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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Announcement of the Mahdiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Announcement_of_the_Mahdiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_of_the_'Ulema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_of_the_'Ulema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Response of the 'Ulema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_of_the_'Ulema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advance_of_the_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advance_of_the_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Advance of the rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advance_of_the_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khartoum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khartoum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Khartoum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Khartoum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Khartoum subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Khartoum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Gordon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Gordon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Arrival of Gordon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Gordon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Khartoum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Khartoum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Fall of Khartoum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Khartoum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Death and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Political heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muhammad Ahmad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="محمد أحمد المهدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد أحمد المهدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_%C6%8Fhm%C9%99d" title="Məhəmməd Əhməd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhəmməd Əhməd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="محمد احمد المهدی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="محمد احمد المهدی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="মোহাম্মদ আহমাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোহাম্মদ আহমাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muh%C3%A0mmad_%C3%80hmad" title="Muhàmmad Àhmad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muhàmmad Àhmad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahd%C3%AD" title="Al-Mahdí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Al-Mahdí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="محمد احمد المهدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محمد احمد المهدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_ibn_Abd_Allah_Al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah Al-Mahdi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_ibn_Abd_Allah_Al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah Al-Mahdi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C" title="무함마드 아마드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무함마드 아마드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93" title="מוחמד אחמד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד אחמד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93_%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="მუჰამად აჰმადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუჰამად აჰმადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_ibn_Abd_Allah_Al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah Al-Mahdi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhameds_Ahmeds" title="Muhameds Ahmeds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Muhameds Ahmeds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%89_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AA)" title="محمد احمد المهدى (عالم لاهوت) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد احمد المهدى (عالم لاهوت)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ahmad_ibn_Abd_Allah" title="Mohammed Ahmad ibn Abd Allah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mohammed Ahmad ibn Abd Allah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9E%E3%83%95%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ムハンマド・アフマド・アル＝マフディー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムハンマド・アフマド・アル＝マフディー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8E%DF%AC%DF%A4%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%98_%DF%8A%DF%A4%DF%91%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%98" title="ߡߎ߬ߤߊ߬ߡߊߘ ߊߤߑߡߊߘ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߎ߬ߤߊ߬ߡߊߘ ߊߤߑߡߊߘ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Мухьаммад Ахьмад аль-Маьхьди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мухьаммад Ахьмад аль-Маьхьди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muhammad Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مہدی سوڈانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مہدی سوڈانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi_z_Sudanu" title="Mahdi z Sudanu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mahdi z Sudanu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maom%C3%A9_Amade" title="Maomé Amade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maomé Amade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ahmed" title="Mohammad Ahmed – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mohammad Ahmed" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Мухаммад Ахмад аль-Махди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мухаммад Ахмад аль-Махди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ahmed" title="Muhammed Ahmed – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muhammed Ahmed" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF_(%D9%85%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="موحەممەد ئەحمەد (مەھدی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="موحەممەد ئەحمەد (مەھدی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ahmed" title="Muhammed Ahmed – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muhammed Ahmed" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ahmed" title="Muhammed Ahmed – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed Ahmed" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Мухаммад Ахмад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мухаммад Ахмад" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Muhammad Ahmad, see <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Muhammad Ahmad (disambiguation)">Muhammad Ahmad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Muhammad Ahmad</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg/220px-Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg/330px-Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg/440px-Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="928" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">1884 illustration of Ahmad</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Imam Mahdi</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1881–1885</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abdallahi ibn Muhammad">Abdallahi ibn Muhammad</a> 'Khalifa'</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1843-08-12</span>)</span>12 August 1843<br />Labab Island, Dongola, <a href="/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Turco-Egyptian Sudan">Turco-Egyptian Sudan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1885<span style="display:none">(1885-06-21)</span> (aged 41)<br /><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdist State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">Typhus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/The_Mahdi%27s_tomb" title="The Mahdi's tomb">The Mahdi's tomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>theologian</li><li>military leader</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisprudence</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interest(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sammāniyya</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah bin Fahal</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محمد أحمد بن عبد الله بن فحل</span>; 12 August 1843 – 21 June 1885) was a Sudanese religious and political leader. In 1881, he claimed to be the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, and led a <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Turco-Egyptian Sudan">Egyptian rule in Sudan</a> which culminated in a remarkable victory over them in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">Siege of Khartoum</a>. He created a vast Islamic state extending from the Red Sea to Central Africa, and founded a movement that remained influential in Sudan a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From his announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdist State</a> in June 1881 until its end in 1898,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mahdi's supporters, the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Ansār</a>, established many of its theological and political doctrines. After Muhammad Ahmad's unexpected death from <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> on 22 June 1885, his chief deputy, <a href="/wiki/Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abdallahi ibn Muhammad">Abdallahi ibn Muhammad</a> took over the administration of the nascent Mahdist State. </p><p>The Mahdist State, weakened by his successor's autocratic rule and inability to unify the populace to resist the British blockade and subsequent war, was dissolved following the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_conquest_of_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan</a> in 1899. Despite that, the Mahdi remains a respected figure in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">history of Sudan</a>. In the late 20th century, one of his direct descendants, <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi" title="Sadiq al-Mahdi">Sadiq al-Mahdi</a>, twice served as prime minister of Sudan (1966–1967 and 1986–1989), and pursued pro-<a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> policies.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya"><i>Qisas al-Anbiya</i> ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani,_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/400px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a>, Baghdad, Iraq</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdal</a></li> <li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqaa" title="Baqaa">Baqaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta" title="Lataif-e-Sitta">Lataif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzil" title="Manzil">Manzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(title)" title="Qalandar (title)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb" title="Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">Sufi psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqeen" title="Yaqeen">Yaqeen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Anasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi orders</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya" title="Ba 'Alawiyya">Ba 'Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmaniyya" title="Rahmaniyya">Rahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badawiyya" title="Badawiyya">Badawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desuqiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desuqiyya">Desuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijaniyyah" title="Tijaniyyah">Tijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darqawiyya" title="Darqawiyya">Darqawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisiyya" title="Idrisiyya">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelveti" title="Jelveti">Jelveti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maizbhandari" title="Maizbhandari">Maizbhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouride" title="Mouride">Mouridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1lar" title="Süleymancılar">Sülaymaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salihiyya" title="Salihiyya">Salihiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeemiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeemiyya">Azeemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubrawiya" title="Kubrawiya">Kubrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shattari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shattari">Shattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwaisi" title="Uwaisi">Uwaisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Ni'matullāhī">Ni'matullāhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuqtavi" title="Nuqtavi">Nuqtavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahabiya" title="Zahabiya">Zahabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbariyya">Akbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqani_Anjuman" title="Haqqani Anjuman">Haqqani Anjuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayati_Order" title="Inayati Order">Inayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aissawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aissawa">Issawiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrahi" title="Jerrahi">Jerrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madariyya" title="Madariyya">Madari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorbakshia_Islam" title="Noorbakshia Islam">Noorbakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikri">Zikri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of sufis</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">Notable early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufis" title="List of Sufis">Notable modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_singers" title="List of Sufi singers">Singers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics in Sufism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sufi_art" title="Category:Sufi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sufism" title="History of Sufism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufism" title="Template:Sufism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufism" title="Template talk:Sufism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mohammed Ahmed bin Abdullah bin Fahal was born on 12 August 1843 in Labab Island, <a href="/wiki/Dongola" title="Dongola">Dongola</a> in northern Sudan. He was born into a notable religious <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabized</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubian</a> family<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tracing their lineage from the Prophet of Islam <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> through the lineage of his grandson <a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan ibn Ali">Hassan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Mohammed Ahmed was still a child, his family moved to the town of Karari, north of <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a>. There his father, Ahmad bin Abdullah, managed to find enough supplies of wood for his work in boat-building, but died shortly after they arrived. After the death of his father, his brothers Mohammed and Hamed, who continued to trade and built boats. Then the family moved to live in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> for a short time, where their mother, Zainab bint Nasr, died and was buried. </p><p>While his siblings joined his father's trade, Muhammad Ahmad showed a proclivity for religious study. He studied first under Sheikh al-Amin al-Suwaylih in the <a href="/wiki/Gezira_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gezira (state)">Gezira</a> region south of <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, and subsequently under Sheikh Muhammad al-Dikayr 'Abdallah Khujali near the town of <a href="/wiki/Berber,_Sudan" title="Berber, Sudan">Berber</a> in northern Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Determined to live a life of asceticism, mysticism and worship, in 1861 he sought out Sheikh Muhammad Sharif Nur al-Dai'm, the grandson of the founder of the Samaniyya Sufi sect in Sudan. Muhammad Ahmad stayed with Sheikh Muhammad Sharif for seven years, during which time he was recognized for his piety and asceticism. Near the end of this period, he was awarded the title of Sheikh, and began to travel around the country on religious missions. He was permitted to give <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uhud" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhud">Uhūd</a> to new followers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1870, his family moved again in search for timber, returning to <a href="/wiki/Aba_Island" title="Aba Island">Aba Island</a>. There, Muhammad Ahmad built a mosque and started to teach the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. He soon gained a notable reputation among the local population as an excellent speaker and mystic. The broad thrust of his teaching followed that of other reformers: his <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was one devoted to the words of Muhammad and based on a return to the virtues of strict devotion, prayer, and simplicity as laid down in the Quran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1872, Muhammad Ahmad invited Sheikh Sharif to move to al-Aradayb, an area on the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> neighboring Aba Island. Despite initially amicable relations, in 1878 the two religious leaders had a dispute motivated by Sheikh Sharif's resentment of his former student's growing popularity. As a result, Sheikh Sharif expelled his former student from the Samaniyya Order and, despite numerous attempts at reconciliation by Muhammad Ahmad, his mentor refused to make peace.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After recognizing that the split with Sheikh Sharif was irreconcilable, Muhammad Ahmad approached another respected leader of the Samaniyya Order named Sheikh al-Qurashi wad al-Zayn. Muhammad Ahmad resumed his life of piety and religious devotion at Aba Island. During this period, he also traveled to the province of <a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a>, west of Khartoum, where he visited with the notables of the capital, <a href="/wiki/El-Obeid" title="El-Obeid">El-Obeid</a>. They were enmeshed in a power struggle between two rival claimants to the governorship of the province.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 25 July 1878, Sheikh al-Qurashi died and his followers recognized Muhammad Ahmad as their new leader. Around this time, Muhammad Ahmad first met Abdallahi bin Muhammad al-Ta'aishi, who was to become his chief deputy and successor in the years to come.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Announcement_of_the_Mahdiyya">Announcement of the Mahdiyya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Announcement of the Mahdiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 June 1881, Muhammad Ahmad claimed to be the Mahdi so as to prepare the way for the second coming of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part, his claim was based on his status as a prominent Sufi sheikh with a large following in the Samaniyya Order and among the tribes in the area around <a href="/wiki/Aba_Island" title="Aba Island">Aba Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet the idea of the Mahdiyya had been central to the belief of the Samaniyya prior to Muhammad Ahmad's pronouncement. The previous Samaniyya leader, Sheikh al-Qurashi Wad al-Zayn, had asserted that the long-awaited-for redeemer would come from the Samaniyya line. According to Sheikh al-Qurashi, the Mahdi would make himself known through a number of signs, some established in the early period of Islam and recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> literature. Others had a more distinctly local origin, such as the prediction that the Mahdi would ride the sheikh's pony and erect a dome over his grave after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawing from aspects of the Sufi tradition that were intimately familiar to both his followers and his opponents, Muhammad Ahmad claimed that he had been appointed as the Mahdi by a prophetic assembly or <i>hadra</i> (Arabic: Al-Hadra Al-Nabawiyya, الحضرة النبوية). A hadra, in the Sufi tradition, is a gathering of all the prophets from the time of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, as well as many Sufi holy men who are believed to have reached the highest level of affinity with the divine during their lifetime. The hadra is chaired by Muhammad, known as Sayyid al-Wujud, and at his side are the seven <a href="/wiki/Qutb" title="Qutb">Qutb</a>, the most senior of whom is known as Ghawth az-Zaman. The hadra was also the source of a number of central beliefs about the Mahdi, including that he was created from the sacred light at the centre of Muhammad's heart, and that all living creatures had acknowledged the Mahdi's claim since his birth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Muhammad Ahmad framed the Mahdiyya as a return to the early days of Islam, when the Muslim community, or <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a>, was unified under the guidance of Muhammad and his immediate successors. Later, in order to distinguish his followers from adherents of other Sufi sects, the Mahdi forbade the use of the word <i>darwish</i> (commonly known as "dervish" in English) to describe his followers, replacing it with the title <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Ansār</a>, the term which Muhammad used for the people of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> who welcomed him and his followers after their flight from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_of_the_'Ulema"><span id="Response_of_the_.27Ulema"></span>Response of the 'Ulema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Response of the 'Ulema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite his popularity among the clerics of the Samaniyya and other sects, and among the tribes of western Sudan, some of the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Ulema</a>, or orthodox religious authorities, rejected Muhammad Ahmad's claim as the Mahdi. Among his most prominent critics were the Sudanese Ulema loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Sultan and employed by the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Turco-Egyptian Sudan">Turco-Egyptian government</a>. Examples were the Mufti Shakir al-Ghazi, who sat on the Council of Appeal in Khartoum, and the Qadi Ahmad al-Azhari in Kordofan. These critics were careful not to deny the concept of the Mahdi as such, but rather to discredit Muhammad Ahmad's claim to it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They pointed out that Muhammad Ahmad's manifestation did not conform to the prophecies laid out in the Hadith literature. In particular, they argued for the political interests of the Turco-Egyptian government and its British rulers, that his manifestation did not conform with the "time of troubles" "when the land is filled with oppression, tyranny, and enmity".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advance_of_the_rebellion">Advance of the rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advance of the rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahdi_1885.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mahdi_1885.png/220px-Mahdi_1885.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mahdi_1885.png/330px-Mahdi_1885.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Mahdi_1885.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> Extent of the Mahdi rebellion in 1885 (green hatching)</figcaption></figure> <p>When Governor General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rauf_Pasha" title="Muhammad Rauf Pasha">Muhammad Rauf Pasha</a> in Khartoum learned of the 29 June 1881 declaration by Muhammad Ahmad as the Mahdi, he believed that the man would be satisfied with a government pension, and he sent Ahmad a friendly letter. The Mahdi telegraphed an uncompromising reply, saying, "He who does not believe in me will be purified by the sword."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen200787_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200787-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mohammed Rauf Pasha sent a small party to arrest the Mahdi on Aba Island, but on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aba" title="Battle of Aba">11 August 1881 it was overwhelmed</a>, and the insurrection in southern Sudan began to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett200667_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200667-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rauf Pasha downplayed the "affray" in his report to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and sent the governor of Kordofan to Aba Island with 1,000 soldiers to crush the Mahdi. When they arrived, they found the Mahdi had fled to the southwest. The soldiers marched after him, but gave up the pursuit when the September rains flooded the roads and riverbeds; they returned to <a href="/wiki/El-Obeid" title="El-Obeid">El-Obeid</a>. The Mahdi established a new base in the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2007111_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2007111-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mahdi and a party of his followers, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Ansār</a></i> (helpers, known in the West as "the <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervishes</a>"), made a long march to <a href="/wiki/Kurdufan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdufan">Kurdufan</a>. There he gained numerous recruits, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Baqqara" class="mw-redirect" title="Baqqara">Baqqara</a>, and notable leaders such as Sheikh Madibbo ibn Ali of the <a href="/wiki/Rizeigat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizeigat">Rizeigat</a> and Abdallahi ibn Muhammad of the Ta'aisha tribes. They were also joined by the <a href="/wiki/Hadendoa" title="Hadendoa">Hadendoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a>, who were rallied to the Mahdi in 1883 by <a href="/wiki/Osman_Digna" title="Osman Digna">Osman Digna</a>, an Ansār captain in eastern Sudan. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahdist_in_the_Khalifa%27s_house,_Omdurman,_Sudan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mahdist_in_the_Khalifa%27s_house%2C_Omdurman%2C_Sudan.png/250px-Mahdist_in_the_Khalifa%27s_house%2C_Omdurman%2C_Sudan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mahdist_in_the_Khalifa%27s_house%2C_Omdurman%2C_Sudan.png/375px-Mahdist_in_the_Khalifa%27s_house%2C_Omdurman%2C_Sudan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mahdist_in_the_Khalifa%27s_house%2C_Omdurman%2C_Sudan.png/500px-Mahdist_in_the_Khalifa%27s_house%2C_Omdurman%2C_Sudan.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A Sudanese man wearing the typical Mahdist <a href="/wiki/Jibba" title="Jibba">jibba</a> in Omdurman, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mahdist revolution was backed by the northern and western regions of Sudan. It also found great support from the <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anuak_people" title="Anuak people">Anuak</a> tribes of southern Sudan, in addition to the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)" title="Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)">Bahr Alghazal</a>. This widespread support affirmed that the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist Revolution</a> was a national rather than regional revolution. In addition to unifying different tribes, the revolution cut across religious divides, despite its religious origins. The Mahdi was supported by non-Muslims and Muslims alike. This had important implications for the slave trade. Going against traditional Islamic injunctions, the Mahdi allowed the enslavement of free Muslims, if they did not support him, and forbade the enslavement of traditional victims, non-Muslims, if they supported him.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late in 1883, the Ansār, armed only with spears and swords, overwhelmed a 4,000-man Egyptian force not far from <a href="/wiki/El-Obeid" title="El-Obeid">El-Obeid</a>, and seized their rifles and ammunition. The Mahdi followed up this victory by laying siege to El-Obeid and starving it into submission after four months. The town remained the headquarters of the Ansār for much of the decade. </p><p>The Ansār, now 40,000 strong, defeated an 8,000-man Egyptian relief force led by British officer <a href="/wiki/William_Hicks_(British_soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hicks (British soldier)">William Hicks</a> near Kashgil, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaykan" title="Battle of Shaykan">Battle of Shaykan</a>. The defeat of Hicks also resulted in the fall of <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> to the Ansār, which until then had been effectively defended by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carl_von_Slatin" title="Rudolf Carl von Slatin">Rudolf Carl von Slatin</a>. Jabal Qadir in the south was also taken. The western half of Sudan was now firmly in Ansārī hands. </p><p>Their success emboldened the Hadendoa, who under the generalship of Osman Digna wiped out a smaller force of Egyptians under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Baker" title="Valentine Baker">Valentine Baker</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Suakin" title="Suakin">Suakin</a>. Major General <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Graham" title="Gerald Graham">Gerald Graham</a> was sent with a force of 4,000 British soldiers and defeated Digna at <a href="/wiki/First_and_Second_Battles_of_El_Teb" class="mw-redirect" title="First and Second Battles of El Teb">El Teb</a> on 29 February. Two weeks later he suffered high casualties at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamai" title="Battle of Tamai">Tamai</a>, and Graham eventually withdrew his forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Khartoum">Khartoum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Khartoum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a></div> <p>After much debate the British decided to abandon Sudan in December 1883, holding only several northern towns and Red Sea ports, such as <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassala" title="Kassala">Kassala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sannar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannar">Sannar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sawakin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawakin">Sawakin</a>. The evacuation of Egyptian troops and officials, and other foreigners from Sudan was assigned to General <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles George Gordon</a>, who had been reappointed governor general with orders to return to Khartoum and organize a withdrawal of the Egyptian garrisons there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_Gordon">Arrival of Gordon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arrival of Gordon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gordon reached Khartoum in February 1884. At first he was greeted with jubilation, as many of the tribes in the immediate area were at odds with the Mahdists. Transportation northward was still open and the telegraph lines intact. But the uprising of the Beja soon after his arrival changed things considerably, reducing communications to runners. </p><p>Gordon considered the routes northward to be too dangerous to extricate the garrisons and so pressed for reinforcements to be sent from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> to help with the withdrawal. He also suggested that his old enemy <a href="/wiki/Al-Zubayr_Rahma_Mansur" title="Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur">Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur</a>, a fine military commander, be given tacit control of the Sudan in order to provide a counter to the Ansār. London rejected both proposals, and so Gordon prepared for a fight. </p><p>In March 1884, Gordon tried to stage an offensive to clear the road northward to Egypt, but a number of the officers in the Egyptian force went over to the enemy and their forces fled the field after firing a single salvo. This convinced him that he could carry out only defensive operations, and he returned to Khartoum to construct defensive works. </p><p>By April 1884, Gordon had managed to evacuate some 2,500 of the foreign population who had been able to make the trek northwards. His mobile force under <a href="/wiki/John_Donald_Hamill_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="John Donald Hamill Stewart">Colonel Stewart</a> returned to Khartoum after repeated incidents when the 200 or so Egyptian forces under his command would turn and run at the slightest provocation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege">Siege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">Siege of Khartoum</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Abu_Klea,_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg/260px-Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg/390px-Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg/520px-Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the British square at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Klea" title="Battle of Abu Klea">Battle of Abu Klea</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a>, 1885</figcaption></figure> <p>That month the Ansār besieged Khartoum, and Gordon was completely cut off. But his defensive works, consisting mainly of <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">mines</a>, proved so frightening to the Ansār that they were unable to penetrate the city. Once the waters rose, Stewart used <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> on the Nile to conduct several small skirmishes and in August managed to recapture <a href="/wiki/Berber,_Sudan" title="Berber, Sudan">Berber</a> for a short time. But Stewart was killed soon after in another foray from Berber to Dongola, a fact Gordon learned only in a letter from the Mahdi himself. </p><p>Under increasing pressure from the public to support Gordon, the British Government under <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Prime Minister Gladstone</a> eventually had ordered <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Lord Garnet Joseph Wolseley</a> to relieve Gordon. He was already deployed in Egypt due to the attempted coup there earlier, and organized a large force of infantry, but advanced at an extremely slow rate. Realizing they would take some time to arrive, Gordon pressed Wolseley to send forward a "<a href="/wiki/Flying_column" title="Flying column">flying column</a>" of camel-borne troops across the <a href="/wiki/Bayuda_Desert" title="Bayuda Desert">Bayyudah Desert</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa" title="Wadi Halfa">Wadi Halfa</a> under the command of Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Stewart" title="Herbert Stewart">Sir Herbert Stewart</a>. This force was attacked by the Hadendoa <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Fuzzy-Wuzzy" title="Fuzzy-Wuzzy">Fuzzy Wuzzies</a>", twice, first at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Klea" title="Battle of Abu Klea">Battle of Abu Klea</a> and two days later closer to Metemma. Twice the British square held and the Mahdists were repelled with high losses. </p><p>At Metemma, 100 miles (160 km) north of Khartoum, Wolseley's advance guard met four of Gordon's steamers, sent downriver to provide speedy transport for the first relieving troops. They gave Wolseley a dispatch from Gordon claiming that the city was about to fall. Moments later a runner brought in another message, claiming the city could hold out for a year. Deciding to believe the latter, the force stopped while they refit the steamers to hold more troops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Khartoum">Fall of Khartoum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fall of Khartoum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They finally reached Khartoum on 28 January 1885, to find the town had fallen two days earlier during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">siege of Khartoum</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> had receded from flood stage, one of Gordon's <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pashas</a> (officers), Faraz Pasha, had opened the river gates and let the Ansār in. The garrison was slaughtered, the male population massacred, and the women and children enslaved. Gordon was killed fighting the Mahdi's warriors on the steps of the palace, where he was hacked to pieces and beheaded. When Gordon's head was unwrapped at the Mahdi's feet, he ordered the head to be fixed between the branches of a tree "where all who passed it could look in disdain, children could throw stones at it and the hawks of the desert could sweep and circle above." When Wolseley's force arrived in Khartoum, they retreated after attempting to force their way to the center of the town on ships, where they were met by a hail of gunfire.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mahdi Army continued its sweep of victories. <a href="/wiki/Kassala" title="Kassala">Kassala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sannar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannar">Sannar</a> fell soon after and, by the end of 1885, the Ansār had begun to move into the southern regions of Sudan. In all of Sudan, only <a href="/wiki/Suakin" title="Suakin">Suakin</a>, reinforced by <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian</a> troops, and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa" title="Wadi Halfa">Wadi Halfa</a> on the northern frontier remained in Anglo-Egyptian hands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahdi_Grave_in_Omdurman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mahdi_Grave_in_Omdurman.jpg/220px-Mahdi_Grave_in_Omdurman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mahdi_Grave_in_Omdurman.jpg/330px-Mahdi_Grave_in_Omdurman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mahdi_Grave_in_Omdurman.jpg/440px-Mahdi_Grave_in_Omdurman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The rebuilt <a href="/wiki/The_Mahdi%27s_tomb" title="The Mahdi's tomb">tomb of Muhammad Ahmad</a> in Omdurman</figcaption></figure> <p>Five months after the capture of Khartoum, Muhammad Ahmad died of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>. He was buried in Omdurman near the ruins of Khartoum. The Mahdi had planned for this eventuality and had chosen three deputies to replace him. </p><p>After the final defeat of the Khalifa by the British under <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">General Kitchener</a> in 1898, <a href="/wiki/The_Mahdi%27s_tomb" title="The Mahdi's tomb">Muhammad Ahmad's tomb</a> was destroyed to prevent it from becoming a rallying point for his supporters. His bones were thrown into the Nile. Kitchener was said to have retained his skull<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, "carried off the Mahdi's head in a kerosene can as a trophy".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allegedly the skull was later buried at <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa" title="Wadi Halfa">Wadi Halfa</a>. The tomb was eventually rebuilt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_heritage">Political heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/375px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/500px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_111111.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/FIAV_111111.svg/23px-FIAV_111111.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/FIAV_111111.svg/35px-FIAV_111111.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/FIAV_111111.svg/46px-FIAV_111111.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> The flag of Sudan. The black represents Sudan; in Arabic '<i>bilad as-sudan</i>' refers to the black inhabitants. It also represents the black flag of nationalists who fought colonial rule during the Mahdist Revolution, late in 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Muhammed Ahmad's son, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi">Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi</a>, born after his father's death, whom the British considered important as a popular leader of the Mahdists, became a leader of the neo-Mahdist movement in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Sudanese considered Abd al-Rahman to qualify as future King of Sudan, as the country gained independence, but he declined the title for spiritual reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Abd al-Rahman sponsored the <a href="/wiki/National_Umma_Party_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Umma Party Sudan">Umma</a> (Nation) political Party in the period before and just after Sudan became independent in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern-day Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad is sometimes considered to be a precursor of Sudanese nationalism. The <a href="/wiki/Umma_Party_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Umma Party (Sudan)">Umma party</a> claim to be his political descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their former leader, Imam <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi" title="Sadiq al-Mahdi">Sadiq al-Mahdi</a>, was the great-great-grandson of Muhammad Ahmad,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> of the Ansār, the religious order that pledges allegiance to Muhammad Ahmad. Sadiq al-Mahdi was a democratic leader and Prime Minister of Sudan on two occasions: first briefly in 1966–1967, and then between 1986 and 1989. Further, the Mahdi is an ancestor of Sudanese-English actor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Siddig" title="Alexander Siddig">Alexander Siddig</a>, whose birth name was Siddig El Tahir El Fadil El Siddig Abdurrahman Mohammed Ahmed Abdel Karim El Mahdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the story <i>Ibn el 'amm</i> (1887) by German writer <a href="/wiki/Karl_May" title="Karl May">Karl May</a>, the Mahdi explains the death of a praying person killed by a lion.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Im Lande des Mahdi</i> (The Mahdi Trilogy, 1896) by Karl May, where <a href="/wiki/Kara_Ben_Nemsi" title="Kara Ben Nemsi">Kara Ben Nemsi</a> meets Muhammad Ahmad.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Desert_and_Wilderness" title="In Desert and Wilderness">In Desert and Wilderness</a></i>, a young adult novel by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a> (1912)</li> <li>In the 1966 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_(film)" title="Khartoum (film)">Khartoum</a></i>, the Mahdi was played by <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>.</li> <li>In the British sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Dad%27s_Army" title="Dad's Army">Dad's Army</a></i>, Lance-Corporal Jones often talks about his encounters with the Mahdi.</li> <li>In the 1999 film <i><a href="/wiki/Topsy-Turvy" title="Topsy-Turvy">Topsy-Turvy</a></i>, characters discuss the news of the Mahdi's destruction of the British garrison at Khartoum.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Feathers" title="The Four Feathers">The Four Feathers</a></i>, a much-filmed adventure novel from 1902 is set during the British military expedition against the Mahdi.</li> <li>A 2007 episode of the crime drama <i><a href="/wiki/Waking_the_Dead_(TV_series)" title="Waking the Dead (TV series)">Waking the Dead</a></i> featured an attempt to locate the Mahdi's missing skull, in order to defuse tensions due to the <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a> of a Sudanese Mahdist politician. The episode also made reference to the 1966 film in particular reference to Olivier's portrayal of the Mahdi.</li> <li>The 2008 novel <i>After Omdurman</i> by John Ferry deals with the reconquest of the Sudan and the destruction of the army of the Mahdi's successor, the Khalifa.</li> <li>"Winston's Lost Night", a 2013 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Mysteries" title="Murdoch Mysteries">Murdoch Mysteries</a></i>, involves the murder of a man for desecrating <a href="/wiki/The_Mahdi%27s_tomb" title="The Mahdi's tomb">the Mahdi's tomb</a>. The young <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> is initially suspected of the murder. He gives a speech denouncing the desecration.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Smith" title="Wilbur Smith">Wilbur Smith</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Sun" title="The Triumph of the Sun">The Triumph of the Sun</a></i> is set around the siege of Khartoum led by the Mahdi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mahdist_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mahdist Sudan">History of Mahdist Sudan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Desert_and_Wilderness" title="In Desert and Wilderness">In Desert and Wilderness</a></i> (novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism_in_colonial_societies" title="Millenarianism in colonial societies">Millenarianism in colonial societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mahdi_claimants" title="List of Mahdi claimants">List of Mahdi claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabih_az-Zubayr" title="Rabih az-Zubayr">Rabih az-Zubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Wingate" title="Reginald Wingate">Reginald Wingate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mahdi-Sudanese-religious-leader">"al-Mahdī | Sudanese religious leader | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927091737/https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mahdi-Sudanese-religious-leader">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=al-Mahd%C4%AB+%26%23124%3B+Sudanese+religious+leader+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2Fal-Mahdi-Sudanese-religious-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_M._Holt" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter M. Holt">Holt, P.M.</a>: "The Mahdist State in Sudan, 1881–1898". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2011" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Junius P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N70GiNB8aQ4C"><i>Slavery in the Modern World: A History of Political, Social, and Economic Oppression [2 volumes]: A History of Political, Social, and Economic Oppression</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-788-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-788-3"><bdi>978-1-85109-788-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Modern+World%3A+A+History+of+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Economic+Oppression+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+A+History+of+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Economic+Oppression&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-788-3&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Junius+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN70GiNB8aQ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_M._Holt" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter M. Holt">Holt, P.M.</a> <i>The Mahdist State in Sudan, 1881–1898.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. pp 45 cf.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warburg, Gabriel. <i>Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan since the Mahdiyya.</i> Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003. pp. 30–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibrahim, Ahmed Uthman. "Some Aspects of the Ideology of the Mahdiyya." See also PM Holt, pp 50 cf</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Islah and Tajdid.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kapteijns, The Religious Background of the Mahdi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200787-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen200787_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green 2007</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200667-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett200667_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckett2006">Beckett 2006</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2007111-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2007111_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green 2007</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearcy" class="citation journal cs1">Searcy, Kim. "The Sudanese Mahdī's Attitudes on Slavery and Emancipation". <i>Islamic Africa</i>. <b>1</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Sudanese+Mahd%C4%AB%27s+Attitudes+on+Slavery+and+Emancipation&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Searcy&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakenham1991" class="citation book cs1">Pakenham, T. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric00pake"><i>The Scramble for Africa 1876–1912</i></a></span>. Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric00pake/page/272">272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10449-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10449-2"><bdi>978-0-349-10449-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scramble+for+Africa+1876%E2%80%931912&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-349-10449-2&rft.aulast=Pakenham&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscrambleforafric00pake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://divinity.uchicago.edu/martycenter/publications/webforum/052004/commentary.shtml">Undoing the Mahdiyya: British Colonialism as Religious Reform in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1914</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526042006/http://divinity.uchicago.edu/martycenter/publications/webforum/052004/commentary.shtml">Archived</a> 26 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> by Noah Salomon (University of Chicago Divinity School)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2003" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2003). <i>Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World</i>. London: Penguin Books. pp. 267–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-00754-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-00754-0"><bdi>978-0-141-00754-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+How+Britain+Made+the+Modern+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=267-272&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-141-00754-0&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiansenKevane1998" class="citation book cs1">Stiansen, Endre; Kevane, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7EyTqfQ6HsC&pg=PA23"><i>Kordofan invaded: peripheral incorporation and social transformation in Islamic Africa</i></a>. Brill. pp. 23–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11049-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11049-6"><bdi>90-04-11049-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102085336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7EyTqfQ6HsC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kordofan+invaded%3A+peripheral+incorporation+and+social+transformation+in+Islamic+Africa&rft.pages=23-27&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-11049-6&rft.aulast=Stiansen&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft.au=Kevane%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7EyTqfQ6HsC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarburg2003" class="citation book cs1">Warburg, Gabriel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3G-7lIvwbLgC&pg=PA125"><i>Islam, sectarianism, and politics in Sudan since the Mahdiyya</i></a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-18294-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-18294-0"><bdi>0-299-18294-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219153150/https://books.google.com/books?id=3G-7lIvwbLgC&pg=PA125">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+sectarianism%2C+and+politics+in+Sudan+since+the+Mahdiyya&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-299-18294-0&rft.aulast=Warburg&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3G-7lIvwbLgC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358127/Sayyid-Abd-al-Rahman-al-Mahdi">"Sayyid ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Mahdī"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619080104/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358127/Sayyid-Abd-al-Rahman-al-Mahdi">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sayyid+%CA%BFAbd+al-Ra%E1%B8%A5m%C4%81n+al-Mahd%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F358127%2FSayyid-Abd-al-Rahman-al-Mahdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315192040/http://www.umma.org/02e.html">"Ummah party official website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umma.org/02e.html">the original</a> on 15 March 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ummah+party+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umma.org%2F02e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamal_Nkrumah2004" class="citation news cs1">Gamal Nkrumah (21 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123230746/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/699/profile.htm">"Sadig Al-Mahdi: The comeback king"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/699/profile.htm">the original</a> on 23 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram&rft.atitle=Sadig+Al-Mahdi%3A+The+comeback+king&rft.date=2004-07-21&rft.au=Gamal+Nkrumah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2004%2F699%2Fprofile.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de/kmg/primlit/erzaehl/reise/ibnelamm/ibn-el-amm.php">"Karl May – Ibn el 'amm"</a>. <i>www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707092600/https://www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de/kmg/primlit/erzaehl/reise/ibnelamm/ibn-el-amm.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de&rft.atitle=Karl+May+%E2%80%93+Ibn+el+%27amm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karl-may-gesellschaft.de%2Fkmg%2Fprimlit%2Ferzaehl%2Freise%2Fibnelamm%2Fibn-el-amm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de/kmg/primlit/reise/mahdi/index.htm">"Im Lande des Mahdi"</a>. <i>www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707092558/https://www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de/kmg/primlit/reise/mahdi/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de&rft.atitle=Im+Lande+des+Mahdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karl-may-gesellschaft.de%2Fkmg%2Fprimlit%2Freise%2Fmahdi%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2006" class="citation cs2">Beckett, Ian (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LjBE4XpLxSwC&pg=PA67"><i>Victorians at War</i></a>, A&C Black, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-510-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-510-9"><bdi>978-1-85285-510-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorians+at+War&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-510-9&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjBE4XpLxSwC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2007" class="citation cs2">Green, Dominic (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VTIZlIcZrwC&pg=PA87"><i>Three Empires on the Nile: The Victorian Jihad, 1869–1899</i></a>, Simon and Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9895-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-9895-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Empires+on+the+Nile%3A+The+Victorian+Jihad%2C+1869%E2%80%931899&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-9895-7&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VTIZlIcZrwC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Levering_Lewis" title="David Levering Lewis">David Levering Lewis</a>, "Khalifa, Khedive, and Kitchener" in <i>The Race for Fashoda</i>. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55584-058-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55584-058-2">1-55584-058-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_River_War" title="The River War">The River War</a>: An Account Of The Reconquest Of The Sudan", 1902, available at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html">The Mahdiyah, 1884–98</a></i>, at the Library of Congress-Country Studies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Nicoll" title="Fergus Nicoll">Fergus Nicoll</a>, <i>The Sword of the Prophet:The Mahdi of Sudan and the Death of General Gordon</i>, The History Press Ltd, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3299-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3299-8">978-0-7509-3299-8</a></li> <li>John Obert Voll, "The Sudanese Mahdi: Frontier Fundamentalist", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> 10 (1979), pp. 145–166</li> <li>Shaked, Haim, <i>The Life of the Sudanese Mahdi</i>, Routledge, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-132-3">978-0-87855-132-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mohamed Hassan Fadlalla, <i>Short History of Sudan</i>, iUniverse, (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-31425-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-31425-2">0-595-31425-2</a>.</li> <li>Mohamed Hassan Fadlalla, <i>The Problem of Dar Fur</i>, iUniverse, Inc. (2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-36502-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-36502-9">978-0-595-36502-9</a>.</li> <li>Mohamed Hassan Fadlalla, <i>UN Intervention in Dar Fur</i>, iUniverse, Inc. (2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-42979-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-42979-3">0-595-42979-3</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405-4453_alao_COM_ALA_10012_1_1">“Muḥammad Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Faḥl b. ʿAbd al-Walī b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Dunqulāwī”</a>, in: Arabic Literature of Africa Online, General Editor John O. Hunwick, R.S. O’Fahey. (First published online: 2016)</li> <li>Dominic Green, 2011. <i>Three Empires on the Nile: The Victorian Jihad, 1869–1899</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-3160-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-3160-9">978-1-4516-3160-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sufism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufi" title="Template:Sufi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufi" title="Template talk:Sufi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sufism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Sufi orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">'Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naqshbandiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqshbandiyya">Naqshbandiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Din_Naqshband" title="Baha' al-Din Naqshband">Baha' al-Din Naqshband</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chishtiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chishtiyya">Chishtiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Chishti" title="Mu'in al-Din Chishti">Mu'in al-Din Chishti</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Suhrawardi" title="Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi">Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rifa%27iyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'iyya">Rifa'iyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Badawiyya" title="Badawiyya">Badawiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Badawi" title="Ahmad al-Badawi">Ahmad al-Badawi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Desuqiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desuqiyya">Desuqiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Desuqi" title="Ibrahim al-Desuqi">Ibrahim al-Desuqi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shadhiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadhiliyya">Shadhiliyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Shadhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili">Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Akbariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbariyya">Akbariyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalwatiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalwatiyya">Khalwatiyya</a></b> <small>('Umar al-Khalwati)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rahmaniyya" title="Rahmaniyya">Rahmaniyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine" title="Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine">Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azhari</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bayramiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayramiyya">Bayramiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bayram_Wali" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayram Wali">Bayram Wali</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya" title="Ba 'Alawiyya">Ba 'Alawiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Faqih_al-Muqaddam" title="Muhammad al-Faqih al-Muqaddam">Muhammad ibn 'Ali Ba 'Alawi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tijaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniyya">Tijaniyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tijani" title="Ahmad al-Tijani">Ahmad al-Tijani</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idrisiyya" title="Idrisiyya">Idrisiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Idris_al-Fasi" title="Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi">Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maghribi_Kufic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg/150px-Maghribi_Kufic.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg/225px-Maghribi_Kufic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Zuhd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiyah" title="Tazkiyah">Tazkiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">Tabarruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">Wajd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_studies" title="Sufi studies">Sufi studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sufi_literature" title="Sufi literature">Sufi literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_al-Qushayriyya" title="Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya">Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilyat_al-Awliya%27" title="Hilyat al-Awliya'">Hilyat al-Awliya'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf_al-Mahjub" title="Kashf al-Mahjub">Kashf al-Mahjub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alchemy_of_Happiness" title="The Alchemy of Happiness">The Alchemy of Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revival_of_the_Religious_Sciences" title="The Revival of the Religious Sciences">The Revival of the Religious Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burda" title="Al-Burda">Al-Burda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dala%27il_al-Khayrat" title="Dala'il al-Khayrat">Dala'il al-Khayrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazail-e-Amaal" title="Fazail-e-Amaal">Fadha'il al-'Amal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufis" title="List of Sufis">Notable Sufis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd AH/8th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Al-Hasan al-Basri</a> (d. 110 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Dinar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik ibn Dinar">Malik ibn Dinar</a> (d. 128 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Adham" title="Ibrahim ibn Adham">Ibrahim ibn Adham</a> (d. 160 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyan_al-Thawri" title="Sufyan al-Thawri">Sufyan al-Thawri</a> (d. 161 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Ta%27i" title="Dawud al-Ta'i">Dawud al-Ta'i</a> (d. 165 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_ibn_Zaid" title="Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid">'Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid</a> (d. 177 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabia of Basra">Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya</a> (d. 180 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Mubarak">Ibn al-Mubarak</a> (d. 181 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fudayl_ibn_%27Iyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad">Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad</a> (d. 188 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqiq_al-Balkhi" title="Shaqiq al-Balkhi">Shaqiq al-Balkhi</a> (d. 194 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ruf_al-Karkhi" title="Ma'ruf al-Karkhi">Ma'ruf al-Karkhi</a> (d. 200 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd AH/9th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darani" title="Al-Darani">Al-Darani</a> (d. 205 or 215 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishr_al-Hafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishr al-Hafi">Bishr al-Hafi</a> (d. 227 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_al-Muhasibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Harith al-Muhasibi">Al-Harith al-Muhasibi</a> (d. 243 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Nun_al-Misri" title="Dhul-Nun al-Misri">Dhul-Nun al-Misri</a> (d. 245 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari_al-Saqati" title="Sari al-Saqati">Sari al-Saqati</a> (d. 253 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mu%27adh_al-Razi" title="Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi">Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi</a> (d. 258 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Kharraz" title="Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz">Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz</a> (d. 277 or 286 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahl_al-Tustari" title="Sahl al-Tustari">Sahl al-Tustari</a> (d. 283 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi">Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi</a> (d. 295 or 320 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husain_al-Nuri" title="Abu al-Husain al-Nuri">Abu al-Husain al-Nuri</a> (d. 295 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th AH/10th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruwaym" title="Ruwaym">Ruwaym</a> (d. 303 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Shibli" title="Abu Bakr al-Shibli">Abu Bakr al-Shibli</a> (d. 334 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Talib_al-Makki" title="Abu Talib al-Makki">Abu Talib al-Makki</a> (d. 386 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Kalabadhi" title="Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi">Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi</a> (d. 380 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE4E1">Sufi leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi</a> (d. 589 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kb%C3%B6ri" title="Gökböri">Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri</a> (d. 630 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Abu_al-Haggag" title="Yusuf Abu al-Haggag">Yusuf Abu al-Haggag</a> (d. 642 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Muhammad al-Fateh</a> (d. 886 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (d. 1118 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> (d. 1277 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> (d. 1278 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a> (d. 1287 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdel-Kader</a> (d. 1300 AH)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Ahmad</a> (d. 1302/1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Mukhtar" title="Omar al-Mukhtar">Omar al-Mukhtar</a> (d. 1350 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">'Izz al-Din al-Qassam</a> (d. 1354 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298678#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298678#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117692136">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/184457021">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/103315/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxWQkkxrg8THbfCyRw6Kd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119156717">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82164387">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p123835054">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqk2rv31dn3l4">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810673467405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007313710005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119156717.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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