CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>New Left - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"420aa8f3-8834-4c1d-b6e3-49dd52b22690","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"New_Left","wgTitle":"New Left","wgCurRevisionId":1253377691,"wgRevisionId":1253377691,"wgArticleId":42034955,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing German-language text","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","New Left","20th-century social movements","Counterculture of the 1960s","Liberalism","Left-wing politics","Political movements in the United Kingdom", "Political movements in the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"New_Left","wgRelevantArticleId":42034955,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q160637","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="New Left - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-New_Left rootpage-New_Left skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=New+Left" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=New+Left" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=New+Left" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=New+Left" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_in_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development in United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_in_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development in United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_in_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hippies_and_Yippies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hippies_and_Yippies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hippies and Yippies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hippies_and_Yippies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students_for_a_Democratic_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Students for a Democratic Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students_for_a_Democratic_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_New_Storefront_Left" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_Storefront_Left"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The New Storefront Left</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_Storefront_Left-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Global overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_New_Left_periodicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_New_Left_periodicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7.1</span> <span>British New Left periodicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_New_Left_periodicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_New_Left_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_New_Left_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7.2</span> <span>British New Left articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_New_Left_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources:_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources:_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8.1</span> <span>Primary sources: US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources:_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8.2</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">New Left</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Linke" title="Neue Linke – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Neue Linke" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="يسار جديد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يسار جديد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_sol" title="Yeni sol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yeni sol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_Ch%C3%B3-ph%C3%A0i" title="Sin Chó-phài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sin Chó-phài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Новыя левыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Новыя левыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_esquerra" title="Nova esquerra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nova esquerra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_levice" title="Nová levice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nová levice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Linke" title="Neue Linke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neue Linke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusvasakpoolsus" title="Uusvasakpoolsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uusvasakpoolsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Νέα Αριστερά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέα Αριστερά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Izquierda_(concepto)" title="Nueva Izquierda (concepto) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nueva Izquierda (concepto)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_maldekstro" title="Nova maldekstro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nova maldekstro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%BE_%D9%86%D9%88" title="چپ نو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چپ نو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_gauche" title="Nouvelle gauche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nouvelle gauche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%A2%8C%ED%8C%8C" title="신좌파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신좌파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_ljevica" title="Nova ljevica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nova ljevica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiri_Baru" title="Kiri Baru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kiri Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDja_vinstrihreyfingin" title="Nýja vinstrihreyfingin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýja vinstrihreyfingin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="New Left" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9" title="השמאל החדש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השמאל החדש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жаңы солчулдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаңы солчулдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiri_Baru" title="Kiri Baru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kiri Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuw_Links" title="Nieuw Links – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nieuw Links" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" title="新左翼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新左翼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_nye_venstre" title="Det nye venstre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det nye venstre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5-%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਵ-ਖੱਬੇਪੱਖੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਵ-ਖੱਬੇਪੱਖੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DA%93%D8%AE%D9%87" title="نوی کین اړخه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوی کین اړخه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_lewica" title="Nowa lewica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowa lewica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Esquerda" title="Nova Esquerda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nova Esquerda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Новые левые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новые левые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_%C4%BEavica" title="Nová ľavica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nová ľavica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Нова левица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нова левица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_levica" title="Nova levica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nova levica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusvasemmisto" title="Uusvasemmisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uusvasemmisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nya_v%C3%A4nstern" title="Nya vänstern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nya vänstern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_sol" title="Yeni sol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeni sol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Нові ліві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нові ліві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" title="新左翼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新左翼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160637#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:New_Left" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/New_Left"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/New_Left"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/New_Left" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/New_Left" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&oldid=1253377691" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=New_Left&id=1253377691&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNew_Left"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNew_Left"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=New_Left&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Left" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160637" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1960s–70s Western political movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/New_Left_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="New Left (disambiguation)">New Left (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>New Left</b> was a broad <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> that emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a> and continued through the 1970s. It consisted of activists in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> who, in reaction to the era's liberal establishment, campaigned for freer lifestyles on a broad range of social issues such as <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT movements">gay rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">drug policy reforms</a>, and gender relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Carmines_and_Layman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carmines_and_Layman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Left differs from the traditional left in that it tended to acknowledge the struggle for various forms of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, whereas previous movements prioritized explicitly economic goals. However, many have used the term "New Left" to describe an evolution, continuation, and revitalization of traditional <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> goals.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some who self-identified as "New Left"<sup id="cite_ref-New_Left_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Left-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rejected involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labor movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>'s historical theory of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class struggle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although others gravitated to their own takes on established forms of Marxism, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Communist_movement" title="New Communist movement">New Communist movement</a> (which drew from <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> or the <a href="/wiki/K-Gruppen" title="K-Gruppen">K-Gruppen</a><sup id="cite_ref-K-Gruppe_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K-Gruppe-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">German-speaking world</a>. In the United States, the movement was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a> college-campus protest movements, including the <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton,_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/250px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/375px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/500px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, is celebrated as the "Father of the New Left".<sup id="cite_ref-kellner12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellner12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of the New Left have been traced to several factors. Prominently, the confused response of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the USA">Communist Party of the USA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> led some <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> intellectuals to develop a more democratic approach to politics, opposed to what they saw as the centralised and authoritarian politics of the pre-war leftist parties. Those Communists who became disillusioned with the Communist Parties due to their authoritarian character eventually formed the "new left", first among dissenting <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist Party</a> intellectuals and campus groups in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and later alongside campus <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radicalism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">nouvelle gauche</i></span> was already current in France in the 1950s. It was associated with <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/France_Observateur" class="mw-redirect" title="France Observateur">France Observateur</a></i></span>, and its editor <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bourdet" title="Claude Bourdet">Claude Bourdet</a>, who attempted to form a third position, between the dominant <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> tendencies of the left, and the two Cold War blocs. It was from this French "new left" that the "First New Left" of Britain borrowed the term.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German critical theorist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> is referred to as the "Father of the New Left". He rejected an orthodox Marxist view of the revolutionary proletariat; instead, Marcuse considered the student movements and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> movement as the new opposition to capitalism. In a speech to the University of California, Berkeley in 1971, Marcuse said: "I still consider the radical student movement and the Black and Brown militants as the only real opposition we have in this country."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Leszek Kołakowski</a>, noted critic of Marxist thought, Marcuse argued that since "all questions of material existence have been solved, moral commands and prohibitions are no longer relevant". He regarded the realization of man's erotic nature, or <a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a>, as the true liberation of humanity, which inspired the utopias of <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Marcuse also believed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>, which involves one's reason, would absorb <a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a> over time as well.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent New Left thinker <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a> believed that socialism would prove the means for all human beings to become immortal and eventually create <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writings of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a>, who popularized the term 'New Left' in a 1960 open letter,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would also give great inspiration to the movement. Mills' biographer, Daniel Geary, writes that his writings had a "particularly significant impact on New Left social movements of the 1960s".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_in_the_United_Kingdom">Origins in the United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/On_the_Personality_Cult_and_its_Consequences" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Personality Cult and its Consequences">Secret Speech</a> denouncing <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, many abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> (CPGB) and began to rethink its <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a>. Some joined various <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> groupings or the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marxist historians <a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Saville" title="John Saville">John Saville</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_Historians_Group" title="Communist Party Historians Group">Communist Party Historians Group</a> published a dissenting journal within the CPGB called <i>Reasoner</i>. Refusing to discontinue the publication at the behest of the CPGB, the two were suspended from party membership and relaunched the journal as <i><a href="/wiki/New_Reasoner" title="New Reasoner">The New Reasoner</a></i> in the summer of 1957. </p><p>Thompson was especially important in bringing the concept of a "New Left" to the United Kingdom in the summer of 1959 with a <i>New Reasoner</i> lead essay, in which he described </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>a generation which never looked upon the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as a weak but heroic Workers' State; but rather as the nation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purges" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Purges">Great Purges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, of Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's cult of personality">Byzantine Birthday</a> and of Khrushchev's <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a>; as the vast military and industrial power which repressed the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian rising</a> and threw the first <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">sputniks</a> into space.... </p><p> A generation nourished on <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">1984</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a>,</i> which enters politics at the extreme point of disillusion where the middle-aged begin to get out. The young people... are enthusiastic enough. But their enthusiasm is not for the Party, or the Movement, or the established Political Leaders. They do not mean to give their enthusiasm cheaply away to any routine machine. They expect the politicians to do their best to trick or betray them. ... They prefer the amateur organisation and amateurish platforms of the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Nuclear Disarmament Campaign</a> to the method and manner of the left wing professional. ... They judge with the critical eyes of the first generation of the Nuclear Age.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Later that year, Saville published a piece in the same journal which identified the emergence of the British New Left as a response to the increasing political irrelevance of socialists inside and outside the Labour Party during the 1950s, which he saw as being the result of a failure by the established left to come to grips with the political changes that had come to pass internationally after World War II and with the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">post–World War II economic expansion</a> and the socio-economic legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">Attlee ministry</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The most important single reason for the miserable performance of the Left in this past decade is the simple fact of its intellectual collapse in the face of full employment and the welfare state at home, and of a new world situation abroad. The Left in domestic matters has produced nothing of substance to offset the most important book of the decade – Crosland's "The Future of Socialism" – a brilliant restatement of <a href="/wiki/Fabian_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabian society">Fabian</a> ideas in contemporary terms. We have made no sustained critique of the economics of capitalism in the 1950s, and our vision of a socialist society has changed hardly at all since the days of <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a>. Certainly a minority has begun to recognise our deficiencies in the most recent years, and there is no doubt that the seeds which have already been sown will bring an increasing harvest as we move along the sixties. But we still have a long way to go, and there are far too many timeless militants for whom the mixture is the same as before.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1960, <i>The New Reasoner</i> merged with the <i><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_Left_Review" title="Universities and Left Review">Universities and Left Review</a></i> to form the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. These journals attempted to synthesise a theoretical position of a <a href="/wiki/Marxist_revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revisionism">Marxist revisionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> Marxism, departing from <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxist</a> theory. This publishing effort made the ideas of culturally oriented theorists available to an undergraduate reading audience. </p><p>In this early period, many on the New Left were involved in the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), formed in 1957. According to <a href="/wiki/Robin_Blackburn" title="Robin Blackburn">Robin Blackburn</a>, "The decline of CND by late 1961, however, deprived the New Left of much of its momentum as a movement, and uncertainties and divisions within the Board of the journal led to the transfer of the Review to a younger and less experienced group in 1962."<sup id="cite_ref-brief_history_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief_history-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the long-standing editorial leadership of <a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Perry Anderson</a>, the <i>New Left Review</i> popularised the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a>, and other forms of Marxism.<sup id="cite_ref-brief_history_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief_history-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other periodicals like <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Register" title="Socialist Register">Socialist Register</a></i>, started in 1964, and <i><a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a></i>, started in 1972, have also been associated with the New Left, and published a range of important writings in this field. </p><p>As the campus orientation of the American New Left became clear in the mid to late 1960s, the student sections of the British New Left began taking action. The <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> became a key site of British student militancy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of protests against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events">May 1968 events</a> in France were also felt strongly throughout the British New Left. Some within the British New Left joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Socialists (UK)">International Socialists</a>, which later became <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Workers Party (Britain)">Socialist Workers Party</a>, while others became involved with groups such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Group" title="International Marxist Group">International Marxist Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The politics of the British New Left can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Solidarity,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity, UK">Solidarity</a>, which continued to focus primarily on industrial issues.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another significant figure in the British New Left was <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a>, a black cultural theorist in Britain. He was the founding editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i> in 1960. </p><p>The New Left Review, in an obituary following Hall's death in February 2014, wrote: "His exemplary investigations came close to inventing a new field of study, 'cultural studies'; in his vision, the new discipline was profoundly political in inspiration and radically interdisciplinary in character."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous Black British scholars attributed their interest in cultural studies to Hall, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Paul Gilroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_McRobbie" title="Angela McRobbie">Angela McRobbie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Julien" title="Isaac Julien">Isaac Julien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Akomfrah" title="John Akomfrah">John Akomfrah</a>. In the words of Indian literary theorist <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak</a>, "Academics worldwide could not think 'Black Britain' before Stuart Hall. And in Britain the impact of Cultural Studies went beyond the confines of the academy."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_in_United_States">Development in United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development in United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_SDS_pamphlet_circa_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cover_of_SDS_pamphlet_circa_1966.jpg/220px-Cover_of_SDS_pamphlet_circa_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cover_of_SDS_pamphlet_circa_1966.jpg/330px-Cover_of_SDS_pamphlet_circa_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cover_of_SDS_pamphlet_circa_1966.jpg/440px-Cover_of_SDS_pamphlet_circa_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A 1966 <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> pamphlet</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, the "New Left" was the name loosely associated with radical, Marxist political movements that took place during the 1960s, primarily among college students. At the core of this was the <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> (SDS).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner1996151_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner1996151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noting the perversion of "the older Left" by "Stalinism", in their 1962 Port Huron Statement the SDS eschewed "formulas" and "closed theories". Instead they called for a "new left ... committed to deliberativeness, honesty [and] reflection".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Left that developed in the years that followed was "a loosely organized, mostly white student movement that advocated for democracy, civil rights, and various types of university reforms, and protested against the Vietnam war".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "New Left" was popularised in the United States in an open letter written in 1960 by <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a> (1916–1962) entitled <i>Letter to the New Left</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mills argued for a new <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> ideology, moving away from the traditional ("<a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a>") focus on labor issues (whose entrenched leadership in the U.S. supported the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and pragmatic establishment politics), into a broader focus towards issues such as opposing <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">anomie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>. Mills argued for a shift from traditional leftism, toward the values of the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a>, and emphasized an international perspective on the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to David Burner, C. Wright Mills claimed that the proletariat (collectively the working-class referencing Marxism) were no longer the revolutionary force; the new agents of revolutionary change were young intellectuals around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner1996155_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner1996155-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Student_protest" title="Student protest">student protest</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a> took place during the 1964–1965 academic year on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> under the informal leadership of students <a href="/wiki/Mario_Savio" title="Mario Savio">Mario Savio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Weinberg" title="Jack Weinberg">Jack Weinberg</a>, Brian Turner, <a href="/wiki/Bettina_Aptheker" title="Bettina Aptheker">Bettina Aptheker</a>, Steve Weissman, Art Goldberg, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Goldberg" title="Jackie Goldberg">Jackie Goldberg</a>, and others. In protests unprecedented in this scope at the time, students insisted that the university administration lift the ban of on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students' right to <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a>. In particular, on 2 December 1964 on the steps of <a href="/wiki/Sproul_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Sproul Hall">Sproul Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Savio" title="Mario Savio">Mario Savio</a> gave a famous speech: "But we're a bunch of raw materials that don't mean to be—have any process upon us. Don't mean to be made into any product! Don't mean—Don't mean to end up being bought by some clients of the University, be they the government, be they industry, be they organized labor, be they anyone! We're human beings! ... There's a time when the operation of the machine becomes so odious—makes you so sick at heart—that you can't take part. You can't even passively take part. And you've got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon the levers, upon all the apparatus, and you've got to make it stop. And you've got to indicate to the people who run it, to the people who own it, that unless you're free, the machine will be prevented from working at all."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Left opposed what it saw as the prevailing authority structures in society, which it termed "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a>", and those who rejected this authority became known as "<a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-Establishment</a>". The New Left focused on <a href="/wiki/Social_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social activist">social activists</a> and their approach to organization, convinced that they could be the source for a better kind of <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>. </p><p>The New Left in the United States also included anarchist, <a href="/wiki/Countercultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Countercultural">countercultural</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a>-related radical groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Yippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yippies">Yippies</a> (who were led by <a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfuckers" class="mw-redirect" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers">Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a>. By late 1966, the Diggers opened <a href="/wiki/Free_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Free stores">free stores</a> which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.<sup id="cite_ref-Lytle_2006_213215_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lytle_2006_213215-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Diggers took their name from the original English Diggers led by <a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley" title="Gerrard Winstanley">Gerrard Winstanley</a><sup id="cite_ref-Digger_Archives_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digger_Archives-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sought to create a mini-society free of money and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Experience_doc_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Experience_doc-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Yippies (the name allegedly coming from Youth International Party) employed theatrical gestures, such as advancing a pig ("<a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus</a> the Immortal") as a candidate for president in 1968, to mock the social status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been described as a highly theatrical, <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a>, and anarchist<sup id="cite_ref-Abbie_Hoffman_page_128_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbie_Hoffman_page_128-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> youth movement of "symbolic politics".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>, "The group was known for street theater pranks and was once referred to as the '<a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marxists</a>'."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the "old school" <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a> either ignored or denounced them. </p><p>Many New Left thinkers in the United States were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cultural Revolution">Chinese Cultural Revolution</a>. Some in the U.S. New Left argued that since the Soviet Union could no longer be considered the world center for proletarian revolution, new revolutionary Communist thinkers had to be substituted in its place, such as <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Todd_Gitlin" title="Todd Gitlin">Todd Gitlin</a> in <i>The Whole World Is Watching</i> in describing the movement's influences stated, "The New Left, again, refused the self-discipline of explicit programmatic statement until too late—until, that is, the Marxist–Leninist sects filled the vacuum with dogmas, with clarity on the cheap."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isserman (2001) reports that the New Left "came to use the word '<a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a>' as a political epithet".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Richard Ellis (1998) says that the SDS's search for their own identity "increasingly meant rejecting, even demonizing, liberalism".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Wolfe (2010) notes, "no one hated liberals more than leftists".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other elements of the U.S. New Left were anarchist and looked to <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialist</a> traditions of American <a href="/wiki/Far_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far left">radicalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> and union militancy. This group coalesced around the historical journal <i>Radical America</i>. American <a href="/wiki/Autonomist_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomist Marxism">Autonomist Marxism</a> was also a child of this stream, for instance in the thought of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Cleaver" title="Harry Cleaver">Harry Cleaver</a>. <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a> was also part of the anarchist stream of the New Left, as were the Yippies.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. New Left drew inspiration first from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC), and then from black radicalism, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> movement and the more explicitly <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> and militant <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a>. The Panthers in turn influenced other similar militant groups, like the <a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Berets" title="Brown Berets">Brown Berets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a>. Students immersed themselves into poor communities building up support with the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Left sought to be a broad based, grass roots movement.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> conducted by liberal President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> was a special target across the worldwide New Left. Johnson and his top officials became unwelcome on American campuses. The <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Vietnam War">anti-war movement</a> escalated the rhetorical heat, as violence broke out on both sides. The climax came at the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity">1968 Democratic National Convention</a>. </p><p>The New Left also accommodated the rebirth of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With sexism being rampant in various fractions of the New Left,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> women reacted to the lack of progressive gender politics with their own social intellectual movement.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Left was also marked by the invention of the modern <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmentalist</a> movement, which clashed with the Old Left's disregard for the environment in favor of preserving the jobs of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union workers</a>. Environmentalism also gave rise to various other social justice movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> movement, which aims to prevent the toxification of the environment of minority and disadvantaged communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1968, however, the New Left coalition began to split. The anti-war Democratic <a href="/wiki/Presidential_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential nomination">presidential nomination</a> campaign of <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a> brought the central issue of the New Left into the mainstream liberal establishment. The 1972 nomination of <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> further highlighted the new influence of Liberal protest movements within the Democratic establishment. Increasingly, feminist and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">gay rights</a> groups became important parts of the Democratic coalition, thus satisfying many of the same constituencies that were previously unserved by the mainstream parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Carmines_and_Layman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carmines_and_Layman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This institutionalization took away all but the most radical members of the New Left. The remaining radical core of the SDS, dissatisfied with the pace of change, incorporated violent tendencies towards social transformation. After 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weathermen</a>, a surviving faction of SDS, attempted to launch a guerrilla war in an incident known as the "<a href="/wiki/Days_of_Rage" title="Days of Rage">Days of Rage</a>". Finally, in 1970 three members of the Weathermen <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion" title="Greenwich Village townhouse explosion">blew themselves up</a> in a Greenwich Village brownstone trying to make a bomb out of a stick of dynamite and an alarm clock.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Port_Huron_Statement" title="Port Huron Statement">Port Huron Statement</a> participant <a href="/wiki/Jack_Newfield" title="Jack Newfield">Jack Newfield</a> wrote in 1971 that "in its Weathermen, Panther and Yippee incarnations, [the New Left] seems anti-democratic, terroristic, dogmatic, stoned on rhetoric and badly disconnected from everyday reality".<sup id="cite_ref-newfield19710719_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newfield19710719-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the more moderate groups associated with the New Left increasingly became central players in the Democratic Party and thus in mainstream American politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hippies_and_Yippies">Hippies and Yippies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hippies and Yippies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippies">Hippies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yippies">Yippies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbie_Hoffman_visiting_the_University_of_Oklahoma_circa_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Abbie_Hoffman_visiting_the_University_of_Oklahoma_circa_1969.jpg/220px-Abbie_Hoffman_visiting_the_University_of_Oklahoma_circa_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Abbie_Hoffman_visiting_the_University_of_Oklahoma_circa_1969.jpg/330px-Abbie_Hoffman_visiting_the_University_of_Oklahoma_circa_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Abbie_Hoffman_visiting_the_University_of_Oklahoma_circa_1969.jpg/440px-Abbie_Hoffman_visiting_the_University_of_Oklahoma_circa_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a>, leader of the countercultural protest group the Yippies</figcaption></figure> <p>The hippie <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> was originally a <a href="/wiki/Youth_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth movement">youth movement</a> that arose in the United States during the mid-1960s and spread to other countries around the world. The Beats adopted the term <i>hip</i>, and early hippies inherited the language and <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">countercultural values</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> and mimicked some of the current values of the British <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod scene</a>. Hippies created their own communities, listened to <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a>, embraced the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a>, and some used drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">psilocybin mushrooms</a> to explore <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">altered states of consciousness</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yippies">Yippies</a>, who were seen as an offshoot of the hippie movements parodying as a political party, came to national attention during their celebration of the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Spring_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring equinox (Northern Hemisphere)">spring equinox</a>, when some 3,000 of them took over <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a> in New York, resulting in 61 arrests. The Yippies, especially their leaders <a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a>, became notorious for their theatrics, such as trying to levitate the Pentagon at the October 1967 war protest, and such slogans as "Rise up and abandon the creeping meatball!" Their stated intention to protest the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a> in Chicago in August, including nominating their own candidate, "<a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Lyndon Pigasus Pig</a>" (an actual pig), was also widely publicized in the media at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Cambridge, hippies congregated each Sunday for a large "be-in" at Cambridge Park with swarms of drummers and those beginning the Women's Movement. In the United States the hippie movement started to be seen as part of the "New Left" which was associated with anti-war college campus protest movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Carmines_and_Layman_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carmines_and_Layman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Students_for_a_Democratic_Society">Students for a Democratic Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Students for a Democratic Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></div> <p>The organization that really came to symbolize the core of the New Left in the United States was the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). By 1962, the SDS had emerged as the most important of the new campus radical groups; soon it would be regarded as virtually synonymous with the "New Left".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a> wrote its founding document, the <a href="/wiki/Port_Huron_Statement" title="Port Huron Statement">Port Huron Statement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which issued a call for "participatory democracy" based on non-violent civil disobedience. This was the idea that individual citizens could help make "those social decisions determining the quality and direction" of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SDS marshaled antiwar, pro-civil rights and <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">free speech</a> concerns on campuses, and brought together liberals and more revolutionary leftists. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamdem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/240px-Vietnamdem.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/360px-Vietnamdem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/480px-Vietnamdem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>A demonstrator offers a flower to military police at an <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Vietnam War">anti-Vietnam War protest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, 21 October 1967.</figcaption></figure> <p>The SDS became the leading organization of the anti-war movement on college campuses during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. As the war escalated the membership of the SDS also increased greatly as more people were willing to scrutinise political decisions in moral terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Isserman_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isserman-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 170">: 170 </span></sup> During the course of the war, the people became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Militant_(word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant (word)">militant</a>. As opposition to the war grew stronger, the SDS became a nationally prominent political organization, with opposing the war an overriding concern that overshadowed many of the original issues that had inspired SDS. In 1967, the old statement in Port Huron was abandoned for a new call for action,<sup id="cite_ref-Isserman_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isserman-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 172">: 172 </span></sup> which would inevitably lead to the destruction of the SDS. </p><p>In 1968 and 1969, as its radicalism reached a fever pitch, the SDS began to split under the strain of internal dissension and increasing turn towards <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with adherents known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="New Communist Movement">New Communist Movement</a>, some extremist illegal factions also emerged, such as the <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a> organization. </p><p>The SDS suffered the difficulty of wanting to change the world while "freeing life in the here and now". This caused confusion between short-term and long-term goals. The sudden growth due to the successful rallies against the Vietnam War meant there were more people wanting action to end the Vietnam War, whereas the original New Left had wanted to focus on critical reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, it was the anti-war sentiment that dominated the SDS.<sup id="cite_ref-Isserman_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isserman-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 183">: 183 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_New_Storefront_Left">The New Storefront Left</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The New Storefront Left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stung by the criticism that they were "high on analysis, low on action", and in "the year of the 'discovery of poverty<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (in 1963 <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Michael Harrington</a>'s book <i>The Other America</i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "was the rage"), the SDS launched the Economic Research and Action Project (ERAP).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conceived by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a> as forestalling "white backlash", community-organizing initiatives would unite Black, Brown, and White workers around a common program for economic change. The leadership commitment was sustained barely two years. With no early sign in the neighborhoods of an interracial movement that would "collectivize economic decision making and democratize and decentralize every economic, political, and social institution in America", many SDS organizers were readily induced by the escalating U.S. commitment in Vietnam to abandon their storefront offices, and heed the anti-war call to return to campus.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some of ERAP projects, such as the JOIN ("Jobs or Income Now") project in uptown Chicago, SDSers were replaced by white working-class activists (some bitterly conscious that their poor backgrounds had limited their acceptance within "the Movement"). In community unions such JOIN and its successors in Chicago, the Young Patriots and Rising Up Angry, White Lightening in the Bronx, and the 4 October Organization in Philadelphia white radicals (open in the debt they believed they owed to the SNCC and to the Black Panthers) continued to organise rent strikes, health and legal clinics, housing occupations and street protests against police brutality.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While city-hall and police harassment was a factor, internal tensions ensured that these radical community-organizing efforts did not long survive the sixties.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Kirkpatrick Sale</a> recalls that the most dispiriting feature of the ERAP experience was that, however much they might talk at night about "transforming the system", "building alternative institutions", and "revolutionary potential", the organizers knew that their credibility on the doorstep rested on an ability to secure concessions from, and thus to develop relations with, the local power structures. Far from erecting parallel structures, projects were built "around all the shoddy instruments of the state". ERAPers were caught in "a politics of adjustment".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_in_Europe">Development in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Frankfurt_School" title="Category:Frankfurt School">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/180px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/270px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/360px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_of_Reason_(Horkheimer)" title="Eclipse of Reason (Horkheimer)">Eclipse of Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Freedom" title="Escape from Freedom">Escape from Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minima_Moralia" title="Minima Moralia">Minima Moralia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">Negative Dialectics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reason_and_Revolution" title="Reason and Revolution">Reason and Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Structural_Transformation_of_the_Public_Sphere" title="The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere">The Structural Transformation of<br /> the Public Sphere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action" title="The Theory of Communicative Action">The Theory of Communicative Action</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the<br /> Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Apel" title="Karl-Otto Apel">Apel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Forst" title="Rainer Forst">Forst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Carl Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Geuss" title="Raymond Geuss">Geuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Honneth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahel_Jaeggi" title="Rahel Jaeggi">Jaeggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kirchheimer" title="Otto Kirchheimer">Kirchheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Kompridis" title="Nikolas Kompridis">Kompridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kuhlmann" title="Wolfgang Kuhlmann">Kuhlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._McCarthy" title="Thomas A. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Negt" title="Oskar Negt">Negt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Neumann_(political_scientist)" title="Franz Neumann (political scientist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Offe" title="Claus Offe">Offe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Pollock" title="Friedrich Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sohn-Rethel" title="Alfred Sohn-Rethel">Sohn-Rethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Wellmer" title="Albrecht Wellmer">Wellmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Wingert" title="Lutz Wingert">Wingert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicative_rationality" title="Communicative rationality">Communicative rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimation_crisis" title="Legitimation crisis">Legitimation crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Non-identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Psychoanalysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_(sociology)" title="Recognition (sociology)">Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frankfurt_School_sidebar" title="Template:Frankfurt School sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frankfurt_School_sidebar" title="Template talk:Frankfurt School sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frankfurt_School_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frankfurt School sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The European New Left appeared first in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, which became a prototype for European student radicals.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Berlin, an <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied</a> island within socialist <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> to which young men from both German states had moved to avoid conscription, in particular became a center of critical dissent from the rival social-democratic and communist party traditions. At the beginning of the 1960, an early grouping was Subversive Action (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Subversiven Aktion</i></span>), conceived as the German branch of the <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associated with the charismatic East German emigre, and student of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke" title="Rudi Dutschke">Rudi Dutschke</a>, it became a leasing faction within the German Socialist Students' Union (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sozialistischer_Deutscher_Studentenbund" title="Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund">Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund</a></i></span>, SDS).<sup id="cite_ref-:11_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutschke and his faction had an important ally in Michael Vester, SDS vice-president and international secretary. Vester, who had studied in the US in 1961–62, and worked extensively with the American SDS (<a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a>), introduced the theories of the American New Left and supported the call for "direct action" and <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory as expounded by Dutschke in relation to protests against the Vietnam War, which soon dominated the agenda, was that "systematic, limited and controlled confrontations with the power structure" would "force the representative 'democracy' to show openly its class character, its authoritarianism, ... to expose itself as a 'dictatorship of force<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". The awareness produced by such provocations would free people to rethink democratic theory and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutschke was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a>, a Dutch counterculture movement in the mid-1960s that focused on provoking violent responses from authorities using non-violent bait. </p><p>In France the <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a> reached the apex of its creative output and influence in 1967 and 1968, with the former marking the publication of the two most significant texts of the situationist movement, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Revolution of Everyday Life">The Revolution of Everyday Life</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Vaneigem" title="Raoul Vaneigem">Raoul Vaneigem</a>. The expressed writing and political theory of these texts, along with other situationist publications, proved greatly influential in shaping the ideas behind the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">May 1968 student and worker strikes and demonstrations in France</a>; quotes, phrases, and slogans from situationist texts and publications were ubiquitous on posters and graffiti throughout France during the unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-Plant1992TheMost_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plant1992TheMost-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situationist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Situationist.jpg/240px-Situationist.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Situationist.jpg/360px-Situationist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Situationist.jpg/480px-Situationist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>May 1968 slogan in Paris which reads: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"<a href="/wiki/Il_est_interdit_d%27interdire_!" title="Il est interdit d'interdire !">It is forbidden to forbid!</a>"</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Another West Berlin manifestation of a new left was <a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a> or K1, the first politically motivated <a href="/wiki/Commune_(intentional_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune (intentional community)">commune</a> in Germany. It was created on 12 January 1967, in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> and finally dissolved in November 1969. During its entire existence, Kommune 1 was infamous for its bizarre staged events that fluctuated between <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">provocation</a>. These events served as inspiration for the "<a href="/wiki/Sponti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponti">Sponti</a>" movement and other leftist groups. In the late summer of 1968, the commune moved into a deserted factory on Stephanstraße in order to reorient. This second phase of Kommune 1 was characterized by sex, music, and drugs. All of a sudden, the commune was receiving visitors from all over the world, among them <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, who turned up one morning in the bedroom of Kommune 1.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The student activism of the New Left came to a head around the world in 1968. The <a href="/wiki/May_1968_protests_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 protests in France">May 1968 protests in France</a> temporarily shut down the city of Paris, while the <a href="/wiki/German_student_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="German student movement">German student movement</a> did the same in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>. Universities were simultaneously occupied in May in Paris, in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University protests of 1968">Columbia University protests of 1968</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Japanese_university_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1968–69 Japanese university protests">Japanese student strikes</a>. Shortly thereafter, Swedish students <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Student_Union_Building" title="Occupation of the Student Union Building">occupied a building at Stockholm University</a>. However, all of these protests were shut down by police authorities without achieving their goals, which caused the influence of the student movement to lapse in the 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_overview">Global overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Global overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, the New Left was engaged in debates concerning the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">heterodox economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> in tertiary education.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culminated in the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stilwell_(economist)" title="Frank Stilwell (economist)">independent department of political economy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">Workers' Party</a> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Partido dos Trabalhadores</i></span> – PT) is considered the main organization to emerge from the New Left in Brazil. According to Manuel Larrabure, "rather than taking the path of the old Latin American left, in the form of the guerrilla movement, or the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> party", PT decided to try something new, while being aided by <a href="/wiki/Central_%C3%9Anica_dos_Trabalhadores" title="Central Única dos Trabalhadores">CUT</a> and other social movements. Its challenge was to "combine the institutions of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Popular_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular participation">popular participation</a> by communities and movements". However, PT has been criticized for its "strategic alliances" with the right wing after <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> was <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 2002">elected president of Brazil</a>. The party has distanced itself from social movements and youth organizations and for many it seems the PT's model of a new left is reaching its limits.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Left" title="Chinese New Left">New Left in China</a> originates from the academic debate between "New Left" and "<a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">liberal</a>" in the 1990s, both of which are common ideological labels in the Chinese mainland context.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, the term "New Left" is often used to describe a faction that focuses on the continued widening of the urban-rural gap in the post-Deng Xiaoping era and calls for a critical re-evaluation of the legacy of the Mao era (including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>) in response to the current situation.<sup id="cite_ref-NB1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The so-called Chinese New Left differs greatly from the Western New Left and is difficult to define clearly.<sup id="cite_ref-NB1_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the one-party dictatorship, no "faction" in China can make political waves, so some scholars doubt the existence of a genuine New Left in China.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Left (Japan)">New Left in Japan</a> began by occupying college campuses for several years in the 1960s, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Japanese_university_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1968–69 Japanese university protests">1968–69 Japanese university protests</a>. After 1970, they splintered into several freedom fighter groups including the <a href="/wiki/United_Red_Army" title="United Red Army">United Red Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a>. They also developed the political ideology of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japaneseism" title="Anti-Japaneseism">Anti-Japaneseism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The New Left in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> can be loosely defined as the collection of <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a>, radical grassroots social movements (such as indigenous movements, <a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">student movements</a>, mobilizations of landless rural workers, <a href="/wiki/Afro-descendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-descendent">afro-descendent</a> organizations and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> movements), guerilla organizations (such as the Cuban and <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan revolutions</a>) and other organizations (such as trade unions, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">campesino</i></span> leagues and human rights organizations) that comprised the left between 1959 (with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>) and 1990 (with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influential Latin American thinkers such as <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Oliveira" class="extiw" title="pt:Francisco de Oliveira">Francisco de Oliveira</a> argued that the United States used Latin American countries as "peripheral economies" at the expense of Latin American society and economic development, which many saw as an extension of <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neo-colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">neo-imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Left in Latin America sought to go beyond existing <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> efforts at achieving economic equality and democracy to include social reform and address issues unique to Latin America such as racial and ethnic equality, indigenous rights, the rights of the environment, demands for <a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">radical democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Solidarity_Movement" title="International Solidarity Movement">international solidarity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Colonialism">anti-colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a> and other aims.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Directe" title="Action Directe">Action Directe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camarades" title="Camarades">Camarades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialisme ou Barbarie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition" title="Außerparlamentarische Opposition">Außerparlamentarische Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Cells_(German_group)" title="Revolutionary Cells (German group)">Revolutionary Cells (German group)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozialistischer_Deutscher_Studentenbund" title="Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund">Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund</a> (from 1967)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomia_Operaia" title="Autonomia Operaia">Autonomia Operaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Continua" title="Lotta Continua">Lotta Continua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potere_Operaio" title="Potere Operaio">Potere Operaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_2">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front" title="East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front">East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Red_Army" title="United Red Army">United Red Army</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_School" title="Left School">Left School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Neo-Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Neo-Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_New_Communists" title="Party of New Communists">Party of New Communists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Flame_(political_group)" title="Big Flame (political group)">Big Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Group" title="International Marxist Group">International Marxist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Brigade" title="Antonio Maceo Brigade">Antonio Maceo Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Berets" title="Brown Berets">Brown Berets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venceremos_Brigade" title="Venceremos Brigade">Venceremos Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army" title="Symbionese Liberation Army">Symbionese Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfucker" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfucker">Up Against the Wall Motherfucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="British Left">British Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom" title="Congress for Cultural Freedom">Congress for Cultural Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Drug policy reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT movements">LGBT movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Marxist cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberalism (international relations)">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Reformist Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinjwapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinjwapa">Shinjwapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_environmentalism" title="Timeline of history of environmentalism">Timeline of history of environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke" title="Woke">Woke</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-K-Gruppe-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K-Gruppe_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/K-Gruppen" title="K-Gruppen">K-Gruppen</a></i></span> originally referred to the mainly <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a>-oriented small parties and other associations that had emerged in the 1960s with the disintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Sozialistischer_Deutscher_Studentenbund" title="Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund">Socialist German Student Union</a> (SDS) and the associated decline of the <a href="/wiki/West_German_student_movement" title="West German student movement">West German student movement</a>. The term "K group" has been used primarily by competing left groups as well as in the media. It served as a collective name for the numerous, often violently divided groups and alluded to their common self-image as communist cadre organizations. The German term Kader denotes the civil servants or party functionaries in autocratic state systems, especially in socialist states (today, among others, the People's Republic of China and Cuba). In the Soviet sphere of influence, cadres were a group of people in the party and ideology sector with political and technical knowledge and skills ("party cadres", "leadership cadres", "leadership cadres", "junior cadres", "cadre policy", "cadre management"). In particular, they included the functionaries of the parties and mass organizations (executives), and university and technical college graduates (experts), but not normal working people. The personnel department of a company was called "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kaderabteilung</i></span>" in the GDR; the head of this department was called "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kaderleiter</i></span>".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Carmines_and_Layman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carmines_and_Layman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carmines_and_Layman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carmines_and_Layman_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarminesLayman1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carmines" title="Edward Carmines">Carmines, Edward G.</a>; Layman, Geoffrey C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presentdisconten0000shaf/page/89/mode/2up">"Issue Evolution in Postwar American Politics"</a>. In Shafer, Byron (ed.). <i>Present Discontents</i>. NJ: Chatham House Publishers. pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56643-050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56643-050-0"><bdi>978-1-56643-050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Issue+Evolution+in+Postwar+American+Politics&rft.btitle=Present+Discontents&rft.place=NJ&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Chatham+House+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56643-050-0&rft.aulast=Carmines&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rft.au=Layman%2C+Geoffrey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresentdisconten0000shaf%2Fpage%2F89%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2003" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Cynthia (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3nJUwFqRLTwC&pg=PA275"><i>Ideas for Action: Relevant Theory for Radical Change</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-693-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-693-7"><bdi>978-0-89608-693-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas+for+Action%3A+Relevant+Theory+for+Radical+Change&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-693-7&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3nJUwFqRLTwC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlin2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Todd_Gitlin" title="Todd Gitlin">Gitlin, Todd</a> (2001). "The Left's Lost Universalism". In Melzer, Arthur M.; Weinberger, Jerry; Zinman, M. Richard (eds.). <i>Politics at the Turn of the Century</i>. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 3–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Left%27s+Lost+Universalism&rft.btitle=Politics+at+the+Turn+of+the+Century&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=3-26&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarred2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Farred" title="Grant Farred">Farred, Grant</a> (2000). "Endgame Identity? Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Literary_History" title="New Literary History">New Literary History</a></i>. <b>31</b> (4): 627–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnlh.2000.0045">10.1353/nlh.2000.0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20057628">20057628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144650061">144650061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Literary+History&rft.atitle=Endgame+Identity%3F+Mapping+the+New+Left+Roots+of+Identity+Politics&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=627-48&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144650061%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20057628%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnlh.2000.0045&rft.aulast=Farred&rft.aufirst=Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Left-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_Left_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1996" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Willie (1996). <i>The Left in History: Revolution and Reform in Twentieth-Century Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74530891-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74530891-3"><bdi>978-0-74530891-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Left+in+History%3A+Revolution+and+Reform+in+Twentieth-Century+Politics&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-74530891-3&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Willie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoker2002" class="citation book cs1">Coker, Jeffrey W. (2002). <i>Confronting American Labor: The New Left Dilemma</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+American+Labor%3A+The+New+Left+Dilemma&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Coker&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kellner12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kellner12_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner" class="citation web cs1">Kellner, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell12.htm">"Herbert Marcuse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herbert+Marcuse&rft.pub=University+of+Texas&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uta.edu%2Fhuma%2Filluminations%2Fkell12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Michael. <i>The First New Left: British Intellectuals After Stalin</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_%26_Wishart" title="Lawrence & Wishart">Lawrence & Wishart</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+New+Left%3A+British+Intellectuals+After+Stalin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lawrence+%26+Wishart&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall, Stuart</a> (January–February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/II/61/stuart-hall-life-and-times-of-the-first-new-left">"Life and times of the first New Left"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>II</b> (61). New Left Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Life+and+times+of+the+first+New+Left&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=61&rft.date=2010-01%2F2010-02&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FII%2F61%2Fstuart-hall-life-and-times-of-the-first-new-left&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert2017" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Marcuse (2017). Kellner, Douglas (ed.). <i>Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse: The New Left and the 60s</i>. Routledge. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+of+Herbert+Marcuse%3A+The+New+Left+and+the+60s&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Marcuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołakowski1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski, Leszek</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenagemaincur00lesz/page/416"><i>Main Currents Of Marxism</i></a>. Vol. III. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenagemaincur00lesz/page/416">416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285109-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285109-8"><bdi>0-19-285109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+Of+Marxism&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-19-285109-8&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldenagemaincur00lesz%2Fpage%2F416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcuse1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse, Herbert</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2KMIkcicAowC&q=eros+and+civilization+logos&pg=PA125"><i>Eros and Civilization</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. pp. 125–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-86371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-86371-5"><bdi>978-1-135-86371-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eros+and+Civilization&rft.pages=125-126&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-1-135-86371-5&rft.aulast=Marcuse&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2KMIkcicAowC%26q%3Deros%2Band%2Bcivilization%2Blogos%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołakowski1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski, Leszek</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenagemaincur00lesz/page/436"><i>Main Currents Of Marxism</i></a>. Vol. III. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenagemaincur00lesz/page/436">436–440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285109-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285109-8"><bdi>0-19-285109-8</bdi></a>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+Of+Marxism&rft.pages=436-440&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-19-285109-8&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldenagemaincur00lesz%2Fpage%2F436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span> quoting <i>Dans Prinzip Hoffnung</i> pp. 1380–1628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Wright, C. Wright</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/humanism/mills-c-wright/letter-new-left.htm"><i>Letter to the New Left</i></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+the+New+Left&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=C.+Wright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Fhumanism%2Fmills-c-wright%2Fletter-new-left.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeary2009" class="citation book cs1">Geary, Daniel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4yNnGJLHU8C&q=c+wright+mills+%22university+of+maryland%22"><i>Radical Ambition: C. Wright Mills, the Left, and American Social Thought</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520943445" title="Special:BookSources/9780520943445"><bdi>9780520943445</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Ambition%3A+C.+Wright+Mills%2C+the+Left%2C+and+American+Social+Thought&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780520943445&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4yNnGJLHU8C%26q%3Dc%2Bwright%2Bmills%2B%2522university%2Bof%2Bmaryland%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworkin1997" class="citation book cs1">Dworkin, Dennis L. (1997). <i>Cultural Marxism in postwar Britain: history, the new left, and the origins of cultural studies</i>. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Marxism+in+postwar+Britain%3A+history%2C+the+new+left%2C+and+the+origins+of+cultural+studies&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Dennis+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1959" class="citation magazine cs1">Thompson, E. P. (Summer 1959). "The New Left". <i>The New Reasoner</i>. No. 9. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Reasoner&rft.atitle=The+New+Left&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaville1959" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Saville" title="John Saville">Saville, John</a> (Autumn 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banmarchive.org.uk/collections/nr/10_09.pdf">"A Note on West Fife"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Reasoner" title="New Reasoner">New Reasoner</a></i> (10): 9–13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Reasoner&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+West+Fife&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=9-13&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Saville&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbanmarchive.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fnr%2F10_09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brief_history-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brief_history_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brief_history_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Blackburn" title="Robin Blackburn">Blackburn, Robin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/history">"A brief history of New Left Review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <q>Anderson took over as editor in 1962.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+New+Left+Review&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoch and Schoenbach, 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1998" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (1998). <i>Ideology and politics in Britain today</i>. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+politics+in+Britain+today&rft.pages=191&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali, Tariq</a> (2005). <i>Street-Fighting Years: An Autobiography of the Sixties</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Street-Fighting+Years%3A+An+Autobiography+of+the+Sixties&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Blackburn" title="Robin Blackburn">Blackburn, Robin</a> (March–April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/II/86/robin-blackburn-stuart-hall-1932-2014">"Stuart Hall: 1932–2014"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>II</b> (86). New Left Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Stuart+Hall%3A+1932%E2%80%932014&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=86&rft.date=2014-03%2F2014-04&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FII%2F86%2Frobin-blackburn-stuart-hall-1932-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravorty_Spivak2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Chakravorty Spivak, Gayatri (1 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/obituary/stuart-hall-1932-2014">"Stuart Hall, 1932–2014"</a>. <i>Radical Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radical+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Stuart+Hall%2C+1932%E2%80%932014&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.aulast=Chakravorty+Spivak&rft.aufirst=Gayatri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radicalphilosophy.com%2Fobituary%2Fstuart-hall-1932-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner1996151-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner1996151_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurner1996">Burner 1996</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudents_for_a_Democratic_Society1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> (1962). <a href="/wiki/Port_Huron_Statement" title="Port Huron Statement"><i>The Port Huron Statement</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan" title="Port Huron, Michigan">Port Huron, Michigan</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647506237">647506237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Port+Huron+Statement&rft.place=Port+Huron%2C+Michigan&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647506237&rft.au=Students+for+a+Democratic+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillianBuhle2003" class="citation book cs1">McMillian, John; Buhle, Paul, eds. (2003). <i>The New Left Revisited</i>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Left+Revisited&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright_Mills1960" class="citation journal cs1">Wright Mills, C. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/humanism/mills-c-wright/letter-new-left.htm">"Letter to the New Left"</a>. <i>New Left Review</i> (5) – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+New+Left&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Wright+Mills&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Fhumanism%2Fmills-c-wright%2Fletter-new-left.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeary2008" class="citation journal cs1">Geary, Daniel (December 2008). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Becoming International Again': C. Wright Mills and the Emergence of a Global New Left, 1956–1962". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a></i>. <b>95</b> (3): 710–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27694377">10.2307/27694377</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27694377">27694377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=%27Becoming+International+Again%27%3A+C.+Wright+Mills+and+the+Emergence+of+a+Global+New+Left%2C+1956%E2%80%931962&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=710-736&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27694377&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27694377%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner1996155-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner1996155_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurner1996">Burner 1996</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidenmuller" class="citation web cs1">Eidenmuller, Michael E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mariosaviosproulhallsitin.htm">"American Rhetoric: Mario Savio – Sproul Hall Sit-In Address"</a>. <i>American Rhetoric</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Rhetoric&rft.atitle=American+Rhetoric%3A+Mario+Savio+%E2%80%93+Sproul+Hall+Sit-In+Address&rft.aulast=Eidenmuller&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrhetoric.com%2Fspeeches%2Fmariosaviosproulhallsitin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillianBuhle2003" class="citation book cs1">McMillian, John Campbell; Buhle, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U_Ohks41z2IC&pg=PA112"><i>The new left revisited</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. pp. 112–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-976-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-976-0"><bdi>978-1-56639-976-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2011</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+left+revisited&rft.pages=112-&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-976-0&rft.aulast=McMillian&rft.aufirst=John+Campbell&rft.au=Buhle%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_Ohks41z2IC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lytle_2006_213215-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lytle_2006_213215_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLytle2006" class="citation book cs1">Lytle, Mark H. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasuncivilw00lytl/page/213"><i>America's Uncivil Wars: The Sixties Era from Elvis to the Fall of Richard Nixon</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasuncivilw00lytl/page/213">213, 215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517496-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517496-8"><bdi>0-19-517496-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Uncivil+Wars%3A+The+Sixties+Era+from+Elvis+to+the+Fall+of+Richard+Nixon&rft.pages=213%2C+215&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-517496-8&rft.aulast=Lytle&rft.aufirst=Mark+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasuncivilw00lytl%2Fpage%2F213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Digger_Archives-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Digger_Archives_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diggers.org/overview.htm">"Overview: who were (are) the Diggers?"</a>. <i>The Digger Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Digger+Archives&rft.atitle=Overview%3A+who+were+%28are%29+the+Diggers%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diggers.org%2Foverview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Experience_doc-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-American_Experience_doc_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gail_Dolgin" title="Gail Dolgin">Gail Dolgin</a>; Vicente Franco (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/index.html"><i>American Experience: The Summer of Love</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Experience%3A+The+Summer+of+Love&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Flove%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holloway, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101355/pg_2">"Yippies"</a>. <i>St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yippies&rft.btitle=St.+James+Encyclopedia+of+Pop+Culture&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_g1epc%2Fis_tov%2Fai_2419101355%2Fpg_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbie_Hoffman_page_128-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbie_Hoffman_page_128_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1980" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Abbie (1980). <i>Soon to be a Major Motion Picture</i>. Perigee Books. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soon+to+be+a+Major+Motion+Picture&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Perigee+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Abbie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlin1993" class="citation book cs1">Gitlin, Todd (1993). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixties:_Years_of_Hope,_Days_of_Rage" title="The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage">The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage</a></i>. New York. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixtiesyearshope00gitl/page/n282">286</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780553372120" title="Special:BookSources/9780553372120"><bdi>9780553372120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixties%3A+Years+of+Hope%2C+Days+of+Rage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=286&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780553372120&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/popup?id=3321269&contentIndex=1&page=9&start=false">"1969: Height of the Hippies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1969%3A+Height+of+the+Hippies&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FEntertainment%2Fpopup%3Fid%3D3321269%26contentIndex%3D1%26page%3D9%26start%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacciocco1974" class="citation book cs1">Bacciocco, Edward J. (1974). <i>The New Left in America: reform to revolution, 1956 to 1970</i>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Left+in+America%3A+reform+to+revolution%2C+1956+to+1970&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bacciocco&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Todd_Gitlin" title="Todd Gitlin">Gitlin, Todd</a> (2003). <i>The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whole+World+Is+Watching%3A+Mass+Media+in+the+Making+%26+Unmaking+of+the+New+Left&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsserman2001" class="citation book cs1">Isserman, Maurice (2001). <i>The other American: the life of Michael Harrington</i>. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+American%3A+the+life+of+Michael+Harrington&rft.pages=276&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1998" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard J. (1998). <i>The dark side of the Left: illiberal Egalitarianism in America</i>. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dark+side+of+the+Left%3A+illiberal+Egalitarianism+in+America&rft.pages=129&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Wolfe, Alan (13 May 2010). "Jeremiah, American-style". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">New Republic</a></i>. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Republic&rft.atitle=Jeremiah%2C+American-style&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (2005). <i>Anarchist voices: an oral history of anarchism in America</i>. p. 527.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchist+voices%3A+an+oral+history+of+anarchism+in+America&rft.pages=527&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2000-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssermanKazin2000" class="citation book cs1">Isserman, Maurice; Kazin, Michael (2000). <i>America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+Divided%3A+The+Civil+War+of+the+1960s&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Kazin%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillianBuhle2003" class="citation book cs1">McMillian, John; Buhle, Paul, eds. (2003). <i>The New Left Revisited</i>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Left+Revisited&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssermanKazin2000" class="citation book cs1">Isserman, Maurice; Kazin, Michael (2000). <i>America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+Divided%3A+The+Civil+War+of+the+1960s&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Kazin%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreines2006" class="citation book cs1">Breines, Winifred (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179040.003.0003"><i>The Trouble between Us: An Uneasy History of White and Black Women in the Feminist Movement</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195179040.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179040.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199788583" title="Special:BookSources/9780199788583"><bdi>9780199788583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trouble+between+Us%3A+An+Uneasy+History+of+White+and+Black+Women+in+the+Feminist+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195179040.003.0003&rft.isbn=9780199788583&rft.aulast=Breines&rft.aufirst=Winifred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195179040.003.0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsensten2022" class="citation news cs1">Esensten, Andrew (19 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jweekly.com/2022/07/19/yippie-girl-in-her-new-memoir-judy-gumbo-talks-jewish-activists-the-chicago-7-and-defeating-the-fbi/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Yippie Girl': Judy Gumbo's memoir of 'defeating the FBI'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>J</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J&rft.atitle=%27Yippie+Girl%27%3A+Judy+Gumbo%27s+memoir+of+%27defeating+the+FBI%27&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft.aulast=Esensten&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjweekly.com%2F2022%2F07%2F19%2Fyippie-girl-in-her-new-memoir-judy-gumbo-talks-jewish-activists-the-chicago-7-and-defeating-the-fbi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillianBuhle2003" class="citation book cs1">McMillian, John; Buhle, Paul, eds. (2003). <i>The New Left Revisited</i>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Left+Revisited&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116170600/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=376">"America in Ferment: The Tumultuous 1960s"</a>. <i>Digital History</i>. University of Houston. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=376">the original</a> on 16 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+History&rft.atitle=America+in+Ferment%3A+The+Tumultuous+1960s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fdatabase%2Farticle_display.cfm%3FHHID%3D376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newfield19710719-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newfield19710719_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewfield1971" class="citation news cs1">Newfield, Jack (19 July 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39">"A Populist Manifesto: The Making of a New Majority"</a>. <i>New York</i>. pp. 39–46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=A+Populist+Manifesto%3A+The+Making+of+a+New+Majority&rft.pages=39-46&rft.date=1971-07-19&rft.aulast=Newfield&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA-MCAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407222801/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900067,00.html">"The Politics of Yip"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 5 April 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Isserman, <i>If I Had a Hammer: The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left</i> (New York: Basic Books, 1987) 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705062937/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst306/documents/huron.html">"Port Huron Statement of the Students for a Democratic Society, 1962"</a>. Coursesa.matrix.msu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst306/documents/huron.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Huron+Statement+of+the+Students+for+a+Democratic+Society%2C+1962&rft.pub=Coursesa.matrix.msu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoursesa.matrix.msu.edu%2F~hst306%2Fdocuments%2Fhuron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isserman-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isserman_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isserman_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isserman_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Isserman & Michael Kazin, <i>America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2014" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Richard (2014). <i>Politics of the Self: Feminism and the Postmodern in West German Literature and Film</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6164-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6164-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-6164-4</bdi></a>. <q>In 1969, the American organization ruptured into two factions, one Maoist and one proterrorist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+the+Self%3A+Feminism+and+the+Postmodern+in+West+German+Literature+and+Film&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6164-4&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillianBuhle2003" class="citation book cs1">McMillian, John; Buhle, Paul, eds. (2003). <i>The New Left Revisited</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Left+Revisited&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Harrington, <i>The Other America</i>, Macmillan, 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Rothstein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt4k4003k7"><i>A Short History of ERAP</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred McDowell (2013), "A Step into America: The New Left Organizes the Neighborhood", <i>New Politics</i> Vol. XIV No. 2, pp. 133–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy Sony, James Tracy (2011), <i>Hillbilly Nationalists, Urban Race Rebels, and Black Power: Community Organizing in Radical Times</i>. Brooklyn, Melville House</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowell</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirkpatrick Sale (1973), <i>SDS: The Rise and Development of The Students for a Democratic Society</i>. Random House</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Rothman and S. Robert Lichter, <i>Roots of radicalism: Jews, Christians, and the Left</i> (1996) p. 354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:15_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimkeScharloth2009" class="citation journal cs1">Klimke, Martin; Scharloth, Joachim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/historein/article/viewFile/2111/1951.pdf">"Utopia in Practice: The Discovery of Performativity in Sixties' Protest, Arts and Sciences"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historein</i>. <b>9</b>: 4–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historein&rft.atitle=Utopia+in+Practice%3A+The+Discovery+of+Performativity+in+Sixties%27+Protest%2C+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=4-6&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Klimke&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Scharloth%2C+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr%2Findex.php%2Fhistorein%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F2111%2F1951.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/14460/Rudi%20Dutschke%20and%20the%20German%20student%20movement%20in%201968">"Rudi Dutschke and the German student movement in 1968"</a>. <i>Socialist Worker (Britain)</i>. 29 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Worker+%28Britain%29&rft.atitle=Rudi+Dutschke+and+the+German+student+movement+in+1968&rft.date=2008-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialistworker.co.uk%2Fart%2F14460%2FRudi%2520Dutschke%2520and%2520the%2520German%2520student%2520movement%2520in%25201968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilwig2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hilwig, Stuart (2011). Klimke, Martin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44254548">"The SDS, a Transatlantic Alliance, Red and Black Panthers"</a>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 933–936. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2011.01002.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.01002.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44254548">44254548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+SDS%2C+a+Transatlantic+Alliance%2C+Red+and+Black+Panthers&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=933-936&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44254548%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2011.01002.x&rft.aulast=Hilwig&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44254548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merritt (1969), p. 521</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:16_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraushaar2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kraushaar, Wolfgang (20 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/geschichte-der-raf/49209/rudi-dutschke">"Rudi Dutschke und der bewaffnete Kampf"</a>. <i>bpb</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpb&rft.atitle=Rudi+Dutschke+und+der+bewaffnete+Kampf&rft.date=2007-08-20&rft.aulast=Kraushaar&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fdeutsche-geschichte%2Fgeschichte-der-raf%2F49209%2Frudi-dutschke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plant1992TheMost-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plant1992TheMost_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant1992" class="citation book cs1">Plant, Sadie (1992). <i>The Most Radical Gesture</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06222-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06222-0"><bdi>978-0-415-06222-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Radical+Gesture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06222-0&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=Sadie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Bockris,<i>Keith Richards: The Biography</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G Butler, E. Jones, F. J. B. Stilwell (2009). <i>Political economy now!: The struggle for alternative economics at the University of Sydney</i>. Darlington Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams-Brooks, Llewellyn (2016). "Radical Theories of Capitalism in Australia: Towards a Historiography of the Australian New Left". Honours thesis, University of Sydney, Retrieved 20 April 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2123%2F16655">2123/16655</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sydney.edu.au/arts/political_economy/">Political economy</a> University of Sydney Retrieved 3 May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrabure, Manuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistproject.ca/bullet/853.php"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Não nos representam!' A left beyond the Workers Party?"</a>. <i>The Bullet</i>. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF萧功秦2002" class="citation web cs1">萧功秦 (2002-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modernchinastudies.org/cn/issues/past-issues/76-mcs-2002-issue-1/1219-2012-01-06-08-38-50.html">"新左派与当代中国知识分子的思想分化"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E4%B8%8E%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.au=%E8%90%A7%E5%8A%9F%E7%A7%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernchinastudies.org%2Fcn%2Fissues%2Fpast-issues%2F76-mcs-2002-issue-1%2F1219-2012-01-06-08-38-50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB1-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB1_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB1_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHioe2016" class="citation web cs1">Hioe, Brian (2016-03-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newbloommag.net/2016/03/11/chinese-new-left-eng/">"What is the Chinese New Left?: Between Leftism and Nationalism?"</a>. <i>New Bloom</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Bloom&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Chinese+New+Left%3F%3A+Between+Leftism+and+Nationalism%3F&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft.aulast=Hioe&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewbloommag.net%2F2016%2F03%2F11%2Fchinese-new-left-eng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sohu.com/20100827/n274518781.shtml">"丁学良：中国只有老左派没有新左派"</a>. 2010-08-27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060423/http://news.sohu.com/20100827/n274518781.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%A6%E8%89%AF%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E8%80%81%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE+%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE&rft.date=2010-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sohu.com%2F20100827%2Fn274518781.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrettChavezRodríguez-Garavito2008" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Patrick; Chavez, Daniel; Rodríguez-Garavito, César (2008). <i>The New Latin American Left: Utopia Reborn</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Latin+American+Left%3A+Utopia+Reborn&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Chavez%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Garavito%2C+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardosoFaletto1969" class="citation book cs1">Cardoso, F. H.; Faletto, E. (1969). <i>Dependency and development in Latin America</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dependency+and+development+in+Latin+America&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Cardoso&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rft.au=Faletto%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurner1996" class="citation book cs1">Burner, David (1996). <i>Making Peace with the 60s</i>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Peace+with+the+60s&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Teodori, Massimo, ed., <i>The New Left: A documentary History</i>. London: Jonathan Cape (1970).</li> <li>Oglesby, Carl (ed.) <i>The New Left Reader</i> Grove Press (1969). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-456-1536-8" title="Special:BookSources/83-456-1536-8">83-456-1536-8</a>. Influential collection of texts by Mills, Marcuse, Fanon, Cohn-Bendit, Castro, Hall, Althusser, Kolakowski, Malcolm X, Gorz & others.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050207225928/http://www.spw.de/9706/otto_bauer.html">Michael R. Krätke, Otto Bauer and the early "Third Way" to Socialism</a></li> <li>Detlev Albers u.a. (Hg.), Otto Bauer und der "dritte" Weg. Die Wiederentdeckung des Austromarxismus durch Linkssozialisten und Eurokommunisten, Frankfurt/M 1979</li> <li>Andrews, Geoff; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cockett" title="Richard Cockett">Cockett, Richard</a>; Hooper, Alan; Williams, Michael, <i>New Left, New Right and Beyond. Taking the Sixties Seriously</i>. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333741474" title="Special:BookSources/9780333741474">9780333741474</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Armstrong, Mick, <i>1,2,3, What Are We Fighting For? The Australian Student Movement From Its Origins To The 1970s</i>, Melbourne; Socialist Alternative, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0957952708" title="Special:BookSources/0957952708">0957952708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Cahill" title="Rowan Cahill">Cahill, Rowan</a>, <i>Notes on the New Left in Australia</i>, Sydney: Australian Marxist Research Foundation, 1969.</li> <li>Hyde, Michael (editor), <i>It is Right to Rebel</i>, Canberra: The Diplomat, 1972.</li> <li>Gordon, Richard (editor), <i>The Australian New Left: Critical Essays and Strategy</i>, Melbourne: Heinnemann Australia,1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0855610093" title="Special:BookSources/0855610093">0855610093</a></li> <li>Symons, Beverley and <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Cahill" title="Rowan Cahill">Rowan Cahill</a> (editors), <i>A Turbulent Decade: Social Protest Movements and the Labour Movement, 1965–1975</i>, Newtown: Sydney ASSLH, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0909944091" title="Special:BookSources/0909944091">0909944091</a></li> <li>Williams-Brooks, Llewellyn, <i>Radical Theories of Capitalism in Australia: Towards a Historiography of the Australian New Left</i>, Honours Thesis, University of Sydney: Sydney, 2016, viewed 19 April 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2123%2F16655">2123/16655</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anastakis, Dimitry, ed (2008). <i>The sixties: Passion, politics, style</i> (McGill Queens University Press).</li> <li>Cleveland, John. (2004) "New Left, not new liberal: 1960s movements in English Canada and Quebec", <i>Canadian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology</i> 41, no. 4: 67–84.</li> <li>Kostash, Myrna. (1980) <i> Long way from home: The story of the sixties generation in Canada</i>. Toronto: Lorimer.</li> <li>Levitt, Cyril. (1984). <i>Children of privilege: Student revolt in the sixties.</i> University of Toronto Press.</li> <li>Sangster, Joan. "Radical Ruptures: Feminism, Labor, and the Left in the Long Sixties in Canada", <i>American Review of Canadian Studies,</i> Spring 2010, Vol. 40 Issue 1, pp. 1–21</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_2">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Timothy Scott Brown. <i>West Germany and the Global Sixties: The Anti-Authoritarian Revolt, 1962–1978</i>. Cambridge University Press. 2013</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_3">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Miyazaki, Manabu (2005). <i>Toppamono: Outlaw, Radical, Suspect: My Life in Japan's Underworld</i>. Tōkyō: Kotan Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9701716-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9701716-2-7">978-0-9701716-2-7</a>. Includes an account of the author's days as a student activist and street fighter for the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a>, 1964–1969.; A primary source</li> <li>Andrews, William <i>Dissenting Japan: A History of Japanese Radicalism and Counterculture, from 1945 to Fukushima.</i>. London: Hurst, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849045797" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849045797">978-1849045797</a>. Includes summaries of the student movement and various New Left groups in postwar Japan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali, Tariq</a>. <i>Street Fighting Years: An Autobiography of the Sixties</i> London: Collins, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-217779-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-217779-X">0-00-217779-X</a>; A primary source</li> <li>Hock, Paul and Vic Schoenbach. <i>LSE: the natives are restless, a report on student power in action</i> London: Sheed and Ward, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7220-0596-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7220-0596-2">0-7220-0596-2</a>.; A primary source</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=251&issue=112"><i>The New Left's renewal of Marxism</i></a> an account by Paul Blackledge from <i><a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_New_Left_periodicals">British New Left periodicals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: British New Left periodicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/nr/index_frame.htm">"The New Reasoner"</a>. <i>indexed articles online</i>. 1957–1959<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indexed+articles+online&rft.atitle=The+New+Reasoner&rft.date=1957%2F1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amielandmelburn.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fnr%2Findex_frame.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/mt/index_frame.htm">"Marxism Today"</a>. <i>indexed articles online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> and Marxism Today. 1980–1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indexed+articles+online&rft.atitle=Marxism+Today&rft.date=1980%2F1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amielandmelburn.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fmt%2Findex_frame.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span> (also 1998 special issue)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/">"Indexed articles online"</a>. <i>newleftreview.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newleftreview.org&rft.atitle=Indexed+articles+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718180346/http://socialistregister.com/epublish/8">"Socialist Register"</a>. <i>indexed articles online</i>. 1964–1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistregister.com/epublish/8">the original</a> on 18 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indexed+articles+online&rft.atitle=Socialist+Register&rft.date=1964%2F1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialistregister.com%2Fepublish%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/ulr/index_frame.htm">"Universities & Left Review"</a>. <i>indexed articles online</i>. 1957–1959<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indexed+articles+online&rft.atitle=Universities+%26+Left+Review&rft.date=1957%2F1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amielandmelburn.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fulr%2Findex_frame.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_New_Left_articles">British New Left articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: British New Left articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills, C. Wright</a> (September–October 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/5/c-wright-mills-letter-to-the-new-left">"Letter to the New Left"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (5). New Left Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+New+Left&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1960-09%2F1960-10&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=C.+Wright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F5%2Fc-wright-mills-letter-to-the-new-left&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/humanism/mills-c-wright/letter-new-left.htm">Full text.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://readingthemaps.blogspot.com/2006/10/placating-mr-jenkins.html">"Placating Mr. Jenkins"</a>. <i>Article discussing online archiving of four British New Left publications Universities & Left Review, Marxism Today, The New Reasoner and Socialist Register</i>. 16 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Article+discussing+online+archiving+of+four+British+New+Left+publications+Universities+%26+Left+Review%2C+Marxism+Today%2C+The+New+Reasoner+and+Socialist+Register&rft.atitle=Placating+Mr.+Jenkins&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freadingthemaps.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F10%2Fplacating-mr-jenkins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahr2008" class="citation book cs1">Bahr, Ehrhard (2008). <i>Weimar on the Pacific: German Exile Culture in Los Angeles and the Crisis of Modernism</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25795-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25795-5"><bdi>978-0-520-25795-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weimar+on+the+Pacific%3A+German+Exile+Culture+in+Los+Angeles+and+the+Crisis+of+Modernism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25795-5&rft.aulast=Bahr&rft.aufirst=Ehrhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Breines, Wini. <i>Community Organization in the New Left, 1962–1968: The Great Refusal</i>, reissue edition (Rutgers University Press, 1989). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1403-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1403-7">0-8135-1403-7</a>.</li> <li>Cohen, Mitchell, and Hale, Dennis, eds. <i>The New Student Left</i> (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Elbaum" title="Max Elbaum">Elbaum, Max</a>. <i>Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals turn to Lenin, Che and Mao</i>. (Verso, 2002).</li> <li>Evans, Sara. <i>Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement & the New Left</i> (Vintage, 1980). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74228-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-74228-1">0-394-74228-1</a>.</li> <li>Frost, Jennifer. <i>"An Interracial Movement of the Poor": Community Organizing & the New Left in the 1960s</i> (New York University Press, 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-2697-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-2697-6">0-8147-2697-6</a>.</li> <li>Gosse, Van. <i>The Movements of the New Left, 1950–1975: A Brief History with Documents</i> (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-13397-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-13397-9">0-312-13397-9</a>.</li> <li>Isserman, Maurice. <i>If I had a Hammer: the Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left</i>, reprint edition (University of Illinois Press, 1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06338-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06338-4">0-252-06338-4</a>.</li> <li>Klatch, Rebecca E. <i>A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right, and the 1960s.</i> (Berkeley : University of California Press, 1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21714-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21714-4">0-520-21714-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Long" title="Priscilla Long">Long, Priscilla</a>, ed. <i>The New Left: A Collection of Essays</i> (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1969).</li> <li>Mattson, Kevin, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psupress.psu.edu/books/titles/0-271-02148-9.html">Intellectuals in Action: The Origins of the New Left and Radical Liberalism, 1945–1970</a></i> (Penn State Press, 2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02206-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02206-X">0-271-02206-X</a></li> <li>McMillian, John and Buhle, Paul (eds.). <i>The New Left Revisited</i> (Temple University Press, 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-976-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-976-9">1-56639-976-9</a>.</li> <li>Sale, Kirkpatrick. <i>SDS: The Rise and Development of The Students for a Democratic Society</i>. (Random House, 1973).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovackwriting_as_"William_F._Warde"1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Novack" title="George Novack">Novack, George</a>; writing as "William F. Warde" (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/novack/works/1961/x01.htm">"Who Will Change The World? The New left and the Views of C. Wright Mills"</a>. <i>International Socialist Review</i>. <b>22</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/USFI" title="USFI">USFI</a>: 67–79<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialist+Review&rft.atitle=Who+Will+Change+The+World%3F+The+New+left+and+the+Views+of+C.+Wright+Mills&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=67-79&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Novack&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=writing+as+%22William+F.+Warde%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fnovack%2Fworks%2F1961%2Fx01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Left" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rand, Ayn. <i>The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution</i> (New York: Penguin Books, 1993, 1975). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-01125-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-01125-6">0-452-01125-6</a>.</li> <li>Rossinow, Doug. <i>The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America</i> (Columbia University Press, 1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11057-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11057-X">0-231-11057-X</a>.</li> <li>Rubenstein, Richard E. <i>Left Turn: Origins of the Next American Revolution</i> (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973).</li> <li>Young, C. A. <i>Culture, Radicalism, and the Making of a US Third World Left</i> (Duke University Press, 2006).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources:_US">Primary sources: US</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Primary sources: US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Albert, Judith Clavir, and Stewart Edward Albert (1984). <i>The Sixties Papers: Documents of a Rebellious Decade</i>. New York: Praeger. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-91781-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-91781-9">0-275-91781-9</a>.</li> <li>Committee on Internal Security, <i>Anatomy of a Revolutionary Movement, Students for a Democratic Society. Report by the committee on Internal Security. House of Representatives. Ninety-first Congress. Second Session</i>. 6 October 1970. Washington: U.S. Government P.O.. 1970</li> <li>Jaffe, Harold, and John Tytell (eds.) (1970). <i>The American Experience: A Radical Reader</i>. New York: Harper & Row. xiii, 480 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909407028">909407028</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archives">Archives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>New Left Movement: 1964–1973</i>. Archive # 88-020. Title: New Left Movement fonds. 1964–1973. 51 cm of textual records. Trent University Archives. Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trentu.ca/library/archives/88-020.htm">Online guide retrieved April 12, 2005</a>.</li> <li><i>Russ Gilbert "New Left" Pamphlet Collection: An inventory of the collection at the University of Illinois at Chicago.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/specialcoll/services/rjd/findingaids/RGilbertb.html">Online guide retrieved October 8, 2005</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_New_Left" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_New_Left" title="Template:American New Left"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_New_Left" title="Template talk:American New Left"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_New_Left" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American New Left"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_New_Left" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#United_States">American New Left</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations and<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Brigade" title="George Jackson Brigade">George Jackson Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_movement" title="New Communist movement">New Communist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Coalition_(Fred_Hampton)" title="Rainbow Coalition (Fred Hampton)">Rainbow Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLATE" title="SLATE">SLATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army" title="Symbionese Liberation Army">Symbionese Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfucker" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfucker">Up Against the Wall Motherfucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Freedom_Front" title="United Freedom Front">United Freedom Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a> ("Yippies")</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venceremos_Brigade" title="Venceremos Brigade">Venceremos Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Student_Alliance" title="Worker Student Alliance">Worker Student Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racial justice movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Brigade" title="Antonio Maceo Brigade">Antonio Maceo Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberators" title="Black Liberators">Black Liberators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Berets" title="Brown Berets">Brown Berets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Wor_Kuen" title="I Wor Kuen">I Wor Kuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Action_Movement" title="Revolutionary Action Movement">Revolutionary Action Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth_Organization" title="Sojourner Truth Organization">Sojourner Truth Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Erik Olin Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Saul Alinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">Bob Avakian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_(activist)" title="David Gilbert (activist)">David Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Gold" title="Ted Gold">Ted Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacobs_(activist)" title="John Jacobs (activist)">John Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Robbins" title="Terry Robbins">Terry Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Tribe" title="Berkeley Tribe">Berkeley Tribe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberated_Barracks" title="Liberated Barracks">Liberated Barracks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Guardian" title="National Guardian">National Guardian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Newsreel" title="The Newsreel">The Newsreel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radical_America" title="Radical America">Radical America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramparts_(magazine)" title="Ramparts (magazine)">Ramparts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_New_Left" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_New_Left" title="Template:British New Left"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_New_Left" title="Template talk:British New Left"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_New_Left" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British New Left"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_New_Left" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">British <a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Left</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_Historians_Group" title="Communist Party Historians Group">Communist Party Historians Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies" title="Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies">Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Coffee_House" title="Partisan Coffee House">Partisan Coffee House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Society" title="Socialist Society">Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Movement" title="Socialist Movement">Socialist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Saville" title="John Saville">John Saville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoggart" title="Richard Hoggart">Richard Hoggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Perry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Tom Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Worsley" title="Peter Worsley">Peter Worsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Samuel" title="Raphael Samuel">Raphael Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Hilton" title="Rodney Hilton">Rodney Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Blackburn" title="Robin Blackburn">Robin Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hall" title="Catherine Hall">Catherine Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" title="Sheila Rowbotham">Sheila Rowbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Dick Hebdige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Weeks_(sociologist)" title="Jeffrey Weeks (sociologist)">Jeffrey Weeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Angry_Brigade" title="The Angry Brigade">The Angry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Flame_(political_group)" title="Big Flame (political group)">Big Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Black_Panthers" title="British Black Panthers">British Black Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Left" title="Gay Left">Gay Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Group" title="International Marxist Group">International Marxist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Socialists (UK)">International Socialists (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Mob" title="King Mob">King Mob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Reasoner" title="New Reasoner">New Reasoner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_Left_Review" title="Universities and Left Review">Universities and Left Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Register" title="Socialist Register">Socialist Register</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soundings_(journal)" title="Soundings (journal)">Soundings</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Far-left politics in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_underground" title="UK underground">UK underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hippies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hippies" title="Template:Hippies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hippies" title="Template talk:Hippies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hippies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hippies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hippies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_hippie_movement" title="History of the hippie movement">History of the <br />hippie movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_hippie" title="Etymology of hippie">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dog_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dog Experience">Red Dog Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_sound" title="San Francisco sound">San Francisco sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_City" title="Drop City">Drop City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Strip_curfew_riots" title="Sunset Strip curfew riots">Sunset Strip curfew riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Pageant_Rally" title="Love Pageant Rally">Love Pageant Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haight-Ashbury" title="Haight-Ashbury">Haight-Ashbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra-Rock_Dance" title="Mantra-Rock Dance">Mantra-Rock Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Fair_and_Magic_Mountain_Music_Festival" title="Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival">Fantasy Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_International_Pop_Festival" title="Monterey International Pop Festival">Monterey Pop Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Pop_Festival" title="Newport Pop Festival">Newport Pop Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_River_Rock_Festival" title="Sky River Rock Festival">Sky River Rock Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Park_(Berkeley)" title="People's Park (Berkeley)">People's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_(Tennessee)" title="The Farm (Tennessee)">The Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedra_Roja_(festival)" title="Piedra Roja (festival)">Piedra Roja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Rock_y_Ruedas_de_Av%C3%A1ndaro" title="Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro">Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambassa" title="Nambassa">Nambassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">People and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Pranksters" title="Merry Pranksters">Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Tests" title="Acid Tests">Acid Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furthur_(bus)" title="Furthur (bus)"><i>Furthur</i> bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrohippies" title="Electrohippies">Electrohippies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Oracle" title="San Francisco Oracle">San Francisco Oracle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haight_Ashbury_Free_Clinics" title="Haight Ashbury Free Clinics">Haight Ashbury Free Clinics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haight-Ashbury_Switchboard" title="Haight-Ashbury Switchboard">Haight-Ashbury Switchboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Yippies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavy_Gravy" title="Wavy Gravy">Wavy Gravy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hog_Farm" title="Hog Farm">Hog Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brotherhood_of_Eternal_Love" title="The Brotherhood of Eternal Love">The Brotherhood of Eternal Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Family" title="Rainbow Family">Rainbow Family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Politics and ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_on,_tune_in,_drop_out" title="Turn on, tune in, drop out">Turn on, tune in, drop out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Culture and fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie_trail" title="Hippie trail">Hippie trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie_exploitation_films" title="Hippie exploitation films">Hippie exploitation films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Peace symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-bottoms" title="Bell-bottoms">Bell-bottoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_beads" title="Love beads">Love beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hair" title="Long hair">Long hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">communal living</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_party" title="Free party">Free festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_child" title="Flower child">Flower child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">Protest song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_folk" title="Psychedelic folk">Psychedelic folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_pop" title="Psychedelic pop">Psychedelic pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_trance" title="Psychedelic trance">Psychedelic trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rock" title="Acid rock">Acid rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">Jam bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jam_band_music_festivals" title="List of jam band music festivals">List of jam band music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_rock_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic rock festivals">List of historic rock festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a><br />and other drugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Hippie related<br />subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deadhead" title="Deadhead">Deadhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_(subculture)" title="Feral (subculture)">Feral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_child" title="Flower child">Flower child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_scene" title="Freak scene">Freak scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housetrucker" title="Housetrucker">Housetrucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_freak" title="Jesus freak">Jesus freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jipitecas" title="Jipitecas">Jipitecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Onda" title="La Onda">La Onda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensreform" title="Lebensreform">Lebensreform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni%C4%8Dka" title="Mánička">Mánička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Age_travellers" title="New Age travellers">New Age travellers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Faeries" title="Radical Faeries">Radical Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_underground" title="UK underground">UK underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock_Nation" title="Woodstock Nation">Woodstock Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zippie" title="Zippie">Zippie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_related_to_the_hippie_subculture" title="List of films related to the hippie subculture">List of films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_publications_related_to_the_hippie_subculture" title="List of books and publications related to the hippie subculture">List of books and other publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Press_Syndicate" title="Underground Press Syndicate">press syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underground_newspapers_of_the_1960s_counterculture" title="List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Legend of the Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Seven" title="Chicago Seven">Chicago Seven</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaterialism" title="Postmaterialism">Postmaterialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Summer_of_Love" title="Second Summer of Love">Second Summer of Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-psychedelia" title="Neo-psychedelia">Neo-psychedelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby boomers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_spectrum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_spectrum" title="Template talk:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political positions</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political ideologies</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Religious politics</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim left">Muslim left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political pejoratives</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Models</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>See also</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">Triangulation</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchist_communism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchist_communism" title="Template:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchist_communism" title="Template talk:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchist_communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchist_communism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_star#Use_by_socialist_or_revolutionary_organizations" title="Red star"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/75px-Rb-star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/113px-Rb-star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/150px-Rb-star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarcho-communists" title="Category:Anarcho-communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero" title="Carlo Cafiero">Carlo Cafiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Covelli" title="Emilio Covelli">Emilio Covelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dixon" title="Clarissa Dixon">Clarissa Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Sébastien Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Bleikhman" title="Iosif Bleikhman">Iosif Bleikhman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Ricardo Flores Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Meltzer" title="Albert Meltzer">Albert Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizational forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis federations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Other_Essays" title="Anarchism and Other Essays">Anarchism and Other Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_and_After" title="Now and After">Now and After</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #aaa;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol-red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anarchy-symbol-red.svg/10px-Anarchy-symbol-red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anarchy-symbol-red.svg/15px-Anarchy-symbol-red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anarchy-symbol-red.svg/20px-Anarchy-symbol-red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/10px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/15px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/10px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/15px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/20px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarian_socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template talk:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarian_socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />of thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Chalieu-Montal Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism#Red_and_black_flag" title="Communist symbolism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/100px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/150px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/200px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Models</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">People</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Maragall" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Pi i Maragall">Francesc Pi i Maragall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Michael Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Robin Hahnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pallis" title="Chris Pallis">Chris Pallis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160637#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115367-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="New Left"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh89001964">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nová levice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123358&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000350546&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544167405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Left&oldid=1253377691">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Left&oldid=1253377691</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Left" title="Category:New Left">New Left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_social_movements" title="Category:20th-century social movements">20th-century social movements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Category:Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Left-wing_politics" title="Category:Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Political movements in the United Kingdom">Political movements in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Political movements in the United States">Political movements in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 17:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Left&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w98px","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.423","walltime":"1.712","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10510,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":245191,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8482,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":363841,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1356.192 1 -total"," 38.11% 516.845 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.42% 317.558 37 Template:Cite_book"," 10.46% 141.914 10 Template:Lang"," 10.22% 138.644 1 Template:Efn"," 9.71% 131.686 1 Template:Frankfurt_School"," 8.22% 111.532 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.50% 88.169 20 Template:ISBN"," 5.51% 74.744 17 Template:Cite_web"," 5.32% 72.114 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.834","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16432367,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvrich2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacciocco1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahr2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrettChavezRodríguez-Garavito2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackburn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackburn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreines2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardosoFaletto1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarminesLayman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravorty_Spivak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoker2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDworkin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEidenmuller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsensten2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarred2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeary2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeary2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGitlin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGitlin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGitlin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilwig2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHioe2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolloway2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsserman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssermanKazin2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKaufman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlimkeScharloth2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKołakowski1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKraushaar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLytle2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcuse1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMillianBuhle2003\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFMills1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewfield1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovackwriting_as_\u0026quot;William_F._Warde\u0026quot;1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlant1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaville1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudents_for_a_Democratic_Society1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright_Mills1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF萧功秦2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"American New Left\"] = 1,\n [\"Anarcho-communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"British New Left\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite work\"] = 1,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:New Left\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Frankfurt School\"] = 1,\n [\"Hdl\"] = 2,\n [\"Hippies\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 20,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Libertarian socialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Oclc\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Political spectrum\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-l65hk","timestamp":"20241124150948","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"New Left","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Left","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160637","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160637","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-04T18:02:12Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T17:32:24Z","headline":"international leftist political movement mainly in the 1960s and 1970s"}</script> </body> </html>