CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang='en' class=' is-darkModeAdminSetting-enabled '> <head> <meta charset='utf-8'> <title>Open Publishing Fest Lifetime Achievement Award: Interview with Lars Bjørnshauge</title> <meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0'> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://fonts.gstatic.com'> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin> <link rel='preload' as='style' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap'> <link rel='stylesheet' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap' media='print' onload="this.media='all'"> <link rel='preload' as='style' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Serif+Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&display=swap'> <link rel='stylesheet' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Serif+Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&display=swap' media='print' onload="this.media='all'"> <style> @charset "UTF-8";:root{--color-headerCard-light:#FFF;--color-headerCard-dark:#000;--color-text-headerCardStyleLight:var(--color-headerCard-dark);--color-background-headerCardStyleLight:var(--color-headerCard-light);--color-text-button-headerCardStyleLight:var(--color-headerCard-light);--color-background-button-headerCardStyleLight:var(--color-headerCard-dark);--color-text-button-hover-headerCardStyleLight:var(--color-headerCard-light);--color-background-button-hover-headerCardStyleLight:var(--color-headerCard-dark);--color-text-headerCardStyleDark:var(--color-headerCard-light);--color-background-headerCardStyleDark:var(--color-headerCard-dark);--color-text-button-headerCardStyleDark:var(--color-headerCard-dark);--color-background-button-headerCardStyleDark:var(--color-headerCard-light);--color-text-button-hover-headerCardStyleDark:var(--color-headerCard-dark);--color-background-button-hover-headerCardStyleDark:var(--color-headerCard-light);--color-text-headerCardStyleAccent:var(--color-background-primary);--color-background-headerCardStyleAccent:var(--color-accent);--color-text-button-headerCardStyleAccent:var(--color-text-primary);--color-background-button-headerCardStyleAccent:var(--color-background-primary);--color-text-button-hover-headerCardStyleAccent:var(--color-text-primary);--color-background-button-hover-headerCardStyleAccent:var(--color-background-primary);--color-text-headerCardStyleImage:var(--color-headerCard-light);--color-background-headerCardStyleImage:var(--color-headerCard-dark);--color-text-button-headerCardStyleImage:var(--color-headerCard-light);--color-background-button-headerCardStyleImage:var(--color-headerCard-dark);--color-text-button-hover-headerCardStyleImage:var(--color-headerCard-dark);--color-background-button-hover-headerCardStyleImage:var(--color-headerCard-light)}:root{--color-text-button:var(--color-background-primary);--color-background-button:var(--color-accent);--color-text-button-hover:var(--color-background-primary);--color-background-button-hover:var(--color-text-primary)}:root{--content-width:708px;--content-flow:var(--space-32)}:root{--html-symbol-dark:"☾";--html-symbol-light:"☼";--html-symbol-em-dash:"—";--html-symbol-checkmark:"✓";--html-symbol-multiplication:"✕"}:root{--motion-duration-slow:.5s;--motion-duration-fast:.25s}:root{--ratio-1:1;--ratio-3x2:3/2;--ratio-16x9:16/9}:root{--focus-outline-size:var(--space-2);--focus-outline-style:solid;--focus-outline-color:currentColor;--focus-outline-offset:var(--space-2)}:root{--border-radius:var(--space-4);--border-radius-circle:50%}:root{--border-width:.5px;--border-style:solid;--border-vertical-offset:calc(calc(var(--grid-gap) / 2) * -1)}:root{--grid-width:1400px;--grid-gap:var(--space-32);--grid-margin:var(--space-20);--grid-margin-large:var(--space-32)}:root{--space-2:2px;--space-4:4px;--space-8:8px;--space-12:12px;--space-16:16px;--space-20:20px;--space-24:24px;--space-32:32px;--space-40:40px;--space-48:48px;--space-56:56px;--space-64:64px;--space-80:80px;--space-96:96px;--space-128:128px;--space-160:160px;--space-168:168px}:root{--font-size-scale-0:12px;--line-height-scale-0:16px;--font-size-scale-1:14px;--line-height-scale-1:16px;--font-size-scale-2:16px;--line-height-scale-2:20px;--font-size-scale-3:18px;--line-height-scale-3:20px;--font-size-scale-4:20px;--line-height-scale-4:24px;--font-size-scale-5:24px;--line-height-scale-5:28px;--font-size-scale-6:28px;--line-height-scale-6:32px;--font-size-scale-7:32px;--line-height-scale-7:32px;--font-size-scale-8:40px;--line-height-scale-8:40px;--font-size-scale-9:48px;--line-height-scale-9:48px;--font-size-scale-10:72px;--line-height-scale-10:72px;--font-size-scale-body-copy:20px;--line-height-scale-body-copy:32px;--line-height-scale-tight:1;--font-weight-normal:400;--font-weight-medium:500;--font-weight-semibold:600;--font-weight-bold:700;--font-letter-spacing-brevier:.7px;--font-letter-spacing-long-primer:.25px;--font-letter-spacing-tiny:.6px;--font-letter-spacing-small:1.2px;--font-letter-spacing-base:1.6px;--font-letter-spacing-large:2.8px;--font-letter-spacing-negative:-.5px;--font-family-serif:"Source Serif Pro",Georgia,serif;--font-family-sansSerif:"Inter",-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}:root{--color-mode:"light";--color-accent:var(--ghost-accent-color);--color-text-primary:#000000;--color-text-secondary:#4E5965;--color-border-primary:#000000;--color-border-secondary:#D9D9D9;--color-background-primary:#FFFFFF;--color-background-secondary:#EFF8FA}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root.is-darkModeAdminSetting-enabled{--color-mode:"dark"}:root:not([data-user-color-scheme]).is-darkModeAdminSetting-enabled{--color-mode:"dark";--color-accent:var(--dark-mode-accent-color);--color-text-primary:#FFFFFF;--color-text-secondary:#B3B3B3;--color-border-primary:#525252;--color-border-secondary:#303030;--color-background-primary:#181818;--color-background-secondary:#212121}}[data-user-color-scheme=dark]{--color-mode:"dark";--color-accent:var(--dark-mode-accent-color);--color-text-primary:#FFFFFF;--color-text-secondary:#B3B3B3;--color-border-primary:#525252;--color-border-secondary:#303030;--color-background-primary:#181818;--color-background-secondary:#212121}/*! modern-normalize v1.1.0 | MIT License | https://github.com/sindresorhus/modern-normalize */*,::after,::before{box-sizing:border-box}html{-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}body{font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji"}hr{height:0;color:inherit}abbr[title]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,"Liberation Mono",Menlo,monospace;font-size:1em}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-.25em}sup{top:-.5em}table{text-indent:0;border-color:inherit}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,select{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}:-moz-ui-invalid{box-shadow:none}legend{padding:0}progress{vertical-align:baseline}::-webkit-inner-spin-button,::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}summary{display:list-item}code[class*=language-],pre[class*=language-]{color:#000;background:0 0;text-shadow:0 1px #fff;font-family:Consolas,Monaco,"Andale Mono","Ubuntu Mono",monospace;font-size:1em;text-align:left;white-space:pre;word-spacing:normal;word-break:normal;word-wrap:normal;line-height:1.5;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-hyphens:none;hyphens:none}code[class*=language-] ::-moz-selection,code[class*=language-]::-moz-selection,pre[class*=language-] ::-moz-selection,pre[class*=language-]::-moz-selection{text-shadow:none;background:#b3d4fc}code[class*=language-] ::-moz-selection,code[class*=language-]::-moz-selection,pre[class*=language-] ::-moz-selection,pre[class*=language-]::-moz-selection{text-shadow:none;background:#b3d4fc}code[class*=language-] ::selection,code[class*=language-]::selection,pre[class*=language-] ::selection,pre[class*=language-]::selection{text-shadow:none;background:#b3d4fc}@media print{code[class*=language-],pre[class*=language-]{text-shadow:none}}pre[class*=language-]{padding:1em;margin:.5em 0;overflow:auto}:not(pre)>code[class*=language-],pre[class*=language-]{background:#f5f2f0}:not(pre)>code[class*=language-]{padding:.1em;border-radius:.3em;white-space:normal}.token.cdata,.token.comment,.token.doctype,.token.prolog{color:#708090}.token.punctuation{color:#999}.token.namespace{opacity:.7}.token.boolean,.token.constant,.token.deleted,.token.number,.token.property,.token.symbol,.token.tag{color:#905}.token.attr-name,.token.builtin,.token.char,.token.inserted,.token.selector,.token.string{color:#690}.language-css .token.string,.style .token.string,.token.entity,.token.operator,.token.url{color:#9a6e3a;background:hsla(0,0%,100%,.5)}.token.atrule,.token.attr-value,.token.keyword{color:#07a}.token.class-name,.token.function{color:#dd4a68}.token.important,.token.regex,.token.variable{color:#e90}.token.bold,.token.important{font-weight:700}.token.italic{font-style:italic}.token.entity{cursor:help}body .fslightbox-image-wrap{display:block}body .fslightbox-container{font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif);background:var(--color-background-primary)}body .fslightbox-nav{height:var(--space-48)}body .fslightbox-toolbar{right:var(--space-12)}body [data-fslightbox] img{cursor:zoom-in}body .fslightbox-invalid-file-wrapper{color:var(--color-text-secondary)}body .fslightbox-slide-number-container{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2);left:var(--space-12);color:var(--color-text-secondary)}body .fslightbox-slash{background:var(--color-text-secondary)}body .fslightbox-toolbar>.fslightbox-toolbar-button:first-child{display:none}body .fslightbox-svg-path{fill:var(--color-text-secondary)}body .fslightbox-toolbar{background:var(--color-background-primary)}body .fslightbox-toolbar:hover .fslightbox-svg-path{fill:var(--color-text-secondary)}body .fslightbox-slide-btn{background:var(--color-background-primary)}body .fslightbox-slide-btn-container{padding-left:var(--space-16)}body .fslightbox-slide-btn-container:hover .fslightbox-svg-path{fill:var(--color-text-secondary)}body .fslightbox-slide-btn-container-next{padding-right:var(--space-16)}@keyframes spin{100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}.icon{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:25px;height:25px;overflow:hidden;fill:currentColor}.icon__cnt{width:100%;height:100%;background:inherit;fill:inherit;pointer-events:none;transform:translateX(0);-ms-transform:translate(.5px,-.3px)}.icon--m{width:50px;height:50px}.icon--l{width:100px;height:100px}.icon--xl{width:150px;height:150px}.icon--xxl{width:200px;height:200px}.icon__spinner{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}.icon--ei-spinner .icon__spinner,.icon--ei-spinner-2 .icon__spinner{animation:spin 1s steps(12) infinite}.icon--ei-spinner-3 .icon__spinner{animation:spin 1.5s linear infinite}.icon--ei-sc-facebook{fill:#3b5998}.icon--ei-sc-github{fill:#333}.icon--ei-sc-google-plus{fill:#dd4b39}.icon--ei-sc-instagram{fill:#3f729b}.icon--ei-sc-linkedin{fill:#0976b4}.icon--ei-sc-odnoklassniki{fill:#ed812b}.icon--ei-sc-skype{fill:#00aff0}.icon--ei-sc-soundcloud{fill:#f80}.icon--ei-sc-tumblr{fill:#35465c}.icon--ei-sc-twitter{fill:#55acee}.icon--ei-sc-vimeo{fill:#1ab7ea}.icon--ei-sc-vk{fill:#45668e}.icon--ei-sc-youtube{fill:#e52d27}.icon--ei-sc-pinterest{fill:#bd081c}.icon--ei-sc-telegram{fill:#08c}.icon{width:var(--space-24);height:var(--space-24)}.icon--m{width:var(--space-48);height:var(--space-48)}:where(body,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,blockquote,p,pre,dl,dd,ol,ul,figure,hr,fieldset,legend){margin:0;padding:0}li>ol,li>ul{margin-bottom:0}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}:is(a,button,input,textarea,summary):focus-visible{outline:var(--focus-outline-size) var(--focus-outline-style) var(--focus-outline-color);outline-offset:var(--focus-outline-offset)}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{animation:none;transition:none}}.o-grid{width:100%;margin:auto;display:grid;max-width:var(--grid-width);padding:0 var(--grid-margin)}@media (min-width:64em){.o-grid{padding:0 var(--grid-margin-large)}}.o-grid[class*=-columns]{grid-gap:var(--grid-gap)}@media (min-width:40em){.o-grid--2-columns{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}@media (min-width:40em){.o-grid--3-columns{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}@media (min-width:64em){.o-grid--3-columns{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr))}}@media (min-width:40em){.o-grid--4-columns{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}@media (min-width:64em){.o-grid--4-columns{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr))}}@media (min-width:40em){.o-grid--2-1-columns{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}@media (min-width:64em){.o-grid--2-1-columns{grid-template-columns:2fr 1fr}}.u-font-size-scale-0{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-0);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-0)}.u-font-size-scale-1{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-1)}.u-font-size-scale-2{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2)}.u-font-size-scale-3{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-3);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-3)}.u-font-size-scale-4{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-4);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4)}.u-font-size-scale-5{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-5);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-5)}.u-font-size-scale-6{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-6);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-6)}.u-font-size-scale-7{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-7);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-7)}.u-font-size-scale-8{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-8);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-8)}.u-font-size-scale-9{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-9);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-9)}.u-font-size-scale-10{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-10);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-10)}.u-font-family-serif{font-family:var(--font-family-serif)!important}.u-font-family-sansSerif{font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif)!important}.u-font-weight-normal{font-weight:var(--font-weight-normal)}.u-font-weight-medium{font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium)}.u-font-weight-semibold{font-weight:var(--font-weight-semibold)}.u-font-weight-bold{font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold)}.kg-header-card-header,.u-font-headline{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-6);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-6);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium)}@media (min-width:64em){.kg-header-card-header,.u-font-headline{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-8);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-8);letter-spacing:var(--font-letter-spacing-negative)}}.kg-header-card-subheader,.u-font-standfirst{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-5);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-5);font-weight:var(--font-weight-normal)}@media (min-width:64em){.kg-header-card-subheader,.u-font-standfirst{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-5);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-6)}}.u-font-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase}.u-link{text-decoration:underline}.u-link:hover{text-decoration:none}.u-link:focus-visible{text-decoration:none}.u-align-auto{margin:auto}.u-align-center{text-align:center}.u-color-text-brand{color:var(--color-accent)}.u-color-text-secondary{color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.u-color-background-secondary{background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.u-drop-cap-large:first-letter,.u-drop-cap-small:first-letter{float:left;margin-top:var(--space-8);margin-right:var(--space-8);color:var(--color-accent);font-weight:var(--font-weight-semibold)}.u-drop-cap-small::first-letter{font-size:70px;line-height:52px}.u-drop-cap-large::first-letter{font-size:118px;line-height:86px}.js-on .lazyload,.js-on .lazyloading{opacity:0}.js-on .lazyloaded{opacity:1;transition:opacity var(--motion-duration-slow) ease}.u-hidden{display:none}.u-block{display:block}.u-screenreader{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);border:0}@media (max-width:63.99em){.u-visible-on-desktop{display:none!important}}.u-mt-8{margin-top:var(--space-8)}.u-mr-8{margin-right:var(--space-8)}.u-mt-16{margin-top:var(--space-16)}.u-mb-16{margin-bottom:var(--space-16)}.u-p-32{padding:var(--space-32)}.u-plain-list{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.u-flex{display:flex}body,html{height:100%}body{font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2);font-weight:var(--font-weight-normal);direction:ltr;color:var(--color-text-primary);background-color:var(--color-background-primary);-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}:where(dd,ol,ul){margin-left:var(--space-16)}img{height:auto;display:block;max-width:100%;font-style:italic}hr{border:0;height:auto;border-top:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}:where(h1,h2,h3,strong){font-weight:var(--font-weight-semibold)}:where(h1){font-size:var(--font-size-scale-6);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-6)}@media (min-width:64em){:where(h1){font-size:var(--font-size-scale-7);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-7)}}:where(h1)+h2,:where(h1)+h3{margin-top:var(--space-16)}:where(h2){font-size:var(--font-size-scale-5);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-5)}@media (min-width:64em){:where(h2){font-size:var(--font-size-scale-6);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-6)}}:where(h2)+h3{margin-top:var(--space-16)}:where(h3){font-size:var(--font-size-scale-4);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4)}@media (min-width:64em){:where(h3){font-size:var(--font-size-scale-5);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-5)}}blockquote{font-style:italic}blockquote:not(.kg-blockquote-alt){padding-left:var(--space-20);border-left:var(--space-2) solid var(--color-accent)}li code,p code{padding:var(--space-4) var(--space-8);border-radius:var(--border-radius);border:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}code,code[class*=language-]{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-1);text-shadow:none;color:var(--color-text-primary)}.kg-code-card,pre,pre[class*=language-]{width:100%;overflow-x:auto;border-radius:var(--border-radius)}pre,pre[class*=language-]{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:var(--content-flow);padding:var(--space-32);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.kg-code-card pre{margin-top:0}.token.operator{background-color:transparent}input[type=color],input[type=date],input[type=datetime-local],input[type=datetime],input[type=email],input[type=month],input[type=number],input[type=password],input[type=search],input[type=tel],input[type=text],input[type=time],input[type=url],input[type=week],select,textarea{font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);width:100%;display:block;color:var(--color-text-primary);padding:var(--space-12) var(--space-24);background:0 0;border:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}input[type=color]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=date]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=datetime-local]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=datetime]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=email]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=month]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=number]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=password]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=search]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=tel]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=text]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=time]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=url]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=week]::-moz-placeholder,select::-moz-placeholder,textarea::-moz-placeholder{opacity:1;color:var(--color-text-secondary)}input[type=color]::placeholder,input[type=date]::placeholder,input[type=datetime-local]::placeholder,input[type=datetime]::placeholder,input[type=email]::placeholder,input[type=month]::placeholder,input[type=number]::placeholder,input[type=password]::placeholder,input[type=search]::placeholder,input[type=tel]::placeholder,input[type=text]::placeholder,input[type=time]::placeholder,input[type=url]::placeholder,input[type=week]::placeholder,select::placeholder,textarea::placeholder{opacity:1;color:var(--color-text-secondary)}table{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2);width:100%;max-width:100%;background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}table caption{padding:var(--space-16);border-style:var(--border-style);border-width:var(--border-width) var(--border-width) 0 var(--border-width);border-color:var(--color-border-secondary);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}table td,table th{text-align:left;padding:var(--space-16);white-space:nowrap;border:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}table tbody+tbody{border-top:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}.responsive-table{display:block;width:100%;overflow-x:auto;word-break:initial}:lang(ar) *{letter-spacing:initial}.c-skip{position:absolute;top:calc(var(--space-96) * -1);left:var(--space-32);padding:var(--space-4) var(--space-16);background-color:var(--color-background-primary)}.c-skip:focus{z-index:10;top:var(--space-32)}.c-header{margin-bottom:var(--space-32);box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.08) 0 0 var(--space-4) var(--space-2)}[data-user-color-scheme=dark] .c-header{border-bottom:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root:not([data-user-color-scheme]).is-darkModeAdminSetting-enabled .c-header{border-bottom:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}}.c-header__top{padding:var(--space-20) 0;border-bottom:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-header__top-block{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:var(--space-8)}@media (min-width:64em){.c-header__top-block{gap:var(--space-16)}}.c-header__top-inner{display:grid;gap:var(--space-16);align-items:center;grid-template-columns:auto 2fr auto}@media (min-width:40em){.c-header__top-inner{grid-template-columns:1fr 2fr 1fr}}@media (max-width:39.99em){.c-header__top-left{order:2;margin-left:auto}.c-header__top-center{order:1}.c-header__top-right{order:3}}.c-header__top-right{justify-self:end}.c-header__button{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-0);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-0);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--font-letter-spacing-brevier);padding:0;border:none;cursor:pointer;background:0 0;color:var(--color-text-primary);display:flex;align-items:center;gap:var(--space-4)}.c-header__button:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-header__button svg{width:var(--space-16);height:var(--space-16);fill:var(--color-text-primary)}.c-footer{position:sticky;top:100vh;padding:var(--space-64) 0;margin-top:var(--space-64);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.c-footer__content{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center}.c-footer__content>*+*{margin-top:var(--space-32)}.c-footer-nav{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.c-footer-nav .c-nav__item{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);font-weight:var(--font-weight-normal);text-transform:initial;color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-footer-nav .c-nav__item:not(:first-child)::before{display:none}.c-footer-nav li:not(:last-child){margin:0}.c-footer-nav a{text-decoration:underline}.c-footer-nav a:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-footer-nav a:focus-visible{text-decoration:none}.c-footer-copy{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2);text-align:center;color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-footer-copy a{text-decoration:underline}.c-footer-copy a:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-footer-copy a:focus-visible{text-decoration:none}@media (min-width:40em){.c-logo{margin:auto}}.c-logo__link{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-6);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-6);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium)}@media (min-width:40em){.c-logo__link{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-8);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-8)}}.c-logo__img{max-height:var(--space-32)}@media (min-width:40em){.c-logo__img{max-height:var(--space-48)}}.c-logo__dark{display:none}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root:not([data-user-color-scheme]).is-darkModeAdminSetting-enabled .c-logo__dark{display:block}:root:not([data-user-color-scheme]).is-darkModeAdminSetting-enabled .c-logo__light{display:none}}[data-user-color-scheme=dark] .c-logo__dark{display:block}[data-user-color-scheme=dark] .c-logo__light{display:none}.c-nav-wrap{min-width:0}.c-nav{display:flex;gap:var(--space-16);padding:var(--space-16) 0;overflow-x:scroll;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none}.c-nav::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}@media (min-width:64em){.c-nav--main{justify-content:center}}.c-nav__item{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-0);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-0);font-weight:var(--font-weight-semibold);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--font-letter-spacing-brevier);white-space:nowrap}.c-nav__item:not(:first-child){padding-left:var(--space-16);position:relative}.c-nav__item:not(:first-child):before{border-left:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-accent);content:"";height:var(--space-16);left:0;width:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute}.c-nav__link{display:block}.c-nav__link--current{text-decoration:underline}.c-nav__link--current:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-nav__link--current:focus-visible{text-decoration:none}.home-template .c-nav__link--current{text-decoration:none}.c-nav__link:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-author__media{width:var(--space-96);height:var(--space-96);border-radius:var(--border-radius-circle);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.c-author__image{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;width:var(--space-96);height:var(--space-96);min-width:var(--space-96);border-radius:var(--border-radius-circle)}.c-btn,.c-content .kg-product-card .kg-product-card-button,.kg-btn,.kg-btn-accent,.kg-header-card-button{--focus-outline-offset:calc(var(--space-4) * -1);font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);height:auto;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;min-width:-moz-fit-content;min-width:fit-content;text-align:center;border:none;cursor:pointer;overflow:hidden;padding:var(--space-16) var(--space-24);border-radius:var(--space-4);color:var(--color-text-button);background-color:var(--color-background-button)}.c-btn:is(:hover,:active,:focus),.c-content .kg-product-card .kg-product-card-button:is(:hover,:active,:focus),.kg-btn-accent:is(:hover,:active,:focus),.kg-btn:is(:hover,:active,:focus),.kg-header-card-button:is(:hover,:active,:focus){color:var(--color-text-button-hover);background-color:var(--color-background-button-hover)}.c-btn--disabled{opacity:.5;cursor:not-allowed}.c-btn--full{width:100%}.c-btn--small{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-1);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);letter-spacing:var(--font-letter-spacing-brevier);padding:var(--space-8) var(--space-16)}.c-btn--uppercase{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-0);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-0);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--font-letter-spacing-brevier)}.c-btn--fit-content{width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content}.c-btn--loading,.c-btn.loading,.c-content .kg-product-card .c-subscribe-form .kg-product-card-button,.c-content .kg-product-card .loading.kg-product-card-button,.c-subscribe-form .c-btn,.c-subscribe-form .c-content .kg-product-card .kg-product-card-button,.c-subscribe-form .kg-btn,.c-subscribe-form .kg-btn-accent,.c-subscribe-form .kg-header-card-button,.loading.kg-btn,.loading.kg-btn-accent,.loading.kg-header-card-button{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}@keyframes spin{0%{transform:rotate(0)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}.c-btn--loading:after,.c-btn.loading:after,.c-content .kg-product-card .c-subscribe-form .kg-product-card-button:after,.c-content .kg-product-card .loading.kg-product-card-button:after,.c-subscribe-form .c-btn:after,.c-subscribe-form .c-content .kg-product-card .kg-product-card-button:after,.c-subscribe-form .kg-btn-accent:after,.c-subscribe-form .kg-btn:after,.c-subscribe-form .kg-header-card-button:after,.loading.kg-btn-accent:after,.loading.kg-btn:after,.loading.kg-header-card-button:after{margin-left:var(--space-12);content:"";display:block;height:var(--space-16);width:var(--space-16);border-width:1px;border-style:var(--border-style);border-top-color:transparent;border-right-color:transparent;border-bottom-color:var(--color-text-button);border-left-color:var(--color-text-button);border-radius:var(--border-radius-circle);animation:spin var(--motion-duration-slow) infinite linear}.c-btn--loading:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after,.c-btn.loading:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after,.c-content .kg-product-card .c-subscribe-form .kg-product-card-button:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after,.c-content .kg-product-card .loading.kg-product-card-button:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after,.c-subscribe-form .c-btn:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after,.c-subscribe-form .c-content .kg-product-card .kg-product-card-button:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after,.c-subscribe-form .kg-btn-accent:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after,.c-subscribe-form .kg-btn:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after,.c-subscribe-form .kg-header-card-button:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after,.loading.kg-btn-accent:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after,.loading.kg-btn:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after,.loading.kg-header-card-button:is(:hover,:active,:focus):after{border-bottom-color:var(--color-background-primary);border-left-color:var(--color-background-primary)}.c-post{margin:0 auto;padding:0 var(--grid-margin);max-width:var(--content-width)}.c-post>*+*{margin-top:var(--content-flow)}.c-content{display:flex;align-items:center;flex-direction:column}.c-content:empty{display:none}.c-content--has-shadow{-webkit-mask-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--color-text-primary) 30%,transparent 100%);mask-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--color-text-primary) 30%,transparent 100%)}.c-content>*{min-width:100%}.c-content>*+*{margin-top:var(--content-flow)}.c-content :where(p,ol,ul,blockquote){font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-body-copy);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-body-copy)}.c-content :where(h1,h2,h3)+*{margin-top:calc(var(--content-flow)/ 2)}.c-content a:not([class]){text-decoration:underline;color:var(--color-accent)}.c-content a:not([class]):hover{text-decoration:none}.c-content a:not([class]):focus-visible{text-decoration:none}.c-content :where(hr){margin:var(--content-flow) 0}.c-content :where(hr)+*{margin-top:0}.c-content :is(dd,ol,ul){padding-left:var(--space-16);padding-right:var(--space-16)}.c-content .gh-post-upgrade-cta{display:none;visibility:hidden}.c-section{margin-top:var(--space-64)}.c-section--editors-pick{padding-top:var(--space-64);padding-bottom:var(--space-64);background:var(--color-background-secondary)}.c-section-heading{display:flex;align-items:baseline;justify-content:space-between;padding-bottom:var(--space-8);margin-bottom:var(--space-24);border-bottom:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-primary)}.c-section-heading__title{font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-7);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-8);font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold)}.c-section-heading__title a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-section-heading__title--small{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-3);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4)}.c-section-heading__all{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-0);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-0);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--font-letter-spacing-brevier)}.c-section-heading__all:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-subscribe-form .c-alert{display:none}.c-content .kg-product-card .c-subscribe-form .kg-product-card-button:after,.c-subscribe-form .c-btn:after,.c-subscribe-form .c-content .kg-product-card .kg-product-card-button:after,.c-subscribe-form .kg-btn-accent:after,.c-subscribe-form .kg-btn:after,.c-subscribe-form .kg-header-card-button:after{display:none}.c-content .kg-product-card .c-subscribe-form.loading .kg-product-card-button:after,.c-subscribe-form.loading .c-btn:after,.c-subscribe-form.loading .c-content .kg-product-card .kg-product-card-button:after,.c-subscribe-form.loading .kg-btn-accent:after,.c-subscribe-form.loading .kg-btn:after,.c-subscribe-form.loading .kg-header-card-button:after{display:block}.c-subscribe-form.error .c-alert--error,.c-subscribe-form.invalid .c-alert--invalid,.c-subscribe-form.success .c-alert--success{display:block}.c-form-group{display:flex;gap:var(--space-16)}.c-alert{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-1);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);margin-top:var(--space-16)}.c-alert:empty{display:none}.c-alert:before{font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold);margin-right:var(--space-8)}.c-alert--success:before{content:var(--html-symbol-checkmark)}.c-alert--error:before,.c-alert--invalid:before{content:var(--html-symbol-multiplication)}.c-teaser{display:flex}.c-teaser--large{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 2fr;-moz-column-gap:var(--grid-gap);column-gap:var(--grid-gap)}.c-teaser__media{width:var(--space-80);height:var(--space-64);flex-basis:var(--space-80);margin-left:var(--space-16);position:relative;aspect-ratio:var(--ratio-3x2);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.c-teaser__media:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);opacity:0;transition:ease opacity var(--motion-duration-fast)}.c-teaser__media:hover:after{opacity:1}@media (min-width:64em){.c-teaser--large .c-teaser__media{width:auto;height:auto;flex-basis:auto;margin:0}}.c-teaser__image{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.c-teaser__content{flex:1}.c-teaser__content>*+*{margin-top:var(--space-8)}.c-teaser--large .c-teaser__content{order:2}.c-teaser__headline{font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2);font-weight:var(--font-weight-semibold)}.c-teaser__headline:hover{text-decoration:underline}@media (min-width:64em){.c-teaser--large .c-teaser__headline{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-6);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-6);font-weight:var(--font-weight-semibold)}}.c-teaser__standfirst{font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-3);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4)}.c-teaser__meta{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:var(--space-8)}.c-teaser__timestamp{white-space:nowrap}.c-card--center *{text-align:center;justify-content:center}.c-card__media{display:block;position:relative;padding-bottom:66%;aspect-ratio:var(--ratio-3x2);margin-bottom:var(--space-16);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.c-card__media:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);opacity:0;transition:ease opacity var(--motion-duration-fast)}.c-card__media:hover:after{opacity:1}.c-card__image{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.c-card__content>*+*{margin-top:var(--space-8)}@media (min-width:64em){.c-card--center .c-card__content{padding:0 var(--space-32)}}.c-card__headline{font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-5);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-5);font-weight:var(--font-weight-semibold)}.c-card__headline:hover{text-decoration:underline}@media (min-width:64em){.c-card--large .c-card__headline{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-8);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-9)}}.c-card__standfirst{font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-3)}.c-card--large .c-card__standfirst{font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-3);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4)}@media (min-width:64em){.c-card--large .c-card__standfirst{font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-4);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-5)}}.c-card__meta{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:var(--space-8)}.c-hero{display:grid}@media (max-width:63.99em){.c-hero>*{margin-top:var(--content-flow)}.c-hero .center{margin-top:0}.c-hero .left{order:2}.c-hero .center{order:1}.c-hero .right{order:3}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-hero{-moz-column-gap:var(--grid-gap);column-gap:var(--grid-gap);grid-template-columns:repeat(12,1fr);grid-template-rows:minmax(2rem,auto) repeat(2,1fr)}.c-hero .left{grid-column:1/span 3;grid-row-start:1;position:relative}.c-hero .left:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:auto;right:var(--border-vertical-offset);border-right:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-hero .center{grid-column:4/span 6}.c-hero .right{grid-column:10/span 3;position:relative}.c-hero .right:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:auto;left:var(--border-vertical-offset);border-right:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}}.c-tag{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-0);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-0);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--font-letter-spacing-brevier);color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-tag a{color:var(--color-accent)}.c-tag a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-tag-card{display:block;padding:var(--space-24);border-radius:var(--border-radius);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary);border-left:var(--space-4) solid var(--color-accent-tag,var(--color-accent))}.c-tag-card__name{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-3);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-3)}.c-card-archive{position:relative;padding-top:var(--space-24);margin-top:var(--space-24)}@media (min-width:64em){.c-card-archive{padding-top:var(--space-40);margin-top:var(--space-40)}}.c-card-archive:before{content:"";display:block;width:100%;height:1px;position:absolute;top:0;background-color:var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-card-archive:first-child{margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.c-card-archive:first-child:before{background-color:transparent}.c-card-archive:last-child{margin-bottom:var(--space-32)}@media (min-width:40em){.c-card-archive{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(8,1fr);grid-template-rows:1fr;grid-column-gap:var(--space-40);grid-template-areas:"meta meta content content content content content content"}.c-card-archive__meta{grid-area:meta}.c-card-archive__content{grid-area:content}}.c-card-archive--date-1+.c-card-archive--date-1,.c-card-archive--date-10+.c-card-archive--date-10,.c-card-archive--date-11+.c-card-archive--date-11,.c-card-archive--date-12+.c-card-archive--date-12,.c-card-archive--date-2+.c-card-archive--date-2,.c-card-archive--date-3+.c-card-archive--date-3,.c-card-archive--date-4+.c-card-archive--date-4,.c-card-archive--date-5+.c-card-archive--date-5,.c-card-archive--date-6+.c-card-archive--date-6,.c-card-archive--date-7+.c-card-archive--date-7,.c-card-archive--date-8+.c-card-archive--date-8,.c-card-archive--date-9+.c-card-archive--date-9,.c-card-archive--date-١+.c-card-archive--date-١,.c-card-archive--date-١٠+.c-card-archive--date-١٠,.c-card-archive--date-١١+.c-card-archive--date-١١,.c-card-archive--date-١٢+.c-card-archive--date-١٢,.c-card-archive--date-٢+.c-card-archive--date-٢,.c-card-archive--date-٣+.c-card-archive--date-٣,.c-card-archive--date-٤+.c-card-archive--date-٤,.c-card-archive--date-٥+.c-card-archive--date-٥,.c-card-archive--date-٦+.c-card-archive--date-٦,.c-card-archive--date-٧+.c-card-archive--date-٧,.c-card-archive--date-٨+.c-card-archive--date-٨,.c-card-archive--date-٩+.c-card-archive--date-٩{padding-top:0;margin-top:0}.c-card-archive--date-1+.c-card-archive--date-1:before,.c-card-archive--date-10+.c-card-archive--date-10:before,.c-card-archive--date-11+.c-card-archive--date-11:before,.c-card-archive--date-12+.c-card-archive--date-12:before,.c-card-archive--date-2+.c-card-archive--date-2:before,.c-card-archive--date-3+.c-card-archive--date-3:before,.c-card-archive--date-4+.c-card-archive--date-4:before,.c-card-archive--date-5+.c-card-archive--date-5:before,.c-card-archive--date-6+.c-card-archive--date-6:before,.c-card-archive--date-7+.c-card-archive--date-7:before,.c-card-archive--date-8+.c-card-archive--date-8:before,.c-card-archive--date-9+.c-card-archive--date-9:before,.c-card-archive--date-١+.c-card-archive--date-١:before,.c-card-archive--date-١٠+.c-card-archive--date-١٠:before,.c-card-archive--date-١١+.c-card-archive--date-١١:before,.c-card-archive--date-١٢+.c-card-archive--date-١٢:before,.c-card-archive--date-٢+.c-card-archive--date-٢:before,.c-card-archive--date-٣+.c-card-archive--date-٣:before,.c-card-archive--date-٤+.c-card-archive--date-٤:before,.c-card-archive--date-٥+.c-card-archive--date-٥:before,.c-card-archive--date-٦+.c-card-archive--date-٦:before,.c-card-archive--date-٧+.c-card-archive--date-٧:before,.c-card-archive--date-٨+.c-card-archive--date-٨:before,.c-card-archive--date-٩+.c-card-archive--date-٩:before{background-color:transparent}.c-card-archive--date-1+.c-card-archive--date-1 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-10+.c-card-archive--date-10 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-11+.c-card-archive--date-11 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-12+.c-card-archive--date-12 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-2+.c-card-archive--date-2 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-3+.c-card-archive--date-3 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-4+.c-card-archive--date-4 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-5+.c-card-archive--date-5 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-6+.c-card-archive--date-6 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-7+.c-card-archive--date-7 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-8+.c-card-archive--date-8 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-9+.c-card-archive--date-9 .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-١+.c-card-archive--date-١ .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-١٠+.c-card-archive--date-١٠ .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-١١+.c-card-archive--date-١١ .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-١٢+.c-card-archive--date-١٢ .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-٢+.c-card-archive--date-٢ .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-٣+.c-card-archive--date-٣ .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-٤+.c-card-archive--date-٤ .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-٥+.c-card-archive--date-٥ .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-٦+.c-card-archive--date-٦ .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-٧+.c-card-archive--date-٧ .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-٨+.c-card-archive--date-٨ .c-card-archive__meta,.c-card-archive--date-٩+.c-card-archive--date-٩ .c-card-archive__meta{display:none}.c-card-archive--date-1+.c-card-archive--date-1 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-10+.c-card-archive--date-10 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-11+.c-card-archive--date-11 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-12+.c-card-archive--date-12 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-2+.c-card-archive--date-2 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-3+.c-card-archive--date-3 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-4+.c-card-archive--date-4 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-5+.c-card-archive--date-5 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-6+.c-card-archive--date-6 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-7+.c-card-archive--date-7 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-8+.c-card-archive--date-8 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-9+.c-card-archive--date-9 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-١+.c-card-archive--date-١ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-١٠+.c-card-archive--date-١٠ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-١١+.c-card-archive--date-١١ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-١٢+.c-card-archive--date-١٢ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٢+.c-card-archive--date-٢ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٣+.c-card-archive--date-٣ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٤+.c-card-archive--date-٤ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٥+.c-card-archive--date-٥ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٦+.c-card-archive--date-٦ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٧+.c-card-archive--date-٧ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٨+.c-card-archive--date-٨ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٩+.c-card-archive--date-٩ .c-card-archive__content{position:relative;padding-top:var(--space-16);margin-top:var(--space-16)}@media (min-width:64em){.c-card-archive--date-1+.c-card-archive--date-1 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-10+.c-card-archive--date-10 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-11+.c-card-archive--date-11 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-12+.c-card-archive--date-12 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-2+.c-card-archive--date-2 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-3+.c-card-archive--date-3 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-4+.c-card-archive--date-4 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-5+.c-card-archive--date-5 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-6+.c-card-archive--date-6 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-7+.c-card-archive--date-7 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-8+.c-card-archive--date-8 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-9+.c-card-archive--date-9 .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-١+.c-card-archive--date-١ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-١٠+.c-card-archive--date-١٠ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-١١+.c-card-archive--date-١١ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-١٢+.c-card-archive--date-١٢ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٢+.c-card-archive--date-٢ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٣+.c-card-archive--date-٣ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٤+.c-card-archive--date-٤ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٥+.c-card-archive--date-٥ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٦+.c-card-archive--date-٦ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٧+.c-card-archive--date-٧ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٨+.c-card-archive--date-٨ .c-card-archive__content,.c-card-archive--date-٩+.c-card-archive--date-٩ .c-card-archive__content{padding-top:var(--space-24);margin-top:var(--space-24)}}.c-card-archive--date-1+.c-card-archive--date-1 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-10+.c-card-archive--date-10 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-11+.c-card-archive--date-11 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-12+.c-card-archive--date-12 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-2+.c-card-archive--date-2 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-3+.c-card-archive--date-3 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-4+.c-card-archive--date-4 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-5+.c-card-archive--date-5 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-6+.c-card-archive--date-6 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-7+.c-card-archive--date-7 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-8+.c-card-archive--date-8 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-9+.c-card-archive--date-9 .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-١+.c-card-archive--date-١ .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-١٠+.c-card-archive--date-١٠ .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-١١+.c-card-archive--date-١١ .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-١٢+.c-card-archive--date-١٢ .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-٢+.c-card-archive--date-٢ .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-٣+.c-card-archive--date-٣ .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-٤+.c-card-archive--date-٤ .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-٥+.c-card-archive--date-٥ .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-٦+.c-card-archive--date-٦ .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-٧+.c-card-archive--date-٧ .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-٨+.c-card-archive--date-٨ .c-card-archive__content:before,.c-card-archive--date-٩+.c-card-archive--date-٩ .c-card-archive__content:before{content:"";display:block;width:100%;height:1px;position:absolute;top:0;background-color:var(--color-border-secondary)}@media (max-width:39.99em){.c-card-archive__meta{margin-bottom:var(--space-16)}}@media (max-width:39.99em){.c-card-archive__content{padding-left:var(--space-16)}}.c-card-archive__date{color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-card-archive__title{font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium)}.c-card-archive__date-mini{display:none;font-weight:var(--font-weight-normal);color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-card-archive__url:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-timestamp{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-0);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-0);color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-reading-time{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-0);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-0);color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-byline{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-byline a{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-0);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-0);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--font-letter-spacing-brevier)}.c-byline a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-byline span{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-0);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-0);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium)}.c-topper{margin:0 auto;margin-top:var(--space-40);padding:0 var(--grid-margin);max-width:var(--content-width);margin-bottom:var(--space-32)}.c-topper__content{padding-bottom:var(--space-32);border-bottom:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-topper__content>*+*{margin-top:var(--space-8)}.c-topper__headline{font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-6);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-6);font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold)}@media (min-width:64em){.c-topper__headline{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-8);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-9);font-weight:var(--font-weight-semibold)}}.c-topper__standfirst{font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-4);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-5)}@media (min-width:64em){.c-topper__standfirst{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-5);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-6)}}.c-topper__meta{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-top:var(--space-16)}@media (min-width:64em){.c-topper__meta{flex-direction:row}}.c-topper__timestamp{display:inline-block;margin-top:var(--space-8)}.c-topper__timestamp:after{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-0);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-0);color:var(--color-text-secondary);content:var(--html-symbol-em-dash)}.c-topper__reading-time{display:inline}.c-feature-image-figure{margin-top:var(--space-32)}.c-feature-image-wrap{position:relative;aspect-ratio:var(--ratio-3x2);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.c-feature-image{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.c-feature-image-caption{width:100%;padding-top:var(--space-8);color:var(--color-text-secondary);background-color:var(--color-background-primary);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-1);letter-spacing:var(--font-letter-spacing-long-primer)}.c-feature-image-caption a{text-decoration:underline}.c-feature-image-caption a:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-feature-image-caption a:focus-visible{text-decoration:none}.c-stack-stories>:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--space-16);padding-bottom:var(--space-16);border-bottom:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-stack-stories--large>:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--space-32);padding-bottom:var(--space-32)}.c-editors-pick{display:grid;grid-template-rows:auto 1fr;grid-template-columns:var(--space-80) 2fr;grid-template-areas:"number media" "content content"}.c-editors-pick__media{grid-area:media;position:relative;aspect-ratio:var(--ratio-3x2);background-color:var(--color-background-primary)}.c-editors-pick__media:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);opacity:0;transition:ease opacity var(--motion-duration-fast)}.c-editors-pick__media:hover:after{opacity:1}.c-editors-pick__image{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.c-editors-pick__content{grid-area:content}.c-editors-pick__content>*+*{margin-top:var(--space-8)}.c-editors-pick__content{margin-top:var(--space-24)}.c-editors-pick__headline{font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-5);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-5);font-weight:var(--font-weight-semibold)}.c-editors-pick__headline:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-editors-picks-wrapper{counter-reset:list-items}.c-editors-picks-wrapper .c-editors-pick::before{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-10);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-10);font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold);grid-area:number;counter-increment:list-items;content:counter(list-items);-webkit-text-stroke-width:1px;-webkit-text-fill-color:transparent;margin-top:auto;margin-bottom:calc(var(--space-8) * -1)}.c-page-header{margin-bottom:var(--space-32)}.c-color-mode-btn:before{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2)}@media (max-width:39.99em){.c-color-mode-btn:before{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-3);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-3)}}.c-color-mode-btn:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-color-mode-btn:hover span{text-decoration:underline}[title=Dark]:before{content:var(--html-symbol-dark)}[title=Light]:before{content:var(--html-symbol-light)}.c-card-author{width:100%;padding:var(--space-32);border-radius:var(--border-radius);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.c-card-author>*+*{margin-top:var(--space-20);padding-top:var(--space-20);border-top:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-card-author__url{display:block}.c-card-author__url:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-card-author__media{display:block;margin-bottom:var(--space-16);width:var(--space-96);height:var(--space-96);border-radius:var(--border-radius-circle);background-color:var(--color-background-primary)}.c-card-author__image{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;width:var(--space-96);height:var(--space-96);min-width:var(--space-96);border-radius:var(--border-radius-circle)}.c-card-author__name{font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-4);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold)}.c-card-author__bio{font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);margin-top:var(--space-8);color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-card-author__posts>*+*{margin-top:var(--space-8)}.c-card-author__posts a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-card-author__posts-title{font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);position:relative;padding-left:var(--space-24)}.c-card-author__posts-title:before{position:absolute;left:0;content:var(--html-symbol-em-dash);color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-social-icons{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:var(--space-16)}.c-social-icons__link{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:var(--space-40);height:var(--space-40);border-radius:var(--border-radius-circle);background-color:var(--color-background-primary)}.c-social-icons__link:is(:hover,:active,:focus) .c-social-icons__icon{fill:var(--color-text-primary)}.c-social-icons__icon{fill:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-share{display:flex;gap:var(--space-16)}@media (max-width:39.99em){.c-share{margin-top:var(--space-16);justify-content:flex-start}}@media (min-width:40em){.c-share{margin-left:auto}}.c-share__link{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:var(--space-40);height:var(--space-40);border-radius:var(--border-radius-circle);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.c-share__link:is(:hover,:active,:focus) .c-share__icon{fill:var(--color-text-primary)}.c-share__icon{fill:var(--color-text-secondary)}.instagram-media{margin-top:var(--content-flow)!important;margin-bottom:0!important}.instagram-media:before{content:""}.c-newsletters-labels{margin-bottom:var(--space-32)}.c-newsletters-label__input{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;opacity:0}.c-newsletters-label__input+label{display:flex;flex-direction:row;cursor:pointer;padding:var(--space-32);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary);border-bottom:var(--border-width) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-newsletters-label:first-child .c-newsletters-label__input+label{border-top-left-radius:var(--border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--border-radius)}.c-newsletters-label:last-child .c-newsletters-label__input+label{border-bottom:none;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--border-radius);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--border-radius)}.c-newsletters-label__input+label .c-newsletters-label__checkbox{--focus-outline-color:var(--color-accent);cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;text-align:center;width:var(--space-24);height:var(--space-24);min-width:var(--space-24);margin-right:var(--space-12);border-radius:var(--border-radius);border:var(--space-2) var(--border-style) var(--color-border-primary)}.c-newsletters-label__input:checked+label .c-newsletters-label__checkbox{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-3);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-3);font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold);border-color:var(--color-accent)}.c-newsletters-label__input:checked+label .c-newsletters-label__checkbox:after{color:var(--color-accent);content:var(--html-symbol-checkmark)}.c-newsletters-label__input:focus-visible+label .c-newsletters-label__checkbox{outline:var(--focus-outline-size) var(--focus-outline-style) var(--focus-outline-color);outline-offset:var(--focus-outline-offset)}.c-newsletters-label__title{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);font-weight:var(--font-weight-semibold)}.c-newsletters-label__description{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-3);margin-top:var(--space-4)}.kg-card figcaption{width:100%;padding-top:var(--space-8);color:var(--color-text-secondary);background-color:var(--color-background-primary);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-1);letter-spacing:var(--font-letter-spacing-long-primer)}.kg-card figcaption a{text-decoration:underline}.kg-card figcaption a:hover{text-decoration:none}.kg-card figcaption a:focus-visible{text-decoration:none}.kg-width-wide{width:100%}@media (min-width:40em){.kg-width-wide{width:calc(100vw - calc(var(--grid-margin) * 2));max-width:calc(var(--grid-width) - calc(var(--grid-margin) * 2))}}.kg-width-full figcaption{padding-left:var(--space-16)}.kg-width-full :is(video,.kg-image){max-width:100vw}.c-content .kg-toggle-card{padding:0;border-radius:var(--border-radius);background-color:var(--color-background-secondary);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 var(--border-width) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-content .kg-toggle-card .kg-toggle-heading{align-items:center;padding:var(--space-32)}.c-content .kg-toggle-card h4.kg-toggle-heading-text{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-4);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold)}.c-content .kg-toggle-card .kg-toggle-card-icon{margin-top:0}.c-content .kg-toggle-card .kg-toggle-heading svg{color:var(--color-text-primary)}.c-content .kg-toggle-card[data-kg-toggle-state=open] .kg-toggle-content{padding:0 var(--space-32) var(--space-32) var(--space-32)}.c-content .kg-toggle-card[data-kg-toggle-state] .kg-toggle-content{transition:none}.c-content .kg-toggle-card[data-kg-toggle-state] .kg-toggle-content>*+*{margin-top:var(--space-16)!important}.c-content .kg-toggle-card[data-kg-toggle-state] .kg-toggle-content p,.c-content .kg-toggle-card[data-kg-toggle-state] .kg-toggle-content ul{font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-3);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-5);margin-top:0}.kg-image{margin:auto}.kg-image-card{min-width:-moz-min-content;min-width:min-content;background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.kg-gallery-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.kg-gallery-row{display:flex;flex-direction:row;justify-content:center}.kg-gallery-row:not(:first-of-type){margin-top:var(--content-flow)}.kg-gallery-image{background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.kg-gallery-image:not(:first-of-type){margin-left:var(--content-flow)}.kg-gallery-image img{width:100%;height:100%}.kg-embed-card{display:flex;align-items:center;flex-direction:column}iframe[src*="pinterest.com"]{min-width:auto;max-width:100%}.c-content .kg-nft-card{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--border-radius);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--border-radius)}.c-content .kg-nft-card a.kg-nft-card-container{font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif);font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-1);font-weight:var(--font-weight-normal);max-width:100%;color:var(--color-text-primary);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 var(--border-width) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-content .kg-ntf-image-container{background-color:var(--color-background-secondary)}.c-content .kg-nft-image{aspect-ratio:var(--ratio-3x2);border-top-left-radius:var(--border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--border-radius)}.c-content .kg-nft-metadata{padding:var(--space-32)}.c-content .kg-nft-header h4.kg-nft-title{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-4);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold);color:var(--color-text-primary)}.c-content .kg-nft-creator{margin:var(--space-8) 0 0}.c-content .kg-nft-creator span{font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);color:var(--color-text-primary)}.c-content .kg-nft-creator{color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-content .kg-nft-card p.kg-nft-description{color:var(--color-text-primary)}.c-content .kg-nft-creator{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-1)}.c-content .kg-nft-card p.kg-nft-description{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4)}.c-content .kg-audio-card{padding:var(--space-32);border-radius:var(--border-radius);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 var(--border-width) var(--color-border-secondary)}@media (max-width:39.99em){.c-content .kg-audio-card{flex-wrap:wrap}}.c-content .kg-audio-title{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-4);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold)}.c-content .kg-audio-player *{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2)}@media (max-width:63.99em){.c-content .kg-audio-seek-slider{display:none}}.c-content .kg-audio-time{color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-content .kg-audio-thumbnail{width:var(--space-96);min-width:var(--space-96);margin:0 var(--space-8) 0 0;border-radius:var(--border-radius)}.c-content .kg-video-player *{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2)}.c-content .kg-file-card a.kg-file-card-container{border:0;transition:none;padding:var(--space-32);border-radius:var(--border-radius);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 var(--border-width) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-content .kg-file-card a.kg-file-card-container:hover{border:0;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 var(--space-2) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-content .kg-file-card .kg-file-card-contents{margin:0;margin-right:var(--space-8)}.c-content .kg-file-card .kg-file-card-contents>*+*{margin-top:var(--space-4)}.c-content .kg-file-card .kg-file-card-title{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-4);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold)}.c-content .kg-file-card :is(.kg-file-card-caption,.kg-file-card-metadata,.kg-file-card-filename,.kg-file-card-filesize){font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2);font-weight:var(--font-weight-normal)}.c-content .kg-file-card :is(.kg-file-card-caption,.kg-file-card-filesize){opacity:1}.c-content .kg-file-card .kg-file-card-metadata{color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.c-content .kg-file-card .kg-file-card-icon svg{color:var(--color-text-primary)}.twitter-tweet{min-width:auto;margin-bottom:0!important;margin-top:var(--content-flow)!important}.kg-embed-card .twitter-tweet{margin-top:0!important}.twitter-tweet iframe{max-width:100%!important}.kg-button-card{display:flex}.kg-button-card.kg-align-center{justify-content:center}.kg-button-card.kg-align-left{justify-content:start}.c-content .kg-callout-card{padding:var(--space-32);border-radius:var(--border-radius);background:var(--color-background-secondary)}.c-content .kg-callout-card+.kg-callout-card{margin-top:var(--content-flow)}.c-content .kg-callout-card div.kg-callout-emoji{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-4);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);padding-right:var(--space-16)}.c-content .kg-callout-card .kg-callout-text{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-3);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-5)}.c-content .kg-callout-card-white{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 var(--border-width) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-content .kg-product-card .kg-product-card-container{padding:var(--space-32);border-radius:var(--border-radius);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 var(--border-width) var(--color-border-secondary)}.c-content .kg-product-card h4.kg-product-card-title{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-4);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-4);font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold)}.c-content .kg-product-card .kg-product-card-rating-star{text-align:right;width:var(--space-24);height:var(--space-32)}.c-content .kg-product-card .kg-product-card-description *{font-family:var(--font-family-sansSerif);opacity:1}.c-content .kg-product-card .kg-product-card-button{width:100%}.kg-header-card{width:100vw;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center}.kg-header-card+.kg-header-card{margin-top:0}.kg-header-card>*{max-width:var(--content-width)}.kg-header-card:not(.kg-style-light) a:not([class]){color:inherit}.kg-header-card :is(.kg-header-card-header,.kg-header-card-subheader){padding-left:var(--grid-margin);padding-right:var(--grid-margin)}.kg-header-card :is(.kg-header-card-button){margin-left:var(--grid-margin);margin-right:var(--grid-margin)}.kg-header-card-subheader{margin-top:var(--space-16)}.kg-header-card-button{margin-top:var(--space-32)}.kg-size-small{padding:var(--space-64) 0}.kg-size-medium{padding:var(--space-96) 0}.kg-size-large{padding:var(--space-128) 0}.kg-style-light{--color-text-button:var(--color-text-button-headerCardStyleLight);--color-background-button:var(--color-background-button-headerCardStyleLight);--color-text-button-hover:var(--color-text-button-hover-headerCardStyleLight);--color-background-button-hover:var(--color-background-button-hover-headerCardStyleLight);color:var(--color-text-headerCardStyleLight);background-color:var(--color-background-headerCardStyleLight)}.kg-style-dark{--color-text-button:var(--color-text-button-headerCardStyleDark);--color-background-button:var(--color-background-button-headerCardStyleDark);--color-text-button-hover:var(--color-text-button-hover-headerCardStyleDark);--color-background-button-hover:var(--color-background-button-hover-headerCardStyleDark);color:var(--color-text-headerCardStyleDark);background-color:var(--color-background-headerCardStyleDark)}.kg-style-accent{--color-text-button:var(--color-text-button-headerCardStyleAccent);--color-background-button:var(--color-background-button-headerCardStyleAccent);--color-text-button-hover:var(--color-text-button-hover-headerCardStyleAccent);--color-background-button-hover:var(--color-background-button-hover-headerCardStyleAccent);color:var(--color-text-headerCardStyleAccent);background-color:var(--color-background-headerCardStyleAccent)}.kg-style-image{--color-text-button:var(--color-text-button-headerCardStyleImage);--color-background-button:var(--color-background-button-headerCardStyleImage);--color-text-button-hover:var(--color-text-button-hover-headerCardStyleImage);--color-background-button-hover:var(--color-background-button-hover-headerCardStyleImage);color:var(--color-text-headerCardStyleImage);background-color:var(--color-background-headerCardStyleImage);background-size:cover;background-position:center;position:relative}.kg-style-image:before{position:absolute;content:"";inset:0;background:linear-gradient(0,transparent,rgba(0,0,0,.5))}.kg-style-image *{z-index:1}.kg-bookmark-card{width:100%}.kg-bookmark-container{display:flex;min-height:144px;text-decoration:none;color:var(--color-text-primary);border-radius:var(--border-radius);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 var(--border-width) var(--color-border-secondary)}.kg-bookmark-container:hover .kg-bookmark-title{text-decoration:underline}.kg-bookmark-content{display:flex;flex-grow:1;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;padding:var(--space-24)}@media (min-width:64em){.kg-bookmark-content{padding:var(--space-32)}}.kg-bookmark-title{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-2);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2);font-weight:var(--font-weight-semibold)}.kg-bookmark-description{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2);margin-top:var(--space-4);max-height:var(--space-48);overflow-y:hidden;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:2;-webkit-box-orient:vertical}.kg-bookmark-metadata{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-1);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-2);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;margin-top:var(--space-8);color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.kg-bookmark-icon{width:var(--space-24);height:var(--space-24);margin-right:var(--space-8);border-radius:var(--border-radius-circle)}.kg-bookmark-author{color:var(--color-text-secondary)}.kg-bookmark-publisher{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;max-width:240px}.kg-bookmark-publisher:before{content:"•";margin:0 var(--space-8)}.kg-bookmark-thumbnail{position:relative;min-width:33%;max-height:100%}.kg-bookmark-thumbnail img{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}@media (max-width:39.99em){.kg-bookmark-thumbnail img{border-top-left-radius:var(--border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--border-radius)}}@media (min-width:40em){.kg-bookmark-thumbnail img{border-top-right-radius:var(--border-radius);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--border-radius)}}@media (max-width:39.99em){.kg-bookmark-container{flex-direction:column}.kg-bookmark-thumbnail{order:1;width:100%;min-height:160px}.kg-bookmark-content{order:2}}.kg-blockquote-alt{font-size:var(--font-size-scale-5);line-height:var(--line-height-scale-8);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);text-align:center;font-style:italic;padding:0 var(--space-20)} </style> <style> :root { --dark-mode-accent-color: #8cbfd0; } </style> <script> // ===================== // Dark Mode Toogle 🌒 ☀️ - Inspired by: // Thttps://hankchizljaw.com/wrote/create-a-user-controlled-dark-or-light-mode/ // ===================== var user_color_scheme = localStorage.getItem('user-color-scheme'); function initial_mode_set(mode) { if (mode) { document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-user-color-scheme', mode); } } initial_mode_set(user_color_scheme); window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', (event) => { var STORAGE_KEY = 'user-color-scheme'; var COLOR_MODE_KEY = '--color-mode'; var modeToggleButton = document.querySelector('.js-mode-toggle'); var modeToggleText = document.querySelector('.js-mode-toggle-text'); var modeToggleTitle = document.querySelector('.js-mode-toggle-title'); var getCSSCustomProp = function getCSSCustomProp(propKey) { var response = getComputedStyle(document.documentElement).getPropertyValue(propKey); if (response.length) { response = response.replace(/\"/g, '').trim(); } return response; }; var applySetting = function applySetting(passedSetting) { var currentSetting = passedSetting || localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY); if (currentSetting) { document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-user-color-scheme', currentSetting); setButtonLabelAndStatus(currentSetting); } else { setButtonLabelAndStatus(getCSSCustomProp(COLOR_MODE_KEY)); } }; var setButtonLabelAndStatus = function setButtonLabelAndStatus(currentSetting) { modeToggleText.innerText = currentSetting === 'dark' ? 'Light' : 'Dark'; modeToggleTitle.title = currentSetting === 'dark' ? 'Light' : 'Dark'; }; var toggleSetting = function toggleSetting() { var currentSetting = localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY); switch (currentSetting) { case null: currentSetting = getCSSCustomProp(COLOR_MODE_KEY) === 'dark' ? 'light' : 'dark'; break; case 'light': currentSetting = 'dark'; break; case 'dark': currentSetting = 'light'; break; } localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, currentSetting); return currentSetting; }; modeToggleButton.addEventListener('click', function (evt) { evt.preventDefault(); applySetting(toggleSetting()); }); applySetting(); }); </script> <script> var pagination_next_page_number = '', pagination_available_pages_number = '', pagination_loading_text = 'Loading', pagination_more_posts_text = 'Load More'; document.documentElement.classList.add('js-on'); </script> <meta name="citation_doi" content="https://doi.org/10.54900/knzk9-pcp14"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Open Publishing Fest Lifetime Achievement Award: Interview with Lars Bjørnshauge"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="Lars Bjørnshauge is the visionary founder of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). His transformation of a simple idea into a globally trusted directory revolutionized the accessibility and credibility of open access publishing. Under his leadership, DOAJ became a critical resource, supporting the dissemination of scholarly work worldwide and"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Joanna Ball"> <meta name="citation_date" content="2024-04-23"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Interviews"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Upstream"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="https://doi.org/10.54900/knzk9-pcp14"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Joanna Ball" /> <meta name="dc.title" content="Open Publishing Fest Lifetime Achievement Award: Interview with Lars Bjørnshauge" /> <meta name="dc.description" content="Lars Bjørnshauge is the visionary founder of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). His transformation of a simple idea into a globally trusted directory revolutionized the accessibility and credibility of open access publishing. Under his leadership, DOAJ became a critical resource, supporting the dissemination of scholarly work worldwide and" /> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-04-23" /> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Interviews" /> <meta name="dc.language" content="en" /> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="dc.source" content="Upstream" /> <meta name="dc.type" content="article" /> <meta name="dc.rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://upstream.force11.org/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/09/force11-avatar.png" type="image/png"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://doi.org/10.54900/knzk9-pcp14"> <meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer-when-downgrade"> <link rel="amphtml" href="https://upstream.force11.org/interview-with-lars/amp/"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Upstream"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:title" content="Open Publishing Fest Lifetime Achievement Award: Interview with Lars Bjørnshauge"> <meta property="og:description" content="Lars Bjørnshauge is the visionary founder of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). His transformation of a simple idea into a globally trusted directory revolutionized the accessibility and credibility of open access publishing. Under his leadership, DOAJ became a critical resource, supporting the dissemination of scholarly work worldwide and"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://doi.org/10.54900/knzk9-pcp14"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upstream.force11.org/content/images/2024/04/lars.jpg"> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-04-23T18:30:37.000Z"> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-09-27T15:11:53.000Z"> <meta property="article:tag" content="Interviews"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Open Publishing Fest Lifetime Achievement Award: Interview with Lars Bjørnshauge"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Lars Bjørnshauge is the visionary founder of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). His transformation of a simple idea into a globally trusted directory revolutionized the accessibility and credibility of open access publishing. Under his leadership, DOAJ became a critical resource, supporting the dissemination of scholarly work worldwide and"> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://doi.org/10.54900/knzk9-pcp14"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://upstream.force11.org/content/images/2024/04/lars.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by"> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Joanna Ball"> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Filed under"> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="Interviews"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1194"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Upstream", "url": "https://upstream.force11.org/", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://upstream.force11.org/content/images/2022/06/Upstream-logo--light-mode-.png" } }, "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Joanna Ball", "url": "https://upstream.force11.org/author/joanna/", "sameAs": [] }, "headline": "Open Publishing Fest Lifetime Achievement Award: Interview with Lars Bjørnshauge", "url": "https://upstream.force11.org/interview-with-lars/", "datePublished": "2024-04-23T18:30:37.000Z", "dateModified": "2024-09-27T15:11:53.000Z", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://upstream.force11.org/content/images/2024/04/lars.jpg", "width": 1200, "height": 1194 }, "keywords": "Interviews", "description": "Lars Bjørnshauge is the visionary founder of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). His transformation of a simple idea into a globally trusted directory revolutionized the accessibility and credibility of open access publishing. Under his leadership, DOAJ became a critical resource, supporting the dissemination of scholarly work worldwide and setting high standards for transparency in publishing. \n\nToday, Lars will be awarded a lifetime achievement award from the Open Publishing Awards s", "mainEntityOfPage": "https://upstream.force11.org/interview-with-lars/" } </script> <meta name="generator" content="Ghost 5.80"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Upstream" href="https://upstream.force11.org/latest/rss/"> <script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/ghost/portal@~2.37/umd/portal.min.js" data-i18n="false" data-ghost="https://upstream.force11.org/" data-key="5c1b6ee01f44f70c7feb624aab" data-api="https://upstream.force11.org/ghost/api/content/" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><style id="gh-members-styles">.gh-post-upgrade-cta-content, .gh-post-upgrade-cta { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; text-align: center; width: 100%; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; } .gh-post-upgrade-cta-content { border-radius: 8px; padding: 40px 4vw; } .gh-post-upgrade-cta h2 { color: #ffffff; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.2px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .gh-post-upgrade-cta p { margin: 20px 0 0; padding: 0; } .gh-post-upgrade-cta small { font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.2px; } .gh-post-upgrade-cta a { color: #ffffff; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 500; box-shadow: none; text-decoration: underline; } .gh-post-upgrade-cta a:hover { color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.8; box-shadow: none; text-decoration: underline; } .gh-post-upgrade-cta a.gh-btn { display: block; background: #ffffff; text-decoration: none; margin: 28px 0 0; padding: 8px 18px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; } .gh-post-upgrade-cta a.gh-btn:hover { opacity: 0.92; }</style> <script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/ghost/sodo-search@~1.1/umd/sodo-search.min.js" data-key="5c1b6ee01f44f70c7feb624aab" data-styles="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/ghost/sodo-search@~1.1/umd/main.css" data-sodo-search="https://upstream.force11.org/" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <link href="https://upstream.force11.org/webmentions/receive/" rel="webmention"> <script defer src="/public/cards.min.js?v=5d40bd7a9a"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/public/cards.min.css?v=5d40bd7a9a"> <script defer src="/public/comment-counts.min.js?v=5d40bd7a9a" data-ghost-comments-counts-api="https://upstream.force11.org/members/api/comments/counts/"></script> <script async="" defer="" data-domain="upstream.force11.org" src="https://plausible.io/js/plausible.js"></script> <script>window.plausible = window.plausible || function() { (window.plausible.q = window.plausible.q || []).push(arguments) }</script><style>:root {--ghost-accent-color: #8cbfd0;}</style> </head> <body class='post-template tag-interviews'> <a href='#main' class='c-skip'>Skip to content</a> <header class='c-header'> <div class='c-header__top'> <div class='o-grid c-header__top-inner'> <div class='c-header__top-block c-header__top-left'> <button class='c-header__button c-header__button--colorMode c-color-mode-btn js-mode-toggle js-mode-toggle-title' title='Dark'> <span class='js-mode-toggle-text u-visible-on-desktop'>Dark</span> </button> <button class='c-header__button c-header__button--search' data-ghost-search><svg fill="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" width="30px" height="30px"><path d="M 13 3 C 7.4889971 3 3 7.4889971 3 13 C 3 18.511003 7.4889971 23 13 23 C 15.396508 23 17.597385 22.148986 19.322266 20.736328 L 25.292969 26.707031 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 26.707031 25.292969 L 20.736328 19.322266 C 22.148986 17.597385 23 15.396508 23 13 C 23 7.4889971 18.511003 3 13 3 z M 13 5 C 17.430123 5 21 8.5698774 21 13 C 21 17.430123 17.430123 21 13 21 C 8.5698774 21 5 17.430123 5 13 C 5 8.5698774 8.5698774 5 13 5 z"/></svg><span class='u-visible-on-desktop'>Search</span></button> </div> <div class='c-header__top-block c-header__top-center'> <div class='c-logo'> <div class='c-logo__dark'> <a href='https://upstream.force11.org' class='u-block'> <img class='c-logo__img' src='https://upstream.force11.org/content/images/2022/06/Upstream-logo--dark-mode-.png' alt='Upstream' width='' height=''> </a> </div> <div class='c-logo__light'> <a href='https://upstream.force11.org' class='u-block'> <img class='c-logo__img' src='https://upstream.force11.org/content/images/2022/06/Upstream-logo--light-mode-.png' alt='Upstream' width='' height=''> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='c-header__top-block c-header__top-right'> <a href='#/portal/signin' class='c-header__button u-visible-on-desktop'>Sign In</a> <a href='#/portal/signup' class='c-btn c-btn--small'>Subscribe</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='c-header__bottom'> <div class='o-grid'> <nav class='c-nav-wrap'> <ul class='c-nav c-nav--main u-plain-list'> <li class='c-nav__item c-nav__item--primary'> <a href='https://upstream.force11.org/about/' class='c-nav__link '>About</a> </li> <li class='c-nav__item c-nav__item--primary'> <a href='https://upstream.force11.org/author-guidelines/' class='c-nav__link '>Submission guidelines</a> </li> <li class='c-nav__item c-nav__item--primary'> <a href='https://upstream.force11.org/authors/' class='c-nav__link '>Authors</a> </li> <li class='c-nav__item c-nav__item--primary'> <a href='https://upstream.force11.org/latest/' class='c-nav__link '>Latest Posts</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <main id='main'> <div class='c-topper'> <div class='c-topper__content'> <div class='c-topper__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/interviews/">Interviews</a> </div> <h1 class='c-topper__headline'>Open Publishing Fest Lifetime Achievement Award: Interview with Lars Bjørnshauge</h1> <div class='c-topper__meta'> <div> <div class='c-byline c-topper__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/joanna/'>Joanna Ball</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-topper__timestamp' datetime='2024-04-23'> April 23, 2024 <span class='c-timestamp__detail'> . 6:30 PM</span> </time> <div class='c-reading-time c-topper__reading-time'>4 min read</div> <a class="c-nav" href="https://doi.org/10.54900/knzk9-pcp14">https://doi.org/10.54900/knzk9-pcp14</a> </div> <ul class='c-share u-plain-list'> <li class='c-share__item'> <a class='c-share__link' href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Open%20Publishing%20Fest%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20Award%3A%20Interview%20with%20Lars%20Bj%C3%B8rnshauge&url=https://upstream.force11.org/interview-with-lars/" onclick="window.open(this.href, 'twitter-share', 'width=550, height=235'); return false;"> <span data-icon='ei-sc-twitter' data-size='s' class='c-share__icon'></span> <span class='u-screenreader'>Share on Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li class='c-share__item'> <a class='c-share__link' href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://upstream.force11.org/interview-with-lars/" onclick="window.open(this.href, 'facebook-share', 'width=580, height=296'); return false;"> <span data-icon='ei-sc-facebook' data-size='s' class='c-share__icon'></span> <span class='u-screenreader'>Share on Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li class='c-share__item'> <a class='c-share__link' href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://upstream.force11.org/interview-with-lars/&media=https://upstream.force11.org/content/images/2024/04/lars.jpg&description=Open%20Publishing%20Fest%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20Award%3A%20Interview%20with%20Lars%20Bj%C3%B8rnshauge" onclick="window.open(this.href, 'pinterest-share', 'width=580, height=296'); return false;"> <span data-icon='ei-sc-pinterest' data-size='s' class='c-share__icon'></span> <span class='u-screenreader'>Share on Pinterest</span> </a> </li> <li class='c-share__item'> <a class='c-share__link' href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://upstream.force11.org/interview-with-lars/&title=Open%20Publishing%20Fest%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20Award%3A%20Interview%20with%20Lars%20Bj%C3%B8rnshauge" onclick="window.open(this.href, 'linkedin-share', 'width=580, height=296'); return false;"> <span data-icon='ei-sc-linkedin' data-size='s' class='c-share__icon'></span> <span class='u-screenreader'>Share on LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li class='c-share__item'> <a class='c-share__link' href="whatsapp://send?text=Open%20Publishing%20Fest%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20Award%3A%20Interview%20with%20Lars%20Bj%C3%B8rnshauge https://upstream.force11.org/interview-with-lars/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class='c-share__icon icon' enable-background="new 0 0 20 20" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.6 14c-.2-.1-1.5-.7-1.7-.8-.2-.1-.4-.1-.6.1-.2.2-.6.8-.8 1-.1.2-.3.2-.5.1-.7-.3-1.4-.7-2-1.2-.5-.5-1-1.1-1.4-1.7-.1-.2 0-.4.1-.5.1-.1.2-.3.4-.4.1-.1.2-.3.2-.4.1-.1.1-.3 0-.4-.1-.1-.6-1.3-.8-1.8-.1-.7-.3-.7-.5-.7h-.5c-.2 0-.5.2-.6.3-.6.6-.9 1.3-.9 2.1.1.9.4 1.8 1 2.6 1.1 1.6 2.5 2.9 4.2 3.7.5.2.9.4 1.4.5.5.2 1 .2 1.6.1.7-.1 1.3-.6 1.7-1.2.2-.4.2-.8.1-1.2l-.4-.2m2.5-9.1C15.2 1 8.9 1 5 4.9c-3.2 3.2-3.8 8.1-1.6 12L2 22l5.3-1.4c1.5.8 3.1 1.2 4.7 1.2 5.5 0 9.9-4.4 9.9-9.9.1-2.6-1-5.1-2.8-7m-2.7 14c-1.3.8-2.8 1.3-4.4 1.3-1.5 0-2.9-.4-4.2-1.1l-.3-.2-3.1.8.8-3-.2-.3c-2.4-4-1.2-9 2.7-11.5S16.6 3.7 19 7.5c2.4 3.9 1.3 9-2.6 11.4"/></svg> <span class='u-screenreader'>Share on WhatsApp</span> </a> </li> <li class='c-share__item'> <a class='c-share__link' href="mailto:?subject=Open%20Publishing%20Fest%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20Award%3A%20Interview%20with%20Lars%20Bj%C3%B8rnshauge&body=https://upstream.force11.org/interview-with-lars/"> <span data-icon='ei-envelope' data-size='s' class='c-share__icon'></span> <span class='u-screenreader'>Share via Email</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <figure class='c-feature-image-figure'> <div class='c-feature-image-wrap'> <img alt="" class='c-feature-image lazyload' data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2024/04/lars.jpg' > </div> <figcaption class='c-feature-image-caption'><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Lars Bjørnshauge</span></figcaption> </figure> </div> <article class='c-post post tag-interviews'> <div class='c-content '> <p>Lars Bjørnshauge is the visionary founder of the <a href="https://doaj.org" rel="noreferrer">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>. His transformation of a simple idea into a globally trusted directory revolutionized the accessibility and credibility of open access publishing. Under his leadership, DOAJ became a critical resource, supporting the dissemination of scholarly work worldwide and setting high standards for transparency in publishing. </p><p>Today, Lars will be awarded a lifetime achievement award from the <a href="https://openpublishingawards.org/" rel="noreferrer">Open Publishing Awards</a> selection committee. On this occasion, Joanna Ball, DOAJ’s current Managing Director, conducted an interview with Lars where they delve into the evolution of open access, the challenges faced, and the future of scholarly publishing.</p><hr><p><em>Joanna: Last year, we celebrated </em><a href="https://blog.doaj.org/2023/02/20/doaj20-open-global-and-trusted-since-2003/" rel="noreferrer"><em>DOAJ’s 20th anniversary</em></a><em>. We often say that DOAJ's history reflects the history of Open Access, and you can spot patterns in the journals added to the index, from the impact of national and funder policies to the way it has evolved to address questionable practices. What were the key moments for you in recognising the role that DOAJ played/changing direction?</em></p><p>Lars: For me, a core function of DOAJ has always been to provide smaller, independent OA journals better visibility, to help them to implement good publishing practices, rights management etc. and to live up to technical standards. From the outset, our work at DOAJ has been very labour intensive, as we have always prioritised hands-on advice and assistance to journals. This rigorous approach has been crucial in our efforts to fight questionable publishing - DOAJ has put more effort into evaluating journals in this way than the big, expensive commercial databases.</p><p>An important shift in our role within the community was when funder and university open access policies began to include DOAJ as the “gold standard” for quality open access journals. This transformed the index, and we began to receive applications from the larger commercial publishers to be listed. This had an impact on our workload and profile but also meant that we were able to encourage them to support DOAJ financially.</p><p><em>Joanna: Our Ambassador programme, which you launched back in 2016 with support from the IDRC had the goal of raising awareness of the importance of open access and publication standards across the world. This initiative was a real trailblazer, and a number of other organisations have emulated the programme to take advantage of the activist nature of the open access movement. As you know, 8 years on, we’re currently reviewing the programme, to assess how we can improve it, and how it should evolve to meet the needs of the community today. What do you feel, on reflection, has been the biggest achievement of the programme?</em></p><p>Lars: From the outset DOAJ’s ambition has been global, meaning to embrace all countries and languages. Such an ambition requires a diverse workforce including competencies in as many languages as possible and also to have people on the ground in as many countries as possible. DOAJ’s ambassador programme and also the volunteers who support our journal reviewing process have made this possible. They’ve contributed crucially to putting DOAJ and OA-journal publishing on the map globally. Very importantly, they have provided an opportunity for individuals to contribute to the good cause of OA in a practical way. From the organisational perspective, our volunteers have offered a good base for DOAJ to recruit individuals with passion and expertise to the DOAJ team.</p><p><em>Joanna: Ricky Poynder announced at the end of last year that he felt the open access movement had failed. </em><a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/12/07/where-did-the-open-access-movement-go-wrong-an-interview-with-richard-poynder/"><em>In an interview in Scholarly Kitchen</em></a><em>, he said that OA advocates did not take ownership of their own movement, which allowed publishers to co-opt OA for their own purposes. As one of the founding fathers of open access, do you agree with this statement? How can we change the perception that OA belongs to the major publishers?</em></p><p>Lars: He has got a point, but the Open Access advocates were, in the early days,a diverse group of individuals from rather small organisations with scarce resources. It was quite a struggle to convince the establishment and the wider academic community to embrace OA –and that is, despite all the words, still the case. We used our energy and efforts to move the movement forward, and not to consolidate or organise it. The commercial publishers with all their resources, lawyers etc. (by the way, all funded by academia) were more unified in their efforts initially to resist OA, and then later to co-opt or exploit OA for their own purposes. The big problem has actually been the inertia in academia, and the lukewarm acceptance of OA.</p><p>There are exciting times with the growing emphasis on Diamond Open Access, which is a promising development in terms of organising and consolidating the OA movement.</p><p><em>Joanna: You’ve gradually stepped back from your role and DOAJ and from the world of scholarly publishing in general. Now that you’ve had that space, what would you say has been your biggest achievement? What are you most proud of?</em></p><p>Lars: I am very proud of initiating several OA-related services—<a href="https://doaj.org" rel="noreferrer">DOAJ</a>, <a href="https://www.jisc.ac.uk/opendoar" rel="noreferrer">Open DOAR</a>, <a href="https://www.doabooks.org" rel="noreferrer">DOAB</a>, <a href="https://thinkchecksubmit.org" rel="noreferrer">Think.Check.Submit</a>—and facilitating the founding meeting of OASPA. Basically, I guess I am more of an entrepreneur than a managing director! As one of the first OA advocates, it has been really great to see how the concept of open has gained ground over the years and is now part of the mainstream. </p><p>DOAJ has grown to become a crucial piece of open infrastructure, and many in our community rely on our services. In that sense, it is a relief to step down from the daily responsibility associated with keeping DOAJ going and running on behalf of the community.</p><p>I am very pleased now to see that all the hard work we have done is having an impact, and that DOAJ is continuing to flourish and develop. </p><hr><p>For more information on DOAJ, visit: <a href="https://doaj.org">https://doaj.org</a>. For information on the Open Publishing Awards, visit, <a href="https://openpublishingawards.org">https://openpublishingawards.org</a>.</p> <p> Copyright © 2024 Joanna Ball. Distributed under the terms of the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</a> </p> </div> <div class='c-section-heading'> <h2 class='c-section-heading__title'>Comments <script data-ghost-comment-count="66255359a7883574535fadfe" data-ghost-comment-count-empty="" data-ghost-comment-count-singular="" data-ghost-comment-count-plural="" data-ghost-comment-count-tag="span" data-ghost-comment-count-class-name="u-font-size-scale-5" data-ghost-comment-count-autowrap="true" > </script></h2> </div> <script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/ghost/comments-ui@~0.16/umd/comments-ui.min.js" data-ghost-comments="https://upstream.force11.org/" data-api="https://upstream.force11.org/ghost/api/content/" data-admin="https://upstream.force11.org/ghost/" data-key="5c1b6ee01f44f70c7feb624aab" data-title="" data-count="false" data-post-id="66255359a7883574535fadfe" data-color-scheme="auto" data-avatar-saturation="60" data-accent-color="#8cbfd0" data-comments-enabled="all" data-publication="Upstream" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> </article> <div class='c-section c-section--related'> <div class='o-grid'> <div class='c-section-heading'> <h2 class='c-section-heading__title'>Related</h2> </div> </div> <div class='o-grid o-grid--4-columns'> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-interviews tag-thought-pieces'> <a href='/principles-of-open-scholarly-infrastructure-posi-version-1-1-reflections-from-adopters/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Principles of Open Scholarly Infrastructure (POSI) version 1.1: Reflections from adopters" data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1529246337709-b1a561ebd175?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=M3wxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDEyfHxjb2xvdXIlMjBzdGVwc3xlbnwwfHx8fDE2OTkzMDU0MTN8MA&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1304' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/interviews/">Interviews</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/principles-of-open-scholarly-infrastructure-posi-version-1-1-reflections-from-adopters/' class='c-card__link'>Principles of Open Scholarly Infrastructure (POSI) version 1.1: Reflections from adopters</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/ginny/'>Ginny Hendricks</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2023-11-07'> November 7, 2023 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-interviews featured'> <a href='/elife-reviewed-preprints-interview-with-fiona-hutton/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="eLife Reviewed Preprints: Interview with Fiona Hutton" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2022/11/fiona_hutton-2.jpg' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/interviews/">Interviews</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/elife-reviewed-preprints-interview-with-fiona-hutton/' class='c-card__link'>eLife Reviewed Preprints: Interview with Fiona Hutton</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/fiona/'>Fiona Hutton</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/mfenner/'>Martin Fenner</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2022-11-15'> November 15, 2022 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-interviews featured'> <a href='/the-sustainability-argument-for-open-science-in-conversation-with-the-authors/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="The sustainability argument for open science? In conversation with the authors." data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1586596436497-8d6f8d1d921f?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=MnwxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDUxfHxyZXNlYXJjaHxlbnwwfHx8fDE2NjAzMTI1MDA&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&q=80&w=1304' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/interviews/">Interviews</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/the-sustainability-argument-for-open-science-in-conversation-with-the-authors/' class='c-card__link'>The sustainability argument for open science? In conversation with the authors.</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/gisela/'>Gisela Govaart</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/zimon/'>Simon M. Hofmannn</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/chris/'>Chris Hartgerink</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2022-08-16'> August 16, 2022 </time> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class='c-section c-section--latest'> <div class='o-grid'> <div class='c-section-heading'> <h2 class='c-section-heading__title'>Latest</h2> </div> </div> <div class='o-grid o-grid--4-columns'> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-thought-pieces featured'> <a href='/open-science-call-to-act/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Eight hands comes together placed one on top of another as a sign of togetherness" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2025/02/hannah-busing-Zyx1bK9mqmA-unsplash.jpg' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/thought-pieces/">Thought Pieces</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/open-science-call-to-act/' class='c-card__link'>Science is Under Siege: The Open Science Community Must Act and Lead by Example</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/mayank/'>Mayank Chugh</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/jonny-coates/'>Jonny Coates</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2025-02-12'> February 12, 2025 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-original-research featured'> <a href='/the-time-is-now-vertical-interoperability-between-research-tools-an-essential-enabler-for-the-fairification-of-data/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="The time is now! Vertical interoperability between research tools: an essential enabler for the FAIRification of data" data-src='https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1676911809759-77bb68b691c9?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=M3wxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDZ8fGludGVyb3BlcmFiaWxpdHl8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzM3OTk3OTM4fDA&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1304' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/original-research/">Original Research</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/the-time-is-now-vertical-interoperability-between-research-tools-an-essential-enabler-for-the-fairification-of-data/' class='c-card__link'>The time is now! Vertical interoperability between research tools: an essential enabler for the FAIRification of data</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/rory/'>Rory Macneil</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/vaida/'>Vaida Plankytė</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2025-02-04'> February 4, 2025 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-thought-pieces featured'> <a href='/criteria-for-bibliographic-databases/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Criteria for Bibliographic Databases in a Well-Functioning Scholarly Communication and Research Assessment Ecosystem" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2025/01/pexels-tima-miroshnichenko-6550462.jpg' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/thought-pieces/">Thought Pieces</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/criteria-for-bibliographic-databases/' class='c-card__link'>Criteria for Bibliographic Databases in a Well-Functioning Scholarly Communication and Research Assessment Ecosystem</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/ginny-barbour/'>Ginny Barbour</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/caitlin/'>Caitlin Carter</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/jonny/'>Jonny Coates - ASAPBio</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/kelly/'>Kelly D. Cobey</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/katie/'>Katherine S. Corker</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/elizabeth/'>Elizabeth Gadd</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/bianca/'>Bianca Kramer</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/rebecca/'>Rebecca Lawrence</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/eva/'>Eva Méndez</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/cameron/'>Cameron Neylon</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/janne/'>Janne Pölönen</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/bodo/'>Bodo Stern</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/ludo/'>Ludo Waltman</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2025-01-14'> January 14, 2025 </time> </div> </div> </article> <article class='js-card c-card c-card-- c-card-- post tag-news tag-thought-pieces'> <a href='/cultivating-openness-from-community-resources-to-institutional-acceptance/' class='c-card__media'> <img class='c-card__image lazyload' alt="Cultivating Openness: From Community Resources to Institutional Acceptance" data-src='/content/images/size/w1304/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-11-09-at-14-07-25-All-sizes-2024-10-22-Open-Science-Festival-Maastricht---291-Flickr---Photo-Sharing-.png' > </a> <div class='c-card__content'> <div class='c-card__tag c-tag'> <a href="/tag/news/">News</a> </div> <h3 class='c-card__headline'><a href='/cultivating-openness-from-community-resources-to-institutional-acceptance/' class='c-card__link'>Cultivating Openness: From Community Resources to Institutional Acceptance</a></h3> <div class='c-card__meta'> <div class='c-byline c-card__byline'> <span class='u-hidden '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/chris/'>Chris Hartgerink</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/lena/'>Lena Karvovskaya</a> <span class=' '>, </span> <span class='u-hidden '> and </span> <a href='/author/esther/'>Esther Plomp</a> <span class=' u-hidden'>, </span> <span class='u-hidden u-block'> and </span> <a href='/author/dorienhuijser/'>Dorien Huijser</a> </div> <time class='c-timestamp c-card__timestamp' datetime='2024-11-19'> November 19, 2024 </time> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </main> <footer class='c-footer'> <div class='o-grid c-footer__content'> <div class='c-logo'> <div class='c-logo__dark'> <a href='https://upstream.force11.org' class='u-block'> <img class='c-logo__img' src='https://upstream.force11.org/content/images/2022/06/Upstream-logo--dark-mode-.png' alt='Upstream' width='' height=''> </a> </div> <div class='c-logo__light'> <a href='https://upstream.force11.org' class='u-block'> <img class='c-logo__img' src='https://upstream.force11.org/content/images/2022/06/Upstream-logo--light-mode-.png' alt='Upstream' width='' height=''> </a> </div> </div> <ul class='c-social-icons u-plain-list'> <li class='c-social-icons__item'> <a href='/latest/rss/' class='c-social-icons__link'> <span class='c-social-icons__icon'><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='12' height='12' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M6.503 20.752c0 1.794-1.456 3.248-3.251 3.248-1.796 0-3.252-1.454-3.252-3.248 0-1.794 1.456-3.248 3.252-3.248 1.795.001 3.251 1.454 3.251 3.248zm-6.503-12.572v4.811c6.05.062 10.96 4.966 11.022 11.009h4.817c-.062-8.71-7.118-15.758-15.839-15.82zm0-3.368c10.58.046 19.152 8.594 19.183 19.188h4.817c-.03-13.231-10.755-23.954-24-24v4.812z'/></svg></span> <span class='u-screenreader'>RSS</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class='c-footer-copy'> © 2025 Upstream <span> – Published with <a href='https://ghost.org'>Ghost</a> & <a href='https://aspirethemes.com/themes/tripoli'>Tripoli</a></span> </div> </div> </footer> <script src='/assets/js/app.min.js?v=5d40bd7a9a'></script> </body> </html>