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<li id="toc-Critical_race_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_race_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Critical race theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_race_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whiteness_unspoken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whiteness_unspoken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Whiteness unspoken </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whiteness_unspoken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unjust_enrichment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unjust_enrichment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Unjust enrichment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unjust_enrichment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spared_injustice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spared_injustice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Spared injustice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spared_injustice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privileges_not_related_to_injustice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privileges_not_related_to_injustice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Privileges not related to injustice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privileges_not_related_to_injustice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Framing_racial_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Framing_racial_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Framing racial inequality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Framing_racial_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_privilege_pedagogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_privilege_pedagogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 White privilege pedagogy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_privilege_pedagogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_fragility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_fragility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 White fragility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_fragility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_backlash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_backlash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 White backlash </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_backlash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Global perspectives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Global perspectives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Global_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Namibia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Namibia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.1 Wealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment_and_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_and_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.2 Employment and economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_and_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.3 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="امتياز البيض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="امتياز البيض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A9_privilegium" title="Bílé privilegium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bílé privilegium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Privilegien" title="Weiße Privilegien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weiße Privilegien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Λευκό προνόμιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λευκό προνόμιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilegio_blanco" title="Privilegio blanco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Privilegio blanco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanka_privilegio" title="Blanka privilegio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blanka privilegio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="امتیاز پوست سفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امتیاز پوست سفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privil%C3%A8ge_blanc" title="Privilège blanc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Privilège blanc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit_privilege" title="Wit privilege – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wit privilege" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%B9%E6%A8%A9" title="白人特権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白人特権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82y_przywilej" title="Biały przywilej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biały przywilej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privil%C3%A9gio_branco" title="Privilégio branco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Privilégio branco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Привилегии белых – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Привилегии белых" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkoinen_etuoikeus" title="Valkoinen etuoikeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkoinen etuoikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="เอกสิทธิ์คนขาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอกสิทธิ์คนขาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_quy%E1%BB%81n_da_tr%E1%BA%AFng" title="Đặc quyền da trắng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đặc quyền da trắng" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li>white</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> White privilege, or white skin privilege, is the <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">societal privilege</a> that benefits <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> over <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">non-white</a> people in some societies, particularly if they are otherwise under the same social, political, or economic circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neville-2">[2]</a> With roots in <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">imperialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jamesstephens1824-3">[3]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, white privilege has developed<a href="#cite_note-colonialismandbeyond2013-4">[4]</a> in circumstances that have broadly sought to protect white racial privileges,<a href="#cite_note-modernpolitical2003-5">[5]</a> various national citizenships, and other rights or special benefits.<a href="#cite_note-racialprofiling2006-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-livingracism2017-7">[7]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Study_of_white_privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Study of white privilege">study of white privilege</a> and its broader field of <a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">whiteness studies</a>, both pioneered in the United States, academic perspectives such as <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race theory</a> use the concept to analyze how <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racialized_society" title="Racialized society">racialized societies</a> affect the lives of white or white-skinned people.<a href="#cite_note-Banks-2012-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> For example, American academic <a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a> described the advantages that whites in Western societies enjoy and non-whites do not experience as "an invisible package of unearned assets".<a href="#cite_note-Unpacking-10">[10]</a> White privilege denotes both obvious and less obvious passive advantages that white people may not recognize they have, which distinguishes it from overt bias or prejudice. These include cultural affirmations of one's own worth; presumed greater social status; and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_move" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom to move">freedom to move</a>, buy, work, play, and <a href="/wiki/Speak_freely" class="mw-redirect" title="Speak freely">speak freely</a>. The effects can be seen in professional, educational, and personal contexts. The concept of white privilege also implies the right to assume the universality of one's own experiences, marking others as different or exceptional while perceiving oneself as <a href="/wiki/Normality_(behavior)" title="Normality (behavior)">normal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vice-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-McDonald-2008-12">[12]</a> Some scholars say that the term uses the concept of "whiteness" as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> or other social privilege or as a distraction from deeper underlying problems of inequality.<a href="#cite_note-Arnesen-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hartigan,_2005_pp._1-14">[14]</a> Others state that it is not that whiteness is a substitute but that many other social privileges are interconnected with it, requiring complex and careful analysis to identify how whiteness contributes to privilege.<a href="#cite_note-Privilege-15">[15]</a> Other commentators propose alternative definitions of whiteness and exceptions to or limits of white identity, arguing that the concept of white privilege ignores important differences between white <a href="/wiki/Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">subpopulations</a> and individuals and suggesting that the notion of whiteness cannot be inclusive of all white people.<a href="#cite_note-uws.edu.au-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Privilege-15">[15]</a> They note the problem of acknowledging the diversity of people of color and ethnicity within these groups.<a href="#cite_note-Privilege-15">[15]</a> Some commentators have observed that the "academic-sounding concept of white privilege" sometimes elicits defensiveness and misunderstanding among white people, in part due to how the concept of white privilege was rapidly brought into the mainstream spotlight through <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> campaigns such as <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brydum-17">[17]</a> As an academic concept that was only recently brought into the mainstream, the concept of white privilege is frequently misinterpreted by non-academics; some academics, having studied white privilege undisturbed for decades, have been surprised by the recent opposition from <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> critics since approximately 2014.<a href="#cite_note-weinburg-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> White privilege is a <a href="/wiki/Social_phenomenon" title="Social phenomenon">social phenomenon</a> intertwined with race and racism.<a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-1">[1]</a> The American Anthropological Association states that, "The 'racial' worldview was invented to assign some groups to perpetual low status, while others were permitted access to privilege, power, and wealth."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Although the definition of "white privilege" has been somewhat fluid, it is generally agreed to refer to the implicit or systemic advantages that people who are deemed white have relative to people who are not deemed white. Not having to experience suspicion and other adverse reactions to one's race is also often termed a type of white privilege.<a href="#cite_note-Neville-2">[2]</a> The term is used in discussions focused on the mostly hidden benefits that white people possess in a society where racism is prevalent and whiteness is considered normal, rather than on the detriments to people who are the objects of racism.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> As such, most definitions and discussions of the concept use as a starting point McIntosh's metaphor of the "invisible backpack" that white people unconsciously "wear" in a society where racism is prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus2017-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banks-2012-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_colonialism">European colonialism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></div> European colonialism, involving some of the earliest significant contacts of Europeans with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>, was crucial in the foundation and development of white privilege.<a href="#cite_note-modernpolitical2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-racialprofiling2006-6">[6]</a> Academics, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_V._Hamilton" title="Charles V. Hamilton">Charles V. Hamilton</a>, have explored how <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-livingracism2017-7">[7]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">Europe's colonization of the Americas</a>, began a centuries-long progression of white privilege and non-white subjugation.<a href="#cite_note-colonialismandbeyond2013-4">[4]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Bob_Blauner" title="Bob Blauner">Bob Blauner</a> has proposed that this era of European colonialism and slavery was the height, or most extreme version, of white privilege in recorded history.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In British <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a> and MP <a href="/wiki/James_Stephen_(British_politician)" title="James Stephen (British politician)">James Stephen</a>'s 1824 The Slavery of the British West Indies, while examining the racist <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean#Colonial_laws" title="History of the Caribbean">colonial laws</a> denying <a href="/wiki/African_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="African slaves">African slaves</a> the ability to give evidence in <a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> jury trials; Stephen makes a clarifying distinction between masters, slaves, and "free persons not possessing the privilege of a white skin".<a href="#cite_note-jamesstephens1824-3">[3]</a> In historian <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_Macmillan" title="William Miller Macmillan">William Miller Macmillan</a>'s 1929 The Frontier and the Kaffir Wars, 1792–1836, he describes the motivations of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> settlers to embark upon the <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a> as an attempt to preserve their racial privilege over indigenous <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> people; "It was primarily land hunger and a determination to uphold white privilege that drove the Trekkers out of the colony in their hundreds". <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> was administered by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Their increasingly anti-slavery policies were seen as a threat by the Dutch-speaking settlers, who were afraid of losing their African and Asian slaves and their superior status as people of European descent.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1932, Zaire Church News, a missionary publication in the <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> area, confronted white privilege's impact from the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization">European colonization</a> of central and southern Africa, and its effects on <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a>'s progress in the region: <blockquote>In these respects the ambitions of profit-seeking <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a>, individually and especially corporately, may become prejudicial to the educational advance of the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Congo people</a>, just as white privilege and ambition have militated against <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> progress on more than one occasion in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></blockquote> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ferreira_Duarte" title="João Ferreira Duarte">João Ferreira Duarte</a>, in his jointedly written Europe in Black and White, has examined colonialism in relation to white privilege, suggesting its legacy continues "to imprint the privilege of whiteness onto the new map of Europe", but also "sustain the political fortification of Europe as a hegemonic white space".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th-century">Early 20th-century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_and_colored_water_fountain_then_and_now_-_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/White_and_colored_water_fountain_then_and_now_-_crop.jpg/220px-White_and_colored_water_fountain_then_and_now_-_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/White_and_colored_water_fountain_then_and_now_-_crop.jpg/330px-White_and_colored_water_fountain_then_and_now_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/White_and_colored_water_fountain_then_and_now_-_crop.jpg/440px-White_and_colored_water_fountain_then_and_now_-_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>A nicer water fountain for whites next to one for colored people in North Carolina (exhibited in <a href="/wiki/Levine_Museum_of_the_New_South" title="Levine Museum of the New South">Levine Museum of the New South</a>).</figcaption></figure> An address on Social Equities, from a 1910 <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Congregational_Churches_of_the_United_States" title="National Council of the Congregational Churches of the United States">National Council of the Congregational Churches of the United States</a> publication, demonstrates some of the earliest terminology developing in the concept of white skin privilege: <blockquote>What infinite cruelties and injustices have been practiced by men who believed that to have a white skin constituted special privilege and who reckoned along with the divine rights of kings the divine rights of the white! We are all glad to take up the <a href="/wiki/White_man%27s_burden" class="mw-redirect" title="White man's burden">white man's burden</a> if that burden carries with it the privilege of asserting the <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white man's superiority</a>, of exploiting the man of lesser breed, and making him know and keep his place.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></blockquote> In his 1935 <a href="/wiki/Black_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Reconstruction">Black Reconstruction in America</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> introduced the concept of a "psychological wage" for white laborers. He wrote that this special status divided the labor movement by leading low-wage white workers to feel superior to low-wage black workers.<a href="#cite_note-DuBois-29">[29]</a> Du Bois identified <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> as a global phenomenon affecting the social conditions across the world through colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-Leonardo-30">[30]</a> For instance, Du Bois wrote: <blockquote>It must be remembered that the white group of laborers, while they received a low wage, were compensated in part by a sort of public and psychological wage. They were given public deference and titles of courtesy because they were white. They were admitted freely with all classes of white people to public functions, public parks, and the best schools. The police were drawn from their ranks, and the courts, dependent on their votes, treated them with such leniency as to encourage lawlessness. Their vote selected public officials, and while this had small effect upon the economic situation, it had great effect upon their personal treatment and the deference shown them. White schoolhouses were the best in the community, and conspicuously placed, and they cost anywhere from twice to ten times as much per capita as the colored schools. The newspapers specialized on news that flattered the poor whites and almost utterly ignored the Negro except in crime and ridicule.<a href="#cite_note-DuBois-29">[29]</a></blockquote> In a 1942 edition of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Review_(Calcutta)" title="Modern Review (Calcutta)">Modern Review</a> magazine, <a href="/wiki/Ramananda_Chatterjee" title="Ramananda Chatterjee">Ramananda Chatterjee</a> accused <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hypocritical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocritical">hypocritical</a> policy positions, in his support, as Chatterjee viewed it, of racial equality in the UK and US but not in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>; "Mr Churchill can support white privilege and monopoly in India whilst opposing privilege and monopoly on both sides of the Atlantic."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1943, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_McClung_Lee" title="Alfred McClung Lee">Alfred McClung Lee</a>'s Race Riot, Detroit 1943 addressed the "Nazi-like guarantee of white privilege" in American society: <blockquote><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> might well ask themselves: Why do whites need so many special advantages in their competition with Negroes? Similar tactics for the elimination of Jewish competition in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> brought the shocked condemnation of the civilized world.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_civil_rights_movement">US civil rights movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/US_civil_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="US civil rights movement">US civil rights movement</a></div> In the United States, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_W._Allen" title="Theodore W. Allen">Theodore W. Allen</a> began a 40-year analysis of "white skin privilege", "white race" privilege, and "white" privilege in a call he drafted for a "John Brown Commemoration Committee" that urged "White Americans who want government of the people" and "by the people" to "begin by first repudiating their white skin privileges".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The pamphlet "White Blindspot", containing one essay by Allen and one by historian <a href="/wiki/Noel_Ignatiev" title="Noel Ignatiev">Noel Ignatiev</a>, was published in the late 1960s. It focused on the struggle against "white skin privilege" and significantly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> (SDS) and sectors of the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>. By June 15, 1969, The New York Times reported that the National Office of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was calling "for an all-out fight against 'white skin privileges'".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> From 1974 to 1975, Allen extended his analysis to the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial</a> period, leading to the publication of "Class Struggle and the Origin of Racial Slavery: The Invention of the White Race"<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> (1975), which ultimately grew into his two-volume The Invention of the White Race in 1994 and 1997.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In his work, Allen maintained several points: that the "white race" was invented as a ruling class <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</a> formation in the late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Anglo-American plantation colonies (principally Virginia and Maryland); that central to this process was the ruling-class plantation bourgeoisie conferring "white race" privileges on European-American working people; that these privileges were not only against the interests of African-Americans, they were also "poison", "ruinous", a baited hook, to the class interests of working people; that white supremacy, reinforced by the "white skin privilege", has been the main retardant of working-class consciousness in the US; and that struggle for radical social change should direct principal efforts at challenging white supremacy and "white skin privileges".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Though Allen's work influenced Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and sectors of the "new left" and paved the way for "white privilege" and "race as social construct" study, and though he appreciated much of the work that followed, he also raised important questions about developments in those areas.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The modern understanding of 'white privilege' developed in the late 1980s, with <a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a> being considered one of the earliest exponents of the idea.<a href="#cite_note-m4505-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study_of_the_concept">Study of the concept</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Study_of_white_privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Study of white privilege">Study of white privilege</a></div> The concept of white privilege also came to be used within radical circles for <a href="/wiki/Self-criticism" title="Self-criticism">self-criticism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racist</a> whites. For instance, a 1975 article in <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Tide" title="Lesbian Tide">Lesbian Tide</a> criticized the American feminist movement for exhibiting "class privilege" and "white privilege". <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a>, in a 1977 Lesbian Tide article, wrote: "... by assuming that I was beyond white privilege or allying with male privilege because I understood it, I prepared and led the way for a totally opportunist direction which infected all of our work and betrayed revolutionary principles."<a href="#cite_note-Bennett-40">[40]</a> In the late 1980s, the term gained new popularity in academic circles and public discourse after <a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a>'s 1987 foundational work "<a href="/wiki/White_Privilege:_Unpacking_the_Invisible_Knapsack" title="White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack">White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack</a>".<a href="#cite_note-newyorker-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-McDonald-2008-12">[12]</a> In this critique McIntosh made observations about conditions of advantage and dominance in the US.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> She described white privilege as "an invisible weightless knapsack of assurances, tools, maps, guides, codebooks, passports, visas, clothes, compass, emergency gear, and blank checks", and also discussed the relationships between different social hierarchies in which experiencing oppression in one hierarchy did not negate unearned privilege experienced in another.<a href="#cite_note-Unpacking-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In later years, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a> also gained prominence, with black feminists like <a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Williams_Crenshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw">Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw</a> arguing that black women experienced a different type of oppression from male privilege distinct from that experienced by white women because of white privilege.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> McIntosh's essay is still routinely cited as a key influence by later generations of academics and journalists.<a href="#cite_note-crosley-corcoran-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-weinburg-18">[18]</a> In 2003, Ella Bell and Stella Nkomo noted that "most scholars of race relations embrace the use of [the concept] white privilege".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The same year, sociologists in the American Mosaic Project at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> reported that in the United States there was a widespread belief that "prejudice and discrimination [in favor of whites] create a form of white privilege." According to their poll, this view was affirmed by 59% of white respondents, 83% of Blacks, and 84% of Hispanics.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_popular_culture">21st-century popular culture</h3></div> The concept of White privilege marked its transition from academia to more mainstream prominence through <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> in the early 2010s, especially in 2014, a year in which <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> formed into a major movement and the word "hashtag" itself was added to <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brydum-17">[17]</a> Brandt and Kizer, in their article "From Street to Tweet" (2015), discuss the American public's perception of the concept of privilege in mainstream culture, including white privilege, as being influenced by social media.<a href="#cite_note-brandt-kizer-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hua_Hsu" title="Hua Hsu">Hua Hsu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a> professor of English, opens his <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a> review of the 2015 <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> film <a href="/wiki/White_People_(film)" title="White People (film)">White People</a> by suggesting that white people have become aware of their privilege.<a href="#cite_note-huahsu-ny-49">[49]</a> Hsu ascribes this to generational change, which he considers a byproduct of the "<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> era".<a href="#cite_note-huahsu-ny-49">[49]</a> The documentary White People, produced by <a href="/wiki/Jose_Antonio_Vargas" title="Jose Antonio Vargas">Jose Antonio Vargas</a>, follows a variety of white teenagers who express their thoughts and feelings about white privilege on-camera. Vargas interviews a white community college student, Katy, who attributes her inability to land a college scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">reverse racism</a> against white people; then Vargas points out that white students are "40 percent more likely to receive merit-based funding".<a href="#cite_note-amyzimmerman-50">[50]</a> In January 2016, hip-hop group <a href="/wiki/Macklemore_and_Ryan_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Macklemore and Ryan Lewis">Macklemore and Ryan Lewis</a> released "<a href="/wiki/White_Privilege_II" title="White Privilege II">White Privilege II</a>", a single from their album <a href="/wiki/This_Unruly_Mess_I%27ve_Made" title="This Unruly Mess I've Made">This Unruly Mess I've Made</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Macklemore" title="Macklemore">Macklemore</a> raps that he and other white performers have profited immensely from <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a> of black culture, such as <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Azalea" title="Iggy Azalea">Iggy Azalea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jagannathan-51">[51]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_deBoer" title="Fredrik deBoer">Fredrik deBoer</a>, it is a popular trend for white people to willingly claim self-acknowledgement of their white privilege online. deBoer criticized this practice as promoting self-regard and not solving any actual inequalities.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Michael J. Monahana argues that the rhetoric of privilege "obscures as much as it illuminates" and that we "would be better served by beginning with a more sophisticated understanding of racist oppression as systemic, and of individual agents as constitutively implicated in that system."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> A 2022 study found that mentioning white privilege results in online discussions that are "less constructive, more polarized, and less supportive of racially progressive policies."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_in_critical_theory">Applications in critical theory</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_race_theory">Critical race theory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">Critical race theory</a></div> The concept of white privilege has been studied by theorists of <a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">whiteness studies</a> seeking to examine the construction and moral implications of 'whiteness'. There is often overlap between critical whiteness and <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> theories, as demonstrated by focus on the legal and historical construction of white identity, and the use of narratives — whether legal discourse, testimony or fiction — as a tool for exposing systems of racial power.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Fields such as history and cultural studies are primarily responsible for the formative scholarship of critical whiteness studies. <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">Critical race theorists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Harris" title="Cheryl Harris">Cheryl Harris</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris-57">[57]</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Lipsitz" title="George Lipsitz">George Lipsitz</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> have said that "whiteness" has historically been treated more as a form of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> than as a racial characteristic: in other words, as an object which has intrinsic value that must be protected by social and legal institutions. Laws and <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a> concerning race — from <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a> constructions that legally separate different races to social prejudices against interracial relationships or mixed communities — serve the purpose of retaining certain advantages and privileges for whites. Because of this, academic and societal ideas about race have tended to focus solely on the disadvantages suffered by <a href="/wiki/Racial_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial minorities">racial minorities</a>, overlooking the advantageous effects that accrue to whites.<a href="#cite_note-Lucal-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Arnesen" title="Eric Arnesen">Eric Arnesen</a>, an American labor historian, reviewed papers from a whiteness studies perspective published in his field in the 1990s, and found that the concept of whiteness was used so broadly during that time period that it was not useful.<a href="#cite_note-Arnesen-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whiteness_unspoken">Whiteness unspoken</h3></div> From another perspective, white privilege is a way of conceptualizing racial inequalities that focuses on advantages that white people accrue from their position in society as well as the disadvantages that non-white people experience.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> This same idea is brought to light by <a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a>, who wrote about white privilege from the perspective of a white individual. McIntosh states in her writing that, "as a white person, I realized I had been taught about racism as something which puts others at a disadvantage, but had been taught not to see one of its corollary aspects, white privilege which puts me at an advantage".<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh,_P._1988_p._1-61">[61]</a> To back this assertion, McIntosh notes a myriad of conditions in her article in which racial inequalities occur to favor whites, from renting or buying a home in a given area without suspicion of one's financial standing, to purchasing bandages in "flesh" color that closely matches a white person's skin tone. According to McIntosh: <blockquote>"[I see] a pattern running through the matrix of white privilege, a pattern of assumptions which were passed on to me as a white person. There was one main piece of cultural turf; it was my own turf, and I was among those who could control the turf. My skin color was an asset for any move I was educated to want to make. I could think of myself as belonging in major ways, and of making social systems work for me. I could freely disparage, fear, neglect, or be oblivious to anything outside of the dominant cultural forms. Being of the main culture, I could also criticize it fairly freely.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh,_P._1988_p._1-61">[61]</a></blockquote> Thomas K. Nakayama and Robert L. Krizek argued that one reason whiteness remains unstated is that whiteness functions as the presumed and invisible center of communication; it is only by making this center visible that the effects of white privilege can be examined.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unjust_enrichment">Unjust enrichment</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Blum" title="Lawrence Blum">Lawrence Blum</a> refers to advantages for white people as "unjust enrichment" privileges, in which white people benefit from the injustices done to people of color, and he articulates that such privileges are deeply rooted in the U.S. culture and lifestyle: <blockquote>When Blacks are denied access to desirable homes, for example, this is not just an injustice to Blacks but a positive benefit to Whites who now have a wider range of domicile options than they would have if Blacks had equal access to housing. When urban schools do a poor job of educating their Latino/a and Black students, this benefits Whites in the sense that it unjustly advantages them in the competition for higher levels of education and jobs. Whites in general cannot avoid benefiting from the historical legacy of racial discrimination and oppression. So unjust enrichment is almost never absent from the life situation of Whites.<a href="#cite_note-Privilege-15">[15]</a>: 311 </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spared_injustice">Spared injustice</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Protester_White_Privilege.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Boston_Protester_White_Privilege.jpg/170px-Boston_Protester_White_Privilege.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Boston_Protester_White_Privilege.jpg/255px-Boston_Protester_White_Privilege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Boston_Protester_White_Privilege.jpg/340px-Boston_Protester_White_Privilege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>A protester holds a sign reading "They don't shoot white women like me" at a Black Lives Matter protest in the wake of the non-indictment of a New York City police officer for the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Eric_Garner" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Eric Garner">death of Eric Garner</a></figcaption></figure> In Blum's analysis of the underlying structure of white privilege, "spared injustice" is when a person of color suffers an unjust treatment while a white person does not. His example of this is when "a Black person is stopped by the police without due cause but a White person is not".<a href="#cite_note-Privilege-15">[15]</a>: 311–312  He identifies "unjust enrichment" privileges as those for which whites are spared the injustice of a situation, and in turn, are benefiting from the injustice of others. For instance, "if police are too focused on looking for Black lawbreakers, they might be less vigilant toward White ones, conferring an unjust enrichment benefit on Whites who do break the laws but escape detection for this reason."<a href="#cite_note-Privilege-15">[15]</a>: 311–312  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privileges_not_related_to_injustice">Privileges not related to injustice</h3></div> Blum describes "non-injustice-related" privileges as those which are not associated with injustices experienced by people of color, but relate to a majority group's advantages over a minority group. Those who are in the majority, usually white people, gain "unearned privileges not founded on injustice."<a href="#cite_note-Privilege-15">[15]</a>: 311–312  According to Blum, in workplace cultures there tends to be a partly ethnocultural character, so that some ethnic or racial groups' members find them more comfortable than do others.<a href="#cite_note-Privilege-15">[15]</a>: 311–312  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Framing_racial_inequality">Framing racial inequality</h3></div> Dan J. Pence and J. Arthur Fields have observed resistance in the context of education to the idea that white privilege of this type exists, and suggest this resistance stems from a tendency to see inequality as a black or <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latino</a> issue. One report noted that white students often react to in-class discussions about white privilege with a continuum of behaviors ranging from outright hostility to a "wall of silence".<a href="#cite_note-Pence-63">[63]</a> A pair of studies on a broader population by Branscombe et al. found that framing racial issues in terms of white privilege as opposed to non-white disadvantages can produce a greater degree of racially biased responses from whites who have higher levels of racial identification. Branscombe et al. demonstrate that framing racial inequality in terms of the privileges of whites increased levels of <a href="/wiki/White_guilt" title="White guilt">white guilt</a> among white respondents. Those with high racial identification were more likely to give responses which concurred with modern <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> attitudes than those with low racial identification.<a href="#cite_note-Branscombe-64">[64]</a> According to the studies' authors, these findings suggest that representing inequality in terms of <a href="/wiki/Outgroup_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Outgroup (sociology)">outgroup</a> disadvantage allows privileged group members to avoid the negative implications of inequality.<a href="#cite_note-Powell-65">[65]</a> A 2019 study published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Psychology:_General" title="Journal of Experimental Psychology: General">Journal of Experimental Psychology</a> had socially liberal people read about white privilege, and then read about a poor person who was either black or white. They found that reading about white privilege did not increase empathy for either, and decreased it if the person was white. One of the study's authors said that this demonstrates the importance of nuance, and recognizing individual differences, when teaching about white privilege.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_privilege_pedagogy">White privilege pedagogy</h3></div> White privilege pedagogy has been influential in multicultural education, teacher training, ethnic and gender studies, sociology, psychology, political science, American studies, and social work education.<a href="#cite_note-readings-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Several scholars have raised questions about the focus on white privilege in efforts to combat racism in educational settings. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Blum" title="Lawrence Blum">Lawrence Blum</a> says that the approach suffers from a failure to distinguish between factors such as "spared injustice" and "unjust enrichment".<a href="#cite_note-Privilege-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_fragility">White fragility</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_defensiveness" title="White defensiveness">White defensiveness</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Robin_DiAngelo" title="Robin DiAngelo">Robin DiAngelo</a> coined the term "white fragility" in the early 2010s, later releasing her 2018 book <a href="/wiki/White_Fragility" title="White Fragility">White Fragility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> She has said that "white privilege can be thought of as unstable racial equilibrium",<a href="#cite_note-IJCP-72">[72]</a> and that when this equilibrium is challenged, the resulting racial stress can become intolerable and trigger a range of defensive responses. DiAngelo defines these behaviors as white fragility. For example, DiAngelo observed in her studies that some white people, when confronted with racial issues concerning white privilege, may respond with dismissal, distress, or other defensive responses because they may feel personally implicated in white supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-Waldman18-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lopez17-74">[74]</a> New York Times reporter Amy Harmon has referred to white fragility as "the trademark inability of white Americans to meaningfully own their unearned privilege".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> DiAngelo also writes that white privilege is very rarely discussed and that even multicultural education courses tend to use vocabulary that further obfuscates racial privilege and defines race as something that only concerns blacks. She suggests using loaded terminology with negative connotations to people of color adds to the cycle of white privilege. <blockquote>It is far more the norm for these courses and programs to use racially coded language such as 'urban,' 'inner city,' and 'disadvantaged' but to rarely use 'white' or 'overadvantaged' or 'privileged.' This racially coded language reproduces racist images and perspectives while it simultaneously reproduces the comfortable illusion that race and its problems are what 'they' have, not us.<a href="#cite_note-IJCP-72">[72]</a></blockquote> She does say, however, that defensiveness and discomfort from white people in response to being confronted with racial issues is not irrational but rather is often driven by subconscious, sometimes even well-meaning, attitudes toward racism.<a href="#cite_note-Waldman18-73">[73]</a> In a book review, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> critic Carlos Lozada said that the book presents self-fulfilling and oversimplified arguments, and "flattens people of any ancestry into two-dimensional beings fitting predetermined narratives".<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_backlash">White backlash</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_backlash" title="White backlash">White backlash</a></div> White backlash, the negative reaction of some <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> to the advancement of non-whites, has been described as a possible response to the societal examination of white privilege, or to the perceived actual or hypothetical loss of that racial privilege.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> A 2015 <a href="/wiki/Valparaiso_University_School_of_Law" title="Valparaiso University School of Law">Valparaiso University</a> journal article by <a href="/wiki/DePaul_University_College_of_Law" title="DePaul University College of Law">DePaul University</a> professor Terry Smith titled "White Backlash in a Brown Country" suggests that backlash results from threats to white privilege: "White backlash—the adverse reaction of whites to the progress of members of a non-dominant group—is symptomatic of a condition created by the gestalt of white privilege".<a href="#cite_note-whitebacklashbrowncountry2015-79">[79]</a> Drawing on political scientist <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Allen" title="Danielle Allen">Danielle Allen</a>'s analysis that demographic shifts "provoke resistance from those whose well-being, status and self-esteem are connected to historical privileges of 'whiteness'",<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Smith explored the interconnectivity of the concepts: <blockquote>The hallmark of addiction is "protection of one's source." The same is true of backlash. The linear model of equality drastically underestimates the lengths to which people accustomed to certain privileges will go to protect them. It assigns to <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> a preternatural ability to adapt to change and see their fellow citizens of color as equal.<a href="#cite_note-whitebacklashbrowncountry2015-79">[79]</a></blockquote> In Backlash: What Happens When We Talk Honestly about Racism in America, philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Yancy" title="George Yancy">George Yancy</a> expands on the concept of white backlash as an extreme response to loss of privilege, suggesting that DiAngelo's <a href="#White_fragility">white fragility</a> is a subtle form of defensiveness in comparison to the visceral racism and threats of violence that Yancy has examined.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_perspectives">Global perspectives</h2></div> White privilege functions differently in different places. A person's white skin will not be an asset to them in every conceivable place or situation. White people are also a global minority, and this fact affects the experiences they have outside of their home areas. Nevertheless, some people who use the term "white privilege" describe it as a worldwide phenomenon, resulting from the history of colonialism by white Western Europeans. One author states that American white men are privileged almost everywhere in the world, even though many countries have never been colonized by Western Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In some accounts, global white privilege is related to <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_hegemony" class="mw-redirect" title="American hegemony">hegemony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Namibia">Namibia</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid system">apartheid system</a> in Namibia created the legal environment for establishing and maintaining white privilege. The segregation of peoples both preserved racial privileges and hindered unitary nation building.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In the period of years during the negotiation of <a href="/wiki/Namibian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian independence">Namibian independence</a>, the country's administration, which was dominated by <a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">white Namibians</a>, held control of power. In a 1981 <a href="/wiki/NYT" class="mw-redirect" title="NYT">NYT</a> analysis, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lelyveld" title="Joseph Lelyveld">Joseph Lelyveld</a> reported how measures which would challenge white privilege in the country were disregarded, and how politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Mudge" title="Dirk Mudge">Dirk Mudge</a>, ignoring the policy of racial privilege, faced electoral threats from the <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> majority.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 1988, two years before the country's independence, <a href="/wiki/Frene_Ginwala" title="Frene Ginwala">Frene Ginwala</a> suggested that there was a general refusal to acknowledge the oppression of <a href="/wiki/Black_women" title="Black women">black women</a> in the country, by the <a href="/wiki/White_women" class="mw-redirect" title="White women">white women</a> who, according to Ginwala, had enjoyed the white privilege of apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Research conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southern_African_Studies" title="Journal of Southern African Studies">Journal of Southern African Studies</a> in 2008 has investigated how white privilege is generationally passed on, with particular focus on the descendants of <a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">German Namibians</a>, who arrived in the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ethnic_and_Migration_Studies" title="Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies">Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies</a> further analyzed white privilege in post-colonial Namibia.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_registration_certificate_South_Africa_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Population_registration_certificate_South_Africa_1988.jpg/220px-Population_registration_certificate_South_Africa_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Population_registration_certificate_South_Africa_1988.jpg/330px-Population_registration_certificate_South_Africa_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Population_registration_certificate_South_Africa_1988.jpg/440px-Population_registration_certificate_South_Africa_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>Registration certificate identifies a person as white</figcaption></figure> White privilege was legally enshrined in South Africa through <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. Apartheid was institutionalized in 1948 and lasted formally into the early 1990s. Under apartheid, racial privilege was not only socially meaningful—it became bureaucratically regulated. Laws such as the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Population_Registration_Act,_1950" title="Population Registration Act, 1950">Population Registration Act</a> established criteria to officially classify South Africans by race: White, Indian, Colored (mixed), or Black.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Many scholars say that 'whiteness' still corresponds to a set of social advantages in South Africa, and conventionally refer to these advantages as "white privilege". The system of white privilege applies both to the way a person is treated by others and to a set of behaviors, affects, and thoughts, which can be learned and reinforced. These elements of "whiteness" establish social status and guarantee advantages for some people, without directly relying on skin color or other aspects of a person's appearance.<a href="#cite_note-Vice-11">[11]</a> White privilege in South Africa has small-scale effects, such as preferential treatment for people who appear white in public, and large-scale effects, such as the over five-fold difference in average per-capita income for people identified as white or black.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> whiteness" has also been described as a partially subordinate identity, relative to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a> (a type of prejudice towards Afrikaners), "disgraced" further by the end of apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Some fear that white South Africans suffer from "<a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">reverse racism</a>" at the hands of the country's newly empowered majority,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> "Unfair" racial discrimination is prohibited by <a href="/wiki/Section_Nine_of_the_Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Section Nine of the Constitution of South Africa">Section Nine of the Constitution of South Africa</a>, and this section also allows for laws to be made to address "unfair discrimination". "Fair discrimination" is tolerated by subsection 5.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> Academic <a href="/wiki/Scott_Kiesling" title="Scott Kiesling">Scott Kiesling</a>'s co-edited The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication suggested that white English speakers are privileged in their ability to gain employment teaching English at <a href="/wiki/Eikaiwa_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Eikaiwa schools">Eikaiwa schools</a> in Japan, regardless of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> skills or professional qualifications.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> According to Japanese sociologist Itsuko Kamoro, White men represent the "apex" of romantic desirability to young Japanese women.<a href="#cite_note-o662-96">[96]</a> Many authors have described a widespread fetishization of White men by Japanese women, and cultural factors within Japan give white males a kind of 'gendered white privilege' that enables them to easily find a romantic partner.<a href="#cite_note-o662-96">[96]</a> According to other authors, many Japanese women are even willing to consider a white man who earns less money than them for marriage, which reflects the hegemonic masculinity of white men in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-m797-97">[97]</a> The same desirability is not given to white women within Japan, who are stereotyped as "mannish" or "loud", and therefore undesirable by Japanese men.<a href="#cite_note-o009-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4></div> White privilege has been analyzed in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and has been discussed as pervasive in <a href="/wiki/Korean_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean society">Korean society</a>. White residents, and tourists to the country, have been observed to be given special treatment,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and, in particular, <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> have been, at times, culturally venerated.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Professor Helene K. Lee has noted that possessing mixed <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> and Korean heritage, or, specifically, its physical appearance, can afford a <a href="/wiki/Biracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Biracial">biracial</a> individual white privilege in the country.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2009, writer <a href="/wiki/Jane_Jeong_Trenka" title="Jane Jeong Trenka">Jane Jeong Trenka</a> wrote that, as an adoptee to a white family from the United States, it was easier for her to recognize its function in Korean culture.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The culture of US military <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea#Kijich'on_(Military_Camptown)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military and prostitution in South Korea">camptowns</a> in South Korea (a remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>) have been studied as a setting for white privilege, and an exacerbation of racial divides between white American and <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> soldiers located on bases, as well as with local Korean people.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_Teachers%27_Federation_of_Ontario" title="Elementary Teachers' Federation of Ontario">Elementary Teachers' Federation of Ontario</a> received media coverage when it publicly advertised a workshop for educators about methods of teaching white privilege to students. "<a href="/wiki/White_Privilege:_Unpacking_the_Invisible_Knapsack" title="White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack">White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack</a>" had become one of its most recommended teaching tools.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2014_Toronto_mayoral_election" title="2014 Toronto mayoral election">2014 Toronto mayoral election</a>, then-candidate <a href="/wiki/John_Tory" title="John Tory">John Tory</a> denied the existence of white privilege in a debate.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Federation_for_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences" title="Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences">Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences</a> suspended a man from attending their annual meeting for three years for racially profiling a <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Canadian">black Canadian</a> scholar. The federation stated that it required the offender to demonstrate that he had taken measures to increase his awareness of white privilege before he would be allowed to attend any future congress.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Later in the year, a former <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Manitoba" title="First Nations in Manitoba">First Nations in Manitoba</a> grand chief stated how many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Canadians">indigenous Canadians</a> perceived the <a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">court system of Canada</a> to discriminate against them under the structure of white skin privilege.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Gary_Mason_(journalist)" title="Gary Mason (journalist)">Gary Mason</a> has suggested that the phenomenon is embedded within the culture of <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_Canada" title="Fraternities and sororities in Canada">fraternities and sororities in Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> Some scholars attribute white privilege, which they describe as informal <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a>, to the formal racism (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a>) that existed for much of American history.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In her book Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines America, Stephanie M. Wildman writes that many Americans who advocate a merit-based, race-free worldview do not acknowledge the systems of privilege which have benefited them. For example, many Americans rely on a social or financial inheritance from previous generations, an inheritance unlikely to be forthcoming if one's ancestors were slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Wildman-111">[111]</a> Whites were sometimes afforded opportunities and benefits that were unavailable to others. In the middle of the 20th century, the government subsidized white homeownership through the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration" title="Federal Housing Administration">Federal Housing Administration</a>, but not homeownership by minorities.<a href="#cite_note-Massey-112">[112]</a> Some social scientists also suggest that the historical processes of <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburbanization</a> and decentralization are instances of white privilege that have contributed to contemporary patterns of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pulido-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wealth">Wealth</h5></div> According to Roderick Harrison "wealth is a measure of <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_advantage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulative advantage">cumulative advantage</a> or disadvantage" and "the fact that black and Hispanic wealth is a fraction of white wealth also reflects a history of discrimination".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Whites have historically had more opportunities to accumulate wealth.<a href="#cite_note-wealth-115">[115]</a> Some of the institutions of wealth creation amongst American citizens were open exclusively to whites.<a href="#cite_note-wealth-115">[115]</a> Similar differentials applied to the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security Act</a> (which excluded agricultural and domestic workers, sectors that then included most black workers),<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> rewards to military officers, and the educational benefits offered to returning soldiers after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> An analyst of the phenomenon, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shapiro" title="Thomas Shapiro">Thomas Shapiro</a>, professor of law and social policy at <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>, says, "The <a href="/wiki/Wealth_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth gap">wealth gap</a> is not just a story of merit and achievement, it's also a story of the historical legacy of race in the United States."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Over the past 40 years, there has been less formal <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">discrimination in America</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Racial_wealth_gap_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial wealth gap in the United States">inequality in wealth between racial groups</a> however, is still extant.<a href="#cite_note-wealth-115">[115]</a> George Lipsitz asserts that because wealthy whites were able to pass along their wealth in the form of inheritances and transformative assets (inherited wealth which lifts a family beyond their own achievements), white Americans on average continually accrue advantages.<a href="#cite_note-possessive-119">[119]</a>: 107–8  Pre-existing disparities in wealth are exacerbated by tax policies that reward investment over waged income, subsidize mortgages, and subsidize private sector developers.<a href="#cite_note-Lipsitz-120">[120]</a> Thomas Shapiro wrote that wealth is passed along from generation to generation, giving whites a better "starting point" in life than other races. According to Shapiro, many whites receive financial assistance from their parents allowing them to live beyond their income. This, in turn, enables them to buy houses and major assets which aid in the accumulation of wealth. Since houses in white neighborhoods appreciate faster, even African Americans who are able to overcome their "starting point" are unlikely to accumulate wealth as fast as whites. Shapiro asserts this is a continual cycle from which whites consistently benefit.<a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-121">[121]</a> These benefits also have effects on schooling and other life opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-possessive-119">[119]</a>: 32–3  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Employment_and_economics">Employment and economics</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Racial_wage_gap_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial wage gap in the United States">Racial wage gap in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_gender_pay_gap,_by_sex,_race-ethnicity-2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/US_gender_pay_gap%2C_by_sex%2C_race-ethnicity-2009.png/330px-US_gender_pay_gap%2C_by_sex%2C_race-ethnicity-2009.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/US_gender_pay_gap%2C_by_sex%2C_race-ethnicity-2009.png/495px-US_gender_pay_gap%2C_by_sex%2C_race-ethnicity-2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/US_gender_pay_gap%2C_by_sex%2C_race-ethnicity-2009.png/660px-US_gender_pay_gap%2C_by_sex%2C_race-ethnicity-2009.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by sex, race, and ethnicity, U.S., 2009.<a href="#cite_note-bls_2009-122">[122]</a></figcaption></figure> Racialized employment networks can benefit whites at the expense of non-white minorities.<a href="#cite_note-Royster-123">[123]</a> Asian-Americans, for example, although lauded as a "model minority", rarely rise to positions high in the workplace: only 8 of the Fortune 500 companies have Asian-American CEOs, making up 1.6% of CEO positions while Asian-Americans are 4.8% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Diversity_Inc-124">[124]</a> In a study published in 2003, sociologist Deirdre A. Royster compared black and white males who graduated from the same school with the same skills. In looking at their success with <a href="/wiki/School-to-work_transition" title="School-to-work transition">school-to-work transition</a> and working experiences, she found that white graduates were more often employed in skilled trades, earned more, held higher status positions, received more promotions and experienced shorter periods of unemployment. Since all other factors were similar, the differences in employment experiences were attributed to race. Royster concluded that the primary cause of these racial differences was due to <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a>. The concept of "who you know" seemed just as important to these graduates as "what you know". According to the distinctiveness theory, posited by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a> professor Ajay Mehra and colleagues, people identify with other people who share similar characteristics which are otherwise rare in their environment; women identify more with women, whites with other whites. Because of this, Mehra finds that white males tend to be highly central in their social networks due to their numbers.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Royster says that this assistance, disproportionately available to whites, is an advantage that often puts black men at a disadvantage in the employment sector. According to Royster, "these ideologies provide a contemporary deathblow to working-class black men's chances of establishing a foothold in the traditional trades."<a href="#cite_note-Royster-123">[123]</a> Other research shows that there is a correlation between a person's name and their likelihood of receiving a call back for a job interview. <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Bertrand" title="Marianne Bertrand">Marianne Bertrand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sendhil_Mullainathan" title="Sendhil Mullainathan">Sendhil Mullainathan</a> found in field experiment in Boston and Chicago that people with "white-sounding" names are 50% more likely to receive a call back than people with "black-sounding" names, despite equal résumé quality between the two racial groups.<a href="#cite_note-Bertrand-126">[126]</a> White Americans are more likely than black Americans to have their business loan applications approved, even when other factors such as credit records are comparable.<a href="#cite_note-Bates-127">[127]</a> Black and Latino college graduates are less likely than white graduates to end up in a management position even when other factors such as age, experience, and academic records are similar.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mason-130">[130]</a> Cheryl Harris relates whiteness to the idea of "racialized privilege" in the article "Whiteness as Property": she describes it as "a type of status in which white racial identity provided the basis for allocating societal benefits both private and public and character".<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Farber" title="Daniel A. Farber">Daniel A. Farber</a> and Suzanne Sherry argue that the proportion of Jews and Asians who are successful relative to the white male population poses an intractable puzzle for proponents of what they call "radical multiculturism", who they say overemphasize the role of sex and race in American society.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Housing">Housing</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States#Housing" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality in the United States § Housing</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">Discrimination in housing policies</a> was formalized in 1934 under the Federal Housing Act which provided government credit to private lending for home buyers.<a href="#cite_note-possessive-119">[119]</a>: 5  Within the Act, the Federal Housing Agency had the authority to channel all the money to white home buyers instead of minorities.<a href="#cite_note-possessive-119">[119]</a>: 5  The FHA also channeled money away from inner-city neighborhoods after World War II and instead placed it in the hands of white home buyers who would move into segregated suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> These, and other, practices intensified attitudes of segregation and inequality. The "single greatest source of wealth" for white Americans is the growth in value in their owner-occupied homes. The family wealth so generated is the most important contribution to wealth disparity between black and white Americans.<a href="#cite_note-possessive-119">[119]</a>: 32–33 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:White_privilege#_Housing" title="Talk:White privilege">discuss</a>] It has been said that continuing discrimination in the mortgage industry perpetuates this inequality, not only for black homeowners who pay higher mortgage rates than their white counterparts, but also for those excluded entirely from the housing market by these factors, who are thus excluded from the financial benefits of both capital appreciation and the tax deductions associated with home ownership.<a href="#cite_note-possessive-119">[119]</a>: 32–3  Brown, Carnoey and Oppenheimer, in "Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society", write that the financial inequities created by discriminatory housing practices also have an ongoing effect on young black families, since the net worth of one's parents is the best predictor of one's own net worth, so discriminatory financial policies of the past contribute to race-correlated financial inequities of today.<a href="#cite_note-whitewashing-134">[134]</a> For instance, it is said that even when income is controlled for, whites have significantly more wealth than blacks, and that this present fact is partially attributable to past federal financial policies that favored whites over blacks.<a href="#cite_note-whitewashing-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Education">Education</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap in the United States</a></div> According to Stephanie Wildman and Ruth Olson, education policies in the US have contributed to the construction and reinforcement of white privilege.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-White-136">[136]</a> Wildman says that even schools that appear to be integrated often segregate students based on abilities. This can increase white students' initial educational advantage, magnifying the "unequal classroom experience of African American students" and minorities.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Williams and Rivers (1972b) showed that test instructions in Standard English disadvantaged the black child and that if the language of the test is put in familiar labels without training or coaching, the child's performances on the tests increase significantly.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> According to Cadzen a child's language development should be evaluated in terms of his progress toward the norms for his particular speech community.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Other studies using sentence repetition tasks found that, at both third and fifth grades, white subjects repeated Standard English sentences significantly more accurately than black subjects, while black subjects repeated nonstandard English sentences significantly more accurately than white subjects.<a href="#cite_note-Marwit-140">[140]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Janet_E._Helms" title="Janet E. Helms">Janet E. Helms</a> traditional psychological and academic assessment is based on skills that are considered important within white, western, middle-class culture, but which may not be salient or valued within African-American culture.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> When tests' stimuli are more culturally pertinent to the experiences of African Americans, performance improves.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Critics of the concept of white privilege say that in <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a> education, students' academic progress is measured on nationwide standardized tests which reflect national standards.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> African Americans are disproportionately sent to <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special education</a> classes in their schools, and identified as being disruptive or suffering from a learning disability. These students are segregated for the majority of the school day, taught by uncertified teachers, and do not receive high school diplomas. Wanda Blanchett has said that white students have consistently privileged interactions with the special education system, which provides 'non-normal' whites with the resources they need to benefit from the mainline white educational structure.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Educational inequality is also a consequence of housing. Since most states determine school funding based on property taxes,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] schools in wealthier neighborhoods receive more funding per student.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> As home values in white neighborhoods are higher than minority neighborhoods,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] local schools receive more funding via property taxes. This will ensure better technology in predominantly white schools, smaller class sizes and better quality teachers, giving white students opportunities for a better education.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The vast majority of schools placed on academic probation as part of district accountability efforts are majority African-American and low-income.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">Inequalities in wealth</a> and housing allow a higher proportion of white parents the option to move to better school districts or afford to put their children in private schools if they do not approve of the neighborhood's schools.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Some studies have claimed that minority students are less likely to be placed in honors classes, even when justified by test scores.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Various studies have also claimed that visible minority students are more likely than white students to be suspended or expelled from school, even though rates of serious school rule violations do not differ significantly by race.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Adult education specialist Elaine Manglitz says the educational system in America has deeply entrenched biases in favor of the white majority in evaluation, curricula, and power relations.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In discussing unequal test scores between public school students, opinion columnist Matt Rosenberg laments the Seattle Public Schools' emphasis on "institutional racism" and "white privilege": <blockquote>The disparity is not simply a matter of color: School District data indicate income, English-language proficiency and home stability are also important correlates to achievement ... By promoting the "white privilege" canard and by designing a student indoctrination plan, the Seattle School District is putting retrograde, leftist politics ahead of academics, while the perpetrators of "white privilege" are minimizing the capabilities of minorities.<a href="#cite_note-STRosen-158">[158]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservative</a> author <a href="/wiki/Shelby_Steele" title="Shelby Steele">Shelby Steele</a> believes that the effects of white privilege are exaggerated, saying that blacks may incorrectly blame their personal failures on white oppression, and that there are many "minority privileges": "If I'm a black high school student today ... there are white American institutions, universities, hovering over me to offer me opportunities: Almost every institution has a <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">diversity</a> committee ... There is a hunger in this society to do right racially, to not be racist."<a href="#cite_note-abc-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Anthony P. Carnevale and Jeff Strohl show that whites have a better opportunity at getting into selective schools, while African Americans and Hispanics usually end up going to open access schools and have a lower chance of receiving a bachelor's degree.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In 2019, a <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> study found white privilege bias in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s application process for <a href="/wiki/Legacy_admission" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy admission">legacy admission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Military">Military</h5></div> In a 2013 news story, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> reported, "A controversial 600-plus page manual used by the military to train its <a href="/wiki/Defense_Equal_Opportunity_Management_Institute" title="Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute">Equal Opportunity</a> officers teaches that 'healthy, white, heterosexual, Christian' men hold an unfair advantage over other races, and warns in great detail about a so-called 'White Male Club.' ... The manual, which was obtained by Fox News, also instructs troops to 'support the leadership of non-white people. Do this consistently, but not uncritically,' the manual states."<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The manual was prepared by the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Equal_Opportunity_Management_Institute" title="Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute">Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute</a>, which is an official unit of the Department of Defense under the control of the Secretary of Defense.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> were historically excluded from the process that lead to the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation of Australia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> restricted the freedoms for non-white people, particularly with respect to immigration. Indigenous people were governed by the <a href="/wiki/Aborigines_Protection_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Aborigines Protection Board">Aborigines Protection Board</a> and treated as a separate underclass of non-citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Perera2005-165">[165]</a> Prior to <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">a referendum conducted in 1967</a>, it was unconstitutional for Indigenous Australians to be counted in population statistics. Holly Randell-Moon has said that news media are geared towards white people and their interests and that this is an example of white privilege.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Michele Lobo claims that white neighborhoods are normally identified as "good quality", while "ethnic" neighborhoods may become stigmatized, degraded, and neglected.<a href="#cite_note-Lobo-167">[167]</a> Some scholars[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] claim white people are seen presumptively as "Australian", and as prototypical citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Lobo-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganley-168">[168]</a> Catherine Koerner has claimed that a major part of white Australian privilege is the ability to be in Australia itself, and that this is reinforced by, discourses on non-white outsiders including <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">asylum seekers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">undocumented immigrants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Some scholars[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have suggested that public displays of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, such as the celebration of artwork and stories of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>, amount to <a href="/wiki/Tokenism" title="Tokenism">tokenism</a>, since indigenous Australians voices are largely excluded from the cultural <a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">discourse</a> surrounding the history of colonialism and the narrative of European colonizers as peaceful settlers. These scholars[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] suggest that white privilege in Australia, like white privilege elsewhere, involves the ability to define the limits of what can be included in a "multicultural" society.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Indigenous studies in Australian universities remains largely controlled by white people, hires many white professors, and does not always embrace political changes that benefit indigenous people.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hart2003-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Scholars also say that prevailing modes of Western epistemology and pedagogy, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">dominant white culture</a>, are treated as universal while Indigenous perspectives are excluded or treated only as objects of study.<a href="#cite_note-Hart2003-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> One Australian university professor[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] reports that white students may perceive indigenous academics as beneficiaries of <a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">reverse racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nicoll-180">[180]</a> Some scholars[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have claimed that for Australian whites, another aspect of privilege is the ability to identify with a global diaspora of other white people in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere. This privilege contrasts with the separation of Indigenous Australians from other indigenous peoples in southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Perera2005-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> They also claim that global political issues such as climate change are framed in terms of white actors and effects on countries that are predominantly white.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> White privilege varies across places and situations. Ray Minniecon, director of Crossroads Aboriginal Ministries, described the city of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> specifically as "the most alien and inhospitable place of all to Aboriginal culture and people".<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> At the other end of the spectrum, anti-racist white Australians working with Indigenous people may experience their privilege as painful "stigma".<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Studies of white privilege in Australia have increased since the late 1990s, with several books published on the history of how whiteness became a dominant identity. Aileen Moreton-Robinson's Talkin' Up to the White Woman is a critique of unexamined white privilege in the Australian feminist movement.<a href="#cite_note-Ganley-168">[168]</a> The Australian Critical Race and Whiteness Studies Association formed in 2005 to study racial privilege and promote respect for Indigenous sovereignties; it publishes an online journal called Critical Race and Whiteness Studies.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination_in_New_Zealand" title="Structural discrimination in New Zealand">Structural discrimination in New Zealand</a></div> In New Zealand, a localized relationship to the concept, frequently termed Pākehā privilege,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> due to the legacy of the colonizing <a href="/wiki/European_settlers_in_New_Zealand" title="European settlers in New Zealand">European settlers</a>, has developed.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Academic <a href="/wiki/Huia_Jahnke" title="Huia Jahnke">Huia Jahnke</a>'s book Mana Tangata: Politics of Empowerment explored how <a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">European New Zealanders</a>, in rejecting the 'one people' national narrative and embracing the label <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> ("foreigner"), has allowed space to examine white privilege and the societal marginalization of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Massey_University" title="Massey University">Massey University</a> scholar Malcolm Mulholland argued that "studying inequalities between Māori and non-Māori outcomes allows us to identify Pākehā privilege and name it."<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In their book Healing Our History, Robert and Joanna Consedine argued that in the colonial era Pākehā privilege was enforced in school classrooms by strict time periods, European symbols, and the exclusion of <a href="/wiki/Te_reo" class="mw-redirect" title="Te reo">te reo</a> (the Māori language), disadvantaging Māori children and contributing to the suppression of Māori culture.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In 2016, on the 65th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Women%27s_Welfare_League" title="Māori Women's Welfare League">Māori Women's Welfare League</a>, the League's president criticized the "dominant Pakeha culture" in New Zealand, and embedded Pākehā privilege.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angry_white_male" title="Angry white male">Angry white male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_World_privilege" title="First World privilege">First World privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese privilege">Japanese privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monkey" title="White monkey">White monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_theory" title="Whiteness theory">Whiteness theory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-phenomenon-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"References about social phenomena".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=References+about+social+phenomena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jensen" title="Robert Jensen">Jensen, Robert</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartofwhiteness0000jens/page/8">"Race Words and Race Stories"</a>. The Heart of Whiteness: Confronting Race, Racism and White Privilege. <a href="/wiki/City_Lights_Bookstore#Publishing" title="City Lights Bookstore">City Lights Publishers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartofwhiteness0000jens/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-449-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-449-8"><bdi>978-0-87286-449-8</bdi></a>. <q>White privilege, like any social phenomenon, is complex.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Race+Words+and+Race+Stories&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+Whiteness%3A+Confronting+Race%2C+Racism+and+White+Privilege&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=City+Lights+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87286-449-8&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheartofwhiteness0000jens%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonturePatricia_Danielle_McGuire2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Monture-Angus" title="Patricia Monture-Angus">Monture, Patricia Anne</a>; Patricia Danielle McGuire (2009). First Voices: An Aboriginal Women's Reader. <a href="/wiki/Inanna_Publications" title="Inanna Publications">Inanna Publications</a>. p. 523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9808822-9-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9808822-9-2"><bdi>978-0-9808822-9-2</bdi></a>. <q>Peggy Mcintosh's work on this issue, titled "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack," remains one of the best resources for beginning to understanding this social phenomenon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Voices%3A+An+Aboriginal+Women%27s+Reader&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Inanna+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9808822-9-2&rft.aulast=Monture&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Anne&rft.au=Patricia+Danielle+McGuire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Wise, Tim</a> (2013). Kim Case (ed.). Deconstructing Privilege: Teaching and Learning as Allies in the Classroom. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64146-3"><bdi>978-0-415-64146-3</bdi></a>. <q>For example, I (<a href="/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Tim</a>) often point to examples that illustrate such exceptions to highlight white privilege as a measurable social phenomenon even though poor White people exist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deconstructing+Privilege%3A+Teaching+and+Learning+as+Allies+in+the+Classroom&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-64146-3&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglishCheryl_L._Bolton2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fenwick_W._English" title="Fenwick W. English">English, Fenwick W.</a>; Cheryl L. Bolton (2015). "Chapter 2: Unmasking the School Asymmetry and the Social System". Bourdieu for Educators: Policy and Practice. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9659-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9659-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-9659-4</bdi></a>. <q>Some educational researchers today have called this phenomenon "white privilege" (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Apple" title="Michael Apple">Apple</a>, 2004; Swalwell & Sherman, 2012).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Unmasking+the+School+Asymmetry+and+the+Social+System&rft.btitle=Bourdieu+for+Educators%3A+Policy+and+Practice&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-9659-4&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Fenwick+W.&rft.au=Cheryl+L.+Bolton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neville-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neville_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neville_2-1">b</a> Neville, H., Worthington, R., Spanierman, L. (2001). Race, Power, and Multicultural Counseling Psychology: Understanding White Privilege and Color Blind Racial Attitudes. In Ponterotto, J., Casas, M, Suzuki, L, and Alexander, C. (Eds) Handbook of Multicultural Counseling, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. </li> <li id="cite_note-jamesstephens1824-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jamesstephens1824_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jamesstephens1824_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1824" class="citation book cs1">Stephen, James (1824). The Slavery of the British West India Colonies Delineated. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavery+of+the+British+West+India+Colonies+Delineated&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colonialismandbeyond2013-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colonialismandbeyond2013_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-colonialismandbeyond2013_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischoffElisabeth_Engel2013" class="citation book cs1">Bischoff, Eva; Elisabeth Engel (2013). Colonialism and Beyond: Race and Migration from a Postcolonial Perspective. <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag" title="LIT Verlag">LIT Verlag</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90261-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90261-0"><bdi>978-3-643-90261-0</bdi></a>. <q>Whiteness scholars mostly concentrate on the idea of power as a white economic and political privilege, which is assumed to have been formed over centuries and to still be unconsciously perpetuated by individuals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+Beyond%3A+Race+and+Migration+from+a+Postcolonial+Perspective&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90261-0&rft.aulast=Bischoff&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Elisabeth+Engel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-modernpolitical2003-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-modernpolitical2003_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modernpolitical2003_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHintzen2003" class="citation book cs1">Hintzen, Percy C. (2003). <a href="/wiki/Holger_Henke" title="Holger Henke">Henke, Holger</a>; Fred Reno (eds.). Modern Political Culture in the Caribbean. University Press of the West Indies. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-640-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-640-135-1"><bdi>978-976-640-135-1</bdi></a>. <q>In making their claims to white elite status, the elite of colonial Africa and its colonized diaspora have managed to reproduce, in postcolonial political economy, the very forms of domination that existed under colonialism. These forms are rooted in racial exclusivity and racial privilege.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Political+Culture+in+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+West+Indies&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-976-640-135-1&rft.aulast=Hintzen&rft.aufirst=Percy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-racialprofiling2006-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-racialprofiling2006_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-racialprofiling2006_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenryCarol_Tator2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Henry" title="Frances Henry">Henry, Frances</a>; Carol Tator (2006). Racial Profiling in Canada: Challenging the Myth of 'a Few Bad Apples'. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8714-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8714-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-8714-0</bdi></a>. <q>Whiteness studies analyse the link between white skin and the position of privilege operating in most societies, including those which have been subjected to European colonialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+Profiling+in+Canada%3A+Challenging+the+Myth+of+%27a+Few+Bad+Apples%27&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8714-0&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft.au=Carol+Tator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-livingracism2017-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livingracism2017_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livingracism2017_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalley2017" class="citation book cs1">Talley, Clarence R. (2017). Theresa Rajack-Talley; Derrick R. Brooms (eds.). Living Racism: Through the Barrel of the Book. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-4431-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-4431-3"><bdi>978-1-4985-4431-3</bdi></a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_V._Hamilton" title="Charles V. Hamilton">Charles V. Hamilton</a> in their book, <a href="/wiki/Black_Power:_The_Politics_of_Liberation_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America">Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America</a>, argue that the internal colonialism of the Black population occurs as the purposeful relegation of the Black population to inferior political and economic status both during and subsequent to slavery. From this perspective, white privilege emerges in American society because of the relations of colonialism and exploitation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Racism%3A+Through+the+Barrel+of+the+Book&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-4431-3&rft.aulast=Talley&rft.aufirst=Clarence+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banks-2012-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banks-2012_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banks-2012_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks2012" class="citation book cs1">Banks, J. (2012). Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. p. 2300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8152-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8152-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-8152-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diversity+in+Education&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=2300&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-8152-1&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole,_Mike2008" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Mike (2008). Marxism and educational theory: origins and issues. London: Routledge. pp. 36–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-39732-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-39732-9"><bdi>978-0-203-39732-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182658565">182658565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+educational+theory%3A+origins+and+issues&rft.place=London&rft.pages=36-49&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182658565&rft.isbn=978-0-203-39732-9&rft.au=Cole%2C+Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unpacking-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unpacking_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unpacking_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">McIntosh, Peggy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307160330/http://people.westminstercollege.edu/faculty/jsibbett/readings/White_Privilege.pdf">"White privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.westminstercollege.edu/faculty/jsibbett/readings/White_Privilege.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+privilege%3A+Unpacking+the+Invisible+Knapsack&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.westminstercollege.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fjsibbett%2Freadings%2FWhite_Privilege.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> Independent School, Winter90, Vol. 49 Issue 2, p31, 5p </li> <li id="cite_note-Vice-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVice2010" class="citation journal cs1">Vice, Samantha (September 7, 2010). "How Do I Live in This Strange Place?". Journal of Social Philosophy. 41 (3): 323–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9833.2010.01496.x">10.1111/j.1467-9833.2010.01496.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Philosophy&rft.atitle=How+Do+I+Live+in+This+Strange+Place%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-342&rft.date=2010-09-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9833.2010.01496.x&rft.aulast=Vice&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-McDonald-2008-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin-McDonald-2008_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin-McDonald-2008_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin-McDonaldMcCarthy,_A2008" class="citation journal cs1">Martin-McDonald, K; McCarthy, A (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/19655/1/19655.pdf">"'Marking' the white terrain in indigenous health research: literature review"</a> (PDF). 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White people do see themselves represented more often in our culture and history, and rarely are the only person who looks the way they do in rooms where power exists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Standard&rft.atitle=A+Conservative+Defense+of+Privilege+Theory&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2Fdavid-marcus%2Fa-conservative-defense-of-privilege-theory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lund, C. L. (2010). "The nature of white privilege in the teaching and training of adults". 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IntellectBooks. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-357-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-357-8"><bdi>978-1-84150-357-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+Black+and+White%3A+Immigration%2C+Race%2C+and+Identity+in+the+%27Old+Continent%27&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=IntellectBooks&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84150-357-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCady1910" class="citation book cs1">Cady, George Luther (1910). "Social Equities". National Council Fourteenth Triennial Session Addresses and Discussions (October 10–20, Fourteenth Triennial Session ed.). <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Congregational_Churches_of_the_United_States" title="National Council of the Congregational Churches of the United States">National Council of the Congregational Churches of the United States</a>. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Equities&rft.btitle=National+Council+Fourteenth+Triennial+Session+Addresses+and+Discussions&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=October+10%E2%80%9320%2C+Fourteenth+Triennial+Session&rft.pub=National+Council+of+the+Congregational+Churches+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Cady&rft.aufirst=George+Luther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuBois-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DuBois_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuBois_29-1">b</a> Du Bois, W. E. B., Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 (New York: Free Press, 1995 reissue of 1935 original), pp. 700–701. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85657-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85657-3">0-684-85657-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonardo-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Leonardo_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Leonardo, Zeus (2010). "The Souls of White Folk: critical pedagogy, whiteness studies, and globalization discourse". Race Ethnicity and Education. 5 (1): 2002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13613320120117180">10.1080/13613320120117180</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145354229">145354229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+Ethnicity+and+Education&rft.atitle=The+Souls+of+White+Folk%3A+critical+pedagogy%2C+whiteness+studies%2C+and+globalization+discourse&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2002&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13613320120117180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145354229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leonardo&rft.aufirst=Zeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee1942" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramananda_Chatterjee" title="Ramananda Chatterjee">Chatterjee, Ramananda</a> (1942). "The Modern Review" (Volume 71 ed.). p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Review&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Ramananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClung_LeeNorman_Daymond_Humphrey1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_McClung_Lee" title="Alfred McClung Lee">McClung Lee, Alfred</a>; Norman Daymond Humphrey (1943). Race riot, Detroit 1943. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>: The Dryden Press. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+riot%2C+Detroit+1943&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=The+Dryden+Press&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=McClung+Lee&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=Norman+Daymond+Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Allen, Theodore W., "A Call . . . John Brown Memorial Pilgrimage . . . December 4, 1965," John Brown Commemoration Committee, 1965 and Jeffrey B. Perry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clogic.eserver.org/2010/2010.html">"The Developing Conjuncture and Some Insights from Hubert Harrison and Theodore W. Allen on the Centrality of the Fight against White Supremacy,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151206054043/http://clogic.eserver.org/2010/2010.html">Archived</a> December 6, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Cultural Logic" 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> See Ignatin (Ignatiev), Noel, and Ted (Theodore W.) Allen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sds-1960s.org/WhiteBlindspot.pdf">"'White Blindspot' and 'Can White Workers Radicals Be Radicalized?'"</a> (Detroit: The Radical Education Project and New York: NYC Revolutionary Youth Movement, 1969); Thomas R. Brooks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1969/06/15/archives/the-new-left-is-showing-its-age-the-new-left-is-showing-its-age.html">"The New Left is Showing Its Age"</a>, The New York Times, June 15, 1969, p. 20; and Perry, "The Developing Conjuncture and Some Insights from Hubert Harrison and Theodore W. Allen. . . " </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Allen, Theodore W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clogic.eserver.org/2006/allen.html">Class Struggle and the Origin of Racial Slavery: The Invention of the White Race</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110406121446/http://clogic.eserver.org/2006/allen.html">Archived</a> April 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Hoboken: Hoboken Education Project, 1975), republished in 2006 with an "Introduction" by Jeffrey B. Perry at Center for the Study of Working Class Life, SUNY, Stony Brook. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Allen, Theodore W., The Invention of the White Race, Vol. I: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York: Verso, 1994, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-769-6">978-1-84467-769-6</a>) and Vol. II: The Origin of Racial Oppression in Anglo-America (New York: Verso, 1997, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-770-2">978-1-84467-770-2</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Perry, Jeffrey B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clogic.eserver.org/2010/2010.html">"The Developing Conjuncture and Insights from Hubert Harrison and Theodore W. Allen on the Centrality of the Fight Against White Supremacy,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151206054043/http://clogic.eserver.org/2010/2010.html">Archived</a> December 6, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Cultural Logic,'" July 2010, pp. 10–11, 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Allen, Theodore W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clogic.eserver.org/1-2/allen.html">"Summary of the Argument of The Invention of the White Race", Part 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111107233149/http://clogic.eserver.org/1-2/allen.html">Archived</a> November 7, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, #8, Cultural Logic, I, No. 2 (Spring 1998), and Jeffrey B. 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Retrieved January 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Macklemore+slams+Miley+Cyrus%2C+Iggy+Azalea+for+appropriating+black+culture%2C+tackles+racism+and+Black+Lives+Matter+in+new+track+%27White+Privilege+II%27&rft.date=2016-01-22&rft.aulast=Jagannathan&rft.aufirst=Meera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fmacklemore-slams-miley-iggy-azalea-white-privilege-ii-article-1.2505788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="deboer" class="citation news cs1">deBoer, Fredrik (January 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/01/28/when-white-people-admit-white-privilege-theyre-really-just-congratulating-themselves/">"Admitting that white privilege helps you is really just congratulating yourself"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Admitting+that+white+privilege+helps+you+is+really+just+congratulating+yourself&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.aulast=deBoer&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2016%2F01%2F28%2Fwhen-white-people-admit-white-privilege-theyre-really-just-congratulating-themselves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Suarez, Cyndi (March 26, 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nonprofitquarterly.org/putting-privilege-in-perspective/">"Putting 'Privilege' in Perspective"</a>, Non Profit Quarterly. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Monahana, Michael J. (March 17, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/MONTCO-21v1">"The concept of privilege: a critical appraisal"</a>, South African Journal of Philosophy. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuarlesBozarth2022" class="citation journal cs1">Quarles, Christopher L.; Bozarth, Lia (May 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9067660">"How the term "white privilege" affects participation, polarization, and content in online communication"</a>. PLOS ONE. 17 (5): e0267048. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1767048Q">2022PLoSO..1767048Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0267048">10.1371/journal.pone.0267048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9067660">9067660</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35507537">35507537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=How+the+term+%22white+privilege%22+affects+participation%2C+polarization%2C+and+content+in+online+communication&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0267048&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9067660%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PLoSO..1767048Q&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35507537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0267048&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Quarles&rft.aufirst=Christopher+L.&rft.au=Bozarth%2C+Lia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9067660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> See, for example, Haney López, Ian F. White by Law. 1995; Lipsitz, George. Possessive Investment in Whiteness; Delgado, Richard; Williams, Patricia; and Kovel, Joel. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1993" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Cheryl I. (June 1993). "Whiteness as Property". Harvard Law Review. 106 (8): 1709–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1341787">10.2307/1341787</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341787">1341787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Whiteness+as+Property&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1709-95&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1341787&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1341787%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsitz2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Lipsitz" title="George Lipsitz">Lipsitz, George</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PIqUajTEfk0C">The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit From Identity Politics</a>. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-493-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-493-9"><bdi>978-1-59213-493-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Possessive+Investment+in+Whiteness%3A+How+White+People+Profit+From+Identity+Politics&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-493-9&rft.aulast=Lipsitz&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIqUajTEfk0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucal-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Lucal_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucal1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lucal, Betsy (July 1996). 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"White privilege: Packing the invisible backpack. p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakayamaKrizek1995" class="citation journal cs1">Nakayama, Thomas K.; Krizek, Robert L. (August 1995). "Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric". 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Retrieved March 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=White+fragility+is+real.+But+%27White+Fragility%27+is+flawed.&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Lozada&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2020%2F06%2F18%2Fwhite-fragility-is-real-white-fragility-is-flawed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlasdel2018" class="citation news cs1">Blasdel, Alex (April 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/24/george-yancy-dear-white-america-philosopher-confront-racism">"Is white America ready to confront its racism? Philosopher George Yancy says we need a 'crisis'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+white+America+ready+to+confront+its+racism%3F+Philosopher+George+Yancy+says+we+need+a+%27crisis%27&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft.aulast=Blasdel&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fapr%2F24%2Fgeorge-yancy-dear-white-america-philosopher-confront-racism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaschik2018" class="citation web cs1">Jaschik, Scott (April 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/04/24/author-discusses-new-book-how-americans-respond-discussions-race">"Backlash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=Backlash&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft.aulast=Jaschik&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F04%2F24%2Fauthor-discusses-new-book-how-americans-respond-discussions-race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitebacklashbrowncountry2015-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whitebacklashbrowncountry2015_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitebacklashbrowncountry2015_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Terry (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2399&context=vulr">"Valparaiso University Law Review: White Backlash in a Brown Country"</a>. Valparaiso University Law Review. 50 (1): 89–132. <q>Most importantly, voter suppression abets an addiction to white privilege—which is the source of white backlash—by advancing the idea that the voters who are prevented from accessing the polls were less worthy to vote in the first place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Valparaiso+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Valparaiso+University+Law+Review%3A+White+Backlash+in+a+Brown+Country&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-132&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.valpo.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2399%26context%3Dvulr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Allen" title="Danielle Allen">Allen, Danielle</a> (September 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trumps-troubling-us-constituency-2015-9">"Trump is tapping into a troubling US constituency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Trump+is+tapping+into+a+troubling+US+constituency&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fdonald-trumps-troubling-us-constituency-2015-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYancy2018" class="citation book cs1">Yancy, George (2018). Backlash: What Happens When We Talk Honestly about Racism in America. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0405-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0405-7"><bdi>978-1-5381-0405-7</bdi></a>. <q>The responses that I received, however, speak to something more extreme than just reactionary or unreceptive responses. Rather than "white fragility", these responses are ones that speak to deep forms of white world-making</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backlash%3A+What+Happens+When+We+Talk+Honestly+about+Racism+in+America&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-0405-7&rft.aulast=Yancy&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Jacques" title="Martin Jacques">Jacques, Martin</a> (September 19, 2003), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/20/race.uk">The global hierarchy of race: As the only racial group that never suffers systemic racism, whites are in denial about its impact</a>", The Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerryfield2000" class="citation journal cs1">Merryfield, Merry M. (2000). "Why aren't teachers being prepared to teach for diversity, equity, and global interconnectedness? A study of lived experiences in the making of multicultural and global educators". Teaching and Teacher Education. 16 (4): 429–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0742-051X%2800%2900004-4">10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00004-4</a>. <q>Although white, middle class Americans may experience outsider status as expatriates in another country, there are few places on the planet where white male Americans are not privileged through their language, relative wealth and global political power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teaching+and+Teacher+Education&rft.atitle=Why+aren%27t+teachers+being+prepared+to+teach+for+diversity%2C+equity%2C+and+global+interconnectedness%3F+A+study+of+lived+experiences+in+the+making+of+multicultural+and+global+educators&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=429-443&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0742-051X%2800%2900004-4&rft.aulast=Merryfield&rft.aufirst=Merry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Bush, Melanie E. L., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/4acrawsa614.pdf">White World Supremacy and the Creation of Nation: 'American Dream' or Global Nightmare?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228013350/http://acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/4acrawsa614.pdf">Archived</a> February 28, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", ACRAWSA e-journal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrawsa.org.au/ejournal/?id=1">6(1)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409210021/http://acrawsa.org.au/ejournal/?id=1">Archived</a> April 9, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey_Mwakikagile2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Mwakikagile" title="Godfrey Mwakikagile">Godfrey Mwakikagile</a> (2015). Namibia: Conquest to Independence: Formation of a Nation. New Africa Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9987-16-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9987-16-044-0"><bdi>978-9987-16-044-0</bdi></a>. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> system preserved white privilege in a divided society, segregated and invented divergent ethnic cultures and truncated the growth of a common <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>. Thus, Namibia lacked any facilitating conditions for unitary nation building</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Namibia%3A+Conquest+to+Independence%3A+Formation+of+a+Nation&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=New+Africa+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9987-16-044-0&rft.au=Godfrey+Mwakikagile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Lelyveld1981" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lelyveld" title="Joseph Lelyveld">Joseph Lelyveld</a> (June 17, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/17/world/council-in-namibia-finds-whites-grip-still-strong.html">"Council In Namibia Finds Whites' Grip Still Strong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <q>The new ministers find they can only make suggestions to the bureaucrats and the Administrator General and that when these suggestions touch on sensitive areas of white privilege, they tend to be shelved.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Council+In+Namibia+Finds+Whites%27+Grip+Still+Strong&rft.date=1981-06-17&rft.au=Joseph+Lelyveld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F06%2F17%2Fworld%2Fcouncil-in-namibia-finds-whites-grip-still-strong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Mboono_Nghidinwa2008" class="citation book cs1">Maria Mboono Nghidinwa (2008). Women Journalists in Namibia's Liberation Struggle, 1985-1990. Basler Afrika Bibliographien. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-905758-07-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-905758-07-8"><bdi>978-3-905758-07-8</bdi></a>. <q>She further argues that due to the "white privilege" that white women enjoyed during apartheid Namibia, these white women generally also refused to acknowledge the oppression of <a href="/wiki/Black_women" title="Black women">black women</a> and have generally failed to question their own status (<a href="/wiki/Frene_Ginwala" title="Frene Ginwala">Ginwala</a>, 1988).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Journalists+in+Namibia%27s+Liberation+Struggle%2C+1985-1990&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Basler+Afrika+Bibliographien&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-905758-07-8&rft.au=Maria+Mboono+Nghidinwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidi_Armbruster2008" class="citation cs2">Heidi Armbruster (2008), 'With Hard Work and Determination You Can Make It Here': Narratives of Identity among German Immigrants in Post-Colonial Namibia (Volume 34 ed.), <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southern_African_Studies" title="Journal of Southern African Studies">Journal of Southern African Studies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, pp. 611–628, <q>However, integration is largely sought in the social and symbolic context defined as 'German' and 'white', and in dissociation from <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> as 'Africa'. Silences, ambivalences, and contradictions at the narrative level reveal these generational cohorts to be slightly different, yet equally evasive about the problematic inheritance of white privilege.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27With+Hard+Work+and+Determination+You+Can+Make+It+Here%27%3A+Narratives+of+Identity+among+German+Immigrants+in+Post-Colonial+Namibia&rft.place=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.pages=611-628&rft.edition=Volume+34&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Heidi+Armbruster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidi_Armbruster2010" class="citation cs2">Heidi Armbruster (2010), 'Realising the Self and Developing the African': German Immigrants in Namibia (Volume 36 ed.), <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ethnic_and_Migration_Studies" title="Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies">Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies</a>, pp. 1229–1246, <q>As Leonard (2010b) observes, since Western migrants in less developed countries enjoy certain privileges and status, the connotation of the word "expatriate" has evolved so that it now implies white privilege. For example, <a href="/wiki/European_immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="European immigrants">European immigrants</a> still enjoy what they perceive to be favorable conditions in postcolonial Namibia, with many Namibians expressing gratitude for "the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Realising+the+Self+and+Developing+the+African%27%3A+German+Immigrants+in+Namibia&rft.pages=1229-1246&rft.edition=Volume+36&rft.pub=Journal+of+Ethnic+and+Migration+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Heidi+Armbruster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Deborah Posel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/525576">"Race as Common Sense: Racial Classification in Twentieth-Century South Africa"</a>, African Studies Review 44 (2), September 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Matthews, Sally (September 12, 2011), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.co.za/article/2011-09-12-inherited-or-earned-advantage">Inherited or earned advantage?</a>", Mail & Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteyn2004" class="citation journal cs1">Steyn, Melissa E. (2004). "Rehabilitating a whiteness disgraced: Afrikaner white talk in post-apartheid South Africa". Communication Quarterly. 52 (2): 143–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01463370409370187">10.1080/01463370409370187</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145673861">145673861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Rehabilitating+a+whiteness+disgraced%3A+Afrikaner+white+talk+in+post-apartheid+South+Africa&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-169&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01463370409370187&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145673861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Steyn&rft.aufirst=Melissa+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Vice, Samantha (September 2, 2011), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.co.za/article/2011-09-02-why-my-opinions-on-whiteness-touched-a-nerve/">Why my opinions on whiteness touched a nerve</a>", Mail & Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-2-bill-rights#9">"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 2: Bill of Rights - South African Government"</a>. www.gov.za.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.za&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa%2C+1996+-+Chapter+2%3A+Bill+of+Rights+-+South+African+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.za%2Fdocuments%2Fconstitution%2Fchapter-2-bill-rights%239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulston,_Christina_BrattScott_F._KieslingElizabeth_S._Rangel2012" class="citation book cs1">Paulston, Christina Bratt; Scott F. Kiesling; Elizabeth S. Rangel, eds. (2012). "Critical Approaches to IDC". The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6272-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6272-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-6272-2</bdi></a>. <q>The privilege that White native-speaking English teachers have in Japan, as Kelly describes by drawing on Lummis (1977), indexes institutional racism. By virtue of being a White speaker of English, even if not a native English speaker, one has the privilege of obtaining employment to teach <a href="/wiki/Eikaiwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eikaiwa">eikaiwa</a> [English conversation] without professional qualifications or an ability to speak Japanese.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Critical+Approaches+to+IDC&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Intercultural+Discourse+and+Communication&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6272-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-o662-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-o662_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-o662_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebnár2016" class="citation book cs1">Debnár, M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eloBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">Migration, Whiteness, and Cosmopolitanism: Europeans in Japan</a>. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56149-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56149-7"><bdi>978-1-137-56149-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Whiteness%2C+and+Cosmopolitanism%3A+Europeans+in+Japan&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56149-7&rft.aulast=Debn%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeloBDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-m797-97"><a href="#cite_ref-m797_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFresnoza-FlotLiu-Farrer2022" class="citation book cs1">Fresnoza-Flot, A.; Liu-Farrer, G. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4VzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Tangled Mobilities: Places, Affects, and Personhood Across Social Spheres in Asian Migration</a>. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Berghahn Books. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80073-567-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80073-567-5"><bdi>978-1-80073-567-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tangled+Mobilities%3A+Places%2C+Affects%2C+and+Personhood+Across+Social+Spheres+in+Asian+Migration&rft.series=G+-+Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-80073-567-5&rft.aulast=Fresnoza-Flot&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Liu-Farrer%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP4VzEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-o009-98"><a href="#cite_ref-o009_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeilhamer2019" class="citation book cs1">Seilhamer, M.F. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tcaqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT173">Gender, Neoliberalism and Distinction through Linguistic Capital: Taiwanese Narratives of Struggle and Strategy</a>. Encounters. Channel View Publications. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78892-303-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78892-303-3"><bdi>978-1-78892-303-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Neoliberalism+and+Distinction+through+Linguistic+Capital%3A+Taiwanese+Narratives+of+Struggle+and+Strategy&rft.series=Encounters&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Channel+View+Publications&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78892-303-3&rft.aulast=Seilhamer&rft.aufirst=M.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtcaqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon_H._Chang2015" class="citation book cs1">Sharon H. Chang (2015). "Mirror and Exteriors: The Face of the Future". Raising Mixed Race: Multiracial Asian Children in a Post-Racial World. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99946-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99946-6"><bdi>978-1-138-99946-6</bdi></a>. <q>In Asia, as in Asian America, negative associations with Blackness (of African descent and/for dark complexion) and positive associations with lightness and whiteness are incredibly pervasive. "Traveling through <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>," said a white father plainly, "there's a huge amount of white privilege." ... A white mother remembered uncomfortably when she went to visit her husband's relatives in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> that they went out of their way to treat her as a special, honored guest; ... "I think that was because I was <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>" ... If I had been Korean, like I would've been treated as a guest. But not as a 'special' guest." A Korean mother confirmed whites are "revered" in Korea</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mirror+and+Exteriors%3A+The+Face+of+the+Future&rft.btitle=Raising+Mixed+Race%3A+Multiracial+Asian+Children+in+a+Post-Racial+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-99946-6&rft.au=Sharon+H.+Chang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_C._Oh2019" class="citation book cs1">David C. Oh (2019). ""I am Korean American"". Korean Diaspora across the World: Homeland in History, Memory, Imagination, Media, and Reality. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-9922-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-9922-1"><bdi>978-1-4985-9922-1</bdi></a>. <q>The human-interest appeal of the video is that a <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White American</a> family had chosen to immigrate to Korea, reversing the more typical flow of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Koreans to the US</a>. The blond-haired boys' <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">fluent Korean</a> is celebrated as peculiar and praiseworthy while their popularity at school is taken for granted ... However, some group members expressed discontent with the premise of the post, asking "Why Koreans love <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> so much? So many Koreans <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">speak English in America</a> ... Let's stop supporting white privilege".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22I+am+Korean+American%22&rft.btitle=Korean+Diaspora+across+the+World%3A+Homeland+in+History%2C+Memory%2C+Imagination%2C+Media%2C+and+Reality&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-9922-1&rft.au=David+C.+Oh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelene_K._Lee2017" class="citation book cs1">Helene K. Lee (2017). "Of "Kings" and "Lepers"". Between Foreign and Family. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-8613-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-8613-7"><bdi>978-0-8135-8613-7</bdi></a>. <q>Additionally, as a <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">multiracial</a> individual with a South Korean immigrant mother and a <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White American</a> father, Sae Il is quick to criticize "those Amerasians from the US [who] can play the role of the White boy, the foreigner, and have access to all sorts of white privilege here in Korea." Even as he emphatically refuses it, Sae Il's biracial appearance may actually grant him white privilege in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+%22Kings%22+and+%22Lepers%22&rft.btitle=Between+Foreign+and+Family&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-8613-7&rft.au=Helene+K.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Jeong_Trenka2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Jeong_Trenka" title="Jane Jeong Trenka">Jane Jeong Trenka</a> (2009). Fugitive Visions: An Adoptee's Return to Korea. <a href="/wiki/Graywolf_Press" title="Graywolf Press">Graywolf Press</a>. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55597-529-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55597-529-6"><bdi>978-1-55597-529-6</bdi></a>. <q>To adoptees, what is <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> is always easier to see - <a href="/wiki/Baskin-Robbins" title="Baskin-Robbins">Baskin-Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krispy_Kreme" title="Krispy Kreme">Krispy Kreme</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_military" class="mw-redirect" title="American military">American military</a>, the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, the fetishists so much more visible and happy here because everyone want to be loved, even if they have to use their white privilege to get it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fugitive+Visions%3A+An+Adoptee%27s+Return+to+Korea&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Graywolf+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55597-529-6&rft.au=Jane+Jeong+Trenka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim,_Jeehyun2013" class="citation cs2">Lim, Jeehyun (2013), "Black and Korean: Racialized Development and the Korean American Subject in Korean/American Fiction", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Transnational_American_Studies" title="Journal of Transnational American Studies">Journal of Transnational American Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>: <a href="/wiki/California_Digital_Library" title="California Digital Library">California Digital Library</a>, <q>Unduly burdened with social problems of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military and prostitution in South Korea">prostitution</a> and violence in their function to contain the threats to the stability of the nation-states, camptowns, however, become optimal sites for <a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">race relations</a> that are considered anomalous in the national spaces to unfold ... Whereas such an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asians</a> as fundamentally foreign yet unthreatening to white privilege permeates the racialization of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asians in the US</a>, the racial dynamics of the camptown in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Korea</a> establishes a clear distinction between Koreans and <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> while blurring that between Koreans and <a href="/wiki/Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Americans">black Americans</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+and+Korean%3A+Racialized+Development+and+the+Korean+American+Subject+in+Korean%2FAmerican+Fiction&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Transnational+American+Studies&rft.place=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=California+Digital+Library&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Lim%2C+Jeehyun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBascaramurty2017" class="citation news cs1">Bascaramurty, Dakshana (October 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/how-legos-helped-build-a-classroom-lesson-on-white-privilege/article36610854/">"How Legos helped build a classroom lesson on white privilege"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=How+Legos+helped+build+a+classroom+lesson+on+white+privilege&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft.aulast=Bascaramurty&rft.aufirst=Dakshana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fhow-legos-helped-build-a-classroom-lesson-on-white-privilege%2Farticle36610854%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/what-is-white-privilege-1.2852643">"What is white privilege?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. November 27, 2014. <q>During the municipal election campaign, John Tory, who takes office next week as mayor of Toronto, was asked bluntly: "Does white privilege exist?"Tory's response was, "White privilege? No, I don't know that it does."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+is+white+privilege%3F&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto%2Fwhat-is-white-privilege-1.2852643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartis2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eternity_Martis" title="Eternity Martis">Martis, Eternity</a> (July 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/wdbk3z/outrage-frustration-and-roasting-at-ontarios-first-anti-racism-public-meeting">"Outrage, Frustration, and Roasting at Ontario's First Anti-Racism Public Meeting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice Media</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Outrage%2C+Frustration%2C+and+Roasting+at+Ontario%27s+First+Anti-Racism+Public+Meeting&rft.date=2016-07-15&rft.aulast=Martis&rft.aufirst=Eternity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_ca%2Farticle%2Fwdbk3z%2Foutrage-frustration-and-roasting-at-ontarios-first-anti-racism-public-meeting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutton2019" class="citation news cs1">Tutton, Michael (August 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/british-columbia/article-man-suspended-from-meetings-for-racial-profiling-of-black-scholar-at/">"Man suspended from meetings for racial profiling of black scholar at University of British Columbia humanities congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Man+suspended+from+meetings+for+racial+profiling+of+black+scholar+at+University+of+British+Columbia+humanities+congress&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.aulast=Tutton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Farticle-man-suspended-from-meetings-for-racial-profiling-of-black-scholar-at%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauls2019" class="citation news cs1">Pauls, Karen (September 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/supreme-court-winnipeg-1.5291278">"Supreme Court hears cases in Winnipeg this week in historic first"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+hears+cases+in+Winnipeg+this+week+in+historic+first&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft.aulast=Pauls&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmanitoba%2Fsupreme-court-winnipeg-1.5291278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Mason_(journalist)" title="Gary Mason (journalist)">Mason, Gary</a> (October 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/british-columbia/article-is-it-time-we-said-goodbye-to-fraternities/">"Is it time we said goodbye to fraternities?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Is+it+time+we+said+goodbye+to+fraternities%3F&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Farticle-is-it-time-we-said-goodbye-to-fraternities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Williams, Constraint of Race (2004). </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildman-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Wildman_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildmanArmstrong,_MargalynneDavis,_Adrienne_D.Grillo,_Trina1996" class="citation book cs1">Wildman, Stephanie M.; Armstrong, Margalynne; Davis, Adrienne D.; Grillo, Trina (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/privilegereveale00wild">Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines America</a>. New York: NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9303-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9303-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-9303-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 19, 2008. <q>Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Privilege+Revealed%3A+How+Invisible+Preference+Undermines+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9303-9&rft.aulast=Wildman&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+M.&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Margalynne&rft.au=Davis%2C+Adrienne+D.&rft.au=Grillo%2C+Trina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprivilegereveale00wild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Massey-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Massey_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasseyDenton,_Nancy1998" class="citation book cs1">Massey, Douglas; Denton, Nancy (January 15, 1998). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01821-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01821-1"><bdi>978-0-674-01821-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Apartheid%3A+Segregation+and+the+Making+of+the+Underclass&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01821-1&rft.aulast=Massey&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Denton%2C+Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulido-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Pulido_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulido2000" class="citation journal cs1">Pulido, Laura (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/d5c05a_6d6995e3507140cebbb3b29bc62f40bb.pdf">"Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California"</a> (PDF). Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 90 (1): 12–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0004-5608.00182">10.1111/0004-5608.00182</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10214%2F1833">10214/1833</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608">0004-5608</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1515377">1515377</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38036883">38036883</a>. 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The New York Times October 18, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-wealth-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wealth_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wealth_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wealth_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliverThomas_M._Shapiro2006" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Melvin L.; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shapiro" title="Thomas Shapiro">Thomas M. Shapiro</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ksJuX02DNwC&pg=PT53">Black Wealth, White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 53–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95167-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95167-8"><bdi>978-0-415-95167-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Wealth%2C+White+Wealth%3A+A+New+Perspective+on+Racial+Inequality&rft.pages=53-4&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95167-8&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Melvin+L.&rft.au=Thomas+M.+Shapiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ksJuX02DNwC%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Ira Katznelson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfhneJPcD38C&pg=PA43">When Affirmative Action Was White</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Katznelson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfhneJPcD38C&pg=PA114">When Affirmative Action Was White</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15704759">"Census Report: Broad Racial Disparities Persist"</a>. NBC News. November 14, 2006. Retrieved July 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Census+Report%3A+Broad+Racial+Disparities+Persist&rft.date=2006-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna15704759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-possessive-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-possessive_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-possessive_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-possessive_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-possessive_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-possessive_119-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-possessive_119-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsitz2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Lipsitz" title="George Lipsitz">Lipsitz, George</a> (August 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PIqUajTEfk0C">The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics, Revised and Expanded Edition</a>. Temple University Press. pp. 32–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-495-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-495-3"><bdi>978-1-59213-495-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Possessive+Investment+in+Whiteness%3A+How+White+People+Profit+from+Identity+Politics%2C+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.pages=32-3&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2009-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-495-3&rft.aulast=Lipsitz&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIqUajTEfk0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipsitz-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Lipsitz_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsitz1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Lipsitz" title="George Lipsitz">Lipsitz, George</a> (September 1995). "The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: Racialized Social Democracy and the "White" Problem in American Studies". American Quarterly. 47 (3): 369–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2713291">10.2307/2713291</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713291">2713291</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147180034">147180034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Possessive+Investment+in+Whiteness%3A+Racialized+Social+Democracy+and+the+%22White%22+Problem+in+American+Studies&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-87&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147180034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2713291%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2713291&rft.aulast=Lipsitz&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapiro-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Shapiro_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shapiro" title="Thomas Shapiro">Shapiro, Thomas M.</a> (December 12, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddencostofbein00shap">The Hidden Cost of Being African American; How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518138-8"><bdi>978-0-19-518138-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Cost+of+Being+African+American%3B+How+Wealth+Perpetuates+Inequality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-12-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518138-8&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiddencostofbein00shap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bls_2009-122"><a href="#cite_ref-bls_2009_122-0">^</a> U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpswom2009.pdf">Highlights of Women's Earnings in 2009.</a> Report 1025, June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Royster-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Royster_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royster_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyster2003" class="citation book cs1">Royster, Deirdre A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceinvisiblehan00deir">Race and the Invisible Hand</a>. Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23951-7"><bdi>978-0-520-23951-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+the+Invisible+Hand&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23951-7&rft.aulast=Royster&rft.aufirst=Deirdre+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceinvisiblehan00deir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diversity_Inc-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Diversity_Inc_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150308170848/http://www.insightintodiversity.com/asian-americans-in-leadership-the-invisible-minority-by-dr-edna-chun">Asian Americans In Leadership: The Invisible Minority - By Dr. Edna Chun</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insightintodiversity.com/asian-americans-in-leadership-the-invisible-minority-by-dr-edna-chun">the original</a> on March 8, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Americans+In+Leadership%3A+The+Invisible+Minority+-+By+Dr.+Edna+Chun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insightintodiversity.com%2Fasian-americans-in-leadership-the-invisible-minority-by-dr-edna-chun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsten2006" class="citation book cs1">Karsten, Margaret Foegen, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OHETydthM0C&q=white%20males%20social%20network&pg=PA120">Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in the Workplace: Organizational practices and individual strategies for women and minorities</a> (1st ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Praeger. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98805-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98805-0"><bdi>978-0-275-98805-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Race%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+Workplace%3A+Organizational+practices+and+individual+strategies+for+women+and+minorities&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=120&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98805-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OHETydthM0C%26q%3Dwhite%2520males%2520social%2520network%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertrand-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Bertrand_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertrandMullainathan,_Sendhil2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bertrand, Marianne; Mullainathan, Sendhil (September 2004). "Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment in Labor Market Discrimination". American Economic Review. 94 (4): 991–1013. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.321.8621">10.1.1.321.8621</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F0002828042002561">10.1257/0002828042002561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Are+Emily+and+Greg+More+Employable+Than+Lakisha+and+Jamal%3F+A+Field+Experiment+in+Labor+Market+Discrimination&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=991-1013&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.321.8621%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F0002828042002561&rft.aulast=Bertrand&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Mullainathan%2C+Sendhil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Bates_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatesAustin_Turner,_Margery1998" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Timothy; Austin Turner, Margery (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=308024">"5"</a>. In Fix, Michael E.; Austin Turner, Margery (eds.). Minority Business Development: Identification and Measurement of Discriminatory Barriers. A National Report Card on Discrimination in America: The Role of Testing. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87766-696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87766-696-7"><bdi>978-0-87766-696-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5&rft.btitle=Minority+Business+Development%3A+Identification+and+Measurement+of+Discriminatory+Barriers&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=A+National+Report+Card+on+Discrimination+in+America%3A+The+Role+of+Testing&rft.pub=Urban+Institute&rft.date=1998-03&rft.isbn=978-0-87766-696-7&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Austin+Turner%2C+Margery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urban.org%2Furl.cfm%3FID%3D308024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> at p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_128-0">^</a> Williams, Constraint of Race (2004), p. 359, fig. 7.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartnett2003" class="citation news cs1">Hartnett, William M. (October 20, 2003). "Income Gaps Persist Among Races". Palm Beach Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palm+Beach+Post&rft.atitle=Income+Gaps+Persist+Among+Races&rft.date=2003-10-20&rft.aulast=Hartnett&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Mason_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Patrick L. (May–June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1093/is_n3_v41/ai_20809842">"Race, Cognitive Ability, and Wage Inequality"</a>. Challenge. 41 (3): 62–81. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1077-193X">1077-193X</a>. Retrieved July 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Challenge&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Cognitive+Ability%2C+and+Wage+Inequality&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=62-81&rft.date=1998-05%2F1998-06&rft.issn=1077-193X&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Patrick+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1093%2Fis_n3_v41%2Fai_20809842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1998" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Cheryl (1998). "Whiteness as Property". Harvard Law Review. 106 (8): 1707–1791. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1341787">10.2307/1341787</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341787">1341787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Whiteness+as+Property&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1707-1791&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1341787&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1341787%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarberSherry1997" class="citation book cs1">Farber, Daniel A.; Sherry, Suzanna (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondallreasonr00farb">Beyond All Reason: The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510717-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510717-3"><bdi>978-0-19-510717-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+All+Reason%3A+The+Radical+Assault+on+Truth+in+American+Law&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510717-3&rft.aulast=Farber&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft.au=Sherry%2C+Suzanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondallreasonr00farb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Rothenberg, Paula S. (2005). White Privilege. New York: Worth Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-8733-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-8733-4"><bdi>978-0-7167-8733-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Privilege&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Worth+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-8733-4&rft.aulast=Rothenberg&rft.aufirst=Paula+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitewashing-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whitewashing_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitewashing_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownMartin_CarnoyDavid_B._Oppenheimer2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Michael K.; Martin Carnoy; David B. Oppenheimer (September 18, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_EwuLgYWeYMC&pg=PA79">Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society</a>. University of California Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93875-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93875-5"><bdi>978-0-520-93875-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whitewashing+Race%3A+The+Myth+of+a+Color-Blind+Society&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003-09-18&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93875-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft.au=Martin+Carnoy&rft.au=David+B.+Oppenheimer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_EwuLgYWeYMC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Wildman, Stephanie M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.wustl.edu/journal/18/p245Wildmanbookpages.pdf">"The Persistence of White Privilege."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605103641/https://law.wustl.edu/journal/18/p245Wildmanbookpages.pdf">Archived</a> June 5, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> March 18, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-White-136"><a href="#cite_ref-White_136-0">^</a> Olson, Ruth. "White Privilege in Schools." Beyond Heroes and Holidays. 1998. Endid Lee. Teaching for Change, 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shapiro" title="Thomas Shapiro">Shapiro, Thomas</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddencostofbein00shap/page/144">The Hidden Cost of Being African American; How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddencostofbein00shap/page/144">144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518138-8"><bdi>978-0-19-518138-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Cost+of+Being+African+American%3B+How+Wealth+Perpetuates+Inequality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518138-8&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiddencostofbein00shap%2Fpage%2F144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Williams, R.L. and Rivers, L.W. (1972b). The use of standard and nonstandard English in testing black children. As presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Cadzen, C.B. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED011325.pdf">Subcultural Differences in Child Language: An Inter-disciplinary Review</a>. Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 1966, 12 pp. 185–214 </li> <li id="cite_note-Marwit-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Marwit_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarwitWalker,_Elaine_F.Marwit,_Karen_L.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Marwit, Samuel J.; Walker, Elaine F.; Marwit, Karen L. (December 1977). "Reliability of Standard English Differences among Black and White Children at Second, Fourth, and Seventh Grades". Child Development. 48 (4): 1739–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1128548">10.2307/1128548</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1128548">1128548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=Reliability+of+Standard+English+Differences+among+Black+and+White+Children+at+Second%2C+Fourth%2C+and+Seventh+Grades&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1739-42&rft.date=1977-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1128548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1128548%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marwit&rft.aufirst=Samuel+J.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Elaine+F.&rft.au=Marwit%2C+Karen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Helms, J.E. (1997) The triple quandary of race, culture, and social class in standardized cognitive ability testing. In D.P. Flanagan, J.L. Genshaft, & P.L. Harrison (Eds.), contemporary intellectual assessment: theories, tests, and issues (pp.517–532). New York: Guilford Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms1992" class="citation journal cs1">Helms, J.E. (1992). "Why is there no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing?". American Psychologist. 47 (9): 1083–1101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.47.9.1083">10.1037/0003-066X.47.9.1083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Why+is+there+no+study+of+cultural+equivalence+in+standardized+cognitive+ability+testing%3F&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1083-1101&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.47.9.1083&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Hayles, V.R. (1991). African American Strengths: a survey of empirical findings. In R.L. Jones (Ed.), Black Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 379–400). Berkeley, California: Cobb & Henry Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Williams, R.L. and Rivers, L.W. (1972b) The use of standard and nonstandard English in testing black children. A presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2010" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Nick (March 10, 2010). "Common set of school standards to be proposed". The Washington Post. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Common+set+of+school+standards+to+be+proposed&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> But see, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairtest.org/joint%20statement%20civil%20rights%20grps%2010-21-04.html">"Joint Organizational Statement on No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act"</a>. October 21, 2004. Retrieved January 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Organizational+Statement+on+No+Child+Left+Behind+%28NCLB%29+Act&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairtest.org%2Fjoint%2520statement%2520civil%2520rights%2520grps%252010-21-04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchett2006" class="citation journal cs1">Blanchett, Wanda J. (2006). "Disproportionate Representation of African American Students in Special Education: Acknowledging the Role of White Privilege and Racism". Educational Researcher. 35 (24): 2006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0013189X035006024">10.3102/0013189X035006024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145514632">145514632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Researcher&rft.atitle=Disproportionate+Representation+of+African+American+Students+in+Special+Education%3A+Acknowledging+the+Role+of+White+Privilege+and+Racism&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=2006&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3102%2F0013189X035006024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145514632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blanchett&rft.aufirst=Wanda+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Center_for_Education_Statistics2000" class="citation book cs1">National Center for Education Statistics (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2000/2000062.pdf">The condition of education 2000</a> (PDF). Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 102. Retrieved July 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+condition+of+education+2000&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2000&rft.au=National+Center+for+Education+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fpubs2000%2F2000062.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Erin E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol45/iss2/3">"All Students Are Not Created Equal: The Inequitable Combination of Property Tax-Based School Finance Systems and Local Control"</a>. Duke Law Journal. 45 (2): 397–435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1372907">10.2307/1372907</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1372907">1372907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=All+Students+Are+Not+Created+Equal%3A+The+Inequitable+Combination+of+Property+Tax-Based+School+Finance+Systems+and+Local+Control&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=397-435&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1372907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1372907%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Erin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.duke.edu%2Fdlj%2Fvol45%2Fiss2%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Diamond, John B., & James P. 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Scholars Debate Whether Society Overlooks Minorities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/20/20_(U.S._TV_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="20/20 (U.S. TV program)">20/20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=20%2F20&rft.atitle=Does+White+Privilege+Exist+in+America%3F+Scholars+Debate+Whether+Society+Overlooks+Minorities&rft.date=2006-11-05&rft.aulast=Stossel&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Gena+Binkley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2F2020%2Fstory%3Fid%3D2629192%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Steele" title="Shelby Steele">Steele, Shelby</a> (2015). Shame: How America's Past Sins Have Polarized Our Country. Basic Books. pp. 1–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shame%3A+How+America%27s+Past+Sins+Have+Polarized+Our+Country&rft.pages=1-28&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shelby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www9.georgetown.edu/grad/gppi/hpi/cew/pdfs/Separate&Unequal.FR.pdf">Georgetown.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130907064328/http://www9.georgetown.edu/grad/gppi/hpi/cew/pdfs/Separate%26Unequal.FR.pdf">Archived</a> September 7, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoor2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Poppy_Noor" title="Poppy Noor">Noor, Poppy</a> (October 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/oct/01/harvard-admissions-process-white-privilege">"This is how white privilege plays out in the Harvard admissions process"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=This+is+how+white+privilege+plays+out+in+the+Harvard+admissions+process&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.aulast=Noor&rft.aufirst=Poppy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2019%2Foct%2F01%2Fharvard-admissions-process-white-privilege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> " <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/pentagon-training-manual-white-males-have-unfair-advantages/">Pentagon training manual: white males have unfair advantages</a>," Fox News, October 31, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deomi.org">"Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514022615/https://www.deomi.org/">Archived</a> May 14, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perera2005-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perera2005_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perera2005_165-1">b</a> Suvendrini Perera, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/98SuvendriniPerera.pdf">Who Will I Become? 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Social Alternatives. 22 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Alternatives&rft.atitle=Teaching+Black+and+Teaching+Back&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.ws%2Fparentsaspartners%2Fteachingblack.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunstone2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gunstone, Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228013434/http://acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/44acrawsa517.pdf">"Whites, Indigenous People, and Australian Universities"</a> (PDF). ACRAWSA e-Journal. 5 (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/44acrawsa517.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACRAWSA+e-Journal&rft.atitle=Whites%2C+Indigenous+People%2C+and+Australian+Universities&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gunstone&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acrawsa.org.au%2Ffiles%2Fejournalfiles%2F44acrawsa517.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Lester-Irabinna Rigney, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncis.anu.edu.au/_lib/doc/LI_Rigney_First_perspective.pdf">A first perspective of Indigenous Australian participation in science : framing Indigenous research towards Indigenous Australian intellectual sovereignty</a>", Kaurna Higher Education Journal 7, August 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aileen_Moreton-Robinson" title="Aileen Moreton-Robinson">Moreton-Robinson, Aileen</a> (2004), "Whiteness, epistemology, and indigenous representation", in Whitening Race: Essays In Social And Cultural Criticism, ed. Aileen Moreton-Robinson, Aboriginal Studies Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85575-465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85575-465-5">978-0-85575-465-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Kelly, Ben, and Nura Gili (2009), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legitimationcodetheory.com/pdf/2009Kelly.pdf">Conflict and collaboration – a sociology of knowledge production in the field of Indigenous Studies</a>", Australian Social Policy Conference. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicoll-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicoll_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicoll2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nicoll, Fiona (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol3no2_2004/nicoll_teaching.htm">"'Are you calling me a racist?': Teaching critical whiteness theory in indigenous sovereignty"</a>. Borderlands. 3 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borderlands&rft.atitle=%27Are+you+calling+me+a+racist%3F%27%3A+Teaching+critical+whiteness+theory+in+indigenous+sovereignty&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Nicoll&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.borderlands.net.au%2Fvol3no2_2004%2Fnicoll_teaching.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Randell-Moon, Holly, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/editorials/54CRWSRandell-Moon2012.pdf">Racial Legitimations and the Unbearable Whiteness of Being</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409210109/http://acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/editorials/54CRWSRandell-Moon2012.pdf">Archived</a> April 9, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Critical Race and Whiteness Studies <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrawsa.org.au/ejournal/?id=54">8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409210015/http://acrawsa.org.au/ejournal/?id=54">Archived</a> April 9, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, Lars (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103072740/http://www.ub.edu/dpfilsa/jeasa22jensen9.pdf">"The whiteness of climate change"</a> (PDF). Journal of the European Association of Studies on Australia. 2 (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.edu/dpfilsa/jeasa22jensen9.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+European+Association+of+Studies+on+Australia&rft.atitle=The+whiteness+of+climate+change&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ub.edu%2Fdpfilsa%2Fjeasa22jensen9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Minniecon, Ray (February 17, 2004), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/16/1076779903465.html">Despair the reality for a race lost in the alien space of Redfern</a>", Sydney Morning Herald; quoted by Suvendrini Perera, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/64SuvendriniPerera.pdf">'Aussie Luck': the Border Politics of Citizenship Post Cronulla Beach</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410063014/http://acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/64SuvendriniPerera.pdf">Archived</a> April 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", ACRAWSA e-journal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrawsa.org.au/ejournal/?id=23">3(1)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409210028/http://acrawsa.org.au/ejournal/?id=23">Archived</a> April 9, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowal2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Kowal" title="Emma Kowal">Kowal, Emma</a> (May 1, 2011). "The Stigma of White Privilege". Cultural Studies. 25 (3): 313–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09502386.2010.491159">10.1080/09502386.2010.491159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142845038">142845038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Stigma+of+White+Privilege&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=313-333&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09502386.2010.491159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142845038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kowal&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> "ACRAWSA: About", Australian Critical Race and Whiteness Studies Association, updated January 30, 2012; accessed November 19, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11794425">"Why the Treaty of Waitangi matters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>. February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Why+the+Treaty+of+Waitangi+matters&rft.date=2017-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D11794425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2017" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Max (2017). The New Zealand Project. <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Williams_Books" title="Bridget Williams Books">Bridget Williams Books</a>. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947492-58-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947492-58-8"><bdi>978-0-947492-58-8</bdi></a>. <q>In South Africa and the US, among other places, there is an increasing literature on whiteness and white privilege. But much less has been written or said about white privilege, or Pākehā privilege, in New Zealand – though this is changing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Zealand+Project&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Bridget+Williams+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-947492-58-8&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2013" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Bronwyn (2013). "Te Tiriti o Waitangi: A Blueprint for the Future". In Huia Tomlins-Jahnke; Malcolm Mulholland (eds.). Mana Tangata: Politics of Empowerment. <a href="/wiki/Huia_Publishers" title="Huia Publishers">Huia Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77550-021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77550-021-6"><bdi>978-1-77550-021-6</bdi></a>. <q>Pākehā naming themselves as 'other' also demonstrates a willingness to challenge both Pākehā privilege and Maori marginalisation (Spoonley 1995a; Bell 1996).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Te+Tiriti+o+Waitangi%3A+A+Blueprint+for+the+Future&rft.btitle=Mana+Tangata%3A+Politics+of+Empowerment&rft.pub=Huia+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-77550-021-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Bronwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulholland2006" class="citation book cs1">Mulholland, Malcolm (2006). State of the Māori Nation: Twenty-first Century Issues in Aotearoa. <a href="/wiki/Reed_Publishing" title="Reed Publishing">Reed Publishing</a>. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7900-1042-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7900-1042-7"><bdi>978-0-7900-1042-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+the+M%C4%81ori+Nation%3A+Twenty-first+Century+Issues+in+Aotearoa&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Reed+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7900-1042-7&rft.aulast=Mulholland&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsedineJoanna_Consedine2012" class="citation book cs1">Consedine, Robert; Joanna Consedine (2012). Healing Our History: The Challenge of the Treaty of Waitangi. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-356769-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-356769-1"><bdi>978-0-14-356769-1</bdi></a>. <q>In colonial times a range of mechanisms were used in schools to reinforce Pākehā privilege and values, including rigid time periods, European symbols around the room, and the exclusion of Maori language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+Our+History%3A+The+Challenge+of+the+Treaty+of+Waitangi&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-356769-1&rft.aulast=Consedine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Joanna+Consedine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/maori-womens-welfare-league-leader-slams-embedded-pakeha-privilege">"Maori Women's Welfare League leader slams 'embedded Pakeha privilege'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TVNZ" title="TVNZ">TVNZ</a>. September 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maori+Women%27s+Welfare+League+leader+slams+%27embedded+Pakeha+privilege%27&rft.pub=TVNZ&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvnz.co.nz%2Fone-news%2Fnew-zealand%2Fmaori-womens-welfare-league-leader-slams-embedded-pakeha-privilege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Allen, Theodore W. The Invention of the White Race: Racial Oppression and Social Control (Verso, 1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-660-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-660-X">0-86091-660-X</a>.</li> <li>Blum, Lawrence. 2008. 'White Privilege': A Mild Critique1. Theory and Research in Education. 6:309. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1477878508095586">10.1177/1477878508095586</a>.</li> <li>Hartigan, John. Odd Tribes: Toward a Cultural Analysis of White People. Duke University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3597-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3597-9">978-0-8223-3597-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lipsitz" title="George Lipsitz">Lipsitz, George</a>. The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics, Revised and Expanded Edition. Temple University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-635-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-635-2">1-56639-635-2</a>.</li> <li>Olson, Ruth. White Privilege in Schools. Beyond Heroes and Holidays. 1998. Endid Lee. Teaching for Change, 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">McIntosh, Peggy</a>. "<a href="/wiki/White_Privilege:_Unpacking_the_Invisible_Knapsack" title="White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack">White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack</a>." (excerpt from Working Paper #189, "White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences Through Work in Women's Studies" (1988), Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, Wellesley, Massachusetts.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">McIntosh, Peggy</a>. "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack." Beyond Heroes and Holidays. 1998. Endid Lee. Teaching for Change, 1998.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Faye_Williams" title="Linda Faye Williams">Williams, Linda Faye</a> (August 30, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-02253-1.html">The Constraint of Race: Legacies of White Skin Privilege in America</a>. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02535-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02535-3"><bdi>978-0-271-02535-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constraint+of+Race%3A+Legacies+of+White+Skin+Privilege+in+America&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004-08-30&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02535-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Linda+Faye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psupress.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitles%2F0-271-02253-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Allen, Theodore W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.versobooks.com/books/1039-the-invention-of-the-white-race-volume-1">"The Invention of the White Race," Vol. 1: "Racial Oppression and Social Control"</a> (Verso Books, 1994, New Expanded Edition 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-769-6">978-1-84467-769-6</a>).</li> <li>Allen, Theodore W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.versobooks.com/books/1048-the-invention-of-the-white-race-volume-2">"The Invention of the White Race," Vol. 2: "The Origin of Racial Oppression in Anglo-America"</a> (Verso Books, 1997, New Expanded Edition 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-770-2">978-1-84467-770-2</a>).</li> <li>Allen, Theodore W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110406121446/http://clogic.eserver.org/2006/allen.html">"Class Struggle and the Origin of Racial Slavery: The Invention of the White Race"</a> (1975), republished in 2006 with an "Introduction" by Jeffrey B. Perry at Center for the Study of Working Class Life, Stony Brook University.</li> <li>Allen, Theodore W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clogic.eserver.org/4-2/allen.html">"On Roediger's Wages of Whiteness" (Revised Edition)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140731044600/http://clogic.eserver.org/4-2/allen.html">Archived</a> July 31, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Cultural Logic," 2001.</li> <li>Brown, C.S. (2002). Refusing Racism: White allies and the struggle of civil right. New York: Teachers College Press.</li> <li>Du Bois, W. E. B. 1920. "The Souls of White Folk", in Darkwater</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dyer" title="Richard Dyer">Dyer, Richard</a> (1997). White: Essays on Race and Culture. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09537-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09537-2"><bdi>978-0-415-09537-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White%3A+Essays+on+Race+and+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09537-2&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon, Frantz</a>. Black Skin, White Masks</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmid1970" class="citation book cs1">Goldschmid, Marcel Lucien (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackamericanswh0000unse">Black Americans and White Racism</a>. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-077685-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-077685-4"><bdi>978-0-03-077685-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Americans+and+White+Racism&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-03-077685-4&rft.aulast=Goldschmid&rft.aufirst=Marcel+Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackamericanswh0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jackson, C. 2006. White Anti-Racism: Living the Legacy. Retrieved October 31, 2006, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929170523/http://www.tolerance.org/teach/activities/activity.jsp?ar=718">https://web.archive.org/web/20060929170523/http://www.tolerance.org/teach/activities/activity.jsp?ar=718</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine-Rasky2000" class="citation journal cs1">Levine-Rasky, C. (2000). "Framing whiteness: working through the tensions in introducing whiteness to educators". Race Ethnicity and Education. 3 (3): 271–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713693039">10.1080/713693039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144612377">144612377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+Ethnicity+and+Education&rft.atitle=Framing+whiteness%3A+working+through+the+tensions+in+introducing+whiteness+to+educators&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-292&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713693039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144612377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Levine-Rasky&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan2024" class="citation book cs1">McMillan, Tracie (2024). The White Bonus: Five Families and the Cash Value of Racism in America. Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-61942-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-61942-6"><bdi>978-1-250-61942-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Bonus%3A+Five+Families+and+the+Cash+Value+of+Racism+in+America&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-250-61942-6&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=Tracie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Roediger, David R. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (Verso, 1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-334-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-334-1">0-86091-334-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-334-4">978-0-86091-334-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-550-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-550-6">0-86091-550-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-550-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-550-8">978-0-86091-550-8</a>.</li> <li>Roediger, D. R. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8i2y8jUDQQC">Working toward whiteness: How America's immigrants became white. The strange journey from Ellis Island to the suburbs.</a> New York: Basic Books.</li> <li>Rothenberg, Paula S., ed. White Privilege: Essential Readings on the Other Side of Racism (Worth, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-8733-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-8733-4">0-7167-8733-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecours2020" class="citation book cs1">Secours, Molly (October 17, 2020). White Privilege Pop Quiz: Reflecting on Whiteness. Parnassus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-6720-2329-8" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-6720-2329-8"><bdi>979-8-6720-2329-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Privilege+Pop+Quiz%3A+Reflecting+on+Whiteness&rft.pub=Parnassus&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft.isbn=979-8-6720-2329-8&rft.aulast=Secours&rft.aufirst=Molly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomonaPortelliDanielCampbell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Solomona, R. P.; Portelli, J. P.; Daniel, B-J.; Campbell, A. (2005). "The discourse of denial: how white teacher candidates construct race, racism and 'white privilege'". Race Ethnicity and Education. 8 (2): 147–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13613320500110519">10.1080/13613320500110519</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145139963">145139963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+Ethnicity+and+Education&rft.atitle=The+discourse+of+denial%3A+how+white+teacher+candidates+construct+race%2C+racism+and+%27white+privilege%27&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-169&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13613320500110519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145139963%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Solomona&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft.au=Portelli%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Daniel%2C+B-J.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2006" class="citation book cs1">Steele, Shelby (May 2, 2006). <a href="/wiki/White_Guilt:_How_Blacks_and_Whites_Together_Destroyed_the_Promise_of_the_Civil_Rights_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="White Guilt: How Blacks and Whites Together Destroyed the Promise of the Civil Rights Era">White Guilt: How Blacks and Whites Together Destroyed the Promise of the Civil Rights Era</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-057862-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-057862-6"><bdi>978-0-06-057862-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Guilt%3A+How+Blacks+and+Whites+Together+Destroyed+the+Promise+of+the+Civil+Rights+Era&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft.isbn=978-0-06-057862-6&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shelby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Steyn" title="Melissa Steyn">Steyn, Melissa E.</a>, Whiteness Just Isn't What Is Used to Be: White Identity in a Changing South Africa, Albany: SUNY Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5080-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5080-2">978-0-7914-5080-2</a>.</li> <li>Updegrave, W. L. (1989). Race and money. Money, December 1989,152–72.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Wise, Tim</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/White_Like_Me" title="White Like Me">White Like Me: Reflections on Race from a Privileged Son</a>. Soft Skull Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933368-99-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933368-99-3"><bdi>978-1-933368-99-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Like+Me%3A+Reflections+on+Race+from+a+Privileged+Son&rft.pub=Soft+Skull+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-933368-99-3&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/White_privilege" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/White privilege">White privilege</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoot2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Boot" title="Max Boot">Boot, Max</a> (December 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/12/27/2017-was-the-year-i-learned-about-my-white-privilege/">"2017 Was the Year I Learned About My White Privilege"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=2017+Was+the+Year+I+Learned+About+My+White+Privilege&rft.date=2017-12-27&rft.aulast=Boot&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2017%2F12%2F27%2F2017-was-the-year-i-learned-about-my-white-privilege%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian2002" class="citation journal cs1">Christian, Mark (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324141128/http://www.xavier.edu/diversity/documents/black-studies/Christian_African_Centered_Perspective.pdf">"An African-Centered Perspective on White Supremacy"</a> (PDF). Journal of Black Studies. 33 (2): 179–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002193402237224">10.1177/002193402237224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145806158">145806158</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xavier.edu/diversity/documents/black-studies/Christian_African_Centered_Perspective.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=An+African-Centered+Perspective+on+White+Supremacy&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-198&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002193402237224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145806158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xavier.edu%2Fdiversity%2Fdocuments%2Fblack-studies%2FChristian_African_Centered_Perspective.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonVerass2016" class="citation web cs1">Pearson, Luke; Verass, Sophie (October 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2016/10/13/10-things-you-should-know-about-white-privilege">"10 things you should know about white privilege"</a>. NITV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NITV&rft.atitle=10+things+you+should+know+about+white+privilege&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Verass%2C+Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnitv%2Farticle%2F2016%2F10%2F13%2F10-things-you-should-know-about-white-privilege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101100627/http://facweb.northseattle.edu/jreis/White%20Privilege/WhitenessBibliography%5B1%5D.pdf">"Towards a Bibliography of Critical Whiteness Studies"</a> (PDF). Center for Democracy in a Multiracial Society, University of Urbana-Champlain. November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facweb.northseattle.edu/jreis/White%20Privilege/WhitenessBibliography%5B1%5D.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Bibliography+of+Critical+Whiteness+Studies&rft.pub=Center+for+Democracy+in+a+Multiracial+Society%2C+University+of+Urbana-Champlain&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacweb.northseattle.edu%2Fjreis%2FWhite%2520Privilege%2FWhitenessBibliography%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+privilege" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people" title="Template:White people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:White_people" title="Template talk:White people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Bold refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">European emigration</a> by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Angolans" title="White Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Malawians" title="White Malawians">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zambia" title="White people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Bahamian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Bahamian">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Barbadians" title="White Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bermudians" title="White Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caribbean_people" title="White Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caymanians" title="White Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Costa_Rica#European_Costa_Ricans" title="Demographics of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubans#European" title="Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominican_(Dominica)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Dominican (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominicans" title="White Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadorans#White_and_Mestizo_Salvadorans" title="Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalans#Criollo_and_other_European_descendants" title="Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Haitians" title="White Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Honduras#European" title="Demographics of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama#European_Panamanians" title="Demographics of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="White Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_San_Francisco#European_Americans" title="Demographics of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_White_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of White Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Puerto_Ricans" title="White Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="White Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bolivians" title="White Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chileans#European_and_neighboring_immigrants" title="Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Colombians" title="White Colombians">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Paraguayans" title="White Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Surinamese" title="White Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans#Europeans_or_whites" title="Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent" title="Venezuelans of European descent">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanqueamiento" title="Blanqueamiento">Blanqueamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_white_child" title="First white child">First white child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_the_white_man" title="Play the white man">Play the white man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_gods" title="White gods">White gods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological phenomena and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_white" title="Acting white">Acting white</a> (<a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing as white</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin whitening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_guilt" title="White guilt">White guilt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_art" title="Whitewashing in art">Whitewashing in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_film" title="Whitewashing in film">Whitewashing in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_demographic_decline" title="White demographic decline">White demographic decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people_terms" title="Template:White people terms">White people terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negative stereotypes of Whites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_white_Americans" title="Stereotypes of white Americans">In the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_stereotypes" title="Appalachian stereotypes">Appalachian stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_white" title="Mountain white">Mountain whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_White" title="Poor White">Poor Whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redlegs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Rednecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_white_male" title="Angry white male">Angry white male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_(slang)" title="Basic (slang)">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monkey" title="White monkey">White monkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States" title="Definitions of whiteness in the United States">US definitions of whiteness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li>Old Stock <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Americans" title="Old Stock Americans">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Quebeckers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">White Anglo-Saxon Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_identity" title="White identity">White identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_pride" title="White pride">White pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European native population</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_European_descent" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:People of European descent">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" 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