite_note-Bathini-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhatia-Dey-39">[38]</a> associated with depression and a loss of appetite leading to poor nutrition.<a href="#cite_note-Boesveldt-40">[39]</a> It is suggested that <a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">this dysfunction</a> may come about because the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_epithelium" title="Olfactory epithelium">olfactory epithelium</a> is exposed to the environment, and the lack of <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> protection allows toxic elements to enter and cause damage to the <a href="/wiki/Chemosensory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemosensory">chemosensory</a> networks.<a href="#cite_note-Bathini-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prodromal">Prodromal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prodromal">edit</a>]</div> Pre-dementia states considered as prodromal are <a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">mild cognitive impairment</a> (MCI) and mild behavioral impairment (MBI).<a href="#cite_note-Sherman-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Breton-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bateman-43">[42]</a> Signs and symptoms at the prodromal stage may be subtle, and the early signs often become apparent only in hindsight.<a href="#cite_note-ADCS-44">[43]</a> Of those diagnosed with MCI, 70% later progress to dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> In mild cognitive impairment, changes in the person's brain have been happening for a long time, but the symptoms are just beginning to appear. These problems, however, are not severe enough to affect daily function. If and when they do, the diagnosis becomes dementia. The person may have some memory problems and trouble finding words, but they can solve everyday problems and competently handle their life affairs.<a href="#cite_note-hugo-45">[44]</a> During this stage, it is ideal to ensure that advance care planning has occurred to protect the person's wishes. Advance directives exist that are specific to sufferers of dementia;<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> these can be particularly helpful in addressing the decisions related to feeding which come with the progression of the illness. Mild cognitive impairment has been relisted in both <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a> as "mild neurocognitive disorders", i.e. milder forms of the major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) subtypes.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-47">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a> is a metabolite of <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a> that regulates microbiome signaling, immune cell response, and neuronal excitation. A disruption in the <a href="/wiki/Kynurenine_pathway" title="Kynurenine pathway">kynurenine pathway</a> may be associated with the neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive prognosis in mild dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Cervenka-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solvang-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early">Early</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early">edit</a>]</div> In the early stage of dementia, symptoms become noticeable to other people. In addition, the symptoms begin to interfere with daily activities, and will register a score on a <a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">mini–mental state examination</a> (MMSE). MMSE scores are set at 24 to 30 for a normal cognitive rating and lower scores reflect severity of symptoms. The symptoms are dependent on the type of dementia. More complicated chores and tasks around the house or at work become more difficult. The person can usually still take care of themselves but may forget things like taking pills or doing laundry and may need prompting or reminders.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The symptoms of early dementia usually include memory difficulty, but can also include some <a href="/wiki/Anomic_aphasia" title="Anomic aphasia">word-finding problems</a>, and problems with <a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a> of planning and organization.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Managing finances may prove difficult. Other signs might be getting lost in new places, repeating things, and personality changes.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In some types of dementia, such as <a href="/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">dementia with Lewy bodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">frontotemporal dementia</a>, personality changes and difficulty with organization and planning may be the first signs.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle">Middle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle">edit</a>]</div> As dementia progresses, initial symptoms generally worsen. The rate of decline is different for each person. MMSE scores between 6 and 17 signal moderate dementia. For example, people with moderate Alzheimer's dementia lose almost all new information. People with dementia may be severely impaired in solving problems, and their social judgment is often impaired. They cannot usually function outside their own home, and generally should not be left alone. They may be able to do simple chores around the house but not much else, and begin to require assistance for personal care and hygiene beyond simple reminders.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Anosognosia" title="Anosognosia">lack of insight</a> into having the condition will become evident.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late">Late</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late">edit</a>]</div> People with late-stage dementia typically turn increasingly inward and need assistance with most or all of their personal care. People with dementia in the late stages usually need 24-hour supervision to ensure their personal safety, and meeting of basic needs. If left unsupervised, they may <a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">wander</a> or fall; may not recognize common dangers such as a hot stove; or may not realize that they need to use the bathroom and become <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">incontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hugo-45">[44]</a> They may not want to get out of bed, or may need assistance doing so. Commonly, the person no longer recognizes familiar faces. They may have significant changes in sleeping habits or have trouble sleeping at all.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> Changes in eating frequently occur. Cognitive awareness is needed for eating and swallowing and progressive cognitive decline results in eating and <a href="/wiki/Swallowing_difficulties" class="mw-redirect" title="Swallowing difficulties">swallowing difficulties</a>. This can cause food to be refused, or choked on, and help with feeding will often be required.<a href="#cite_note-Payne-56">[55]</a> For ease of feeding, food may be liquidized into a thick purée. They may also struggle to walk, particularly among those with <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sala_Della_et_al._2004-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In some cases, <a href="/wiki/Terminal_lucidity" title="Terminal lucidity">terminal lucidity</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_lucidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradoxical lucidity">paradoxical lucidity</a>, occurs immediately before death; in this phenomenon, there is an unexpected recovery of mental clarity.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> Many causes of dementia are <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegenerative">neurodegenerative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protein_misfolding" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein misfolding">protein misfolding</a> is a cardinal feature of these.<a href="#cite_note-Chung-61">[60]</a> Other common causes include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, and mixed dementia (commonly Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia).<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-JAMA-66">[64]</a> Less common causes include <a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">normal pressure hydrocephalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease_dementia" title="Parkinson's disease dementia">Parkinson's disease dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV dementia">HIV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alzheimer's_disease">Alzheimer's disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alzheimer's disease">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzheimers_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alzheimers_brain.jpg/220px-Alzheimers_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alzheimers_brain.jpg/330px-Alzheimers_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alzheimers_brain.jpg/440px-Alzheimers_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Brain <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a> in severe Alzheimer's</figcaption></figure> Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60–70% of cases of dementia worldwide. The most common symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are <a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-term memory loss">short-term memory loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anomic_aphasia" title="Anomic aphasia">word-finding difficulties</a>. Trouble with <a href="/wiki/Visuospatial_function" title="Visuospatial function">visuospatial functioning</a> (getting lost often), reasoning, judgment and <a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">insight</a> fail. Insight refers to whether or not the person realizes they have memory problems. The part of the brain most affected by Alzheimer's is the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>. Other parts that show <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a> (shrinking) include the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobes</a>. Although this pattern of brain shrinkage suggests Alzheimer's, it is variable and a brain scan is insufficient for a diagnosis. Little is known about the events that occur during and that actually cause Alzheimer's disease. This is due to the fact that, historically, brain tissue from patients with the disease could only be studied after the person's death. Brain scans can now help diagnose and distinguish between different kinds of dementia and show severity. These include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET). However, it is known that one of the first aspects of Alzheimer's disease is overproduction of <a href="/wiki/Amyloid" title="Amyloid">amyloid</a>. Extracellular senile plaques (SPs), consisting of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, and intracellular <a href="/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangle" title="Neurofibrillary tangle">neurofibrillary tangles</a> (NFTs) that are formed by hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, are two well-established pathological hallmarks of AD.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Amyloid causes <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_plaques" title="Amyloid plaques">senile plaques of the brain</a>, and too much buildup of this inflammation leads to changes in the brain that cannot be controlled, leading to the symptoms of Alzheimer's.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Several articles have been published on a possible relationship (as an either primary cause or exacerbation of Alzheimer's disease) between general <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> and Alzheimer's in specifically <a href="/wiki/The_elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="The elderly">the elderly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vascular">Vascular</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vascular">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></div> Vascular dementia accounts for at least 20% of dementia cases, making it the second most common type.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24267647-71">[69]</a> It is caused by disease or injury affecting the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_circulation" title="Cerebral circulation">blood supply to the brain</a>, typically involving a series of <a href="/wiki/Mini-stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-stroke">mini-strokes</a>. The symptoms of this dementia depend on where in the brain the strokes occurred and whether the blood vessels affected were large or small.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> Repeated injury can cause progressive dementia over time, while a single injury located in an area critical for cognition such as the hippocampus, or thalamus, can lead to sudden cognitive decline.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24267647-71">[69]</a> Elements of vascular dementia may be present in all other forms of dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Baskys-72">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Brain scans</a> may show evidence of multiple strokes of different sizes in various locations. People with vascular dementia tend to have risk factors for <a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">disease of the blood vessels</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco use">tobacco use</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia" title="Hypercholesterolemia">high cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, or other signs of vascular disease such as a previous heart attack or <a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lewy_bodies">Lewy bodies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lewy bodies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">Dementia with Lewy bodies</a></div> The prodromal symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) include <a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">mild cognitive impairment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a> onset.<a href="#cite_note-McKeith-74">[72]</a> The symptoms of DLB are more frequent, more severe, and earlier presenting than in the other dementia subtypes.<a href="#cite_note-Jurek-75">[73]</a> Dementia with Lewy bodies has the primary symptoms of fluctuating cognition, alertness or attention; <a href="/wiki/REM_sleep_behavior_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="REM sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a> (RBD); one or more of the main features of <a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">parkinsonism</a>, not due to medication or stroke; and repeated visual hallucinations.<a href="#cite_note-McKeithConsensus2017-76">[74]</a> The visual hallucinations in DLB are generally vivid hallucinations of people or animals and they often occur when someone is about to fall asleep or wake up. Other prominent symptoms include problems with planning (executive function) and difficulty with visual-spatial function,<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> and disruption in <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic bodily functions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor2020-77">[75]</a> Abnormal sleep behaviors may begin before cognitive decline is observed and are a core feature of DLB.<a href="#cite_note-McKeithConsensus2017-76">[74]</a> RBD is diagnosed either by sleep study recording or, when sleep studies cannot be performed, by medical history and validated questionnaires.<a href="#cite_note-McKeithConsensus2017-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parkinson's_disease">Parkinson's disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Parkinson's disease">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Lewy_body_dementia" title="Lewy body dementia">Lewy body dementia</a> that often progresses to <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease_dementia" title="Parkinson's disease dementia">Parkinson's disease dementia</a> following a period of dementia-free Parkinson's disease.<a href="#cite_note-Gomperts-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frontotemporal">Frontotemporal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Frontotemporal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></div> Frontotemporal dementias (FTDs) are characterized by drastic personality changes and language difficulties. In all FTDs, the person has a relatively early social withdrawal and early lack of insight. Memory problems are not a main feature.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> There are six main types of FTD. The first has major symptoms in personality and behavior. This is called <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia#Behavioral_variant_frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">behavioral variant FTD</a> (bv-FTD) and is the most common. The hallmark feature of bv-FTD is <a href="/wiki/Impulsive_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulsive behavior">impulsive behavior</a>, and this can be detected in pre-dementia states.<a href="#cite_note-Bateman-43">[42]</a> In bv-FTD, the person shows a change in personal hygiene, becomes rigid in their thinking, and rarely acknowledges problems; they are socially withdrawn, and often have a drastic increase in appetite. They may become socially inappropriate. For example, they may make inappropriate sexual comments, or may begin using pornography openly. One of the most common signs is <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a>, or not caring about anything. Apathy, however, is a common symptom in many dementias.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> Two types of FTD feature <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a> (language problems) as the main symptom. One type is called semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (SV-PPA). The main feature of this is the loss of the meaning of words. It may begin with difficulty naming things. The person eventually may lose the meaning of objects as well. For example, a drawing of a bird, dog, and an airplane in someone with FTD may all appear almost the same.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> In a classic test for this, a patient is shown a picture of a pyramid and below it a picture of both a palm tree and a pine tree. The person is asked to say which one goes best with the pyramid. In SV-PPA the person cannot answer that question. The other type is called non-fluent agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia (NFA-PPA). This is mainly a problem with producing speech. They have trouble finding the right words, but mostly they have a difficulty coordinating the muscles they need to speak. Eventually, someone with NFA-PPA only uses one-syllable words or may become totally mute. A frontotemporal dementia associated with <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS) known as (FTD-ALS) includes the symptoms of FTD (behavior, language and movement problems) co-occurring with <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (loss of motor neurons). Two FTD-related disorders are <a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">progressive supranuclear palsy</a> (also classed as a Parkinson-plus syndrome),<a href="#cite_note-PS-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Acta2-81">[79]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corticobasal_degeneration" title="Corticobasal degeneration">corticobasal degeneration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> These disorders are tau-associated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huntington's_disease">Huntington's disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Huntington's disease">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></div> Huntington's disease is a <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative disease</a> caused by mutations in a single gene HTT, that encodes for <a href="/wiki/Huntingtin" title="Huntingtin">huntingtin</a> protein. Symptoms include cognitive impairment and this usually declines further into dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Frank2014-82">[80]</a> The first main symptoms of Huntington's disease often include: <ul><li>difficulty concentrating</li> <li>memory lapses</li> <li>depression - this can include low mood, lack of interest in things, or just abnormal feelings of hopelessness</li> <li>stumbling and clumsiness that is out of the ordinary</li> <li>mood swings, such as irritability or aggressive behavior to insignificant things<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV">HIV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: HIV">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder</a></div> HIV-associated dementia results as a late stage from <a href="/wiki/HIV_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV infection">HIV infection</a>, and mostly affects younger people.<a href="#cite_note-MSD2019-84">[82]</a> The essential features of HIV-associated dementia are disabling cognitive impairment accompanied by motor dysfunction, speech problems and behavioral change.<a href="#cite_note-MSD2019-84">[82]</a> Cognitive impairment is characterised by mental slowness, trouble with <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> and poor <a href="/wiki/Attentional_control" title="Attentional control">concentration</a>. Motor symptoms include a loss of fine motor control leading to clumsiness, poor balance and tremors. Behavioral changes may include <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a> and diminished emotional responses and spontaneity. <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathologically</a>, it is identified by the infiltration of <a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">monocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS), <a href="/wiki/Gliosis" title="Gliosis">gliosis</a>, pallor of <a href="/wiki/Myelin_sheath" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelin sheath">myelin sheaths</a>, abnormalities of <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic</a> processes and <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> loss.<a href="#cite_note-Gray-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></div> Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is a rapidly progressive <a href="/wiki/Prion_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Prion disease">prion disease</a> that typically causes dementia that worsens over weeks to months. <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prions</a> are disease-causing pathogens created from abnormal proteins.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alcoholism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_dementia" title="Alcohol-related dementia">Alcohol-related dementia</a></div> Alcohol-related dementia, also called alcohol-related brain damage, occurs as a result of excessive use of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> particularly as a substance abuse disorder. Different factors can be involved in this development including <a href="/wiki/Thiamine_deficiency" title="Thiamine deficiency">thiamine deficiency</a> and age vulnerability.<a href="#cite_note-Ridley-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nunes-88">[86]</a> A degree of brain damage is seen in more than 70% of those with <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">alcohol use disorder</a>. Brain regions affected are similar to those that are affected by aging, and also by Alzheimer's disease. Regions showing loss of volume include the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, as well as the cerebellum, thalamus, and hippocampus.<a href="#cite_note-Nunes-88">[86]</a> This loss can be more notable, with greater cognitive impairments seen in those aged 65 years and older.<a href="#cite_note-Nunes-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_dementia">Mixed dementia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mixed dementia">edit</a>]</div> More than one type of dementia, known as mixed dementia, may exist together in about 10% of dementia cases.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a> The most common type of mixed dementia is Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> This particular type of mixed dementia's main onsets are a mixture of old age, high blood pressure, and damage to blood vessels in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-DementiaUK-16">[15]</a> Diagnosis of mixed dementia can be difficult, as often only one type will predominate. This makes the treatment of people with mixed dementia uncommon, with many people missing out on potentially helpful treatments. Mixed dementia can mean that symptoms onset earlier, and worsen more quickly since more parts of the brain will be affected.<a href="#cite_note-DementiaUK-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> Chronic <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflammatory condition">inflammatory conditions</a> that may affect the brain and cognition include <a href="/wiki/Beh%C3%A7et%27s_disease" title="Behçet's disease">Behçet's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren's syndrome">Sjögren's syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus">lupus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schofield2005-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-RosenbloomSmith2009-91">[89]</a> These types of dementias can rapidly progress, but usually have a good response to early treatment. This consists of <a href="/wiki/Immunomodulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulators">immunomodulators</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroid</a> administration, or in certain cases, the elimination of the causative agent.<a href="#cite_note-RosenbloomSmith2009-91">[89]</a> A 2019 review found no association between celiac disease and dementia overall but a potential association with vascular dementia.<a href="#cite_note-ZisHadjivassiliou2019-92">[90]</a> A 2018 review found a link between celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity and cognitive impairment and that celiac disease may be associated with Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">frontotemporal dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MakhloufMesselmani2018-93">[91]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">strict gluten-free diet</a> started early may protect against dementia associated with <a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">gluten-related disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZisHadjivassiliou2019-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-MakhloufMesselmani2018-93">[91]</a> Cases of easily reversible dementia include <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neurosyphilis" title="Neurosyphilis">neurosyphilis</a>. For Lyme disease and neurosyphilis, testing should be done if risk factors are present. Because risk factors are often difficult to determine, testing for neurosyphilis and Lyme disease, as well as other mentioned factors, may be undertaken as a matter of course where dementia is suspected.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a>: 31–32  Many other medical and neurological conditions include dementia only late in the illness. For example, a proportion of patients with <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> develop dementia, though widely varying figures are quoted for this proportion.<a href="#cite_note-AarslandKurz2010-94">[92]</a> When dementia occurs in Parkinson's disease, the underlying cause may be <a href="/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">dementia with Lewy bodies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, or both.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17101891-95">[93]</a> Cognitive impairment also occurs in the Parkinson-plus syndromes of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">progressive supranuclear palsy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corticobasal_degeneration" title="Corticobasal degeneration">corticobasal degeneration</a> (and the same underlying pathology may cause the clinical syndromes of <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a>). Although the acute <a href="/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">porphyrias</a> may cause episodes of confusion and psychiatric disturbance, dementia is a rare feature of these rare diseases. <a href="/wiki/Limbic-predominant_age-related_TDP-43_encephalopathy" title="Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy">Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy</a> (LATE) is a type of dementia that primarily affects people in their 80s or 90s and in which <a href="/wiki/TDP-43" class="mw-redirect" title="TDP-43">TDP-43</a> protein deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Limbic" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbic">limbic</a> portion of the brain.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary disorder">Hereditary disorders</a> that can also cause dementia include: some <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">metabolic disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lysosomal_storage_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysosomal storage disorder">lysosomal storage disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukodystrophies#Types" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukodystrophies">leukodystrophies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">spinocerebellar ataxias</a>. Persistent loneliness may significantly increase the risk of dementia according to a 2024 new study published in Nature Mental Health.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Researchers found that loneliness was associated with a 31% higher likelihood of developing any form of dementia, and it also raised the risk of cognitive impairment by 15%.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> Symptoms are similar across dementia types and it is difficult to diagnose by symptoms alone. Diagnosis may be aided by <a href="/wiki/Brain_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain scanning">brain scanning</a> techniques. In many cases, the diagnosis requires a <a href="/wiki/Brain_biopsy" title="Brain biopsy">brain biopsy</a> to become final, but this is rarely recommended (though it can be performed at <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a>). In those who are getting older, general screening for <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">cognitive impairment</a> using cognitive testing or early diagnosis of dementia has not been shown to improve outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-Lin-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-99">[97]</a> However, screening exams are useful in 65+ persons with memory complaints.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> Normally, symptoms must be present for at least six months to support a diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Def-100">[98]</a> Cognitive dysfunction of shorter duration is called <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>. Delirium can be easily confused with dementia due to similar symptoms. Delirium is characterized by a sudden onset, fluctuating course, a short duration (often lasting from hours to weeks), and is primarily related to a somatic (or medical) disturbance. In comparison, dementia has typically a long, slow onset (except in the cases of a stroke or trauma), slow decline of mental functioning, as well as a longer trajectory (from months to years).<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Mental_illnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illnesses">mental illnesses</a>, including depression and <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, may produce symptoms that must be <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differentiated</a> from both delirium and dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Glea-102">[100]</a> These are differently diagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Pseudodementia" title="Pseudodementia">pseudodementias</a>, and any dementia evaluation needs to include a depression screening such as the Neuropsychiatric Inventory or the <a href="/wiki/Geriatric_Depression_Scale" title="Geriatric Depression Scale">Geriatric Depression Scale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lai-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> Physicians used to think that people with memory complaints had depression and not dementia (because they thought that those with dementia are generally unaware of their memory problems). However, researchers have realized that many older people with memory complaints in fact have mild cognitive impairment the earliest stage of dementia. Depression should always remain high on the list of possibilities, however, for an elderly person with memory trouble. Changes in thinking, hearing and vision are associated with normal ageing and can cause problems when diagnosing dementia due to the similarities.<a href="#cite_note-Worrall,_L._2003_pp._297-298-104">[102]</a> Given the challenging nature of predicting the onset of dementia and making a dementia diagnosis clinical decision making aids underpinned by machine learning and artificial intelligence have the potential to enhance clinical practice.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_testing">Cognitive testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cognitive testing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_inhibition" title="Cognitive inhibition">Cognitive inhibition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_dysfunction#Testing_and_measurement" title="Executive dysfunction">Executive dysfunction § Testing and measurement</a></div> <table align="right" border="2" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left:15px"> <caption>Sensitivity and specificity of common tests for dementia </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Test </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">Sensitivity</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">Specificity</a> </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>MMSE </td> <td>71–92% </td> <td>56–96% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid12779304-106">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3MS </td> <td>83–93% </td> <td>85–90% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid17178826-107">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMTS </td> <td>73–100% </td> <td>71–100% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid17178826-107">[105]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Various brief <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_test" title="Cognitive test">cognitive tests</a> (5–15 minutes) have reasonable reliability to screen for dementia, but may be affected by factors such as age, education and ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Age and education have a significant influence on the diagnosis of dementia. For example, Individuals with lower education are more likely to be diagnosed with dementia than their educated counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> While many tests have been studied,<a href="#cite_note-pmid17163083-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17287448-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12614094-112">[110]</a> presently the <a href="/wiki/Mini_mental_state_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini mental state examination">mini mental state examination</a> (MMSE) is the best studied and most commonly used. The MMSE is a useful tool for helping to diagnose dementia if the results are interpreted along with an assessment of a person's personality, their ability to perform activities of daily living, and their behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-Creavin-4">[4]</a> Other cognitive tests include the <a href="/wiki/Abbreviated_mental_test_score" title="Abbreviated mental test score">abbreviated mental test score</a> (AMTS), the, "modified mini–mental state examination" (3MS),<a href="#cite_note-pmid3611032-113">[111]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Abilities_Screening_Instrument" title="Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument">Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument</a> (CASI),<a href="#cite_note-pmid8054493-114">[112]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Trail-making_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trail-making test">Trail-making test</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Executive_dysfunction#Clock_drawing_test" title="Executive dysfunction">clock drawing test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sheehan-35">[34]</a> The MoCA (<a href="/wiki/Montreal_Cognitive_Assessment" title="Montreal Cognitive Assessment">Montreal Cognitive Assessment</a>) is a reliable screening test and is available online for free in 35 different languages.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> The MoCA has also been shown somewhat better at detecting mild cognitive impairment than the MMSE.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Breton-42">[41]</a> People with <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a>, which commonly occurs alongside dementia, score worse in the MoCA test, which could lead to a false diagnosis of dementia. Researchers have developed an adapted version of the MoCA test, which is accurate and reliable and avoids the need for people to listen and respond to questions.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> The AD-8 – a screening questionnaire used to assess changes in function related to cognitive decline – is potentially useful, but is not diagnostic, is variable, and has risk of bias.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Integrated_cognitive_assessment" title="Integrated cognitive assessment">integrated cognitive assessment</a> (CognICA) is a five-minute test that is highly sensitive to the early stages of dementia, and uses an application deliverable to an <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bee-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA-121">[119]</a> Previously in use in the UK, in 2021 CognICA was given <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA approval</a> for its commercial use as a <a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">medical device</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-121">[119]</a> Another approach to screening for dementia is to ask an informant (relative or other supporter) to fill out a questionnaire about the person's everyday cognitive functioning. Informant questionnaires provide complementary information to brief cognitive tests. Probably the best known questionnaire of this sort is the <a href="/wiki/Informant_Questionnaire_on_Cognitive_Decline_in_the_Elderly" title="Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly">Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly</a> (IQCODE).<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Evidence is insufficient to determine how accurate the IQCODE is for diagnosing or predicting dementia.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The Alzheimer's Disease Caregiver Questionnaire is another tool. It is about 90% accurate for Alzheimer's when by a caregiver.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/General_Practitioner_Assessment_Of_Cognition" class="mw-redirect" title="General Practitioner Assessment Of Cognition">General Practitioner Assessment Of Cognition</a> combines both a patient assessment and an informant interview. It was specifically designed for use in the primary care setting. Clinical neuropsychologists provide diagnostic consultation following administration of a full battery of cognitive testing, often lasting several hours, to determine functional patterns of decline associated with varying types of dementia. Tests of memory, executive function, processing speed, attention and language skills are relevant, as well as tests of emotional and psychological adjustment. These tests assist with ruling out other etiologies and determining relative cognitive decline over time or from estimates of prior cognitive abilities.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_tests">Laboratory tests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Laboratory tests">edit</a>]</div> Routine <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a> are usually performed to rule out treatable causes. These include tests for <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">thyroid-stimulating hormone</a> (TSH), <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Full_blood_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Full blood count">full blood count</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">renal function</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liver_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver enzyme">liver enzymes</a>. Abnormalities may suggest <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency" title="Vitamin deficiency">vitamin deficiency</a>, infection, or other problems that commonly cause confusion or disorientation in the elderly.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging">Imaging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Imaging">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> or <a href="/wiki/MRI_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI scan">MRI scan</a> is commonly performed to possibly find either <a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">normal pressure hydrocephalus</a>, a potentially reversible cause of dementia, or connected tumor. The scans can also yield information relevant to other types of dementia, such as infarction (stroke) that would point at a vascular type of dementia. These tests do not pick up diffuse metabolic changes associated with dementia in a person who shows no gross neurological problems (such as paralysis or weakness) on a neurological exam.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Functional_neuroimaging" title="Functional neuroimaging">functional neuroimaging</a> modalities of <a href="/wiki/SPECT" class="mw-redirect" title="SPECT">SPECT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> are more useful in assessing long-standing cognitive dysfunction, since they have shown similar ability to diagnose dementia as a clinical exam and cognitive testing.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> The ability of SPECT to differentiate vascular dementia from Alzheimer's disease, appears superior to differentiation by clinical exam.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The value of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_compound_B" title="Pittsburgh compound B">PiB</a>-PET imaging using <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_compound_B" title="Pittsburgh compound B">Pittsburgh compound B</a> (PiB) as a <a href="/wiki/Radiotracer" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotracer">radiotracer</a> has been established in predictive diagnosis, particularly Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-Angelopoulou-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_dementia" title="Prevention of dementia">Prevention of dementia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Risk factors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neuroplastic_effects_of_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroplastic effects of pollution">Neuroplastic effects of pollution</a></div> Risk factors for dementia include <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, high levels of <a href="/wiki/LDL_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="LDL cholesterol">LDL cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vision_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision loss">vision loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_inactivity" title="Physical inactivity">inactivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, lower levels of education and low social contact. Over-indulgence in alcohol, lack of sleep, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, traumatic brain injury, and air pollution can also increase the chance of developing dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2020-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Many of these risk factors, including the lower level of education, smoking, physical inactivity and diabetes, are modifiable.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28960500-133">[131]</a> Several of the group are known as vascular risk factors that may be possible to be reduced or eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-IRNDP-134">[132]</a> Managing these risk factors can reduce the risk of dementia in individuals in their late midlife or older age. A reduction in a number of these risk factors can give a positive outcome.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> The decreased risk achieved by adopting a healthy lifestyle is seen even in those with a high genetic risk.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> In addition to the above risk factors, other psychological features, including certain personality traits (high <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neuroticism</a>, and low <a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">conscientiousness</a>), low <a href="/wiki/Purpose_in_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Purpose in life">purpose in life</a>, and high <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a>, are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> For example, based on the <a href="/wiki/English_Longitudinal_Study_of_Ageing" title="English Longitudinal Study of Ageing">English Longitudinal Study of Ageing</a> (ELSA), research found that loneliness in older people can increase the risk of dementia by one-third. Not having a partner (being single, divorced, or widowed) can double the risk of dementia. However, having two or three closer relationships might reduce the risk by three-fifths.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> The two most modifiable risk factors for dementia are <a href="/wiki/Physical_inactivity" title="Physical inactivity">physical inactivity</a> and lack of cognitive stimulation.<a href="#cite_note-Cheng-142">[140]</a> Physical activity, in particular <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic exercise</a>, is associated with a reduction in age-related brain tissue loss, and neurotoxic factors thereby preserving brain volume and neuronal integrity. Cognitive activity strengthens <a href="/wiki/Neural_plasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural plasticity">neural plasticity</a> and together they help to support <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_reserve" title="Cognitive reserve">cognitive reserve</a>. The neglect of these risk factors diminishes this reserve.<a href="#cite_note-Cheng-142">[140]</a> Sensory impairments of vision and hearing are modifiable risk factors for dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Dawes-143">[141]</a> These impairments may precede the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease for example, by many years.<a href="#cite_note-Panza-144">[142]</a> Hearing loss may lead to <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a> which negatively affects cognition.<a href="#cite_note-Tho2017-145">[143]</a> Social isolation is also identified as a modifiable risk factor.<a href="#cite_note-Panza-144">[142]</a> Age-related hearing loss in midlife is linked to cognitive impairment in late life, and is seen as a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Such hearing loss may be caused by a <a href="/wiki/Central_auditory_processing_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Central auditory processing disorder">central auditory processing disorder</a> that makes the understanding of speech against background noise difficult. Age-related hearing loss is characterised by slowed central processing of auditory information.<a href="#cite_note-Panza-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-146">[144]</a> Worldwide, mid-life hearing loss may account for around 9% of dementia cases.<a href="#cite_note-Ford-147">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frailty_syndrome" title="Frailty syndrome">Frailty</a> may increase the risk of cognitive decline, and dementia, and the inverse also holds of cognitive impairment increasing the risk of frailty. Prevention of frailty may help to prevent cognitive decline.<a href="#cite_note-Panza-144">[142]</a> There are no medications that can prevent cognitive decline and dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Pharmacologic_Interventions_to_Prev-148">[146]</a> However blood pressure lowering medications might decrease the risk of dementia or cognitive problems by around 0.5%.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Economic disadvantage has been shown to have a strong link to higher dementia prevalence,<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> which cannot yet be fully explained by other risk factors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dental_health">Dental health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dental health">edit</a>]</div> Limited evidence links poor oral health to cognitive decline. However, failure to perform tooth brushing and gingival inflammation can be used as dementia risk predictors.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oral_bacteria">Oral bacteria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Oral bacteria">edit</a>]</div> The link between Alzheimer's and <a href="/wiki/Gum_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum disease">gum disease</a> is <a href="/wiki/Oral_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral bacteria">oral bacteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miklossy-152">[150]</a> In the oral cavity, bacterial species include <a href="/wiki/P._gingivalis" class="mw-redirect" title="P. gingivalis">P. gingivalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._nucleatum" class="mw-redirect" title="F. nucleatum">F. nucleatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prevotella_intermedia" title="Prevotella intermedia">P. intermedia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T._forsythia" class="mw-redirect" title="T. forsythia">T. forsythia</a>. Six oral treponema <a href="/wiki/Spirochete" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochete">spirochetes</a> have been examined in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.<a href="#cite_note-Olsen_2015-153">[151]</a> Spirochetes are neurotropic in nature, meaning they act to destroy nerve tissue and create inflammation. Inflammatory pathogens are an indicator of Alzheimer's disease and bacteria related to gum disease have been found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-Olsen_2015-153">[151]</a> The bacteria invade nerve tissue in the brain, increasing the permeability of the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> and promoting the onset of Alzheimer's. Individuals with a plethora of tooth plaque risk cognitive decline.<a href="#cite_note-BDJ_2017-154">[152]</a> Poor oral hygiene can have an adverse effect on speech and nutrition, causing general and cognitive health decline. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oral_viruses">Oral viruses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Oral viruses">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">Herpes simplex virus</a> (HSV) has been found in more than 70% of those aged over 50. HSV persists in the peripheral nervous system and can be triggered by stress, illness or fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-Olsen_2015-153">[151]</a> High proportions of viral-associated proteins in <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_plaques" title="Amyloid plaques">amyloid plaques</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangle" title="Neurofibrillary tangle">neurofibrillary tangles</a> (NFTs) confirm the involvement of HSV-1 in Alzheimer's disease pathology. NFTs are known as the primary marker of Alzheimer's disease. HSV-1 produces the main components of NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Diet">edit</a>]</div> Diet is seen to be a modifiable risk factor for the development of dementia. Thiamine deficiency is identified to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease in adults.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The role of thiamine in brain physiology is unique and essential for the normal cognitive function of older people.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Many dietary choices of the elderly population, including the higher intake of gluten-free products, compromise the intake of thiamine as these products are not fortified with thiamine.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH</a> diets are both associated with less cognitive decline. A different approach has been to incorporate elements of both of these diets into one known as the <a href="/wiki/MIND_diet" title="MIND diet">MIND diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Acta1-159">[157]</a> These diets are generally low in saturated fats while providing a good source of carbohydrates, mainly those that help stabilize blood sugar and insulin levels.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Raised <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">blood sugar levels</a> over a long time, can damage nerves and cause memory problems if they are not managed.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Nutritional factors associated with the proposed diets for reducing dementia risk include <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaturated fatty acid">unsaturated fatty acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">vitamin B</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cao_2016-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> A study conducted at the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom seems to have confirmed these findings with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats creating an optimum diet that can help reduce the risk of dementia by roughly 25%.<a href="#cite_note-Shannon-164">[162]</a> The MIND diet may be more protective but further studies are needed. The Mediterranean diet seems to be more protective against Alzheimer's than DASH but there are no consistent findings against dementia in general. The role of <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> needs further study as it may be one of the most important components in reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Acta1-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Omar-165">[163]</a> In those with <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a>, a strict <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">gluten-free diet</a> may relieve the symptoms given a mild cognitive impairment.<a href="#cite_note-ZisHadjivassiliou2019-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-MakhloufMesselmani2018-93">[91]</a> Once dementia is advanced no evidence suggests that a gluten-free diet is useful.<a href="#cite_note-ZisHadjivassiliou2019-92">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">Omega-3 fatty acid</a> supplements do not appear to benefit or harm people with mild to moderate symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> However, there is good evidence that omega-3 incorporation into the diet is of benefit in treating depression, a common symptom,<a href="#cite_note-Firth-167">[165]</a> and potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2020-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caring_for_people_with_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caring for people with dementia">Caring for people with dementia</a></div> There are limited options for treating dementia, with most approaches focused on managing or reducing individual symptoms. There are no treatment options available to delay the onset of dementia.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</a> are often used early in the disorder course; however, benefit is generally small.<a href="#cite_note-Comm2012-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> More than half of people with dementia may experience psychological or behavioral symptoms including agitation, sleep problems, aggression, and/or psychosis. Treatment for these symptoms is aimed at reducing the person's distress and keeping the person safe. Treatments other than medication appear to be better for agitation and aggression.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Cognitive and behavioral interventions may be appropriate. Some evidence suggests that education and support for the person with dementia, as well as caregivers and family members, improves outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Palliative care interventions may lead to improvements in comfort in dying, but the evidence is low.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2021-172">[170]</a> Exercise programs are beneficial with respect to activities of daily living, and potentially improve dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Forb2015-173">[171]</a> The effect of therapies can be evaluated for example by assessing agitation using the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI); by assessing mood and engagement with the Menorah Park Engagement Scale (MPES);<a href="#cite_note-pmid23515663-174">[172]</a> and the Observed Emotion Rating Scale (OERS)<a href="#cite_note-pmid27489560-175">[173]</a> or by assessing indicators for depression using the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD)<a href="#cite_note-pmid25256214-176">[174]</a> or a simplified version thereof.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27538349-177">[175]</a> Often overlooked in treating and managing dementia is the role of the caregiver and what is known about how they can support multiple interventions. Findings from a 2021 systematic review of the literature found caregivers of people with dementia in nursing homes do not have sufficient tools or clinical guidance for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) along with medication use.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Simple measures like talking to people about their interests can improve the quality of life for <a href="/wiki/Care_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Care home">care home</a> residents living with dementia. A programme showed that such simple measures reduced residents' agitation and depression. They also needed fewer GP visits and hospital admissions, which also meant that the programme was cost-saving.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_and_psychosocial_therapies">Psychological and psychosocial therapies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Psychological and psychosocial therapies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychological_therapies_for_dementia" title="Psychological therapies for dementia">Psychological therapies for dementia</a></div> Psychological therapies for dementia include some limited evidence for <a href="/wiki/Reminiscence_therapy" title="Reminiscence therapy">reminiscence therapy</a> (namely, some positive effects in the areas of quality of life, cognition, communication and mood – the first three particularly in care home settings),<a href="#cite_note-Reminiscence_therapy_for_dementia-181">[179]</a> some benefit for <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_reframing" title="Cognitive reframing">cognitive reframing</a> for caretakers,<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> unclear evidence for <a href="/wiki/Validation_therapy" title="Validation therapy">validation therapy</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> and tentative evidence for <a href="/wiki/Mental_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental exercise">mental exercises</a>, such as cognitive stimulation programs for people with mild to moderate dementia.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Offering personally tailored activities may help reduce challenging behavior and may improve quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-Möhler_2020-185">[183]</a> It is not clear if personally tailored activities have an impact on <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affect</a> or improve for the quality of life for the caregiver.<a href="#cite_note-Möhler_2020-185">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adult_daycare" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult daycare">Adult daycare</a> centers as well as special care units in nursing homes often provide specialized care for dementia patients. Daycare centers offer supervision, recreation, meals, and limited health care to participants, as well as providing respite for caregivers. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Home_care" title="Home care">home care</a> can provide one-to-one support and care in the home allowing for more individualized attention that is needed as the disorder progresses. Psychiatric nurses can make a distinctive contribution to people's mental health.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Since dementia impairs normal communication due to changes in receptive and expressive language, as well as the ability to plan and problem solve, agitated behavior is often a form of communication for the person with dementia. Actively searching for a potential cause, such as pain, physical illness, or overstimulation can be helpful in reducing agitation.<a href="#cite_note-Weitzel_2011-187">[185]</a> Additionally, using an "ABC analysis of behavior" can be a useful tool for understanding behavior in people with dementia. It involves looking at the antecedents (A), behavior (B), and consequences (C) associated with an event to help define the problem and prevent further incidents that may arise if the person's needs are misunderstood.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The strongest evidence for non-pharmacological therapies for the management of changed behaviors in dementia is for using such approaches.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer2017-189">[187]</a> Low quality evidence suggests that regular (at least five sessions of) <a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">music therapy</a> may help institutionalized residents. It may reduce depressive symptoms and improve overall behaviors. It may also supply a beneficial effect on emotional well-being and quality of life, as well as reduce anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> In 2003, The <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_Society" title="Alzheimer's Society">Alzheimer's Society</a> established 'Singing for the Brain' (SftB) a project based on pilot studies which suggested that the activity encouraged participation and facilitated the learning of new songs. The sessions combine aspects of reminiscence therapy and music.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Musical and interpersonal connectedness can underscore the value of the person and improve quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27044417-192">[190]</a> Some London hospitals found that using color, designs, pictures and lights helped people with dementia adjust to being at the hospital. These adjustments to the layout of the dementia wings at these hospitals helped patients by preventing confusion.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_story_work" title="Life story work">Life story work</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Reminiscence_therapy#Dementia" title="Reminiscence therapy">reminiscence therapy</a>, and video biographies have been found to address the needs of clients and their caregivers in various ways, offering the client the opportunity to leave a legacy and enhance their personhood and also benefitting youth who participate in such work. Such interventions can be more beneficial when undertaken at a relatively early stage of dementia. They may also be problematic in those who have difficulties in processing past experiences<a href="#cite_note-pmid27044417-192">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Animal-assisted therapy">Animal-assisted therapy</a> has been found to be helpful. Drawbacks may be that pets are not always welcomed in a communal space in the care setting. An animal may pose a risk to residents, or may be perceived to be dangerous. Certain animals may also be regarded as "unclean" or "dangerous" by some cultural groups.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27044417-192">[190]</a> Occupational therapy also addresses psychological and psychosocial needs of patients with dementia through improving daily occupational performance and caregivers' competence.<a href="#cite_note-ajot.aota.org-194">[192]</a> When compensatory intervention strategies are added to their daily routine, the level of performance is enhanced and reduces the burden commonly placed on their caregivers.<a href="#cite_note-ajot.aota.org-194">[192]</a> Occupational therapists can also work with other disciplines to create a client centered intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Frankenstein_2020-195">[193]</a> To manage cognitive disability, and coping with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, combined occupational and behavioral therapies can support patients with dementia even further.<a href="#cite_note-Frankenstein_2020-195">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cognitive_training_and_rehabilitation">Cognitive training and rehabilitation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cognitive training and rehabilitation">edit</a>]</div> There is no strong evidence to suggest that <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive training">cognitive training</a> is beneficial for people with Parkinson's disease, dementia, or mild cognitive impairment.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> However, a 2023 review found that <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_rehabilitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive rehabilitation">cognitive rehabilitation</a> may be effective in helping individuals with mild to moderate dementia to manage their daily activities.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personally_tailored_activities">Personally tailored activities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Personally tailored activities">edit</a>]</div> Offering personally tailored activity sessions to people with dementia in long-term care homes may slightly reduce challenging behavior.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Medications">edit</a>]</div> No medications have been shown to prevent or cure dementia.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Medications may be used to treat the behavioral and cognitive symptoms, but have no effect on the underlying disease process.<a href="#cite_note-Memory_Loss-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lleo2006-200">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donepezil_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Donepezil_skeletal.svg/250px-Donepezil_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Donepezil_skeletal.svg/375px-Donepezil_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Donepezil_skeletal.svg/500px-Donepezil_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Donepezil</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Donepezil" title="Donepezil">donepezil</a>, may be useful for Alzheimer's disease,<a href="#cite_note-Bond_2012-201">[199]</a> Parkinson's disease dementia, DLB, or vascular dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Lleo2006-200">[198]</a> The quality of the evidence is poor<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> and the benefit is small.<a href="#cite_note-Comm2012-8">[8]</a> No difference has been shown between the agents in this family.<a href="#cite_note-Bir2006-203">[201]</a> In a minority of people side effects include a <a href="/wiki/Slow_heart_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow heart rate">slow heart rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fainting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fainting">fainting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rivastigmine" title="Rivastigmine">Rivastigmine</a> is recommended for treating symptoms in Parkinson's disease dementia.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA-66">[64]</a> Medications that have <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> effects increase all-cause mortality in people with dementia, although the effect of these medications on cognitive function remains uncertain, according to a systematic review published in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Before prescribing antipsychotic medication in the elderly, an assessment for an underlying cause of the behavior is needed.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Severe and life-threatening reactions occur in almost half of people with DLB,<a href="#cite_note-Taylor2020-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker2015-207">[205]</a> and can be fatal after a single dose.<a href="#cite_note-Boot2105-208">[206]</a> People with Lewy body dementias who take neuroleptics are at risk for neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a life-threatening illness.<a href="#cite_note-Gomperts2016-209">[207]</a> Extreme caution is required in the use of antipsychotic medication in people with DLB because of their sensitivity to these agents.<a href="#cite_note-McKeithConsensus2017-76">[74]</a> Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat dementia only if non-drug therapies have not worked, and the person's actions threaten themselves or others.<a href="#cite_note-AGSantipsychotic-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-NICEUK-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> Aggressive behavior changes are sometimes the result of other solvable problems, that could make treatment with antipsychotics unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-AGSantipsychotic-210">[208]</a> Because people with dementia can be aggressive, resistant to their treatment, and otherwise disruptive, sometimes antipsychotic drugs are considered as a therapy in response.<a href="#cite_note-AGSantipsychotic-210">[208]</a> These drugs have risky adverse effects, including increasing the person's chance of stroke and death.<a href="#cite_note-AGSantipsychotic-210">[208]</a> Given these adverse events and small benefit antipsychotics are avoided whenever possible.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer2017-189">[187]</a> Generally, stopping antipsychotics for people with dementia does not cause problems, even in those who have been on them a long time.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor</a> blockers such as <a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">memantine</a> may be of benefit but the evidence is less conclusive than for AChEIs.<a href="#cite_note-Bond_2012-201">[199]</a> Due to their differing mechanisms of action memantine and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can be used in combination however the benefit is slight.<a href="#cite_note-Rain-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atri-216">[214]</a> An extract of <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a> known as EGb 761 has been widely used for treating mild to moderate dementia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Kandia-217">[215]</a> Its use is approved throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-McKeage-218">[216]</a> The World Federation of Biological Psychiatry guidelines lists EGb 761 with the same weight of evidence (level B) given to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and memantine. EGb 761 is the only one that showed improvement of symptoms in both AD and vascular dementia. EGb 761 is seen as being able to play an important role either on its own or as an add-on particularly when other therapies prove ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-Kandia-217">[215]</a> EGb 761 is seen to be neuroprotective; it is a free radical scavenger, improves mitochondrial function, and modulates <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> and dopamine levels. Many studies of its use in mild to moderate dementia have shown it to significantly improve cognitive function, activities of daily living, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-Kandia-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang-219">[217]</a> However, its use has not been shown to prevent the progression of dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Kandia-217">[215]</a> While depression is frequently associated with dementia, the use of <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs) do not appear to affect outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> However, the SSRIs <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">citalopram</a> have been demonstrated to reduce symptoms of agitation, compared to placebo.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> No solid evidence indicates that <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a> improves outcomes in those with cognitive problems.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statins" class="mw-redirect" title="Statins">Statins</a> have no benefit in dementia.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Medications for other health conditions may need to be managed differently for a person who has a dementia diagnosis. It is unclear whether blood pressure medication and dementia are linked. People may experience an increase in cardiovascular-related events if these medications are withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-Sus2016-225">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/MATCH-D" class="mw-redirect" title="MATCH-D">Medication Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health Conditions in Dementia</a> (MATCH-D) criteria can help identify ways that a diagnosis of dementia changes medication management for other health conditions.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> These criteria were developed because people with dementia live with an average of five other chronic diseases, which are often managed with medications. The systematic review that informed the criteria were published subsequently in 2018 and <a href="//doi.org/10.1002/jppr.1802" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1002/jppr.1802">updated</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep_disturbances">Sleep disturbances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sleep disturbances">edit</a>]</div> Over 40% of people with dementia report sleep problems. Approaches to treating these sleep problems include medications and non-pharmacological approaches.<a href="#cite_note-Wilfling_2023-228">[226]</a> The use of medications to alleviate sleep disturbances that people with dementia often experience has not been well researched, even for medications that are commonly prescribed.<a href="#cite_note-McCleery_2020-229">[227]</a> In 2012 the <a href="/wiki/American_Geriatrics_Society" title="American Geriatrics Society">American Geriatrics Society</a> recommended that <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>, and non-benzodiazepine <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotics</a>, be avoided for people with dementia due to the risks of increased cognitive impairment and falls.<a href="#cite_note-Beers2012-230">[228]</a> Benzodiazepines are also known to promote <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tisher-231">[229]</a> Additionally, little evidence supports the effectiveness of benzodiazepines in this population.<a href="#cite_note-McCleery_2020-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> No clear evidence shows that <a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(medication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (medication)">melatonin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ramelteon" title="Ramelteon">ramelteon</a> improves sleep for people with dementia due to Alzheimer's,<a href="#cite_note-McCleery_2020-229">[227]</a> but it is used to treat <a href="/wiki/REM_sleep_behavior_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="REM sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a> in dementia with Lewy bodies.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor2020-77">[75]</a> Limited evidence suggests that a low dose of <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a> may improve sleep, however more research is needed.<a href="#cite_note-McCleery_2020-229">[227]</a> Non-pharmacological approaches have been suggested for treating sleep problems for those with dementia, however, there is no strong evidence or firm conclusions on the effectiveness of different types of interventions, especially for those who are living in an institutionalized setting such as a nursing home or long-term care home.<a href="#cite_note-Wilfling_2023-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pain">Pain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Pain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pain#Assessment_in_non-verbal_people" title="Pain">Assessment in nonverbal patients</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pain_Assessment_in_Advanced_Dementia" title="Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia">Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia</a></div> As people age, they experience more health problems, and most health problems associated with aging carry a substantial burden of pain; therefore, between 25% and 50% of older adults experience persistent pain. Seniors with dementia experience the same prevalence of conditions likely to cause pain as seniors without dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Hadjistavropoulos_2007-233">[231]</a> Pain is often overlooked in older adults and, when screened for, is often poorly assessed, especially among those with dementia, since they become incapable of informing others of their pain.<a href="#cite_note-Hadjistavropoulos_2007-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shega-234">[232]</a> Beyond the issue of humane care, unrelieved pain has functional implications. Persistent pain can lead to decreased ambulation, depressed mood, sleep disturbances, impaired appetite, and exacerbation of cognitive impairment<a href="#cite_note-Shega-234">[232]</a> and pain-related interference with activity is a factor contributing to falls in the elderly.<a href="#cite_note-Hadjistavropoulos_2007-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blyth-235">[233]</a> Although persistent pain in people with dementia is difficult to communicate, diagnose, and treat, failure to address persistent pain has profound functional, <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> implications for this vulnerable population. Health professionals often lack the skills and usually lack the time needed to recognize, accurately assess and adequately monitor pain in people with dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Hadjistavropoulos_2007-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown-236">[234]</a> Family members and friends can make a valuable contribution to the care of a person with dementia by learning to recognize and assess their pain. Educational resources and observational assessment tools are available.<a href="#cite_note-Hadjistavropoulos_2007-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herr-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stolee2005-238">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating_difficulties">Eating difficulties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Eating difficulties">edit</a>]</div> Persons with dementia may have difficulty eating. Whenever it is available as an option, the recommended response to eating problems is having a caretaker <a href="/wiki/Assisted_feeding" title="Assisted feeding">assist them</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AGSantipsychotic-210">[208]</a> A secondary option for people who cannot swallow effectively is to consider <a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_endoscopic_gastrostomy" title="Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy">gastrostomy</a> <a href="/wiki/Feeding_tube" title="Feeding tube">feeding tube</a> placement as a way to give nutrition. However, in bringing comfort and maintaining functional status while lowering risk of <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">aspiration pneumonia</a> and death, assistance with oral feeding is at least as good as tube feeding.<a href="#cite_note-AGSantipsychotic-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Tube-feeding is associated with agitation, increased use of physical and chemical restraints and worsening <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ulcer" title="Pressure ulcer">pressure ulcers</a>. Tube feedings may cause fluid overload, diarrhea, abdominal pain, local complications, less human interaction and may increase the risk of aspiration.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> Benefits in those with advanced dementia has not been shown.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> The risks of using tube feeding include agitation, rejection by the person (pulling out the tube, or otherwise physical or chemical immobilization to prevent them from doing this), or developing pressure ulcers.<a href="#cite_note-AGSantipsychotic-210">[208]</a> The procedure is directly related to a 1% fatality rate<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> with a 3% major complication rate.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> The percentage of people at end of life with dementia using feeding tubes in the US has dropped from 12% in 2000 to 6% as of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT20160816-246">[244]</a> The immediate and long-term effects of modifying the thickness of fluids for swallowing difficulties in people with dementia are not well known.<a href="#cite_note-Flynn_2018-247">[245]</a> While thickening fluids may have an immediate positive effect on swallowing and improving oral intake, the long-term impact on the health of the person with dementia should also be considered.<a href="#cite_note-Flynn_2018-247">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercise">Exercise</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Exercise">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise</a></div> Exercise programs may improve the ability of people with dementia to perform daily activities, but the best type of exercise is still unclear.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> Getting more exercise can slow the development of cognitive problems such as dementia, proving to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease by about 50%. A balance of strength exercise, to help muscles pump blood to the brain, and balance exercises are recommended for aging people. A suggested amount of about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 hours per week can reduce risks of cognitive decay as well as other health risks like falling.<a href="#cite_note-Melinda-249">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assistive_technology">Assistive technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Assistive technology">edit</a>]</div> There is a lack of high-quality evidence to determine whether <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a> effectively supports people with dementia to manage memory issues.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> Some of the specific things that are used today that helps with dementia today are: clocks, communication aids, electrical appliances the use monitoring, GPS location/ tracking devices, home care robots, in-home cameras, and medication management are just to name a few.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> Technology has the potential to be a valuable intervention for alleviating loneliness and promoting social connections, supported by available evidence.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine">edit</a>]</div> Evidence of the therapeutic values of <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">massage</a> is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> It is not clear if <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a> are harmful or effective for people with dementia.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palliative_care">Palliative care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Palliative care">edit</a>]</div> Given the progressive and terminal nature of dementia, <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a> can be helpful to patients and their caregivers by helping people with the disorder and their caregivers understand what to expect, deal with loss of physical and mental abilities, support the person's wishes and goals including surrogate decision making, and discuss wishes for or against <a href="/wiki/CPR" class="mw-redirect" title="CPR">CPR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_support" title="Life support">life support</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15945590-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24997202-257">[255]</a> Because the decline can be rapid, and because most people prefer to allow the person with dementia to make their own decisions, palliative care involvement before the late stages of dementia is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18416791-259">[257]</a> Further research is required to determine the appropriate palliative care interventions and how well they help people with advanced dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2021-172">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Person-centered_care" title="Person-centered care">Person-centered care</a> helps maintain the dignity of people with dementia.<a href="#cite_note-MitchellAgnelli2015-260">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remotely_delivered_information_for_caregivers">Remotely delivered information for caregivers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Remotely delivered information for caregivers">edit</a>]</div> Remotely delivered interventions including support, training and information may reduce the burden for the informal caregiver and improve their depressive symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-González-Fraile_2021-261">[259]</a> There is no certain evidence that they improve health-related quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-González-Fraile_2021-261">[259]</a> In several localities in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Digital_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital surveillance">digital surveillance</a> may be made available to family members, if a dementia patient is prone to wandering and going missing.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/435px-Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Deaths per million persons in 2012 due to dementia<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  0–4</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5–8</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  9–10</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  11–13</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  14–17</div> </td> <td class="col-break"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  18–24</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  25–45</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  46–114</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  115–375</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  376–1266</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzheimer_and_other_dementias_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alzheimer_and_other_dementias_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/290px-Alzheimer_and_other_dementias_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alzheimer_and_other_dementias_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/435px-Alzheimer_and_other_dementias_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alzheimer_and_other_dementias_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/580px-Alzheimer_and_other_dementias_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for Alzheimer and other dementias per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  100–120</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  120–140</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  140–160</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  160–180</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  180–200</div> </td> <td class="col-break"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  200–220</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  220–240</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  240–260</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  260–280</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  280–300</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  >300</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> The number of cases of dementia worldwide in 2021 was estimated at 55 million, with close to 10 million new cases each year.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a> According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, "In 2021, Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia ranked as the seventh leading cause of death, killing 1.8 million lives."<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> By 2050, the number of people living with dementia is estimated to be over 150 million globally.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Around 7% of people over the age of 65 have dementia, with slightly higher rates (up to 10% of those over 65) in places with relatively high life expectancy.<a href="#cite_note-Gale2018-265">[263]</a> An estimated 58% of people with dementia are living in low and middle income countries.<a href="#cite_note-Alzheimer's_Disease_International_2015-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prince_2012-267">[265]</a> The prevalence of dementia differs in different world regions, ranging from 4.7% in Central Europe to 8.7% in North Africa/Middle East; the prevalence in other regions is estimated to be between 5.6 and 7.6%.<a href="#cite_note-Alzheimer's_Disease_International_2015-266">[264]</a> The number of people living with dementia is estimated to double every 20 years. In 2016 dementia resulted in about 2.4 million deaths,<a href="#cite_note-GBD2019-9">[9]</a> up from 0.8 million in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015-268">[266]</a> The genetic and environmental risk factors for dementia disorders vary by ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> For instance, Alzheimer's disease among <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_in_the_Hispanic/Latino_population" title="Alzheimer's disease in the Hispanic/Latino population">Hispanic/Latino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_in_African_Americans" title="Alzheimer's disease in African Americans">African American</a> subjects exhibit lower risks associated with gene changes in the <a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E" title="Apolipoprotein E">apolipoprotein E</a> gene than do non-Hispanic white subjects.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> The annual incidence of dementia diagnosis is nearly 10 million worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2021-172">[170]</a> Almost half of new dementia cases occur in Asia, followed by Europe (25%), the Americas (18%) and Africa (8%). The incidence of dementia increases exponentially with age, doubling with every 6.3-year increase in age.<a href="#cite_note-Alzheimer's_Disease_International_2015-266">[264]</a> Dementia affects 5% of the population older than 65 and 20–40% of those older than 85.<a href="#cite_note-Sadock2008-272">[270]</a> Rates are slightly higher in women than men at ages 65 and greater.<a href="#cite_note-Sadock2008-272">[270]</a> The disease trajectory is varied and the median time from diagnosis to death depends strongly on age at diagnosis, from 6.7 years for people diagnosed aged 60–69 to 1.9 years for people diagnosed at 90 or older.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2021-172">[170]</a> Dementia impacts not only individuals with dementia, but also their carers and the wider society. Among people aged 60 years and over, dementia is ranked the 9th most burdensome condition according to the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Disease_burden" title="Disease burden">Global Burden of Disease</a> (GBD) estimates. The global costs of dementia was around US$818 billion in 2015, a 35.4% increase from US$604 billion in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Alzheimer's_Disease_International_2015-266">[264]</a> A new 2024 study reveals that deaths from dementia in the U.S. have tripled in the past 21 years, rising from around 150,000 in 1999 to over 450,000 in 2020; the likelihood of dying from dementia increased across all demographic groups studied.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affected_ages">Affected ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Affected ages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_onset_dementia" title="Early onset dementia">Early onset dementia</a></div> About 3% of people between the ages of 65–74 have dementia, 19% between 75 and 84, and nearly half of those over 85 years of age. As more people are living longer, dementia is becoming more common.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> For people of a specific age, however, it may be becoming less frequent in the developed world, due to a decrease in modifiable risk factors made possible by greater financial and educational resources. It is one of the most common causes of disability among the elderly but can develop before the age of 65 when it is known as early-onset dementia or presenile dementia.<a href="#cite_note-ADUK-275">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> Less than 1% of those with Alzheimer's have gene mutations that cause a much earlier development of the disease, around the age of 45, known as <a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">early-onset Alzheimer's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Masters_2015-277">[275]</a> More than 95% of people with Alzheimer's disease have the sporadic form (late onset, 80–90 years of age).<a href="#cite_note-Masters_2015-277">[275]</a> Worldwide the cost of dementia in 2015 was put at US$818 billion. People with dementia are often physically or chemically restrained to a greater degree than necessary, raising issues of human rights.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a> is commonly perceived by those with the condition, and also by their caregivers.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dementia" title="Special:EditPage/Dementia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dementia_praecox" title="Dementia praecox">Dementia praecox</a></div> Until the end of the 19th century, dementia was a much broader clinical concept. It included mental illness and any type of psychosocial incapacity, including reversible conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Berr-279">[277]</a> Dementia at this time simply referred to anyone who had lost the ability to reason, and was applied equally to psychosis, "organic" diseases like <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> that destroy the brain, and to the dementia associated with old age, which was attributed to "<a href="/wiki/Hardening_of_the_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardening of the arteries">hardening of the arteries</a>". <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_woman_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_chronic_dementia._Colour_Wellcome_L0026688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A_woman_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_chronic_dementia._Colour_Wellcome_L0026688.jpg/150px-A_woman_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_chronic_dementia._Colour_Wellcome_L0026688.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A_woman_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_chronic_dementia._Colour_Wellcome_L0026688.jpg/225px-A_woman_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_chronic_dementia._Colour_Wellcome_L0026688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A_woman_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_chronic_dementia._Colour_Wellcome_L0026688.jpg/300px-A_woman_diagnosed_as_suffering_from_chronic_dementia._Colour_Wellcome_L0026688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century drawing of a woman diagnosed with dementia</figcaption></figure> Dementia has been referred to in medical texts since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>. One of the earliest known allusions to dementia is attributed to the 7th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, who divided the human lifespan into six distinct phases: 0–6 (infancy), 7–21 (adolescence), 22–49 (young adulthood), 50–62 (middle age), 63–79 (old age), and 80–death (advanced age). The last two he described as the "senium", a period of mental and physical decay, and that the final phase was when "the scene of mortal existence closes after a great length of time that very fortunately, few of the human species arrive at, where the mind is reduced to the imbecility of the first epoch of infancy".<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> In 550 BC, the Athenian statesman and poet <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> argued that the terms of a man's will might be invalidated if he exhibited loss of judgement due to advanced age. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese medical</a> texts made allusions to the condition as well, and the characters for "dementia" translate literally to "foolish old person".<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> Athenian philosophers <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> discussed the mental decline that can come with old age and predicted that this affects everyone who becomes old and nothing can be done to stop this decline from taking place. Plato specifically talked about how the elderly should not be in positions that require responsibility because, "There is not much acumen of the mind that once carried them in their youth, those characteristics one would call judgement, imagination, power of reasoning, and memory. They see them gradually blunted by deterioration and can hardly fulfill their function."<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> For comparison, the Roman statesman <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> held a view much more in line with modern-day medical wisdom that loss of mental function was not inevitable in the elderly and "affected only those old men who were weak-willed". He spoke of how those who remained mentally active and eager to learn new things could stave off dementia. However, Cicero's views on aging, although progressive, were largely ignored in a world that would be dominated for centuries by Aristotle's medical writings. Physicians during the Roman Empire, such as <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a>, simply repeated the beliefs of Aristotle while adding few new contributions to medical knowledge. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> physicians sometimes wrote of dementia. It is recorded that at least seven emperors whose lifespans exceeded 70 years displayed signs of cognitive decline. In <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, special hospitals housed those diagnosed with dementia or insanity, but these did not apply to the emperors, who were above the law and whose health conditions could not be publicly acknowledged. Otherwise, little is recorded about dementia in Western medical texts for nearly 1700 years. One of the few references was the 13th-century friar <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, who viewed old age as divine punishment for <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>. Although he repeated existing Aristotelian beliefs that dementia was inevitable, he did make the progressive assertion that the brain was the center of memory and thought rather than the heart. Poets, playwrights, and other writers made frequent allusions to the loss of mental function in old age. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> notably mentions it in plays such as <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a>. During the 19th century, doctors generally came to believe that elderly dementia was the result of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_atherosclerosis" title="Cerebral atherosclerosis">cerebral atherosclerosis</a>, although opinions fluctuated between the idea that it was due to blockage of the major arteries supplying the brain or small strokes within the vessels of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>. In 1907, Bavarian psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer" title="Alois Alzheimer">Alois Alzheimer</a> was the first to identify and describe the characteristics of progressive dementia in the brain of 51-year-old <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Deter" title="Auguste Deter">Auguste Deter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-283">[281]</a> Deter had begun to behave uncharacteristically, including accusing her husband of adultery, neglecting household chores, exhibiting difficulties writing and engaging in conversations, heightened insomnia, and loss of directional sense.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-284">[282]</a> At one point, Deter was reported to have "dragged a bed sheet outside, wandered around wildly, and cried for hours at midnight."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-284">[282]</a> Alzheimer began treating Deter when she entered a <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> mental hospital on November 25, 1901.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-284">[282]</a> During her ongoing treatment, Deter and her husband struggled to afford the cost of the medical care, and Alzheimer agreed to continue her treatment in exchange for Deter's medical records and donation of her brain upon death.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-284">[282]</a> Deter died on April 8, 1906, after succumbing to <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-284">[282]</a> Alzheimer conducted the brain biopsy using the <a href="/wiki/Bielschowsky_stain" title="Bielschowsky stain">Bielschowsky stain</a> method, which was a new development at the time, and he observed <a href="/wiki/Senile_plaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Senile plaques">senile plaques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangle" title="Neurofibrillary tangle">neurofibrillary tangles</a>, and atherosclerotic alteration.<a href="#cite_note-auto-283">[281]</a> At the time, the consensus among medical doctors had been that senile plaques were generally found in older patients, and the occurrence of neurofibrillary tangles was an entirely new observation at the time.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-284">[282]</a> Alzheimer presented his findings at the 37th psychiatry conference of southwestern Germany in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> on April 11, 1906; however, the information was poorly received by his peers.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-284">[282]</a> By 1910, Alois Alzheimer's teacher, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Emil Kraepelin</a>, published a book in which he coined the term "Alzheimer's disease" in an attempt to acknowledge the importance of Alzheimer's discovery.<a href="#cite_note-auto-283">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-284">[282]</a> By the 1960s, the link between <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative diseases</a> and age-related cognitive decline had become more established. By the 1970s, the medical community maintained that vascular dementia was rarer than previously thought and Alzheimer's disease caused the vast majority of old age mental impairments. More recently however, it is believed that dementia is often a mixture of conditions. In 1976, neurologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Katzmann_(Neurologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Katzmann (Neurologist) (page does not exist)">Robert Katzmann</a> suggested a link between senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> Katzmann suggested that much of the senile dementia occurring (by definition) after the age of 65, was pathologically identical with Alzheimer's disease occurring in people under age 65 and therefore should not be treated differently.<a href="#cite_note-Katzman1976-286">[284]</a> Katzmann thus suggested that Alzheimer's disease, if taken to occur over age 65, is actually common, not rare, and was the fourth- or 5th-leading cause of death, even though rarely reported on death certificates in 1976. A helpful finding was that although the incidence of Alzheimer's disease increased with age (from 5–10% of 75-year-olds to as many as 40–50% of 90-year-olds), no threshold was found by which age all persons developed it. This is shown by documented supercentenarians (people living to 110 or more) who experienced no substantial cognitive impairment. Some evidence suggests that dementia is most likely to develop between ages 80 and 84 and individuals who pass that point without being affected have a lower chance of developing it. Women account for a larger percentage of dementia cases than men, although this can be attributed to their longer overall lifespan and greater odds of attaining an age where the condition is likely to occur.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> Much like other diseases associated with aging, dementia was comparatively rare before the 20th century, because few people lived past 80. Conversely, syphilitic dementia was widespread in the developed world until it was largely eradicated by the use of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. With significant increases in life expectancy thereafter, the number of people over 65 started rapidly climbing. While elderly persons constituted an average of 3–5% of the population prior to 1945, by 2010 many countries reached 10–14% and in Germany and Japan, this figure exceeded 20%. Public awareness of Alzheimer's Disease greatly increased in 1994 when former US president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> announced that he had been diagnosed with the condition. In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">other types of dementia</a> were differentiated from Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementias (the most common types). This differentiation is on the basis of pathological examination of brain tissues, by symptomatology, and by different patterns of brain metabolic activity in nuclear medical imaging tests such as <a href="/wiki/SPECT" class="mw-redirect" title="SPECT">SPECT</a> and <a href="/wiki/PET_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="PET scan">PET scans</a> of the brain. The various forms have differing prognoses and differing epidemiologic risk factors. The main cause for many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, remains unclear.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> Dementia in the elderly was once called senile dementia or senility, and viewed as a normal and somewhat inevitable aspect of <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-senility-aa-289">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-senility-mednet-290">[288]</a> By 1913–20 the term <a href="/wiki/Dementia_praecox" title="Dementia praecox">dementia praecox</a> was introduced to suggest the development of senile-type dementia at a younger age. Eventually the two terms fused, so that until 1952 physicians used the terms dementia praecox (precocious dementia) and schizophrenia interchangeably. Since then, science has determined that dementia and schizophrenia are two different disorders, though they share some similarities.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> The term precocious dementia for a mental illness suggested that a type of mental illness like schizophrenia (including <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a> and decreased cognitive capacity) could be expected to arrive normally in all persons with greater age (see <a href="/wiki/Paraphrenia" title="Paraphrenia">paraphrenia</a>). After about 1920, the beginning use of dementia for what is now understood as schizophrenia and senile dementia helped limit the word's meaning to "permanent, irreversible mental deterioration". This began the change to the later use of the term. In recent studies, researchers have seen a connection between those diagnosed with schizophrenia and patients who are diagnosed with dementia, finding a positive correlation between the two diseases.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> The view that dementia must always be the result of a particular disease process led for a time to the proposed diagnosis of "senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type" (SDAT) in persons over the age of 65, with "Alzheimer's disease" diagnosed in persons younger than 65 who had the same pathology. Eventually, however, it was agreed that the age limit was artificial, and that Alzheimer's disease was the appropriate term for persons with that particular brain pathology, regardless of age. After 1952, mental illnesses including schizophrenia were removed from the category of <a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">organic brain syndromes</a>, and thus (by definition) removed from possible causes of "dementing illnesses" (dementias). At the same, however, the traditional cause of senile dementia – "hardening of the arteries" – now returned as a set of dementias of vascular cause (small strokes). These were now termed multi-infarct dementias or <a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">vascular dementias</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Care_at_Home_with_Dementia,_Tigray_(8015180561).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Care_at_Home_with_Dementia%2C_Tigray_%288015180561%29.jpg/220px-Care_at_Home_with_Dementia%2C_Tigray_%288015180561%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Care_at_Home_with_Dementia%2C_Tigray_%288015180561%29.jpg/330px-Care_at_Home_with_Dementia%2C_Tigray_%288015180561%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Care_at_Home_with_Dementia%2C_Tigray_%288015180561%29.jpg/440px-Care_at_Home_with_Dementia%2C_Tigray_%288015180561%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Woman with dementia being cared for at home in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></figcaption></figure>The societal cost of dementia is high, especially for caregivers.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> According to a UK-based study, almost two out of three carers of people with dementia feel lonely. Most of the carers in the study were family members or friends.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit">[update]</a>, the annual cost per Alzheimer's patient in the United States was around $19,144.36. The total costs for the nation is estimated to be about $167.74 billion. By 2030, it is predicted the annual socioeconomic cost will total to about $507 billion, and by 2050 that number is expected to reach $1.89 trillion. This steady increase will be seen not just within the United States but globally. Global estimates for the costs of dementia were $957.56 billion in 2015, but by 2050 the estimated global cost is $9.12 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> Many countries consider the care of people living with dementia a national priority and invest in resources and education to better inform health and social service workers, unpaid caregivers, relatives and members of the wider community. Several countries have authored national plans or strategies.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> These plans recognize that people can live reasonably with dementia for years, as long as the right support and timely access to a diagnosis are available. Former British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> described dementia as a "national crisis", affecting 800,000 people in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> In fact, dementia has become the leading cause of death for women in England.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> There, as with all mental disorders, people with dementia could potentially be a danger to themselves or others, they can be detained under the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Health_Act_1983" title="Mental Health Act 1983">Mental Health Act 1983</a> for assessment, care and treatment. This is a last resort, and is usually avoided by people with family or friends who can ensure care. Some hospitals in Britain work to provide enriched and friendlier care. To make the hospital wards calmer and less overwhelming to residents, staff replaced the usual nurses' station with a collection of smaller desks, similar to a reception area. The incorporation of bright lighting helps increase positive mood and allow residents to see more easily.<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">Driving</a> with dementia can lead to injury or death. Doctors should advise appropriate testing on when to quit driving.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> The United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/DVLA" class="mw-redirect" title="DVLA">DVLA</a> (Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency) states that people with dementia who specifically have poor short-term memory, disorientation, or lack of insight or judgment are not allowed to drive, and in these instances the DVLA must be informed so that the driving license can be revoked. They acknowledge that in low-severity cases and those with an early diagnosis, drivers may be permitted to continue driving. Many support networks are available to people with dementia and their families and caregivers. Charitable organizations aim to raise awareness and campaign for the rights of people living with dementia. Support and guidance are available on assessing testamentary capacity in people with dementia.<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> In 2015, Atlantic Philanthropies announced a $177 million gift aimed at understanding and reducing dementia. The recipient was Global Brain Health Institute, a program co-led by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">University of California, San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>. This donation is the largest non-capital grant Atlantic has ever made, and the biggest philanthropic donation in Irish history.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> In October 2020, <a href="/wiki/The_Caretaker_(musician)" title="The Caretaker (musician)">the Caretaker</a>'s last music release, <a href="/wiki/Everywhere_at_the_End_of_Time" title="Everywhere at the End of Time">Everywhere at the End of Time</a>, was popularized by <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> users for its depiction of the stages of dementia.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> Caregivers were in favor of this phenomenon; Leyland Kirby, the creator of the record, echoed this sentiment, explaining it could cause empathy among a younger public.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> On November 2, 2020, Scottish billionaire Sir <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hunter" title="Tom Hunter">Tom Hunter</a> donated £1 million to dementia charities, after watching a former music teacher with dementia, Paul Harvey, playing one of his own compositions on the piano in a viral video. The donation was announced to be split between the Alzheimer's Society and Music for Dementia.<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> Awareness Celebrities have used their platforms to raise awareness for the different forms of dementia and the need for further support, including former First Lady of California <a href="/wiki/Maria_Shriver" title="Maria Shriver">Maria Shriver</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mybrain.alz.org/maria-shriver.asp">Maria Shriver | My Brain™ | Alzheimer’s Association</a> Academy Award Winning actor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a>, Editor-in-Chief of <a href="/wiki/Elle_(magazine)" title="Elle (magazine)">ELLE Magazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Nina_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Nina García">Nina Garcia</a>, professional skateboarder <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hawk" title="Tony Hawk">Tony Hawk</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> Additional Alzheimer's awareness has been raised through the diagnoses of high-profile persons themselves, including <ul><li>Actor <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a></li> <li>Actor <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a></li> <li>Activist <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a></li> <li>40th President of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a></li> <li>Former Mrs. Colorado Springs Joanna Fix <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazette.com/life/mrs-colorado-springs-uses-title-young-onset-alzheimers-diagnosis-to-spread-awareness-about-dementia/article_b952f4f6-4e66-11ed-be0d-272532d79150.html">Mrs. Colorado Springs uses title, young-onset Alzheimer's diagnosis to spread awareness about dementia</a></li> <li>TV Host <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Williams" title="Wendy Williams">Wendy Williams</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/wendy-williams-dementia-diagnosis-d3cebb8c20f750a623f9d180a50c03e8">Wendy Williams diagnosed with same form of dementia as Bruce Willis</a></li> <li>Musician <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a></li> <li>Musician <a href="/wiki/Maureen_McGovern" title="Maureen McGovern">Maureen McGovern</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a></li> <li>Dancer and <a href="/wiki/Pin-up_model" title="Pin-up model">pin-up model</a> <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-20-he-myturn20-story.html">Rita Hayworth's misdiagnosed struggle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Prodromal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodromal">Prodromal</a> subtypes of delirium-onset <a href="/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">dementia with Lewy bodies</a> have been proposed as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-McKeithFerman2020-12">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Kosaka (2017) writes: "Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is now well known to be the second most frequent dementia following Alzheimer disease (AD). Of all types of dementia, AD is known to account for about 50%, DLB about 20% and vascular dementia (VD) about 15%. Thus, AD, DLB, and VD are now considered to be the three major dementias."<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The NINDS (2020) says that Lewy body dementia "is one of the most common causes of dementia, after Alzheimer's disease and vascular disease."<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2020Book-63">[62]</a> Hershey (2019) says, "DLB is the third most common of all the neurodegenerative diseases behind both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease".<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-medline2021-1"><a href="#cite_ref-medline2021_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/dementia.html">"Dementia"</a>. medlineplus.gov. 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Retrieved July 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=What+Robin+Williams%27+widow+wants+you+to+know+about+the+future+of+Lewy+body+dementia&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F07%2F01%2Fhealth%2Flewy-body-dementia-robin-williams-life-itself-wellness%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADementia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6070417">"Doctor: Rosa Parks suffers from dementia"</a>. NBC. September 22, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC&rft.atitle=Doctor%3A+Rosa+Parks+suffers+from+dementia&rft.date=2004-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna6070417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADementia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/reagans/ronald-reagan/reagans-letter-announcing-his-alzheimers-diagnosis">"Reagan's Letter Announcing his Alzheimer's Diagnosis"</a>. Ronald Reagan. Retrieved July 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ronald+Reagan&rft.atitle=Reagan%27s+Letter+Announcing+his+Alzheimer%27s+Diagnosis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reaganlibrary.gov%2Freagans%2Fronald-reagan%2Freagans-letter-announcing-his-alzheimers-diagnosis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADementia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/health/tony-bennett-health-problems-rcna95522">"What to know about Tony Bennett's health struggles, from Alzheimer's to addiction"</a>. TODAY.com. July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TODAY.com&rft.atitle=What+to+know+about+Tony+Bennett%27s+health+struggles%2C+from+Alzheimer%27s+to+addiction&rft.date=2023-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fhealth%2Ftony-bennett-health-problems-rcna95522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADementia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/health/maureen-mcgovern-living-with-alzheimers-disease/">"Maureen McGovern on Living with Alzheimer's Disease: 'You Go One Day at a Time'"</a>. Peoplemag. Retrieved July 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peoplemag&rft.atitle=Maureen+McGovern+on+Living+with+Alzheimer%27s+Disease%3A+%27You+Go+One+Day+at+a+Time%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fhealth%2Fmaureen-mcgovern-living-with-alzheimers-disease%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADementia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dementia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030" class="extiw" title="d:Q83030">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F00">F00</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F01">F01</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F02">F02</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F03">F03</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10-CM" title="ICD-10-CM">10-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F01">F01</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F02">F02</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F03">F03</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=290">290</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=294">294</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003704">D003704</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb29283.htm">29283</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000739.htm">000739</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793247-overview">article/793247</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/dementia-pro">Dementia</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dementia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dementia">Dementia</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?vid=0&sid=27db6ba9-ec43-43de-9285-fb74ccf5fd6d@redis&bquery=PM+32016328&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLGNvb2tpZSx1cmwsdWlkJmRiPW1uaCZ0eXBlPTEmc2VhcmNoTW9kZT1PciZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==">"Result List: PM 32016328: EBSCOhost"</a>. web.s.ebscohost.com. Retrieved October 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.s.ebscohost.com&rft.atitle=Result+List%3A+PM+32016328%3A+EBSCOhost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.s.ebscohost.com%2Fehost%2Fresults%3Fvid%3D0%26sid%3D27db6ba9-ec43-43de-9285-fb74ccf5fd6d%40redis%26bquery%3DPM%2B32016328%26bdata%3DJkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLGNvb2tpZSx1cmwsdWlkJmRiPW1uaCZ0eXBlPTEmc2VhcmNoTW9kZT1PciZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADementia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alz.org/">Alzheimer's Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers">National Institute on Aging – Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Central nervous system disease">CNS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brain" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">Encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Viral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral encephalitis">Herpesviral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_encephalitis" title="Limbic encephalitis">Limbic encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cavernous sinus thrombosis">Cavernous sinus thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_abscess" title="Brain abscess">Brain abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_brain_abscess" title="Amoebic brain abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brain and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">Encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">Meningoencephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">movement disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia_disease" title="Basal ganglia disease">Basal ganglia disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">Parkinsonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">PD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postencephalitic_parkinsonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postencephalitic parkinsonism">Postencephalitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">NMS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration_with_brain_iron_accumulation" title="Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation">NBIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">PKAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">PSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">Striatonigral degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiballismus" title="Hemiballismus">Hemiballismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">OA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Dyskinesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_dystonicus" title="Status dystonicus">Status dystonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" title="Spasmodic torticollis">Spasmodic torticollis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome" title="Meige's syndrome">Meige's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">Blepharospasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">Choreoathetosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_tremor" title="Intention tremor">Intention tremor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff-person_syndrome" title="Stiff-person syndrome">Stiff-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">Primary progressive aphasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">Frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewy_bodies_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewy bodies dementia">Lewy bodies dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy" title="Posterior cortical atrophy">Posterior cortical atrophy</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease" title="Mitochondrial disease">Mitochondrial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_syndrome" title="Leigh syndrome">Leigh syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases" title="CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases">Autoimmune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system">Inflammatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS">Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodic/ <a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_attack" title="Paroxysmal attack">paroxysmal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">Focal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy" title="Generalized epilepsy">Generalised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Epilepsy">Template:Epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_headache" title="Tension headache">Tension</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Headache" title="Template:Headache">Template:Headache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">TIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases">Template:Cerebrovascular diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">Sleep disorders</a> <ul><li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sleep" title="Template:Sleep">Template:Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">Intracranial hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma" title="Choroid plexus papilloma">Choroid plexus papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_cerebrospinal_fluid_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak">Intracranial hypotension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">Brain herniation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">Reye syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy" title="Toxic encephalopathy">Toxic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_encephalopathy" title="Hashimoto's encephalopathy">Hashimoto's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Static encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both/either</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Degenerative" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">SA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">Ataxia–telangiectasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron_diseases" title="Motor neuron diseases">MND</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">UMN</a> only: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_lateral_sclerosis" title="Primary lateral sclerosis">Primary lateral sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobulbar_palsy" title="Pseudobulbar palsy">Pseudobulbar palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">LMN</a> only: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distal_hereditary_motor_neuronopathies" title="Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies">Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophies" title="Spinal muscular atrophies">Spinal muscular atrophies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">SMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">SMAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">SMAX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" title="Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1">DSMA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy">Congenital DSMA</a></li> <li>Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_1" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 1">SMALED1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2A" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2A">SMALED2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2B" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2B">SMALED2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Pontocerebellar hypoplasia">SMA-PCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_progressive_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy">SMA-PME</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscular_atrophy" title="Progressive muscular atrophy">Progressive muscular atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazio%E2%80%93Londe_disease" title="Fazio–Londe disease">Fazio–Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Infantile progressive bulbar palsy">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>both: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders" title="Template talk:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development (<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_amnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic amnesia">Psychogenic amnesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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