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Upstream: community discussion on all things open research
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Vertical interoperability between research tools: an essential enabler for the FAIRification of data" data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1676911809759-77bb68b691c9?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=M3wxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDZ8fGludGVyb3BlcmFiaWxpdHl8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzM3OTk3OTM4fDA&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1304' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/original-research/">Original Research</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/the-time-is-now-vertical-interoperability-between-research-tools-an-essential-enabler-for-the-fairification-of-data/' class='c-card__link'>The time is now! 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Cobey</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/katie/'>Katherine S. Corker</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/elizabeth/'>Elizabeth Gadd</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/bianca/'>Bianca Kramer</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/rebecca/'>Rebecca Lawrence</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/eva/'>Eva Méndez</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/cameron/'>Cameron Neylon</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/janne/'>Janne Pölönen</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/bodo/'>Bodo Stern</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/ludo/'>Ludo Waltman</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2025-01-14'> January 14, 2025 </time> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class='center'> <article class='js-card c-card c-card--large c-card--center post tag-thought-pieces featured'> <a href='/open-science-call-to-act/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Eight hands comes together placed one on top of another as a sign of togetherness" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2025/02/hannah-busing-Zyx1bK9mqmA-unsplash.jpg' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/thought-pieces/">Thought Pieces</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/open-science-call-to-act/' class='c-card__link'>Science is Under Siege: The Open Science Community Must Act and Lead by Example</a></h3> <p class='c-card__standfirst'>Worldwide, science is under attack by anti-scientific movements. The new US administration has thrown the entire academy into chaos, threatening global health. This article is a call for the open science community to practice what it preaches and lead by example in defending science.</p> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/mayank/'>Mayank Chugh</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/jonny-coates/'>Jonny Coates</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2025-02-12'> February 12, 2025 </time> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class='right c-stack-stories'> <div class='c-section-heading'> <h2 class='c-section-heading__title c-section-heading__title--small'><a href='https://upstream.force11.org/latest'>Latest</a></h2> </div> <article class='c-teaser c-teaser--small post tag-news tag-thought-pieces'> <div class='c-teaser__content'> <div class='c-teaser__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/news/">News</a> </div> <h3 class='c-teaser__headline'> <a href='/cultivating-openness-from-community-resources-to-institutional-acceptance/' class='c-teaser__link'>Cultivating Openness: From Community Resources to Institutional Acceptance</a> </h3> <div class='c-teaser__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-teaser__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/chris/'>Chris Hartgerink</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/lena/'>Lena Karvovskaya</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/esther/'>Esther Plomp</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/dorienhuijser/'>Dorien Huijser</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-teaser__timestamp' datetime='2024-11-19'> November 19, 2024 </time> </div> </div> <a href='/cultivating-openness-from-community-resources-to-institutional-acceptance/' class='c-teaser__media'> <img class='c-teaser__image lazyload' alt="Cultivating Openness: From Community Resources to Institutional Acceptance" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-11-09-at-14-07-25-All-sizes-2024-10-22-Open-Science-Festival-Maastricht---291-Flickr---Photo-Sharing-.png' > </a> </article> <article class='c-teaser c-teaser--small post tag-news'> <div class='c-teaser__content'> <div class='c-teaser__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/news/">News</a> </div> <h3 class='c-teaser__headline'> <a href='/fair-principle-for-research-software-fair4rs-2-year-review/' class='c-teaser__link'>FAIR principle for Research Software (FAIR4RS) 2-year review</a> </h3> <div class='c-teaser__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-teaser__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/danielskatz/'>Daniel S. Katz</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-teaser__timestamp' datetime='2024-11-14'> November 14, 2024 </time> </div> </div> <a href='/fair-principle-for-research-software-fair4rs-2-year-review/' class='c-teaser__media'> <img class='c-teaser__image lazyload' alt="FAIR principle for Research Software (FAIR4RS) 2-year review" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2024/11/Bildschirmfoto-2024-11-13-um-23.06.38.png' > </a> </article> <article class='c-teaser c-teaser--small post tag-meetings tag-thought-pieces'> <div class='c-teaser__content'> <div class='c-teaser__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/meetings/">Meetings</a> </div> <h3 class='c-teaser__headline'> <a href='/language-co-option-in-the-open-space/' class='c-teaser__link'>Language co-option in the open space</a> </h3> <div class='c-teaser__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-teaser__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/danny/'>Danny Kingsley</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-teaser__timestamp' datetime='2024-09-03'> September 3, 2024 </time> </div> </div> <a href='/language-co-option-in-the-open-space/' class='c-teaser__media'> <img class='c-teaser__image lazyload' alt="Language co-option in the open space" data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1535572290543-960a8046f5af?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=M3wxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDF8fGxldHRlciUyMGJsb2NrJTIwdG95fGVufDB8fHx8MTcyNDg3NjM4NXww&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1304' > </a> </article> <article class='c-teaser c-teaser--small post tag-thought-pieces no-image'> <div class='c-teaser__content'> <div class='c-teaser__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/thought-pieces/">Thought Pieces</a> </div> <h3 class='c-teaser__headline'> <a href='/drinking-from-the-firehose/' class='c-teaser__link'>Drinking from the Firehose? Write More and Publish Less</a> </h3> <div class='c-teaser__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-teaser__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/marcum/'>Christopher Steven Marcum</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-teaser__timestamp' datetime='2024-08-27'> August 27, 2024 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='c-teaser c-teaser--small post tag-meetings tag-news'> <div class='c-teaser__content'> <div class='c-teaser__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/meetings/">Meetings</a> </div> <h3 class='c-teaser__headline'> <a href='/advancing-data-sharing-and-reuse-barriers-solutions-and-recommendations-from-a-data-workshop/' class='c-teaser__link'>Advancing data sharing and reuse: Barriers, solutions, and recommendations from a data workshop</a> </h3> <div class='c-teaser__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-teaser__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/iratxe/'>Iratxe Puebla</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-teaser__timestamp' datetime='2024-08-21'> August 21, 2024 </time> </div> </div> <a href='/advancing-data-sharing-and-reuse-barriers-solutions-and-recommendations-from-a-data-workshop/' class='c-teaser__media'> <img class='c-teaser__image lazyload' alt="Advancing data sharing and reuse: Barriers, solutions, and recommendations from a data workshop" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2024/08/Upstream-data-Figure-2-1.png' > </a> </article> <article class='c-teaser c-teaser--small post tag-meetings tag-news'> <div class='c-teaser__content'> <div class='c-teaser__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/meetings/">Meetings</a> </div> <h3 class='c-teaser__headline'> <a href='/high-quality-metadata/' class='c-teaser__link'>High-Quality Metadata: A Collective Responsibility and Opportunity</a> </h3> <div class='c-teaser__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-teaser__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/adam-buttrick/'>Adam Buttrick</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-teaser__timestamp' datetime='2024-08-13'> August 13, 2024 </time> </div> </div> <a href='/high-quality-metadata/' class='c-teaser__media'> <img class='c-teaser__image lazyload' alt="High-Quality Metadata: A Collective Responsibility and Opportunity" data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1711427686399-67e98ab5ada1?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=M3wxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDE4fHxsb3MlMjBhbmdlbGVzfGVufDB8fHx8MTcyMzU3NTAwNXww&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1304' > </a> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class='c-section c-section--news'> <div class='o-grid'> <div class='c-section-heading'> <h2 class='c-section-heading__title'><a href='/tag/news/'>News</a></h2> <a href='/tag/news/' class='c-section-heading__all u-block '> See all </a> </div> </div> <div class='o-grid o-grid--4-columns'> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-news tag-thought-pieces'> <a href='/cultivating-openness-from-community-resources-to-institutional-acceptance/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Cultivating Openness: From Community Resources to Institutional Acceptance" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-11-09-at-14-07-25-All-sizes-2024-10-22-Open-Science-Festival-Maastricht---291-Flickr---Photo-Sharing-.png' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/news/">News</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/cultivating-openness-from-community-resources-to-institutional-acceptance/' class='c-card__link'>Cultivating Openness: From Community Resources to Institutional Acceptance</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/chris/'>Chris Hartgerink</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/lena/'>Lena Karvovskaya</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/esther/'>Esther Plomp</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/dorienhuijser/'>Dorien Huijser</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2024-11-19'> November 19, 2024 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-news'> <a href='/fair-principle-for-research-software-fair4rs-2-year-review/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="FAIR principle for Research Software (FAIR4RS) 2-year review" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2024/11/Bildschirmfoto-2024-11-13-um-23.06.38.png' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/news/">News</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/fair-principle-for-research-software-fair4rs-2-year-review/' class='c-card__link'>FAIR principle for Research Software (FAIR4RS) 2-year review</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/danielskatz/'>Daniel S. Katz</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2024-11-14'> November 14, 2024 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-news featured'> <a href='/advancing-metadata-quality-an-open-call/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Advancing Metadata Quality: An Open Call to Collaborate" data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1419242902214-272b3f66ee7a?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=M3wxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDF8fGNvbWV0fGVufDB8fHx8MTcyODM0MjA5Nnww&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1304' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/news/">News</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/advancing-metadata-quality-an-open-call/' class='c-card__link'>Advancing Metadata Quality: An Open Call to Collaborate</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/adam-buttrick/'>Adam Buttrick</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2024-10-08'> October 8, 2024 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-news featured'> <a href='/overview-us-policy-on-open-access-and-open-data/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Open access logo with government-themed graphic elements and the words "public access." data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2024/08/graphics_web.001-1.png' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/news/">News</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/overview-us-policy-on-open-access-and-open-data/' class='c-card__link'>Overview: US Policy on Open Access and Open Data</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/lorena/'>Lorena A Barba</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2024-09-10'> September 10, 2024 </time> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class='c-section c-section--interviews'> <div class='o-grid'> <div class='c-section-heading'> <h2 class='c-section-heading__title'><a href='/tag/interviews/'>Interviews</a></h2> <a href='/tag/interviews/' class='c-section-heading__all u-hidden '> See all </a> </div> </div> <div class='o-grid o-grid--4-columns'> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-interviews'> <a href='/interview-with-lars/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Open Publishing Fest Lifetime Achievement Award: Interview with Lars Bjørnshauge" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2024/04/lars.jpg' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/interviews/">Interviews</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/interview-with-lars/' class='c-card__link'>Open Publishing Fest Lifetime Achievement Award: Interview with Lars Bjørnshauge</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/joanna/'>Joanna Ball</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2024-04-23'> April 23, 2024 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-interviews tag-thought-pieces'> <a href='/principles-of-open-scholarly-infrastructure-posi-version-1-1-reflections-from-adopters/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Principles of Open Scholarly Infrastructure (POSI) version 1.1: Reflections from adopters" data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1529246337709-b1a561ebd175?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=M3wxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDEyfHxjb2xvdXIlMjBzdGVwc3xlbnwwfHx8fDE2OTkzMDU0MTN8MA&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1304' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/interviews/">Interviews</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/principles-of-open-scholarly-infrastructure-posi-version-1-1-reflections-from-adopters/' class='c-card__link'>Principles of Open Scholarly Infrastructure (POSI) version 1.1: Reflections from adopters</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/ginny/'>Ginny Hendricks</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2023-11-07'> November 7, 2023 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-interviews featured'> <a href='/elife-reviewed-preprints-interview-with-fiona-hutton/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="eLife Reviewed Preprints: Interview with Fiona Hutton" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2022/11/fiona_hutton-2.jpg' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/interviews/">Interviews</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/elife-reviewed-preprints-interview-with-fiona-hutton/' class='c-card__link'>eLife Reviewed Preprints: Interview with Fiona Hutton</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/fiona/'>Fiona Hutton</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/mfenner/'>Martin Fenner</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2022-11-15'> November 15, 2022 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-interviews featured'> <a href='/the-sustainability-argument-for-open-science-in-conversation-with-the-authors/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="The sustainability argument for open science? In conversation with the authors." data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1586596436497-8d6f8d1d921f?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=MnwxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDUxfHxyZXNlYXJjaHxlbnwwfHx8fDE2NjAzMTI1MDA&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&q=80&w=1304' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/interviews/">Interviews</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/the-sustainability-argument-for-open-science-in-conversation-with-the-authors/' class='c-card__link'>The sustainability argument for open science? In conversation with the authors.</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/gisela/'>Gisela Govaart</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/zimon/'>Simon M. Hofmannn</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/chris/'>Chris Hartgerink</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2022-08-16'> August 16, 2022 </time> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class='c-section c-section--open-tabs'> <div class='o-grid'> <div class='c-section-heading'> <h2 class='c-section-heading__title'><a href='/tag/open-tabs/'>Open Tabs</a></h2> <a href='/tag/open-tabs/' class='c-section-heading__all u-block '> See all </a> </div> </div> <div class='o-grid o-grid--4-columns'> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-open-tabs'> <a href='/patricio-panataleo-open-tabs/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Patricio Pantaleo is Keeping Tabs on Open Research" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2023/04/alice-donovan-rouse-yu68fUQDvOI-unsplash.jpg' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/open-tabs/">Open Tabs</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/patricio-panataleo-open-tabs/' class='c-card__link'>Patricio Pantaleo is Keeping Tabs on Open Research</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/patricio_pantaleo/'>Patricio Pantaleo</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2023-04-25'> April 25, 2023 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-open-tabs'> <a href='/bruce-caron-is-keeping-tabs-on-ai/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Bruce Caron is Keeping Tabs on AI" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2023/03/SIA-86-6160-000004.jpg' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/open-tabs/">Open Tabs</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/bruce-caron-is-keeping-tabs-on-ai/' class='c-card__link'>Bruce Caron is Keeping Tabs on AI</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/bruce/'>Bruce Caron</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2023-03-21'> March 21, 2023 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-open-tabs featured'> <a href='/gimena-del-rio-riande-open-tabs/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Gimena del Rio Riande is Keeping Tabs on Open Research" data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1591492654773-6756035bef6b?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=MnwxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDIwfHxzdGFjayUyMG9mJTIwYm9va3N8ZW58MHx8fHwxNjYxMTYyNjA1&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&q=80&w=1304' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/open-tabs/">Open Tabs</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/gimena-del-rio-riande-open-tabs/' class='c-card__link'>Gimena del Rio Riande is Keeping Tabs on Open Research</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/gimena/'>Gimena del Rio</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2022-09-06'> September 6, 2022 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-open-tabs'> <a href='/bianca-kramer-is-keeping-tabs-on-open-research/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Bianca Kramer is Keeping Tabs on Open Research" data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1533747122906-9ac6b6709832?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=MnwxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDJ8fHRhYnxlbnwwfHx8fDE2NTgxNTUwODk&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&q=80&w=1304' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/open-tabs/">Open Tabs</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/bianca-kramer-is-keeping-tabs-on-open-research/' class='c-card__link'>Bianca Kramer is Keeping Tabs on Open Research</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/bianca/'>Bianca Kramer</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2022-07-19'> July 19, 2022 </time> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class='c-section c-section--original-research'> <div class='o-grid'> <div class='c-section-heading'> <h2 class='c-section-heading__title'><a href='/tag/original-research/'>Original Research</a></h2> <a href='/tag/original-research/' class='c-section-heading__all u-block '> See all </a> </div> </div> <div class='o-grid o-grid--4-columns'> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-original-research featured'> <a href='/the-time-is-now-vertical-interoperability-between-research-tools-an-essential-enabler-for-the-fairification-of-data/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="The time is now! Vertical interoperability between research tools: an essential enabler for the FAIRification of data" data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1676911809759-77bb68b691c9?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=M3wxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDZ8fGludGVyb3BlcmFiaWxpdHl8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzM3OTk3OTM4fDA&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1304' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/original-research/">Original Research</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/the-time-is-now-vertical-interoperability-between-research-tools-an-essential-enabler-for-the-fairification-of-data/' class='c-card__link'>The time is now! Vertical interoperability between research tools: an essential enabler for the FAIRification of data</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/rory/'>Rory Macneil</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/vaida/'>Vaida Plankytė</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2025-02-04'> February 4, 2025 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-original-research'> <a href='/defining-the-roles-of-research-software-2/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Defining the roles of research software (Version 2)" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2024/07/Slide4.JPG' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/original-research/">Original Research</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/defining-the-roles-of-research-software-2/' class='c-card__link'>Defining the roles of research software (Version 2)</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/rob/'>Rob van Nieuwpoort</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/danielskatz/'>Daniel S. Katz</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2024-07-16'> July 16, 2024 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-original-research tag-thought-pieces'> <a href='/desirable-characteristics-for-persistent-identifiers/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Desirable Characteristics of Persistent Identifiers" data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1579728866437-6397f3d89ec3?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=M3wxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDh8fHVubG9jayUyMGNvbnZlcnNhdGlvbnN8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzEwNDY0MDEyfDA&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1304' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/original-research/">Original Research</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/desirable-characteristics-for-persistent-identifiers/' class='c-card__link'>Desirable Characteristics of Persistent Identifiers</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/john/'>John Chodacki</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/tac_niso/'>Todd Carpenter</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2024-03-19'> March 19, 2024 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-original-research no-image'> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/original-research/">Original Research</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/informate-when-are-the-data/' class='c-card__link'>INFORMATE: When Are the Data?</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/tedhabermann/'>Ted Habermann</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/jamaica/'>Jamaica Jones</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/howard/'>Howard Ratner</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/tara/'>Tara Packer</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2024-02-13'> February 13, 2024 </time> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class='c-section c-section--thought-pieces'> <div class='o-grid'> <div class='c-section-heading'> <h2 class='c-section-heading__title'><a href='/tag/thought-pieces/'>Thought Pieces</a></h2> <a href='/tag/thought-pieces/' class='c-section-heading__all u-block '> See all </a> </div> </div> <div class='o-grid o-grid--4-columns'> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-thought-pieces featured'> <a href='/open-science-call-to-act/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Eight hands comes together placed one on top of another as a sign of togetherness" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2025/02/hannah-busing-Zyx1bK9mqmA-unsplash.jpg' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/thought-pieces/">Thought Pieces</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/open-science-call-to-act/' class='c-card__link'>Science is Under Siege: The Open Science Community Must Act and Lead by Example</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/mayank/'>Mayank Chugh</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/jonny-coates/'>Jonny Coates</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2025-02-12'> February 12, 2025 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-thought-pieces featured'> <a href='/criteria-for-bibliographic-databases/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Criteria for Bibliographic Databases in a Well-Functioning Scholarly Communication and Research Assessment Ecosystem" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2025/01/pexels-tima-miroshnichenko-6550462.jpg' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/thought-pieces/">Thought Pieces</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/criteria-for-bibliographic-databases/' class='c-card__link'>Criteria for Bibliographic Databases in a Well-Functioning Scholarly Communication and Research Assessment Ecosystem</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/ginny-barbour/'>Ginny Barbour</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/caitlin/'>Caitlin Carter</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/jonny/'>Jonny Coates - ASAPBio</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/kelly/'>Kelly D. 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