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class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance_and_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_and_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Dance and performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance_and_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Gender and sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Responses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Responses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Indigenous cultures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism of the concept </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cultural appropriation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="استحواذ ثقافي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استحواذ ثقافي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apropiaci%C3%B3_cultural" title="Apropiació cultural – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apropiació cultural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturn%C3%AD_apropriace" title="Kulturní apropriace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kulturní apropriace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturel_appropriation" title="Kulturel appropriation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kulturel appropriation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturelle_Aneignung" title="Kulturelle Aneignung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kulturelle Aneignung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apropiaci%C3%B3n_cultural" title="Apropiación cultural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apropiación cultural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_alpropri%C4%9Do" title="Kultura alpropriĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kultura alpropriĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura-jabetze" title="Kultura-jabetze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kultura-jabetze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A2%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="ازآن‌خودسازی فرهنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازآن‌خودسازی فرهنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_culturelle" title="Appropriation culturelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Appropriation culturelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leithghabh%C3%A1il_chult%C3%BArtha" title="Leithghabháil chultúrtha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leithghabháil chultúrtha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%A0%81_%EC%A0%84%EC%9C%A0" title="문화적 전유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문화적 전유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perampasan_budaya" title="Perampasan budaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perampasan budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukwabiwa_kwamasiko_Akulungile" title="Ukwabiwa kwamasiko Akulungile – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukwabiwa kwamasiko Akulungile" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriazione_culturale" title="Appropriazione culturale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Appropriazione culturale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99" title="ניכוס תרבותי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניכוס תרבותי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apropiasiong_kultural" title="Apropiasiong kultural – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Apropiasiong kultural" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%C5%ABrin%C4%97_apropriacija" title="Kultūrinė apropriacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kultūrinė apropriacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="സാംസ്കാരികാപഹരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാംസ്കാരികാപഹരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambil_guna_budaya" title="Ambil guna budaya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ambil guna budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturele_toe-eigening" title="Culturele toe-eigening – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Culturele toe-eigening" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AE%E7%9B%97%E7%94%A8" title="文化の盗用 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文化の盗用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturell_appropriasjon" title="Kulturell appropriasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kulturell appropriasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apropria%C3%A7%C3%A3o_cultural" title="Apropriação cultural – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apropriação cultural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Культурная апроприация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культурная апроприация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cultural appropriation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Културно присвајање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Културно присвајање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuurinen_omiminen" title="Kulttuurinen omiminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulttuurinen omiminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturell_appropriering" title="Kulturell appropriering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kulturell appropriering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="การฉกฉวยวัฒนธรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การฉกฉวยวัฒนธรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mvelele_i_songo_dzudzanyeaho" title="Mvelele i songo dzudzanyeaho – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Mvelele i songo dzudzanyeaho" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_ya%C4%9Fmac%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kültür yağmacılığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kültür yağmacılığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Культурне привласнення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культурне привласнення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_tirhisiwa_ka_ndhavuko" title="Ku tirhisiwa ka ndhavuko – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ku tirhisiwa ka ndhavuko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" 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You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cultural_appropriation" title="Talk:Cultural appropriation">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate. (November 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Cultural appropriation<a href="#cite_note-Fourmile268-9-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-RoyalRipOff-2">[2]</a> is the adoption of an element or elements of one <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">identity</a> by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> This can be especially controversial when members of a <a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">dominant culture</a> appropriate from <a href="/wiki/Minority_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority groups">minority cultures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fourmile268-9-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Young-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Young59-9">[9]</a> When cultural elements are copied from a minority culture by members of a dominant culture, and these elements are used outside of their original cultural context – sometimes even against the expressly stated wishes of members of the originating culture – the practice is often received negatively.<a href="#cite_note-Houska-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> Cultural appropriation can include the exploitation of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Cultural appropriation is considered harmful by various groups and individuals,<a href="#cite_note-Scafidi2-16">[16]</a> including some Indigenous people working for cultural preservation,<a href="#cite_note-LDNwar12-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-HopiDances2-18">[18]</a> those who advocate for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">collective intellectual property rights</a> of the originating cultures,<a href="#cite_note-AusParliament2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-CollectivePanama2-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-CollectiveSantilli2-21">[21]</a> and some of those who have lived or are living under colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-Fourmile268-92-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNDRIP2-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rainforest2-24">[24]</a> According to American anthropologist Jason Jackson, cultural appropriation differs from other modes of cultural change such as <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">diffusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Opponents of cultural appropriation see it as an exploitative means in which cultural elements are lost or distorted when they are removed from their originating cultural contexts. Such displays are disrespectful and can even be considered a form of desecration.<a href="#cite_note-Houska2-26">[26]</a> Cultural elements that may have deep meaning in the original culture may be reduced to "<a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">exotic</a>" fashion or toys by those from the dominant culture.<a href="#cite_note-Houska2-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation2-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-KJohnson2-28">[28]</a> Kjerstin Johnson has written that, when this is done, the imitator, "who does not experience that oppression is able to 'play', temporarily, an 'exotic' other, without experiencing any of the daily discriminations faced by other cultures".<a href="#cite_note-KJohnson2-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Black_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Black American">black American</a> academic, musician, and journalist <a href="/wiki/Greg_Tate" title="Greg Tate">Greg Tate</a> argued that appropriation and the "fetishizing" of cultures, in fact, alienate those whose culture is being appropriated.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The concept of cultural appropriation has also been subject to heavy criticism, debate, and nuance.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo12-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Critics note that the concept is often misunderstood or misapplied by the general public and that charges of "cultural appropriation" are sometimes misapplied to situations. For example, some scholars conclude that trying food from a different culture or attempting to learn about a different culture can not be considered an instance of cultural appropriation.<a href="#cite_note-Friedersdorf2-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Others state that the act of cultural appropriation, usually defined, does not meaningfully constitute social harm or that the term lacks conceptual coherence.<a href="#cite_note-McWhorter2-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shriver2-36">[36]</a> Additionally, the term can set arbitrary limits on intellectual freedom and artists' self-expression, reinforce group divisions, or promote a feeling of enmity or grievance rather than of liberation.<a href="#cite_note-Shriver2-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo12-31">[31]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cossack_man_from_the_steppes_of_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cossack_man_from_the_steppes_of_Russia.jpg/220px-Cossack_man_from_the_steppes_of_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cossack_man_from_the_steppes_of_Russia.jpg/330px-Cossack_man_from_the_steppes_of_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cossack_man_from_the_steppes_of_Russia.jpg/440px-Cossack_man_from_the_steppes_of_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Cossack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Cossack (page does not exist)">Russian Cossack</a> man wearing the <a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">chokha</a>, a clothing the Russian Cossacks appropriated from the indigenous peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> along with other cultural traits<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> Cultural appropriation can involve the use of ideas, symbols, artifacts, or other aspects of human-made visual or non-visual culture.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider-41">[41]</a> As a concept that is controversial in its applications, the propriety of cultural appropriation has been the subject of much debate. Opponents of cultural appropriation view many instances as wrongful appropriation when the subject culture is a minority culture or is subordinated in social, political, economic, or military status to the dominant culture<a href="#cite_note-KJohnson-42">[42]</a> or when there are other issues involved, such as a history of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial</a> conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Mart%C3%ADn_Alcoff" title="Linda Martín Alcoff">Linda Martín Alcoff</a> writes that this is often seen in cultural outsiders' use of an oppressed culture's symbols or other cultural elements, such as music, dance, spiritual ceremonies, modes of dress, speech, and social behaviour, when these elements are trivialised and used for fashion, rather than respected within their original cultural context. Opponents view the issues of colonialism, context, and the difference between appropriation and mutual exchange as central to analysing cultural appropriation. They argue that mutual exchange happens on an "even playing field", whereas appropriation involves pieces of an oppressed culture being taken out of context by a people who have historically oppressed those they are taking from and who lack the cultural context to properly understand, respect, or utilise these elements.<a href="#cite_note-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scafidi-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_discourse">Academic discourse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic discourse">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>'s earliest citation for the phrase was a 1945 essay by Arthur E. Christy, which discussed <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Connor_Martin-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The term became widespread in the 1980s in discussions of post-colonial critiques of Western expansionism,<a href="#cite_note-Connor_Martin-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[46]</a> though the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural colonialism">cultural colonialism</a>" had been explored earlier, such as in "Some General Observations on the Problems of Cultural Colonialism" by Kenneth Coutts‐Smith in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-47">[47]</a> Cultural and racial theorist <a href="/wiki/George_Lipsitz" title="George Lipsitz">George Lipsitz</a> has used the term "strategic anti-essentialism" to refer to the calculated use of a cultural form outside of one's own to define oneself or one's group. Strategic anti-essentialism can be seen in both minority and majority cultures and is not confined only to the use of the other. However, Lipsitz argues that when the majority culture attempts to strategically anti-essentialize itself by appropriating a minority culture, it must take great care to recognize the specific socio-historical circumstances and significance of these cultural forms so as not to perpetuate the already existing majority vs. minority unequal power relations.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Historically, some of the most hotly debated cases of cultural appropriation have occurred in places where cultural exchange is the highest, such as along the trade routes in southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe. Some scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> argue that Ottoman and Egyptian architectural traditions have long been falsely claimed and praised as Persian or Arab.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 2017, Mehgan Gallagher spoke about what exactly does the debate concerning cultural appropriation entail within the modern age, specifically within the United States. She used contemporary examples of cultural appropriation to highlight cases of controversy. In particular, the Washington Redskins of the Nation Football League provided an example that led into a broader conversation regarding the representation of Native Americans when it came to sports mascots.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Baird_Jackson" title="Jason Baird Jackson">Jason Baird Jackson</a>, attempted to create a model by which instances of cultural appropriation could be understood systematically. He argues that understanding the modes of cultural change most similar to cultural appropriation is key to discussing the outcomes and implications of instances of appropriation as their meaning are often used interchangeably. Jackson offers his definition of appropriation as the "structural inversion of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>", being that it is an instance in which "a powerful group takes aspects of the culture of a subordinated group, making them its own."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 2023, Jonas R. Kunst, Katharina Lefringhausen, and Hanna Zagefka set about to determine what were the differences between cultural appropriation and genuine cultural change. They detailed what they determined as the "dilemma of cultural ownership", a concept that challenges the idea that "cultures are [not] discrete entities owned by specific groups" and therefore do not have the ability to be stolen or appropriated, and instead offers the rationale that the "impact of power disparities" is too large to ignore in cases of cultural appropriation. <a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In 2024, Angela Gracia B Cruz, Yuri Seo, and Daiane Scaraboto released the results of a study that went about determining strategies consumers used to "self-authorize" how they consumed media that could be considered to be culturally appropriated. They performed a six-yearlong study on international <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-Pop</a> fans concerning how they felt when it came to determining what was cultural appreciation vs appropriation. One comment they chose to highlight from <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">redditor</a> named Sam said "Based on my experience, I've observed both. It depends on the context. As an Asian-American, K-Pop fans in America is more appreciation, as opposed to Koreaboos who just use Korean names for comedy are appropriating."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art,_literature,_iconography,_and_adornment">Art, literature, iconography, and adornment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Art, literature, iconography, and adornment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tattooed_model_wearing_a_war_bonnet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tattooed_model_wearing_a_war_bonnet.jpg/280px-Tattooed_model_wearing_a_war_bonnet.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tattooed_model_wearing_a_war_bonnet.jpg/420px-Tattooed_model_wearing_a_war_bonnet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tattooed_model_wearing_a_war_bonnet.jpg/560px-Tattooed_model_wearing_a_war_bonnet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="2559" /></a><figcaption> A model wears a Native American-inspired <a href="/wiki/War_bonnet" title="War bonnet">war bonnet</a> while campaigning to support <a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">body modification</a> in the workplace, 2015</figcaption></figure> A common example of cultural appropriation is the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of another culture and its use for purposes that are unintended by the original culture or even offensive to that culture's <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a>. For example, the use of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> tribal names or images as <a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">mascots</a>. Author Kevin Bruyneel discuss the damage inflicted on indigenous communities from the overwhelming presence of these symbols, as they often reinforce colonial dynamics and perpetuate stereotypical, Euro- American perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Other examples include people not from the originating culture wearing jewelry or fashion that incorporates religious symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">medicine wheel</a>, or wearing items of deep cultural significance and status that must be earned, such as a <a href="/wiki/War_bonnet" title="War bonnet">war bonnet</a>, without having earned the right.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianWar2-55">[55]</a> Authentic Native American <a href="/wiki/War_bonnet" title="War bonnet">war bonnets</a> are sacred ceremonial items earned by people of high status in a traditional tribal society, much like military medals. People from cultures who have this sacred <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> typically consider it disrespectful and offensive when someone who has not earned the right to wear one dons an authentic or imitation headdress, whether as part of <a href="/wiki/Pretendian" title="Pretendian">pretending to be Native American</a> or as a costume or fashion statement.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianWar2-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-VCU-Wood2-56">[56]</a> Copying iconography from another culture's history, such as <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> tribal tattoos, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a>, and wearing them without regard to their original cultural significance may also be considered appropriation. Critics of the practice of cultural appropriation contend that divorcing iconography from its cultural context or treating it as <a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a> risks offending people who venerate and wish to preserve their cultural traditions.<a href="#cite_note-EOnline1-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-58">[58]</a> A term among Irish people for someone who imitates or misrepresents Irish culture is <a href="/wiki/Plastic_Paddy" title="Plastic Paddy">Plastic Paddy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arrowsmith-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mcloughlin-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Patrick_himself_in_Dublin,_Ohio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Patrick_himself_in_Dublin%2C_Ohio.jpg/220px-St._Patrick_himself_in_Dublin%2C_Ohio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Patrick_himself_in_Dublin%2C_Ohio.jpg/330px-St._Patrick_himself_in_Dublin%2C_Ohio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Patrick_himself_in_Dublin%2C_Ohio.jpg/440px-St._Patrick_himself_in_Dublin%2C_Ohio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Costume is worn by an attendee of Saint Patrick's Day parade in Dublin, Ohio, US</figcaption></figure> The adoption of First Nations' art forms and strong geometric forms was in sympathy with the Arts and Crafts Society's commitment to modernist design but without serious consideration of the ethics of the appropriation of Aboriginal motifs by Western artists.<a href="#cite_note-:7-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> During the 1920s the works of artists like <a href="/wiki/Frances_Derham" title="Frances Derham">Frances Derham</a>, Allan Lowe, Olive Nock borrowed or copied Aboriginal motifs.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-62">[62]</a> In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Preston" title="Margaret Preston">Margaret Preston</a> advocated the use of Indigenous Australian motifs in contemporary art.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-AAA_1-66">[66]</a> In 2017, Canadian visual artist <a href="/wiki/Sue_Coleman" title="Sue Coleman">Sue Coleman</a> garnered negative attention for appropriating and amalgamating styles of Indigenous art into her work. Coleman, who has been accused of "copying and selling Indigenous-style artwork," has described herself as a "translator" of Indigenous art forms, which drew further criticism. In his open letter to Coleman, <a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw">Kwakwak'awakw</a>/<a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a> Artist Carey Newman stressed the importance of artists being accountable within the Indigenous communities as the antidote to appropriation.<a href="#cite_note-Open_letter-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_spirituality">Religion and spirituality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion and spirituality">edit</a>]</div> Many Native Americans have criticized what they deem to be the cultural appropriation of their <a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">sweat lodge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vision_quest" title="Vision quest">vision quest</a> ceremonies by non-Natives, and even by tribes who have not traditionally had these ceremonies. They contend that there are serious safety risks whenever these events are conducted by those who lack the many years of training and cultural immersion required to lead them safely, mentioning the <a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge#Risks" title="Sweat lodge">deaths or injuries</a> in 1996, 2002, 2004, and several high-profile <a href="/wiki/James_Arthur_Ray#"Sweat_lodge"_deaths" title="James Arthur Ray">deaths in 2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The modern <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> movement frequently adopts spiritual ideas and practices from non-Western cultures; according to York, these may include "Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Kahuna" title="Kahuna">Kahuna</a> magic, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture" title="Australian Aboriginal culture">Australian Aboriginal</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">dream-working</a>, South American <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">ayahuasca</a> and San Pedro ceremonies, Hindu <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> and yoga, Chinese Feng Shui, <a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qi Gong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai Chi</a>."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The movement has faced criticism for <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a> exploiting intellectual and cultural property of Indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Mesteth-1993-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hobson-1978-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bindi.jpg/220px-Bindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bindi.jpg/330px-Bindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bindi.jpg/440px-Bindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Bindi</figcaption></figure> From 2020 to the present, there has been a persistent issue regarding the white adoption and convolution of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> (a religion originating from South Asia) religious practices, coining them with the umbrella term of "spirituality". These were practices, including the usage of the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Evil Eye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">Hamsa</a>, etc., that people growing up as Hindus report being bullied for in their past, and even the present.<a href="#cite_note-:6-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] For some members of the South Asian community, the wearing of a <a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">bindi</a> dot as a decorative item by a non-<a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> can be seen as cultural appropriation.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fashion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monet_Japonaise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monet_Japonaise.jpg/220px-Monet_Japonaise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monet_Japonaise.jpg/330px-Monet_Japonaise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monet_Japonaise.jpg/440px-Monet_Japonaise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>'s wife, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Doncieux" title="Camille Doncieux">Camille Doncieux</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a>, 1875</figcaption></figure> Cultural appropriation is controversial in the <a href="/wiki/Fashion_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion industry">fashion industry</a> due to the belief that some trends commercialise and cheapen the ancient heritage of Indigenous cultures.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> There is debate about whether designers and fashion houses understand the history behind the clothing they are taking from different cultures, besides the ethical issues of using these cultures' shared <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> without consent, acknowledgement, or compensation.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> According to Minh-Ha T. Pham, writing for <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic (magazine)">The Atlantic</a>, accusations of cultural appropriation are often defended, instead, as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">cultural appreciation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pham,_2014.-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_the_17th_century_to_the_Victorian_era">From the 17th century to the Victorian era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: From the 17th century to the Victorian era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_IV_in_kilt,_by_Wilkie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/George_IV_in_kilt%2C_by_Wilkie.jpg/220px-George_IV_in_kilt%2C_by_Wilkie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/George_IV_in_kilt%2C_by_Wilkie.jpg/330px-George_IV_in_kilt%2C_by_Wilkie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/George_IV_in_kilt%2C_by_Wilkie.jpg/440px-George_IV_in_kilt%2C_by_Wilkie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> wearing <a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">highland dress</a> during <a href="/wiki/Visit_of_George_IV_to_Scotland" title="Visit of George IV to Scotland">his visit to Scotland in 1822</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">necktie</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Cravat_(early)" title="Cravat (early)">cravat</a> was derived from a scarf worn by Croatian mercenaries fighting for <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and the brightly coloured silk <a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">waistcoats</a> popularised by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> were inspired by Ottoman, Indian, and Persian attire acquired by wealthy European travelers.<a href="#cite_note-Ross-79">[79]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian eras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a>, most prominently <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a>, was appropriated by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlanders</a> (and people from other parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>) as a result of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Scottish national identity</a>. This was spearheaded by writers such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Logan_(writer)" title="James Logan (writer)">James Logan</a>, with Logan's romantic nationalist work The Scottish Gael (1831) leading the Scottish tartan industry to invent <a href="/wiki/Tartan#Clan_tartans" title="Tartan">clan tartans</a> with spurious association to specific <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Highland clans</a>. Tartan rapidly became a desirable material for dresses, waistcoats, and cravats across the Western world as part of process known as "<a href="/wiki/Tartanry" title="Tartanry">tartanry</a>".<a href="#cite_note-BanksdelaChapelle--106-108-80">[80]</a> In the United States, plaid flannel had become <a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">workwear</a> by the time of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">America's westward expansion</a> and was widely worn by white <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">Old West</a> who were not of Scottish descent.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the 21st century, tartan remains ubiquitous in mainstream fashion.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> By the 19th century, the object of fascination among Europeans had shifted to Asian cultures. Regency-era <a href="/wiki/Dandies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandies">dandies</a> adapted the Indian <a href="/wiki/Churidar" title="Churidar">churidars</a> into <a href="/wiki/Skinny_jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Skinny jeans">slim-fitting</a> <a href="/wiki/Trousers#Europe_before_the_20th_century" title="Trousers">pantaloons</a> and frequently wore <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a> within their own houses. Subsequently, Victorian-era gentlemen wore <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">smoking caps</a> based on the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">fez</a>, and fashionable <a href="/wiki/Turn_of_the_century" title="Turn of the century">turn-of-the-century</a> ladies wore <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Japanese-inspired <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a> dresses.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Moreover, this obsession with Orientalism was visible in how one company named its passenger shipping line "The Orient Line".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Tiki_culture" title="Tiki culture">tiki culture</a> fad of the 1950s, white women frequently donned the <a href="/wiki/Qipao" class="mw-redirect" title="Qipao">qipao</a> to give the impression that they had visited <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, although the dresses were frequently made by seamstresses in America using <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a> rather than genuine silk. At the same time, teenage <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy Boy">Teddy Girls</a> wore <a href="/wiki/Asian_conical_hat" title="Asian conical hat">Asian conical hats</a> due to their exotic connotations.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In Mexico, the <a href="/wiki/Sombrero" title="Sombrero">sombrero</a>, which was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> peasant class, was adapted from an earlier hat which was introduced by <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Spanish colonists</a> during the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Sombrero-88">[88]</a> This, in turn, was adapted into the <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">cowboy hat</a> worn by American cowboys after the <a href="/wiki/US_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="US Civil War">US Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sombrero-88">[88]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> prohibited the wearing of sombreros to parties on campus in the belief that these could offend Mexican students,<a href="#cite_note-Shriver-89">[89]</a> a move that was widely criticised.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> American <a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> was copied from the work attire of 19th-century Mexican <a href="/wiki/Vaquero" title="Vaquero">Vaqueros</a>, especially the pointed <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">cowboy boots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guayabera" title="Guayabera">guayabera</a>, which was adapted into the embroidered <a href="/wiki/Western_shirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Western shirt">Western shirt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/China_poblana" title="China poblana">China poblana</a> dress associated with Mexican women was appropriated from the <a href="/wiki/Choli" title="Choli">choli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lehenga" title="Lehenga">lehenga</a> worn by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> maidservants like <a href="/wiki/Catarina_de_San_Juan" title="Catarina de San Juan">Catarina de San Juan</a>, who arrived from Asia from the 17th century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_modern_era">The modern era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The modern era">edit</a>]</div> In Britain, the rough <a href="/wiki/Tweed_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweed cloth">tweed cloth</a> clothing of the English, Irish and Scottish peasantry, including the <a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">flat cap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish hat">Irish hat</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> were adopted by the upper classes as the <a href="/wiki/British_country_clothing" title="British country clothing">British country clothing</a> worn for sports such as hunting or fishing, in imitation of the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Prince of Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The country clothing, in turn, was appropriated by the wealthy American <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)" title="Ivy League (clothes)">Ivy League</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Preppy" title="Preppy">preppy</a> subcultures during the 1950s and 1980s due to both its practicality and its association with the British upper class.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> During the same period, the British comedian <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Cooper" title="Tommy Cooper">Tommy Cooper</a> was known for wearing a <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Fez</a> throughout his performances. When the <a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">keffiyeh</a> became popular in the <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_fashion" title="2000s in fashion">late 2000s</a>, experts made a clear distinction between wearing a genuine scarf and wearing a cheaper, inauthentic one made in China.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian independence">Palestinian independence</a> activists and socialists denounced the wearing of scarves not made in Palestine as a form of cultural appropriation but encouraged fellow <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> and progressively minded non-Muslim students<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> to buy <a href="/wiki/Shemagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemagh">shemaghs</a> made in the Herbawi<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> factory to demonstrate solidarity with the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian people</a> and improve the economy of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Topshop" title="Topshop">Topshop</a> caused controversy by selling Chinese-made <a href="/wiki/Playsuit_(ladies%27_clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Playsuit (ladies' clothing)">playsuits</a> that imitated the keffiyeh pattern.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Several fashion designers and models have featured imitations of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Warbonnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Warbonnet">warbonnets</a> in their fashion shows,<a href="#cite_note-NYTkeene-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-TXLaw-105">[105]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret" title="Victoria's Secret">Victoria's Secret</a> in 2012, when model <a href="/wiki/Karlie_Kloss" title="Karlie Kloss">Karlie Kloss</a> wore one during her walk on the runway; a <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> spokesman called it a "mockery".<a href="#cite_note-USATvs-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> academic <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Keene" title="Adrienne Keene">Adrienne Keene</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">For the [Native American] communities that wear these headdresses, they represent respect, power, and responsibility. The headdress has to be earned, and gifted to a leader in whom the community has placed their trust. When it becomes a cheap commodity anyone can buy and wear to a party, that meaning is erased and disrespected, and Native peoples are reminded that our cultures are still seen as something of the past, as unimportant in contemporary society, and unworthy of respect.<a href="#cite_note-NYTkeene-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-TXLaw-105">[105]</a></blockquote> Both Victoria's Secret and Kloss issued apologies stating that they had no intentions of offending anyone.<a href="#cite_note-USATvs-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In 2016, pop star <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> was widely criticised for wearing a <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">bindi</a> in the music video for the <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Hymn_for_the_Weekend" title="Hymn for the Weekend">Hymn for the Weekend</a>".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The culturally significant <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> festival, <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, has been imitated and incorporated into fashion globally. For example, pop artist <a href="/wiki/Pharrell_Williams" title="Pharrell Williams">Pharrell Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a> collaborated in 2018 to create the Holi-inspired apparel and shoe line, "Hu Holi." The collection was stated to be a "trivialization of traditions-concepts-symbols-beliefs of Hinduism," according to Raja Zed, president of the Universal Society of Hinduism. The collection included many items which contained leather, a violation of Hindu beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a> of the Anglican Church said that the crucifix is "now just a fashion statement and has lost its religious meaning".<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Crucifixes have been incorporated into Japanese <a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">lolita fashion</a> by non-Christians in a cultural context that is distinct from its original meaning as a Christian religious symbol.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Gucci" title="Gucci">Gucci</a> designers were criticised for sending white models for a catwalk at <a href="/wiki/Milan_fashion_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan fashion week">Milan fashion week</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">religious headpiece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-al18-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-ind18-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn18-114">[114]</a> Thousands of members from the Sikh community shared anger and disappointment that the brand had used <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> sacred <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">religious symbol</a> for profit.<a href="#cite_note-al18-112">[112]</a> Traditionally in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, a turban is worn by both men and women as a symbol of piety, honour, and spirituality, however, many people from <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> community, including <a href="/wiki/Avan_Jogia" title="Avan Jogia">Avan Jogia</a>, found it "offensive" and "irresponsible" for a white model wearing a turban.<a href="#cite_note-ind18-113">[113]</a> The popularity of the 2018 Thai period drama "<a href="/wiki/Love_Destiny_(TV_series)" title="Love Destiny (TV series)">Love Destiny</a>," which depicts the Ayutthaya Kingdom era, has sparked a trend of Cambodians adopting traditional Thai clothing, including the <a href="/wiki/Sbai" title="Sbai">Sabai</a> and Thai-style jewelry. This trend raises concerns about cultural appropriation. While this phenomenon might stem from admiration, critics argue that it overshadows unique Cambodian sartorial traditions, potentially leading to a decline in the popularity of garments like the Cambodian <a href="/wiki/Sampot" title="Sampot">Sampot</a>. However, Cambodia also grapples with ensuring the accuracy of its own cultural representations, as evidenced by efforts to regulate costume rentals at Angkor Wat.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_and_Mary_Lowman_in_Japanese_dress,_Seattle,_ca_1909_(MOHAI_7538).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/James_and_Mary_Lowman_in_Japanese_dress%2C_Seattle%2C_ca_1909_%28MOHAI_7538%29.jpg/220px-James_and_Mary_Lowman_in_Japanese_dress%2C_Seattle%2C_ca_1909_%28MOHAI_7538%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/James_and_Mary_Lowman_in_Japanese_dress%2C_Seattle%2C_ca_1909_%28MOHAI_7538%29.jpg/330px-James_and_Mary_Lowman_in_Japanese_dress%2C_Seattle%2C_ca_1909_%28MOHAI_7538%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/James_and_Mary_Lowman_in_Japanese_dress%2C_Seattle%2C_ca_1909_%28MOHAI_7538%29.jpg/440px-James_and_Mary_Lowman_in_Japanese_dress%2C_Seattle%2C_ca_1909_%28MOHAI_7538%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>An example of appropriation showcasing James and Mary Lowman wearing Kimonos, photographed ca 1909.</figcaption></figure> In June of 2019, Kim Kardashian launched a clothing line under the name of "Kimono". This clothing line was centered around shapewear lingerie, and the use of the word "kimono" seemed to largely be a play on words for Kardashian's name. However, as noted to in Kalled's article, there was immediate outrage from the Japanese community, both located in the US and Japan itself. The controversy reached a point where the mayor of Kyoto at the time sent a letter to Kardashian asking her to reconsider the name, and the celebrity eventually relented. In August of the same year, Jes Kalled published an article for Savvy Tokyo. This article spoke on the nature of the controversy and also featured interviews from Japanese citizens concerning the matter, with some feeling confusion and disappointment, while others seemed to dislike the notion of cultural appropriation at all.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hairstyles,_makeup,_and_body_modifications">Hairstyles, makeup, and body modifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hairstyles, makeup, and body modifications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The leaders of ancient Israel condemned the adoption of Egyptian and Canaanite practices, especially cutting the hair short or shaving the beard. At the same time, the Old Testament distinguishes the religious <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrews</a> from cultures, such as the Egyptians, where the practice had aesthetic or practical purposes.</li> <li>During the early 16th century, European men imitated the short, <a href="/wiki/Regular_haircut" title="Regular haircut">regular haircuts</a> and beards on rediscovered <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and Roman statues. The curled hair favoured by the <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a> <a href="/wiki/Dandy" title="Dandy">dandy</a> <a href="/wiki/Beau_Brummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beau Brummel">Beau Brummel</a> was also inspired by the classical era.</li> <li>During the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> began wearing <a href="/wiki/Wig" title="Wig">wigs</a> to conceal his baldness. Like many other French fashions, these were quickly appropriated by <a href="/wiki/Baroque_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque era">baroque era</a> courtiers in England and the rest of Europe, to the extent that men often <a href="/wiki/Head_shaving" title="Head shaving">shaved their heads</a> to ensure their wig fitted properly.</li> <li>American soldiers during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> appropriated the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle" title="Mohawk hairstyle">Mohawk hairstyle</a> of the Native American tribe of the same name to intimidate their enemies. These were later worn by 1950s <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> musicians like <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1980s_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1980s fashion">1980s</a> <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_fashion" title="2000s in fashion">early 2000s</a>, it was popular in the West to get tribal tattoos appropriated from African and <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a>, as well as earlobe piercings known as <a href="/wiki/Plug_(jewellery)" title="Plug (jewellery)">plugs</a>, famously associated with the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Since the early 2000s, it has become increasingly popular for people not of East Asian or South Asian descent to get tattoos of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean letters</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Han_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Han character">Han characters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">traditional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese">simplified</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Japanese</a>), often without knowing the actual meaning of the symbols being used.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 2000, footballer <a href="/wiki/David_Beckham" title="David Beckham">David Beckham</a> received a tattoo in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Beckham does not have Indian heritage.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li>There is debate about non-black people wearing <a href="/wiki/Dreadlocks" title="Dreadlocks">dreadlocks</a> – a hairstyle many associate with African and <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaican</a> <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a> – and whether their doing so is cultural appropriation.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In 2016 a viral video was published of a young black student arguing with a young white student and accusing him of cultural appropriation.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In 2018, white actor <a href="/wiki/Zac_Efron" title="Zac Efron">Zac Efron</a> was accused of cultural appropriation, when he posted a picture of himself in dreadlocks.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li>In Scotland and Ireland, non-speakers of Scottish Gaelic or <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> get tattoos in those languages, often not understanding what their tattoos mean.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascot controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_team_names_and_mascots_derived_from_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sports team names and mascots derived from Indigenous peoples">List of sports team names and mascots derived from Indigenous peoples</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FedExField_-_Redskins_Jaguars_pregame_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FedExField_-_Redskins_Jaguars_pregame_field.jpg/220px-FedExField_-_Redskins_Jaguars_pregame_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FedExField_-_Redskins_Jaguars_pregame_field.jpg/330px-FedExField_-_Redskins_Jaguars_pregame_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FedExField_-_Redskins_Jaguars_pregame_field.jpg/440px-FedExField_-_Redskins_Jaguars_pregame_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Redskins">Washington Redskins</a> logo in Maryland</figcaption></figure> While the history of colonisation and <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalisation</a> is not unique to the Americas, the practice of non-Native sports teams deriving team names, imagery, and mascots from Indigenous peoples is still common in the United States and Canada and has persisted in some extent despite protests from Indigenous groups. Cornel Pewewardy, Professor and Director of Indigenous Nations Studies at <a href="/wiki/Portland_State_University" title="Portland State University">Portland State University</a>, cites Indigenous mascots as an example of dysconscious racism which, by placing images of Native American or First Nations people into an invented media context, continues to maintain the superiority of the dominant culture.<a href="#cite_note-Pewewardy.1999-127">[127]</a> It is argued that such practices maintain the power relationship between the dominant culture and the Indigenous culture and can be seen as a form of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Such practices may be seen as particularly harmful in schools and universities that have a stated purpose of promoting ethnic diversity and inclusion.<a href="#cite_note-usccr-130">[130]</a> In recognition of the responsibility of higher education to eliminate behaviours that create a hostile environment for education, in 2005, the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> initiated <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Native_American_mascot_decision" title="NCAA Native American mascot decision">a policy</a> against "hostile and abusive" names and mascots that led to the change of many derived from Native American culture, with the exception of those that established an agreement with particular tribes for the use of their specific names. Other schools retain their names because they were founded for the education of Native Americans and continue to have a significant number of Indigenous students. The trend towards the elimination of Indigenous names and mascots in local schools has been steady, with two-thirds having been eliminated over the past 50 years, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a> (NCAI).<a href="#cite_note-NCAI-131">[131]</a> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a>, in what the <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> called an unusual move, approved of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles" title="Florida State Seminoles">Florida State Seminoles</a> use of their historical leader, <a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa">Appaloosa</a> horse as the mascots <a href="/wiki/Osceola_and_Renegade" title="Osceola and Renegade">Osceola and Renegade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPR.Seminole-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo.Seminole-133">[133]</a> After the NCAA attempted to ban the use of Native American names and iconography in college sports in 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a> passed a resolution offering explicit support for FSU's depiction of aspects of Florida Seminole culture and Osceola as a mascot. The university was granted a waiver, citing the close relationship with, and ongoing consultation between, the team and the Florida tribe.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo.Seminole-133">[133]</a> In 2013, the tribe's chairman objected to outsiders meddling in tribal approval, stating that the FSU mascot and use of Florida State Seminole iconography "represents the courage of the people who were here and are still here, known as the Unconquered Seminoles".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Conversely, in 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a> expressed disapproval of "the use of all American Indian sports-team mascots in the public school system, by college and university level and by professional sports teams". Additionally, not all members of the Florida State Seminoles are supportive of the stance taken by their leadership on this issue.<a href="#cite_note-NPR.Seminole-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo.Seminole-133">[133]</a> In other former colonies in Asia, Africa, and South America, the adoption of Indigenous names for majority Indigenous teams is also found. There are also ethnically related team names derived from prominent immigrant populations in the area, such as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Celtics" title="Boston Celtics">Boston Celtics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish" title="Notre Dame Fighting Irish">Notre Dame Fighting Irish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings" title="Minnesota Vikings">Minnesota Vikings</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> The history of jazz and improvisational music has been one of many misconstrued details. Many scholars argue that jazz music is rooted in African American culture, specifically the practice of "<a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">scatting"</a>, or improvisational singing. Scholar George E. Lewis highlights the major differences between "Afrological" and "Eurological" perceptions of music, the former being more concerned with conveying personal expression and community experiences while the latter is more focused on adherence to a typical musical structure. This "Eurological" perception of music, Lewis argues, often leads to the simplifying of black improvisational music, labeling it as "folk" or "pop" music, while the title of "high art" is saved for European forms of classical music. This distinction highlights a pattern of cultural appropriation, one in which a form of African American music, such as jazz, is borrowed, and commodified by artists from outside communities, sometimes obscuring the original context and cultural signifigance. <a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The phenomenon of white people adopting elements of black culture has been prevalent, at least since <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> was <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolished</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. The concept has been documented in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and other white-majority countries. An early form of this was the white negro in the <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing music</a> scenes of the 1920s and 1930s, as examined in the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> essay "<a href="/wiki/The_White_Negro" title="The White Negro">The White Negro</a>". It was later seen in the <a href="/wiki/Zoot_suit" title="Zoot suit">zoot suiter</a> of the 1930s and 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Hipster_(1940s_subculture)" title="Hipster (1940s subculture)">hipster</a> of the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">beatnik</a> of the 1950s–1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul" title="Blue-eyed soul">blue-eyed soul</a> of the 1970s, and the hip hop of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1993, an article in the UK newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> described the phenomenon of white, middle-class kids who were "wannabe Blacks".<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The year 2005 saw the publication of Why White Kids Love Hip Hop: Wangstas, Wiggers, Wannabes, and the New Reality of Race in America by Bakari Kitwana, "a culture critic who's been tracking American hip hop for years".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_American_culture">African American culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: African American culture">edit</a>]</div> Robert A. Clift's documentary Blacking Up: Hip-Hop's Remix of Race and Identity questions white enthusiasts of black hip-hop culture. Clift's documentary examines "racial and cultural ownership and authenticity – a path that begins with the stolen blackness seen in the success of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a> –  up to <a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Ice" title="Vanilla Ice">Vanilla Ice</a> ... and <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>".<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-138">[138]</a> A review of the documentary refers to the wiggers as "white <a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">poseurs</a>", and states that the term wigger "is used both proudly and derisively to describe white enthusiasts of black hip-hop culture".<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-138">[138]</a> The term "blackfishing" was popularised in 2018 by writer Wanna Thompson, describing female white social media <a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">influencers</a> who adopt a look perceived to be associated with black people, including braided hair, dark skin from tanning or make-up, full lips, and large thighs. Critics argue they take attention and opportunities from black influencers by appropriating their aesthetics and have likened the trend to <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Florida State University's Alisha Gaines, author of Black for a Day: Fantasies of Race and Empathy, said blackfishing allowed non-Black people to appropriate what is commonly considered "cool" about Blackness while still avoiding the negative consequences, such as "racism and state violence".<a href="#cite_note-:3-142">[142]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Health_(magazine)" title="Health (magazine)">Health.com</a>, it is an "inverse form" of <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">passing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-142">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_Women%27s_March_Naps...woke_(39095060964).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Calgary_Women%27s_March_Naps...woke_%2839095060964%29.jpg/220px-Calgary_Women%27s_March_Naps...woke_%2839095060964%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Calgary_Women%27s_March_Naps...woke_%2839095060964%29.jpg/330px-Calgary_Women%27s_March_Naps...woke_%2839095060964%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Calgary_Women%27s_March_Naps...woke_%2839095060964%29.jpg/440px-Calgary_Women%27s_March_Naps...woke_%2839095060964%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>White protestors in 2018 carrying placards using the term woke</figcaption></figure>Additionally, African Americans have been accused of cultural appropriation by people from Africa. This has been disputed, as members of the diaspora have claimed a link to Africa, but those from Africa have disputed it.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martial_arts">Martial arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Martial arts">edit</a>]</div> In China, there is longstanding resentment of the Japanese schools of karate for stealing, imitating, and claiming credit for the forms of <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu">kung fu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Before the 1970s, most <a href="/wiki/Sifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifu">sifu</a> disapproved of teaching kung fu to non-Chinese students.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In the mid-20th century, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a> was itself appropriated by American soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> gained popularity in the 21st century, practitioners have appropriated and combined Chinese, Japanese and <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Thai</a> techniques with Western-style boxing, wrestling, and kickboxing.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Some authors have expressed the opinion, that in many cases, the study of martial arts by members of other countries and nationalities is not a form of negative 'appropriation', but rather that of appreciation.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In Okinawa for example, unlike in China, the locals considered the Chinese origins of Karate to be an honorable thing to mention, and not a form of cultural theft.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> During the 2023 Southeast Asian (SEA) Games in Cambodia, a controversy emerged when Cambodian martial arts competitions adopted Muay Thai rules, leading to allegations of cultural appropriation. Critics argued that this disrespected Thai cultural heritage and overshadowed Cambodian martial arts like Bokator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muaythai.sport/">The International Federation of Muaythai Associations (IFMA)</a> intervened, threatening fines and bans for countries participating in the Kun Khmer events under these rules. This prompted Thailand to boycott the SEA Games, further straining relations between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The popularity of Bokator has been partly influenced by international media, such as Tony Jaa's portrayal of martial arts in the "<a href="/wiki/Tom-Yum-Goong" title="Tom-Yum-Goong">Tom Yum Goong</a>" movie series. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Jaa" title="Tony Jaa">Tony Jaa</a>, a renowned Thai martial artist, showcased traditional techniques that have inspired martial arts enthusiasts globally, including in Cambodia. This highlights the complex interplay of cultural pride and appropriation in the region.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the use of incorrect <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> in a tokenistic fashion aimed at non-Gaelic speakers on signage and announcements has been criticised as disrespectful to fluent speakers of the language.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_film" title="Whitewashing in film">Whitewashing in film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Color-blind_casting" title="Color-blind casting">Color-blind casting</a></div> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(2017_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a>, which is based on the <a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">seinen manga</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(manga)" title="Ghost in the Shell (manga)">Ghost in the Shell</a> by <a href="/wiki/Masamune_Shirow" title="Masamune Shirow">Masamune Shirow</a>, provoked disputes over whitewashing. <a href="/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson" title="Scarlett Johansson">Scarlett Johansson</a>, a white actress, took the role of <a href="/wiki/Motoko_Kusanagi" title="Motoko Kusanagi">Motoko Kusanagi</a>, a Japanese character.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-159">[159]</a> This was seen as cultural appropriation by some Western fans of the original manga who expected the role to be taken by an Asian or Asian-American actor.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-159">[159]</a> However, Japanese fans' reactions ranged from neutral to warm feelings about Scarlett Johansson starring in the film, with some fans expressing the sentiment that it would be better to have an actress with no ties to Asia play the character than to have a non-Japanese Asian pretend to be Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> People in the transgender community have protested against the casting of <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">straight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> actors in trans acting roles, such as when <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne" title="Eddie Redmayne">Eddie Redmayne</a> played the role of artist Lili Elbe in the film <a href="/wiki/The_Danish_Girl_(film)" title="The Danish Girl (film)">The Danish Girl</a> and when <a href="/wiki/Jared_Leto" title="Jared Leto">Jared Leto</a> played the role of a trans woman named Rayon in <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Buyers_Club" title="Dallas Buyers Club">Dallas Buyers Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caruso-161">[161]</a> Some in the gay community have expressed concerns about the use of straight actors to play gay characters; this occurs in films such as <a href="/wiki/Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(film)" title="Call Me by Your Name (film)">Call Me by Your Name</a> (straight actors <a href="/wiki/Armie_Hammer" title="Armie Hammer">Armie Hammer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet" title="Timothée Chalamet">Timothée Chalamet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain" title="Brokeback Mountain">Brokeback Mountain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heath_Ledger" title="Heath Ledger">Heath Ledger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jake_Gyllenhaal" title="Jake Gyllenhaal">Jake Gyllenhaal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(film)" title="Philadelphia (film)">Philadelphia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a>), <a href="/wiki/Capote_(film)" title="Capote (film)">Capote</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philip_Seymour_Hoffman" title="Philip Seymour Hoffman">Philip Seymour Hoffman</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Milk_(2008_American_film)" title="Milk (2008 American film)">Milk</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a> playing the role of the real-life gay rights activist, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a>).<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In the other direction, gay actors playing straight roles, Andrew Haigh, the writer-director, said, "You rarely see a gay actor applauded for playing straight".<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Jay Caruso calls these controversies "wholly manufactured" on the grounds that the actors "are playing a role" using the "art of acting".<a href="#cite_note-Caruso-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Holidays">edit</a>]</div> During <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>, some people buy, wear, and sell Halloween costumes based on cultural or racial <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller1-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Escobar1-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-KJohnson-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-AZpbs-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> There have been public protests calling for the end to the manufacture and sales of these costumes and connecting their "degrading" portrayals of Indigenous women to the <a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a> (MMIW) crisis.<a href="#cite_note-AZpbs-166">[166]</a> In some cases, theme parties have been held where attendees are encouraged to dress up as stereotypes of a certain racial group.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller1-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Escobar1-165">[165]</a> A number of these parties have been held at colleges and at times other than Halloween, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller1-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Escobar1-165">[165]</a> For example, non-Romani people wear <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> costumes despite Romani people experiencing everyday racism and stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The government of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> has been accused of cultural appropriation in adopting the Caribbean <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a> and marketing it to African American tourists as an "African festival".<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance_and_performance">Dance and performance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dance and performance">edit</a>]</div> The Boy Scouts of America-associated <a href="/wiki/Koshare_Indian_Museum_and_Dancers" title="Koshare Indian Museum and Dancers">Koshare Indian Museum and Dancers</a> were noted in <a href="/wiki/Playing_Indian" title="Playing Indian">Playing Indian</a> by Native American historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Deloria" title="Philip J. Deloria">Philip J. Deloria</a>, referring to them as an example of "object hobbyists" who adopt the material culture of Indigenous peoples of the past ("the vanishing Indian") while failing to engage with contemporary native peoples or acknowledge the history of conquest and dispossession.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In the 1950s, the head councilman of the Zuni Pueblo saw a performance and said: "We know your hearts are good, but even with good hearts you have done a bad thing". In <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni culture</a>, religious objects and practices are only for those who have earned the right to participate, following techniques and prayers that have been handed down for generations.<a href="#cite_note-Shalako-173">[173]</a> The objections from some Native Americans towards such dance teams centre on the idea that the dance performances are a form of cultural appropriation that places dance and costumes in inappropriate contexts devoid of their true meaning, sometimes mixing elements from different tribes.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In contrast, the dance teams state that "[their] goal is to preserve Native American dance and heritage through the creation of dance regalia, dancing, and teaching others about the Native American culture".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In 2013, pop star Katy Perry drew criticism for her "geisha-style" performance at the American Music Awards, in which she and her backup dancers donned kimonos, heavy powdered face makeup, and colourful parasols, among other East Asian cultural items. Netizens declared Perry's actions appropriative and harmful to East Asian cultures.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_and_sexuality">Gender and sexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gender and sexuality">edit</a>]</div> Some heterosexual individuals controversially <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">self-identify</a> by the term "<a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">queer heterosexual</a>".<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> As queer is generally defined either as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AHD-queer-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> or defined as "non-heterosexual",<a href="#cite_note-oed-181">[181]</a> this appropriation of queer by cisgender, heterosexual individuals has been highly contested by <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBT people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-appropriation-182">[182]</a> One reason is that the term has a long history of use as a slur for LGBT people.<a href="#cite_note-Origins-183">[183]</a> LGBT people who consider this use of the term <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a> by heterosexual people to be inappropriate say that it is patently offensive because it involves members of the dominant culture, who do not experience oppression for their sexual orientation or gender identity, appropriating what they see as the fashionable parts of the terminology and identities of those who are oppressed for their sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-appropriation-182">[182]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For someone who is homosexual and queer, a straight person identifying as queer can feel like choosing to appropriate the good bits, the cultural and political cache [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], the clothes and the sound of gay culture, without the laugh riot of gay-bashing, teen shame, adult shame, shame-shame, and the internalized homophobia of lived gay experience.<a href="#cite_note-appropriation-182">[182]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses">Responses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Responses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_cultures">Indigenous cultures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Indigenous cultures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caroline_Burke_and_friends_dressed_in_Native_American_costume_on_the_porch_of_her_home,_Seattle,_Washington,_1909_(AYP_88).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Caroline_Burke_and_friends_dressed_in_Native_American_costume_on_the_porch_of_her_home%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_1909_%28AYP_88%29.jpeg/220px-Caroline_Burke_and_friends_dressed_in_Native_American_costume_on_the_porch_of_her_home%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_1909_%28AYP_88%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Caroline_Burke_and_friends_dressed_in_Native_American_costume_on_the_porch_of_her_home%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_1909_%28AYP_88%29.jpeg/330px-Caroline_Burke_and_friends_dressed_in_Native_American_costume_on_the_porch_of_her_home%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_1909_%28AYP_88%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Caroline_Burke_and_friends_dressed_in_Native_American_costume_on_the_porch_of_her_home%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_1909_%28AYP_88%29.jpeg/440px-Caroline_Burke_and_friends_dressed_in_Native_American_costume_on_the_porch_of_her_home%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington%2C_1909_%28AYP_88%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> dressed up in Native American outfits (1909)</figcaption></figure> Among critics, the misuse and misrepresentation of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous cultures">indigenous cultures</a> are seen as an exploitative form of colonialism and one step in the destruction of Indigenous cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Wernitznig2-184">[184]</a> The results of this appropriation of Indigenous knowledge have led some tribes and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> to issue several declarations on the subject. The Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality includes the passage: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We assert a posture of zero-tolerance for any "white man's shaman" who rises from within our own communities to "authorize" the expropriation of our ceremonial ways by non-Indians; all such "<a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">plastic medicine men</a>" are enemies of the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota people.<a href="#cite_note-LDNwar12-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-taliman1-185">[185]</a></blockquote> Article 31 1 of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Indigenous peoples have the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">right to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_cultural_expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional cultural expressions">traditional cultural expressions</a>, as well as the manifestations of their sciences, technologies, and cultures, including human and genetic resources, seeds, medicines, knowledge of the properties of fauna and flora, oral traditions, literatures, designs, sports and traditional games and visual and performing arts. They also have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their intellectual property over such cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions.<a href="#cite_note-UNDRIP2-23">[23]</a></blockquote> In 2015, a group of Native American academics and writers stated the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Family" title="Rainbow Family">Rainbow Family</a> members whose acts of "cultural exploitation... dehumanize us as an indigenous Nation because they imply our culture and humanity, like our land, is anyone's for the taking".<a href="#cite_note-HeSapa-186">[186]</a> In writing about <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a> (NARF), board member Professor Rebecca Tsosie stresses the importance of these property rights being held collectively, not by individuals: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The long-term goal is to actually have a legal system, and certainly a treaty could do that, that acknowledges two things. Number one, it acknowledges that indigenous peoples are people with a right to self-determination that includes governance rights over all property belonging to the indigenous people. And, number two, it acknowledges that indigenous cultural expressions are a form of intellectual property and that traditional knowledge is a form of intellectual property, but they are collective resources – so not any one individual can give away the rights to those resources. The tribal nations actually own them collectively.<a href="#cite_note-Tsosie-187">[187]</a></blockquote> In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Aboriginal artists</a> have discussed an "authenticity brand" to ensure consumers are aware of artworks claiming false Aboriginal significance.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The movement for such a measure gained momentum after the 1999 conviction of John O'Loughlin for selling paintings that he falsely described as the work of Aboriginal artist <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Possum_Tjapaltjarri" title="Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri">Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_concept">Criticism of the concept</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism of the concept">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/John_McWhorter" title="John McWhorter">John McWhorter</a>, an African-American professor at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, criticised the concept in 2014, arguing that cultural borrowing and cross-fertilisation are generally positive things and are something which is usually done out of admiration and with no intent to harm the cultures being imitated; he also argued that the specific term "appropriation", which can mean theft, is misleading when applied to something like culture that is inherently not a <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">limited resource</a>, and therefore is not taken away from anyone by imitating it.<a href="#cite_note-McWhorter-191">[191]</a> Idrees M. Kahloon of The Harvard Crimson largely criticized the concept in 2015, arguing that while cultural appropriation had some merits, much of the discourse surrounding it was misrepresentative and self-indulgent. Citing the culture surrounding contemporary music as an example of the poor discourse he said: "Music for example is the area of entertainment media where you'll find the majority of these meaningless criticisms. Iggy Azalea is criticized for stealing black accents and body imagery. Isn't promoting diversity something most fans of this medium generally support?"<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Another critic of the concept, Chris Berg, argues that culture is "just the current manifestation of a long evolutionary process" in which cultural elements constantly evolve when is contact with other cultures. His assertion then is that opponents of cultural appropriation are actually involved in "a deeply conservative project", one that "first seeks to preserve... the content of an established culture and second tries [to] prevent others from interacting with that culture" ultimately inhibiting the positive relationships created by cultural exchange.<a href="#cite_note-Bogeyman2-193">[193]</a> In 2016, author <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Shriver" title="Lionel Shriver">Lionel Shriver</a> said that authors from a cultural majority have a right to write in the voice of someone from a cultural minority, attacking the idea that this constitutes cultural appropriation. Referring to a case in which U.S. college students were facing disciplinary action for wearing <a href="/wiki/Sombrero" title="Sombrero">sombreros</a> to a "tequila party", she said: "The moral of the sombrero scandals is clear: you're not supposed to try on other people's hats. Yet that's what we're paid to do, isn't it? Step into other people's shoes, and try on their hats."<a href="#cite_note-Shriver-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In 2018, conservative columnist <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Jonah Goldberg</a> described cultural appropriation as a positive thing and dismissed opposition to it as a product of some people's desire to be offended.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Kwame Anthony Appiah</a>, ethics columnist for the New York Times, said that the term cultural appropriation incorrectly labels contemptuous behaviour as a <a href="/wiki/Property_crime" title="Property crime">property crime</a>. According to Appiah, "The key question in the use of symbols or regalia associated with another identity group is not: What are my rights of ownership? Rather it's: Are my actions disrespectful?"<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Upon winning the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Evaristo" title="Bernardine Evaristo">Bernardine Evaristo</a> dismissed the concept of cultural appropriation, stating that it is ridiculous to demand of writers that they not "write beyond [their] own culture".<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Another critique comes from <a href="/wiki/Yascha_Mounk" title="Yascha Mounk">Yascha Mounk</a>, stating in his book The People vs Democracy (2018), the problem with cultural appropriation necessarily acknowledges a purist conception of culture, it being linked to the building of an mono-ethnical common identity, which appropriates itself of some rites and traits. He argues that no symbols or traditions minoritarian culture should be denigrated or mocked. But it does open the door to what he calls "historical nonsense".<a href="#cite_note-:12-199">[199]</a> However, cultures have never been completely defined, as they have inspired from one and another, and have thus enriched their own. The segmentation in well-defined cultures works the same way as far right leaders in their views of identity and the defence of their nation, that should not include "foreign influences on their national cultures".<a href="#cite_note-:12-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_music" title="Crossover music">Crossover music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">Cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">Exoticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvinism" title="Litvinism">Litvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)#Passing_as_African_American_and_other_races" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing as African American and other races</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)#Passing_as_Indigenous_Americans" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing as Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_effect" title="Pizza effect">Pizza effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_food_in_the_Arab-Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of food in the Arab-Israeli conflict">Politics of food in the Arab-Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretendian" title="Pretendian">Pretendian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial fetishism">Racial fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_misrepresentation" title="Racial misrepresentation">Racial misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fourmile268-9-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fourmile268-9_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fourmile268-9_1-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Marrie" title="Henrietta Marrie">Fourmile, Henrietta</a> (1996). "Making things work: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Involvement in Bioregional Planning" in Approaches to bioregional planning. Part 2. Background Papers to the conference; 30 October – 1 November 1995, Melbourne; Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories. Canberra. pp. 268–269: "The [western] intellectual property rights system and the (mis)appropriation of Indigenous knowledge without the prior knowledge and consent of Indigenous peoples evoke feelings of anger, or being cheated" </li> <li id="cite_note-RoyalRipOff-2"><a href="#cite_ref-RoyalRipOff_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/20/1061261182182.html">"A right royal rip-off"</a>. The Age. Australia. 20 August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818171622/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/20/1061261182182.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2014. 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Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Online+platforms%2C+economic+integration+and+Europe%27s+rent-seeking+society%3A+Why+online+platforms+deliver+on+what+EU+governments+fail+to+achieve+PDF+Logo&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=ECIPE&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F202508&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10419%2F202508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArya2021" class="citation journal cs1">Arya, Rina (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsoc4.12923">"Cultural appropriation: What it is and why it matters?"</a>. 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(1 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oxyOsvs4Zw0C">Cultural Appropriation and the Arts</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3271-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-3271-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062643/https://books.google.com/books?id=oxyOsvs4Zw0C">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Appropriation+and+the+Arts&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3271-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=James+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoxyOsvs4Zw0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young59-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Young59_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2010" class="citation book cs1">Young, James O. (1 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oxyOsvs4Zw0C">Cultural Appropriation and the Arts</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3271-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-3271-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062643/https://books.google.com/books?id=oxyOsvs4Zw0C">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Appropriation+and+the+Arts&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3271-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=James+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoxyOsvs4Zw0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houska-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Houska_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouska" class="citation web cs1">Houska, Tara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419132337/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/04/16/houska-i-didnt-know-doesnt-cut-it-anymore-160051">"'I Didn't Know' Doesn't Cut It Anymore"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Country_Today_Media_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Country Today Media Network">Indian Country Today Media Network</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/04/16/houska-i-didnt-know-doesnt-cut-it-anymore-160051">the original</a> on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today+Media+Network&rft.atitle=%27I+Didn%27t+Know%27+Doesn%27t+Cut+It+Anymore&rft.aulast=Houska&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com%2F2015%2F04%2F16%2Fhouska-i-didnt-know-doesnt-cut-it-anymore-160051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> On imitation Native headdresses as "the embodiment of cultural appropriation ... donning a highly sacred piece of Native culture like a fashion accessory". </li> <li id="cite_note-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaceda2014" class="citation web cs1">Caceda, Eden (14 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/comment/our-cultures-are-not-your-costumes-20141114-11myp4.html">"Our cultures are not your costumes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913100231/http://www.smh.com.au/comment/our-cultures-are-not-your-costumes-20141114-11myp4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Our+cultures+are+not+your+costumes&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft.aulast=Caceda&rft.aufirst=Eden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fcomment%2Four-cultures-are-not-your-costumes-20141114-11myp4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyde2009" class="citation book cs1">Ryde, Judy (15 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beingwhiteinhelp0000ryde">Being White in the Helping Professions</a>. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84310-936-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84310-936-5"><bdi>978-1-84310-936-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+White+in+the+Helping+Professions&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84310-936-5&rft.aulast=Ryde&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeingwhiteinhelp0000ryde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartigan2005" class="citation book cs1">Hartigan, John (24 October 2005). Odd Tribes: Toward a Cultural Analysis of White People. Duke University Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3584-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3584-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-3584-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odd+Tribes%3A+Toward+a+Cultural+Analysis+of+White+People&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press+Books&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3584-9&rft.aulast=Hartigan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkafor2013" class="citation web cs1">Okafor, Udoka (4 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/udoka-okafor/cultural-appropriation_b_4363916.html">"Cultural Appropriation: The Act of Stealing and Corrupting"</a>. Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707144241/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/udoka-okafor/cultural-appropriation_b_4363916.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Cultural+Appropriation%3A+The+Act+of+Stealing+and+Corrupting&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.aulast=Okafor&rft.aufirst=Udoka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fudoka-okafor%2Fcultural-appropriation_b_4363916.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Richard A. (1 November 2006). "From Cultural Exchange to Transculturation: A Review and Reconceptualisation of Cultural Appropriation". Communication Theory. 16 (4): 474–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2885.2006.00277.x">10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00277.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2885">1468-2885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Theory&rft.atitle=From+Cultural+Exchange+to+Transculturation%3A+A+Review+and+Reconceptualisation+of+Cultural+Appropriation&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=474-503&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2885.2006.00277.x&rft.issn=1468-2885&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarman2017" class="citation news cs1">Carman, Tim (26 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/food/wp/2017/05/26/should-white-chefs-sell-burritos-a-portland-restaurants-revealing-controversy/">"Should white chefs sell burritos? A Portland food cart's revealing controversy"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704174522/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/food/wp/2017/05/26/should-white-chefs-sell-burritos-a-portland-restaurants-revealing-controversy/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Should+white+chefs+sell+burritos%3F+A+Portland+food+cart%27s+revealing+controversy&rft.date=2017-05-26&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Ffood%2Fwp%2F2017%2F05%2F26%2Fshould-white-chefs-sell-burritos-a-portland-restaurants-revealing-controversy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindtnerAndersonDourish2012" class="citation conference cs1">Lindtner, S.; Anderson, K.; Dourish, P. (11–15 February 2012). "Cultural appropriation: information technologies as sites of transnational imagination". CSCW '12: Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2145204.2145220">10.1145/2145204.2145220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4464439">4464439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Cultural+appropriation%3A+information+technologies+as+sites+of+transnational+imagination&rft.btitle=CSCW+%2712%3A+Proceedings+of+the+ACM+2012+conference+on+Computer+Supported+Cooperative+Work&rft.date=2012-02-11%2F2012-02-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2145204.2145220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4464439%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lindtner&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+K.&rft.au=Dourish%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgersonSchroeder2021" class="citation web cs1">Borgerson, Janet; Schroeder, Jonathan (21 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isrf.org/2021/05/21/midcentury-dance-records-and-representations-of-identity/">"Midcentury Dance Records and Representations of Identity"</a>. Independent Social Research Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522193849/https://www.isrf.org/2021/05/21/midcentury-dance-records-and-representations-of-identity/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+Social+Research+Foundation&rft.atitle=Midcentury+Dance+Records+and+Representations+of+Identity&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft.aulast=Borgerson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isrf.org%2F2021%2F05%2F21%2Fmidcentury-dance-records-and-representations-of-identity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgersonSchroeder2021" class="citation book cs1">Borgerson, Janet; Schroeder, Jonathan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1230460986">DESIGNED FOR DANCING : how midcentury records taught america to dance</a>. [S.l.]: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04433-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04433-2"><bdi>978-0-262-04433-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1230460986">1230460986</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062650/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1230460986">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DESIGNED+FOR+DANCING+%3A+how+midcentury+records+taught+america+to+dance.&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1230460986&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04433-2&rft.aulast=Borgerson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1230460986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavazos2022" class="citation web cs1">Cavazos, Elsa (4 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2022/08/11074418/spa-water-agua-fresca-appropriation-tiktok">"I Almost Choked On My Agua Fresca When I Learned About Spa Water"</a>. refinery29.com. Refinery 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805024926/https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2022/08/11074418/spa-water-agua-fresca-appropriation-tiktok">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022. <q>In July, TikToker Gracie Norton shared multiple videos of her mixing together a fruity anti-inflammatory drink she called spa water with her more than 500,000 followers.The since-deleted videos caused a stir, especially among Latines on the social network, who responded to Norton's cucumber, water, and sugar blend by calling the drink what it actually is — agua fresca — and her alleged discovery of the so-called "wellness drink" as another example of culinary appropriation and/or food gentrification.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=refinery29.com&rft.atitle=I+Almost+Choked+On+My+Agua+Fresca+When+I+Learned+About+Spa+Water&rft.date=2022-08-04&rft.aulast=Cavazos&rft.aufirst=Elsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refinery29.com%2Fen-us%2F2022%2F08%2F11074418%2Fspa-water-agua-fresca-appropriation-tiktok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagán2022" class="citation web cs1">Pagán, Angela L. (28 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetakeout.com/tiktok-spa-water-street-corn-and-cultural-appropriation-1849338861">"How TikTok Is Messing With Latinx Food, and Why It Needs to Stop"</a>. thetakeout.com. The Take Out. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010236/https://thetakeout.com/tiktok-spa-water-street-corn-and-cultural-appropriation-1849338861">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022. <q>By calling esquites Mexican street corn, TikTok influencers like @janellerohnerare essentially rebranding the recipe as if it's something newly concocted by the internet. We don't call spaghetti 'Italian sauce noodles,' so why rename this traditional piece of Mexican cuisine?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thetakeout.com&rft.atitle=How+TikTok+Is+Messing+With+Latinx+Food%2C+and+Why+It+Needs+to+Stop&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft.aulast=Pag%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Angela+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetakeout.com%2Ftiktok-spa-water-street-corn-and-cultural-appropriation-1849338861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scafidi2-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Scafidi2_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScafidi2005" class="citation book cs1">Scafidi, Susan (2005). Who Owns Culture?: Appropriation and Authenticity in American Law (Rutgers Series: The Public Life of the Arts). Rutgers University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Owns+Culture%3F%3A+Appropriation+and+Authenticity+in+American+Law+%28Rutgers+Series%3A+The+Public+Life+of+the+Arts%29&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Scafidi&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LDNwar12-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LDNwar12_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDNwar12_17-1">b</a> Mesteth, Wilmer, et al (10 June 1993) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/ladecwar.htm">Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209203058/http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/ladecwar.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "At the Lakota Summit V, an international gathering of US and Canadian Lakota, Dakota and Nakota Nations, about 500 representatives from 40 different tribes and bands of the Lakota unanimously passed a 'Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality'. The following declaration was unanimously passed." </li> <li id="cite_note-HopiDances2-18"><a href="#cite_ref-HopiDances2_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable2016" class="citation news cs1">Constable, Anne (3 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/hopis-say-boy-scout-performances-make-mockery-of-tradition-religion/article_d548665e-5767-5132-93e9-5d041b935d42.html">"Hopis say Boy Scout performances make mockery of tradition, religion"</a>. Santa Fe New Mexican. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109072709/https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/hopis-say-boy-scout-performances-make-mockery-of-tradition-religion/article_d548665e-5767-5132-93e9-5d041b935d42.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. 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Retrieved 2 September 2019. <q>In a general sense, these rights are considered to be 'owned', and managed communally, or collectively, rather than inhering in particular individuals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Peoples+and+Intellectual+Property+Rights+%E2%80%93+Indigenous+Peoples+and+Cultural+Appropriation&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fabout_parliament%2Fparliamentary_departments%2Fparliamentary_library%2Fpubs%2Frp%2Frp9697%2F97rp20%23PROPERT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CollectivePanama2-20"><a href="#cite_ref-CollectivePanama2_20-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/databases/tklaws/articles/article_0107.html">Special System for the Collective Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418163813/https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/databases/tklaws/articles/article_0107.html">Archived</a> 2019-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at World Intellectual Property Organization. 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Canberra. pp. 268–269: "The [western] intellectual property rights system and the (mis)appropriation of Indigenous knowledge without the prior knowledge and consent of Indigenous peoples evoke feelings of anger, or being cheated" </li> <li id="cite_note-UNDRIP2-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNDRIP2_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDRIP2_23-1">b</a> Working Group on Indigenous Populations, accepted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/512/07/PDF/N0651207.pdf?OpenElement">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112013/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/512/07/PDF/N0651207.pdf?OpenElement">Archived</a> 26 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; UN Headquarters; New York City (13 September 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-Rainforest2-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Rainforest2_24-0">^</a> Rainforest Aboriginal Network (1993) Julayinbul: Aboriginal Intellectual and Cultural Property Definitions, Ownership and Strategies for Protection. Rainforest Aboriginal Network. Cairns. Page 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Jason Baird (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/783863/pdf">"On Cultural Appropriation"</a>. Journal of Folklore Research. 58 (1): 77–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjfolkrese.58.1.04">10.2979/jfolkrese.58.1.04</a> – via Project Muse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Folklore+Research&rft.atitle=On+Cultural+Appropriation&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-122&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fjfolkrese.58.1.04&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Jason+Baird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F783863%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houska2-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houska2_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houska2_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouska" class="citation web cs1">Houska, Tara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419132337/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/04/16/houska-i-didnt-know-doesnt-cut-it-anymore-160051">"'I Didn't Know' Doesn't Cut It Anymore"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Country_Today_Media_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Country Today Media Network">Indian Country Today Media Network</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/04/16/houska-i-didnt-know-doesnt-cut-it-anymore-160051">the original</a> on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today+Media+Network&rft.atitle=%27I+Didn%27t+Know%27+Doesn%27t+Cut+It+Anymore&rft.aulast=Houska&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com%2F2015%2F04%2F16%2Fhouska-i-didnt-know-doesnt-cut-it-anymore-160051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> On imitation Native headdresses as "the embodiment of cultural appropriation ... donning a highly sacred piece of Native culture like a fashion accessory". </li> <li id="cite_note-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation2-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation2_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaceda2014" class="citation web cs1">Caceda, Eden (14 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/comment/our-cultures-are-not-your-costumes-20141114-11myp4.html">"Our cultures are not your costumes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913100231/http://www.smh.com.au/comment/our-cultures-are-not-your-costumes-20141114-11myp4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Our+cultures+are+not+your+costumes&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft.aulast=Caceda&rft.aufirst=Eden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fcomment%2Four-cultures-are-not-your-costumes-20141114-11myp4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KJohnson2-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KJohnson2_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KJohnson2_28-1">b</a> Johnson, Kjerstin (25 October 2011) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitchmagazine.org/post/costume-cultural-appropriation">Don't Mess Up When You Dress Up: Cultural Appropriation and Costumes</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629193134/http://bitchmagazine.org/post/costume-cultural-appropriation">Archived</a> June 29, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; at <a href="/wiki/Bitch_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitch Magazine">Bitch Magazine</a>. Accessed 4 March 2015. "Dressing up as 'another culture', is racist, and an act of privilege. Not only does it lead to offensive, inaccurate, and stereotypical portrayals of other people's culture ... but is also an act of appropriation in which someone who does not experience that oppression is able to 'play', temporarily, an 'exotic' other, without experience any of the daily discriminations faced by other cultures." </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1992" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Michele (1992). Black Popular Culture. 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The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724113551/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/05/cultural-appropriation/559802/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Every+Culture+Appropriates&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2018%2F05%2Fcultural-appropriation%2F559802%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo12-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo12_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo12_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2015" class="citation news cs1">Young, Cathy (21 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/21/to-the-new-culture-cops-everything-is-appropriation/">"To the new culture cops, everything is appropriation"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=To+the+new+culture+cops%2C+everything+is+appropriation&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2015%2F08%2F21%2Fto-the-new-culture-cops-everything-is-appropriation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2018" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Anna (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/04/american-woman-qipao-china-cultural-appropriation-minorities-usa-dress">"An American woman wearing a Chinese dress is not cultural appropriation"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724113553/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/04/american-woman-qipao-china-cultural-appropriation-minorities-usa-dress">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019. 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The Daily Beast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170531130241/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/15/you-can-t-steal-a-culture-in-defense-of-cultural-appropriation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=You+Can%27t+%27Steal%27+A+Culture%3A+In+Defense+of+Cultural+Appropriation&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F07%2F15%2Fyou-can-t-steal-a-culture-in-defense-of-cultural-appropriation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shriver2-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shriver2_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shriver2_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/13/lionel-shrivers-full-speech-i-hope-the-concept-of-cultural-appropriation-is-a-passing-fad">"Lionel Shriver's full speech: 'I hope the concept of cultural appropriation is a passing fad'"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://areomagazine.com/2017/03/29/i-am-a-minority-and-i-prohibit-you/">the original</a> on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Areo&rft.atitle=I+Am+a+Minority+and+I+Prohibit+You&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft.aulast=Mali&rft.aufirst=Malhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fareomagazine.com%2F2017%2F03%2F29%2Fi-am-a-minority-and-i-prohibit-you%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2015" class="citation news cs1">Patterson, Steve (20 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2015/11/why-progressives-are-wrong-to-argue-against-cultural-appropriation/">"Why Progressives Are Wrong to Argue Against Cultural Appropriation"</a>. Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724113600/https://observer.com/2015/11/why-progressives-are-wrong-to-argue-against-cultural-appropriation/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer&rft.atitle=Why+Progressives+Are+Wrong+to+Argue+Against+Cultural+Appropriation&rft.date=2015-11-20&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F2015%2F11%2Fwhy-progressives-are-wrong-to-argue-against-cultural-appropriation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2017/05/25/canadas-war-over-cultural-appropriation">"Canada's war over 'cultural appropriation'"</a>. The Economist. 25 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724113553/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2017/05/25/canadas-war-over-cultural-appropriation">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+war+over+%27cultural+appropriation%27&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-americas%2F2017%2F05%2F25%2Fcanadas-war-over-cultural-appropriation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Mamedov, Mikail. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20620748">'Going Native' in the Caucasus: Problems of Russian Identity, 1801–64</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603044831/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20620748?seq=1">Archived</a> 2021-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Review" title="The Russian Review">The Russian Review</a>, vol. 67, no. 2, 2008, pp. 275–295. Accessed 27 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schneider-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_41-0">^</a> Schneider, Arnd (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=187627">On 'appropriation'. A critical reappraisal of the concept and its application in global art practices</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231455/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=187627">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; published in Social Anthropology (2003), 11:2:215–229, Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-KJohnson-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KJohnson_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KJohnson_42-1">b</a> Johnson, Kjerstin (25 October 2011) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitchmagazine.org/post/costume-cultural-appropriation">Don't Mess Up When You Dress Up: Cultural Appropriation and Costumes</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629193134/http://bitchmagazine.org/post/costume-cultural-appropriation">Archived</a> June 29, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; at <a href="/wiki/Bitch_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitch Magazine">Bitch Magazine</a>. Accessed 4 March 2015. "Dressing up as 'another culture', is racist, and an act of privilege. Not only does it lead to offensive, inaccurate, and stereotypical portrayals of other people's culture ... but is also an act of appropriation in which someone who does not experience that oppression is able to 'play', temporarily, an 'exotic' other, without experience any of the daily discriminations faced by other cultures." </li> <li id="cite_note-Scafidi-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Scafidi_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScafidi2005" class="citation book cs1">Scafidi, Susan (2005). Who Owns Culture?: Appropriation and Authenticity in American Law (Rutgers Series: The Public Life of the Arts). 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New York: John Day. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asian+Legacy+and+American+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=John+Day&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Christy&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.215403%2Fpage%2Fn55%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%2522cultural%2Bappropriation%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095652789">"Cultural appropriation – Oxford Reference"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170503071532/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095652789">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+appropriation+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Reference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095652789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchinson-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinsonHiller1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchinson, John; Hiller, Susan (1992). "The Myth of Primitivism". Circa (61): 49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25557703">10.2307/25557703</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-9475">0263-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25557703">25557703</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195026418">195026418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circa&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Primitivism&rft.issue=61&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0263-9475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195026418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25557703%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25557703&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hiller%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarren_Lee_Pullen2009" class="citation book cs1">Darren Lee Pullen, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TqJ3mKb41UsC&q=strategic+anti+essentialism+lipsitz&pg=PA41">Technoliteracy, Discourse, and Social Practice: Frameworks and Applications in the Digital Age</a>. IGI Global. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60566-843-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60566-843-7"><bdi>978-1-60566-843-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062644/https://books.google.com/books?id=TqJ3mKb41UsC&q=strategic+anti+essentialism+lipsitz&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technoliteracy%2C+Discourse%2C+and+Social+Practice%3A+Frameworks+and+Applications+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60566-843-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTqJ3mKb41UsC%26q%3Dstrategic%2Banti%2Bessentialism%2Blipsitz%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Ousterhout, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=8983">"Ethnic Identity and Cultural Appropriation in Early Ottoman Architecture."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613015818/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=8983">Archived</a> 13 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Muqarnas Volume XII: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1995. Retrieved 3 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeveloper2017" class="citation web cs1">developer (22 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oneill.law.georgetown.edu/the-debate-about-cultural-appropriation/">"The Debate About Cultural Appropriation"</a>. O'Neill. Retrieved 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O%27Neill&rft.atitle=The+Debate+About+Cultural+Appropriation&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.au=developer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foneill.law.georgetown.edu%2Fthe-debate-about-cultural-appropriation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Jason Baird (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/783863/pdf">"On Cultural Appropriation"</a>. Journal of Folklore Research. 58 (1): 77–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjfolkrese.58.1.04">10.2979/jfolkrese.58.1.04</a> – via Project Muse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Folklore+Research&rft.atitle=On+Cultural+Appropriation&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-122&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fjfolkrese.58.1.04&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Jason+Baird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F783863%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunstLefringhausenZagefka2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kunst, Jonas R.; Lefringhausen, Katharina; Zagefka, Hanna (August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/272065/1-s2.0-S0147176723X00078/1-s2.0-S0147176723001591/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCIH58rMaIbuK1ss%2BbFnVwasMCJ%2FPiHLL2WtY8oo%2Fhp14dAiBl8cXYgquqYqMvXeoibULH41sT8Nv3k%2BKkdIlHfMWFqyqyBQhjEAUaDDA1OTAwMzU0Njg2NSIMuh95P6XvRe3Zw1wdKo8FYShtUdlql6sVZVGwDQjB2VAYrH3n%2B%2BxK9lSGdz7WMPtOSxFk0U7CBQvtjbNtk9lB6bwppmFMWgEFC7ikvd5wWGT5Y8wIITHpmkl1yMtmNxkh8jyg%2BtHDYlxfXYaaEpV5qUTlVJ8AgGOzcHIIqOToVdcRjbZo8MMVZSh1thcgWpSz40DteEsYJ9MK3ijM1K%2BwA3SDY3DKejU0lKx2vpLHNqzkPO35BuzZT76%2FxONEdNMijm2EbR6lvT5TjlMECZEnNelGV50BYy8xG45sMcdNMcMVD3Sa5WNoN2U7WNQwVLTa5yE2%2BZ39%2FYhvo%2BjPL14wnr2kT2qXLMss5HHuvDD16ZoZS2aSTLpEzF736fGVJxVoZIgtZNa4Bmx0bgP%2FMKGwFcZabXu6qJV7hlPsBxht6Z4yNwQPic2IyU8wdswOhWb1sWXah5H2rxrcSAebuQUCbVbdV0UcKMwsxy8t%2F0xEnIcmpwEGiu18aRxnKAcaBsgohhvN4BE7CPg%2F6pz0YFMHxh7MFNQYco9qhBo6qJmDWeHQA%2FwdLGC%2F0XDDpAE5ixdJczzqjl3XNnGNlj95DEpYi9%2BXG6Mo6s6jTAodkFaxO%2FTG3UHPf6jjO%2FXY651yq9c7utDLmIdGqktDjKi8yvgbsJXR5ehsS77gBit5WkDntWoSCzwU3aiV8bHzc6s0wXygizRLMpfJEpKNTVA4v2qOw63kKq%2FBk9%2F086CUFGfzfUjbdPwcTbjGKLndMlC69K%2Bc2b4wGcwqo1E6MJ8XmSQNMTKJ80a62Nwfima0sXigG7mDAhkC6eSnp1vg5lBj%2FGpnuSRfne4NC3wNo3zw9D4jO7geM%2BQXHx8e%2BeGkgjqGUVsfJFoELfM8YGAPERP13jDzq7m5BjqyARgWGAFyPBQTAaJKJJURIJ8UbMgeG0Byz4BoI8aFO3Ld4MiEL%2FQ0vDm1GZCTabNgSMsmwqe5Hu0lok3VKsNYnJ8s78YiCaczPbBj13PDvo%2BcoPbxAY%2FHXsPYpeXunNVXqaeqobMi8EaIPv8hdX%2FZWar6bCk7SCYvnFPM%2BR5IxZPm%2Bp3uZmz1pxHxYP62%2BzWKjpFg6aRjjJGSBdzXwJIsDRLxETVA3ticsZtz95gWoKBQkME%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20241108T190145Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY6LQG3ETA%2F20241108%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=c2f12936f9e108c1103b3bff835ca6ece478a925640acd33d434bcc43945846c&hash=f017b8e0d721a3f8df4803cfbc82ac0b7ef80c9c0d4732f3392b7852f36b02b8&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0147176723001591&tid=spdf-2a9ac704-a058-41e2-bca7-914ebb6b2001&sid=b1b1132e57edf045dc1b4a4835ffa051453cgxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=0f15570601510a555c0a52&rr=8df7d03e0ab30feb&cc=us">"Delineating the boundaries between genuine cultural change and cultural appropriation in majority group acculturation"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 98 (1): 7 – via Elsevier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Intercultural+Relations&rft.atitle=Delineating+the+boundaries+between+genuine+cultural+change+and+cultural+appropriation+in+majority+group+acculturation&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2023-08&rft.aulast=Kunst&rft.aufirst=Jonas+R.&rft.au=Lefringhausen%2C+Katharina&rft.au=Zagefka%2C+Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf.sciencedirectassets.com%2F272065%2F1-s2.0-S0147176723X00078%2F1-s2.0-S0147176723001591%2Fmain.pdf%3FX-Amz-Security-Token%3DIQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENv%252F%252F%252F%252F%252F%252F%252F%252F%252F%252FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCIH58rMaIbuK1ss%252BbFnVwasMCJ%252FPiHLL2WtY8oo%252Fhp14dAiBl8cXYgquqYqMvXeoibULH41sT8Nv3k%252BKkdIlHfMWFqyqyBQhjEAUaDDA1OTAwMzU0Njg2NSIMuh95P6XvRe3Zw1wdKo8FYShtUdlql6sVZVGwDQjB2VAYrH3n%252B%252BxK9lSGdz7WMPtOSxFk0U7CBQvtjbNtk9lB6bwppmFMWgEFC7ikvd5wWGT5Y8wIITHpmkl1yMtmNxkh8jyg%252BtHDYlxfXYaaEpV5qUTlVJ8AgGOzcHIIqOToVdcRjbZo8MMVZSh1thcgWpSz40DteEsYJ9MK3ijM1K%252BwA3SDY3DKejU0lKx2vpLHNqzkPO35BuzZT76%252FxONEdNMijm2EbR6lvT5TjlMECZEnNelGV50BYy8xG45sMcdNMcMVD3Sa5WNoN2U7WNQwVLTa5yE2%252BZ39%252FYhvo%252BjPL14wnr2kT2qXLMss5HHuvDD16ZoZS2aSTLpEzF736fGVJxVoZIgtZNa4Bmx0bgP%252FMKGwFcZabXu6qJV7hlPsBxht6Z4yNwQPic2IyU8wdswOhWb1sWXah5H2rxrcSAebuQUCbVbdV0UcKMwsxy8t%252F0xEnIcmpwEGiu18aRxnKAcaBsgohhvN4BE7CPg%252F6pz0YFMHxh7MFNQYco9qhBo6qJmDWeHQA%252FwdLGC%252F0XDDpAE5ixdJczzqjl3XNnGNlj95DEpYi9%252BXG6Mo6s6jTAodkFaxO%252FTG3UHPf6jjO%252FXY651yq9c7utDLmIdGqktDjKi8yvgbsJXR5ehsS77gBit5WkDntWoSCzwU3aiV8bHzc6s0wXygizRLMpfJEpKNTVA4v2qOw63kKq%252FBk9%252F086CUFGfzfUjbdPwcTbjGKLndMlC69K%252Bc2b4wGcwqo1E6MJ8XmSQNMTKJ80a62Nwfima0sXigG7mDAhkC6eSnp1vg5lBj%252FGpnuSRfne4NC3wNo3zw9D4jO7geM%252BQXHx8e%252BeGkgjqGUVsfJFoELfM8YGAPERP13jDzq7m5BjqyARgWGAFyPBQTAaJKJJURIJ8UbMgeG0Byz4BoI8aFO3Ld4MiEL%252FQ0vDm1GZCTabNgSMsmwqe5Hu0lok3VKsNYnJ8s78YiCaczPbBj13PDvo%252BcoPbxAY%252FHXsPYpeXunNVXqaeqobMi8EaIPv8hdX%252FZWar6bCk7SCYvnFPM%252BR5IxZPm%252Bp3uZmz1pxHxYP62%252BzWKjpFg6aRjjJGSBdzXwJIsDRLxETVA3ticsZtz95gWoKBQkME%253D%26X-Amz-Algorithm%3DAWS4-HMAC-SHA256%26X-Amz-Date%3D20241108T190145Z%26X-Amz-SignedHeaders%3Dhost%26X-Amz-Expires%3D300%26X-Amz-Credential%3DASIAQ3PHCVTY6LQG3ETA%252F20241108%252Fus-east-1%252Fs3%252Faws4_request%26X-Amz-Signature%3Dc2f12936f9e108c1103b3bff835ca6ece478a925640acd33d434bcc43945846c%26hash%3Df017b8e0d721a3f8df4803cfbc82ac0b7ef80c9c0d4732f3392b7852f36b02b8%26host%3D68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61%26pii%3DS0147176723001591%26tid%3Dspdf-2a9ac704-a058-41e2-bca7-914ebb6b2001%26sid%3Db1b1132e57edf045dc1b4a4835ffa051453cgxrqa%26type%3Dclient%26tsoh%3Dd3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t%26ua%3D0f15570601510a555c0a52%26rr%3D8df7d03e0ab30feb%26cc%3Dus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article/50/5/962/7100345?login=false#435660920">"Between Cultural Appreciation and Cultural Appropriation: Self-Authorizing the Consumption of Cultural Difference | Journal of Consumer Research"</a>. academic.oup.com. 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Native American and Indigenous Studies. 3 (2): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5749%2Fnatiindistudj.3.2.0001">10.5749/natiindistudj.3.2.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/natiindistudj.3.2.0001">10.5749/natiindistudj.3.2.0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Native+American+and+Indigenous+Studies&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Colonialism%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Indian+Sports+Names+and+Mascots%3A+The+Washington+Football+Team+Case&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5749%2Fnatiindistudj.3.2.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5749%2Fnatiindistudj.3.2.0001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bruyneel&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5749%2Fnatiindistudj.3.2.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardianWar2-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GuardianWar2_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GuardianWar2_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/jul/30/why-the-fashion-headdress-must-be-stopped">"This means war: why the fashion headdress must be stopped"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 30 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217081834/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/jul/30/why-the-fashion-headdress-must-be-stopped">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=This+means+war%3A+why+the+fashion+headdress+must+be+stopped&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffashion%2F2014%2Fjul%2F30%2Fwhy-the-fashion-headdress-must-be-stopped&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VCU-Wood2-56"><a href="#cite_ref-VCU-Wood2_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Marisa (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=auctus">"Cultural Appropriation and the Plains' Indian Headdress"</a>. Auctus. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">Virginia Commonwealth University</a> - VCU Scholars Compass: 1–11. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auctus&rft.atitle=Cultural+Appropriation+and+the+Plains%27+Indian+Headdress&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2017-05&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarscompass.vcu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1042%26context%3Dauctus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOnline1-57"><a href="#cite_ref-EOnline1_57-0">^</a> Freda, Elizabeth (28 July 2014) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eonline.com/news/563845/music-festival-is-banning-cultural-appropriation-aka-hipsters-wearing-native-american-headdresses">Music Festival Is Banning Cultural Appropriation, aka Hipsters Wearing Native American Headdresses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507210844/http://www.eonline.com/news/563845/music-festival-is-banning-cultural-appropriation-aka-hipsters-wearing-native-american-headdresses">Archived</a> May 7, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" for EOnline. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_58-0">^</a> Zimmerman, Amy (4 June 2014) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/04/pharrell-harry-styles-and-native-american-appropriation.html">Pharrell, Harry Styles, and Native American Appropriation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409140437/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/04/pharrell-harry-styles-and-native-american-appropriation.html">Archived</a> April 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" for <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrowsmith-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Arrowsmith_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrowsmith2000" class="citation journal cs1">Arrowsmith, Aidan (1 April 2000). 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Retrieved 9 October 2021. <q>Bonus brownie points if you're inventive with your cultural appropriation e.g. green eyeshadow, green dyed hair, green suits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nottingham+Tab&rft.atitle=How+to+be+as+a+plastic+paddy+this+St+Patrick%27s+day&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Mcloughlin&rft.aufirst=Anya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetab.com%2Fuk%2Fnottingham%2F2018%2F03%2F16%2Fhow-to-be-as-a-plastic-paddy-this-st-patricks-day-38091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2017" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Johnny (17 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/new-zealand/the-press/20170317/281797103806700">"Raise a glass, thank the Irish on Paddy's Day"</a>. 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The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226234719/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/fashion-cultural-appropriation_us_5632295ce4b00aa54a4ce639">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Is+This+The+Right+Way+For+Fashion+To+Do+Cultural+Appropriation%3F&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Varagur&rft.aufirst=Krithika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Ffashion-cultural-appropriation_us_5632295ce4b00aa54a4ce639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pham,_2014.-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Pham,_2014._77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPham2014" class="citation web cs1">Pham, Minh-Ha T. (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/05/cultural-appropriation-in-fashion-stop-talking-about-it/370826/">"Why We Should Stop Talking About "Cultural Appropriation""</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129083600/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/05/cultural-appropriation-in-fashion-stop-talking-about-it/370826/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+We+Should+Stop+Talking+About+%22Cultural+Appropriation%22&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.aulast=Pham&rft.aufirst=Minh-Ha+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2014%2F05%2Fcultural-appropriation-in-fashion-stop-talking-about-it%2F370826%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2017" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard C. (27 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA457">Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-800-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062644/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA457">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-800-6&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVBB1a0rC70C%26pg%3DPA457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2013" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Robert (2 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4NAAAAQBAJ&q=eastern+vest+waistcoat&pg=PT32">Clothing: A Global History</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5753-0"><bdi>978-0-7456-5753-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062644/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4NAAAAQBAJ&q=eastern+vest+waistcoat&pg=PT32">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clothing%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-5753-0&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Q4NAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Deastern%2Bvest%2Bwaistcoat%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BanksdelaChapelle--106-108-80"><a href="#cite_ref-BanksdelaChapelle--106-108_80-0">^</a> <a href="#B">Banks: de la Chapelle 2007</a>: pp. 106–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2012" class="citation book cs1">Agnew, Jeremy (25 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R_mRcTRYcvsC&q=plaid+shirts+old+west&pg=PA124">The Old West in Fact and Film: History Versus Hollywood</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9311-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9311-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-9311-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062644/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_mRcTRYcvsC&q=plaid+shirts+old+west&pg=PA124">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+West+in+Fact+and+Film%3A+History+Versus+Hollywood&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012-10-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9311-1&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR_mRcTRYcvsC%26q%3Dplaid%2Bshirts%2Bold%2Bwest%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/1907/highland-fling">"Highland fling – New Humanist"</a>. newhumanist.org.uk. 7 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312032245/https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/1907/highland-fling">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newhumanist.org.uk&rft.atitle=Highland+fling+%E2%80%93+New+Humanist&rft.date=2008-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewhumanist.org.uk%2Farticles%2F1907%2Fhighland-fling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2015/07/18/books/underneath-orientalist-kimono/#.WO11OoWcHIU">"Underneath the 'Orientalist' kimono – The Japan Times"</a>. 18 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151215003804/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2015/07/18/books/underneath-orientalist-kimono/#.WO11OoWcHIU">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Underneath+the+%27Orientalist%27+kimono+%E2%80%93+The+Japan+Times&rft.date=2015-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fculture%2F2015%2F07%2F18%2Fbooks%2Funderneath-orientalist-kimono%2F%23.WO11OoWcHIU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGage1997" class="citation book cs1">Gage, Tad (1 September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pUhUmviJQFAC&q=smoking+cap&pg=PT255">The Complete Idiot's Guide to Cigars, 2nd Edition</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-19857-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-19857-5"><bdi>978-1-101-19857-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062644/https://books.google.com/books?id=pUhUmviJQFAC&q=smoking+cap&pg=PT255">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. 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Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8552-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8552-3"><bdi>978-1-4725-8552-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062645/https://books.google.com/books?id=7G6xDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA202">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Life+of+Kimono%3A+Japanese+Fashion+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2017-03-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-8552-3&rft.aulast=Cliffe&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7G6xDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> "The Mails." Times, 1 Aug. 1890, p. 3. The Times Digital Archive, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS52089601/TTDA?u=tall85761&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=b1657280. Accessed 27 Apr. 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://subcultureslist.com/teddy-girls/">"Teddy girls – Teddy girl a member of youth subculture in 1950s"</a>. subcultureslist.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906171955/http://subcultureslist.com/teddy-girls/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=subcultureslist.com&rft.atitle=Teddy+girls+%E2%80%93+Teddy+girl+a+member+of+youth+subculture+in+1950s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsubcultureslist.com%2Fteddy-girls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sombrero-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sombrero_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sombrero_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1987" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Fay E. (27 June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUz1xhAZcKQC&q=cowboy+hat+sombrero&pg=PA238">The Cowboy at Work: All about His Job and how He Does it</a>. 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Retrieved 14 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Benefits+of+Cultural+Sharing+are+Usually+One-Sided&rft.date=2015-08-02&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Froomfordebate%2F2015%2F08%2F04%2Fwhose-culture-is-it-anyhow%2Fthe-benefits-of-cultural-sharing-are-usually-one-sided&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TXLaw-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TXLaw_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TXLaw_105-1">b</a> Also cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRileyCarpenter2016" class="citation journal cs1">Riley, Angela R.; Carpenter, Kristen A. 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Bradan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9950998-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9950998-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9950998-0-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213063230/https://books.google.com/books?id=cHb0jwEACAAJ&q=the%20scottish%20tattoo%20handbook">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. 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The United States Commission on Civil Rights. 13 April 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211103022/http://aistm.org/fr.usccr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+the+U.S.+Commission+on+Civil+Rights+on+the+Use+of+Native+American+Images+and+Nicknames+as+Sports+Symbols&rft.pub=The+United+States+Commission+on+Civil+Rights&rft.date=2001-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faistm.org%2Ffr.usccr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCAI-131"><a href="#cite_ref-NCAI_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncai.org/policy-issues/community-and-culture/anti-defamation-mascots">"Anti-Defamation and Mascots"</a>. National Congress of American Indians. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116122338/http://www.ncai.org/policy-issues/community-and-culture/anti-defamation-mascots">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Defamation+and+Mascots&rft.pub=National+Congress+of+American+Indians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncai.org%2Fpolicy-issues%2Fcommunity-and-culture%2Fanti-defamation-mascots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR.Seminole-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR.Seminole_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR.Seminole_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyden2015" class="citation web cs1">Lyden, Jacki (28 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/11/28/456786680/osceola-at-the-50-yard-line">"Osceola At The 50-Yard Line"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151203103815/http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/11/28/456786680/osceola-at-the-50-yard-line">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Osceola+At+The+50-Yard+Line&rft.date=2015-11-28&rft.aulast=Lyden&rft.aufirst=Jacki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2015%2F11%2F28%2F456786680%2Fosceola-at-the-50-yard-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo.Seminole-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo.Seminole_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo.Seminole_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo.Seminole_133-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulpepper2014" class="citation news cs1">Culpepper, Chuck (29 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/colleges/florida-states-unusual-bond-with-seminole-tribe-puts-mascot-debate-in-a-different-light/2014/12/29/5386841a-8eea-11e4-ba53-a477d66580ed_story.html">"Florida State's Unusual Bond with Seminole Tribe Puts Mascot Debate in a Different Light"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124142105/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/colleges/florida-states-unusual-bond-with-seminole-tribe-puts-mascot-debate-in-a-different-light/2014/12/29/5386841a-8eea-11e4-ba53-a477d66580ed_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2015. 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Independent.co.uk. 22 August 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925195255/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/wiggers-just-wannabe-black-white-middleclass-kids-are-adopting-black-street-style-and-chilling-out-to-rap-music-david-usborne-reports-from-washington-1462591.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wiggers+just+wannabe+black%3A+White+middle-class+kids+are+adopting+black+street+style+and+chilling+out+to+rap+music.&rft.pub=Independent.co.uk&rft.date=1993-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fwiggers-just-wannabe-black-white-middleclass-kids-are-adopting-black-street-style-and-chilling-out-to-rap-music-david-usborne-reports-from-washington-1462591.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitwana" class="citation web cs1">Kitwana, Bakari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4773208">"Why White Kids Love Hip Hop"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Why+White+Kids+Love+Hip+Hop&rft.aulast=Kitwana&rft.aufirst=Bakari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4773208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_138-1">b</a> Hank Stuever, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706043444/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/29/AR2010012904040.html">"'Blacking Up' documentary questions white enthusiasts of black hip-hop culture"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 30 January 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirkMcGregor2018" class="citation news cs1">Virk, Kameron; McGregor, Nesta (5 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-46427180">"Blackfishing: The women accused of pretending to be black"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsbeat&rft.atitle=Blackfishing%3A+The+women+accused+of+pretending+to+be+black&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft.aulast=Virk&rft.aufirst=Kameron&rft.au=McGregor%2C+Nesta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewsbeat-46427180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2018" class="citation news cs1">Chen, Tanya (13 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tanyachen/white-instagram-teen-emma-hallberg-accused-of-performing-as">"A White Teen Is Denying She Is "Posing" As A Black Woman On Instagram After Followers Said They Felt Duped"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+News&rft.atitle=A+White+Teen+Is+Denying+She+Is+%22Posing%22+As+A+Black+Woman+On+Instagram+After+Followers+Said+They+Felt+Duped&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Ftanyachen%2Fwhite-instagram-teen-emma-hallberg-accused-of-performing-as&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasool2018" class="citation news cs1">Rasool, Amira (16 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teenvogue.com/story/blackfish-niggerfish-white-influencers-using-makeup-to-appear-black/">"Some White Influencers Are Being Accused of "Blackfishing", or Using Makeup to Appear Black"</a>. Teen Vogue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206145637/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/blackfish-niggerfish-white-influencers-using-makeup-to-appear-black">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teen+Vogue&rft.atitle=Some+White+Influencers+Are+Being+Accused+of+%22Blackfishing%22%2C+or+Using+Makeup+to+Appear+Black&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft.aulast=Rasool&rft.aufirst=Amira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teenvogue.com%2Fstory%2Fblackfish-niggerfish-white-influencers-using-makeup-to-appear-black%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington-Harmon2020" class="citation web cs1">Washington-Harmon, Taylyn (17 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.com/mind-body/what-is-blackfishing">"What Is Blackfishing and Why Would Anyone Do It?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Health.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Health.com">Health.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821212303/https://www.health.com/mind-body/what-is-blackfishing">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+Blackfishing+and+Why+Would+Anyone+Do+It%3F&rft.date=2020-08-17&rft.aulast=Washington-Harmon&rft.aufirst=Taylyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.com%2Fmind-body%2Fwhat-is-blackfishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaihs.org/between-diasporic-consciousness-and-cultural-appropriation/">"Between Diasporic Consciousness and Cultural Appropriation"</a>. 3 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726193340/https://www.aaihs.org/between-diasporic-consciousness-and-cultural-appropriation/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Between+Diasporic+Consciousness+and+Cultural+Appropriation&rft.date=2015-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaihs.org%2Fbetween-diasporic-consciousness-and-cultural-appropriation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunypress.edu/content/download/451735/5494658/version/1/file/9780791469910_imported2_excerpt.pdf">"Kung fu and Japanese imperialism"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614232803/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/451735/5494658/version/1/file/9780791469910_imported2_excerpt.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kung+fu+and+Japanese+imperialism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunypress.edu%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F451735%2F5494658%2Fversion%2F1%2Ffile%2F9780791469910_imported2_excerpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Wing Chun Bil Jee, by William Cheung, 1983 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250959928">"the Feet of the Master: Three Stages in the Appropriation of Okinawan Karate Into Anglo-American Culture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619122422/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250959928_the_Feet_of_the_Master_Three_Stages_in_the_Appropriation_of_Okinawan_Karate_Into_Anglo-American_Culture">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+Feet+of+the+Master%3A+Three+Stages+in+the+Appropriation+of+Okinawan+Karate+Into+Anglo-American+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F250959928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=jca">"Japanisation of Karate"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621103950/https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=jca">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanisation+of+Karate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.purdue.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1038%26context%3Djca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantzis2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Frantzis" title="Bruce Frantzis">Frantzis, Bruce</a> (2007). The Power of Internal Martial Arts and Chi: Combat and Energy Secrets of Ba Gua, Tai Chi and Hsing-I. Blue Snake Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1583941904" title="Special:BookSources/978-1583941904"><bdi>978-1583941904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Internal+Martial+Arts+and+Chi%3A+Combat+and+Energy+Secrets+of+Ba+Gua%2C+Tai+Chi+and+Hsing-I&rft.pub=Blue+Snake+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1583941904&rft.aulast=Frantzis&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluestein2024" class="citation book cs1">Bluestein, Jonathan (2024). Martial Arts Politics Explained. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8335564984" title="Special:BookSources/979-8335564984"><bdi>979-8335564984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+Politics+Explained&rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services+LLC+-+Kdp&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=979-8335564984&rft.aulast=Bluestein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigaonna1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morio_Higaonna" title="Morio Higaonna">Higaonna, Morio</a> (1998). The History of Karate: Okinawan Goju-Ryu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4900586756" title="Special:BookSources/978-4900586756"><bdi>978-4900586756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Karate%3A+Okinawan+Goju-Ryu&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Higaonna&rft.aufirst=Morio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2017" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Itzik (2017). Karate Uchina-Di: Okinawan Karate: An Exploration of its Origins and Evolution. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1543256932" title="Special:BookSources/978-1543256932"><bdi>978-1543256932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karate+Uchina-Di%3A+Okinawan+Karate%3A+An+Exploration+of+its+Origins+and+Evolution&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1543256932&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Itzik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2018" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Patrick (2018). Legend of the Fist. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1985006768" title="Special:BookSources/978-1985006768"><bdi>978-1985006768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legend+of+the+Fist&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1985006768&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/muay-thai-kun-khmer-cambodia-thailand-2023-sea-games-134700933.html">https://www.yahoo.com/news/muay-thai-kun-khmer-cambodia-thailand-2023-sea-games-134700933.html</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationthailand.com/life/40024598">"Energy Ministry closely monitoring electricity costs"</a>. 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energy+Ministry+closely+monitoring+electricity+costs&rft.date=2023-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationthailand.com%2Flife%2F40024598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://asianmma.com/sea-games-told-to-choose-either-muay-thai-or-kun-khmer/">https://asianmma.com/sea-games-told-to-choose-either-muay-thai-or-kun-khmer/</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianmma.com/muay-thai-or-kun-khmer-cambodia-and-thailand-clash-again/">"Muay Thai or Kun Khmer? Cambodia and Thailand clash again"</a>. 25 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muay+Thai+or+Kun+Khmer%3F+Cambodia+and+Thailand+clash+again&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasianmma.com%2Fmuay-thai-or-kun-khmer-cambodia-and-thailand-clash-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phnompenhpost.com/sport/combined-kun-khmer-muay-32nd-sea-games-draw-ires">"Combined "Kun Khmer (Muay)" for 32nd SEA Games draw ires"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Combined+%22Kun+Khmer+%28Muay%29%22+for+32nd+SEA+Games+draw+ires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phnompenhpost.com%2Fsport%2Fcombined-kun-khmer-muay-32nd-sea-games-draw-ires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Richard A. 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Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330005958/http://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/whitewashing-in-film-and-television-sunday-talk-1.4042146">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunday+Talk%3A+The+panel+discusses+whitewashing+in+film+and+television&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fthenational%2Fwhitewashing-in-film-and-television-sunday-talk-1.4042146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2017" class="citation web cs1">Blair, Gavin J (8 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/japanese-fans-react-ghost-shell-992255/">"Japanese Fans React to 'Ghost in the Shell'"</a>. Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020075205/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/japanese-fans-react-ghost-shell-992255/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. 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New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300071115" title="Special:BookSources/9780300071115"><bdi>9780300071115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+Indian&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780300071115&rft.aulast=Deloria&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplayingindian00delo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630090119/http://yalebooks.com/book/9780300080674/playing-indian">"Playing Indian"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Katy+Perry%27s+%27Geisha-Style%27+Performance+Needs+to+Be+Called+Out&rft.date=2013-11-25&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Nolan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2013%2F11%2Fkaty-perrys-geisha-style-performance-needs-to-be-called-out%2F281805%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation cs2">Smith, Clyde (29 July – 1 August 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308062639/http://culturalresearch.org/qhet/">How I Became a Queer Heterosexual</a>, "Beyond Boundaries", An International Conference on Sexuality, University of Amsterdam, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalresearch.org/qhet/">the original</a> on 8 March 2016, retrieved 12 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+I+Became+a+Queer+Heterosexual&rft.pub=%22Beyond+Boundaries%22%2C+An+International+Conference+on+Sexuality%2C+University+of+Amsterdam&rft.date=1997-07-29%2F1997-08-01&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalresearch.org%2Fqhet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988">; most papers cite these two as their entry point into the discussion. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaormino2003" class="citation web cs1">Taormino, Tristan (6 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530143445/http://www.villagevoice.com/2003-05-06/columns/the-queer-heterosexual/">"The Queer Heterosexual"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/2003-05-06/columns/the-queer-heterosexual/">the original</a> on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=The+Queer+Heterosexual&rft.date=2003-05-06&rft.aulast=Taormino&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2F2003-05-06%2Fcolumns%2Fthe-queer-heterosexual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHD-queer-179"><a href="#cite_ref-AHD-queer_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-queer" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=queer">"queer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=queer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dqueer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Jodi O'Brien, Encyclopedia of Gender and Society (2009), volume 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-181"><a href="#cite_ref-oed_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"queer". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=queer&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-appropriation-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appropriation_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-appropriation_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-appropriation_182-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2016" class="citation news cs1">Mortimer, Dora (9 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/avy9vz/can-straight-people-be-queer-435">"Can Straight People Be Queer? – An increasing number of young celebrities are labeling themselves 'queer.' But what does this mean for the queer community?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224855/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/avy9vz/can-straight-people-be-queer-435">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice+Media&rft.atitle=Can+Straight+People+Be+Queer%3F+%E2%80%93+An+increasing+number+of+young+celebrities+are+labeling+themselves+%27queer.%27+But+what+does+this+mean+for+the+queer+community%3F&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Dora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Favy9vz%2Fcan-straight-people-be-queer-435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origins-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Origins_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221012750/http://historybuff.com/origins-queer-slur-rGXDKaaLdVZ1">"The Origins Of 'Queer' As A Slur"</a>. History Buff. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historybuff.com/origins-queer-slur-rGXDKaaLdVZ1">the original</a> on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Buff&rft.atitle=The+Origins+Of+%27Queer%27+As+A+Slur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorybuff.com%2Forigins-queer-slur-rGXDKaaLdVZ1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernitznig2-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Wernitznig2_184-0">^</a> Wernitznig, Dagmar, Europe's Indians, Indians in Europe: European Perceptions and Appropriations of Native American Cultures from Pocahontas to the Present. University Press of America, 2007: p.132. "What happens further in the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic Shaman">Plastic Shaman</a>'s [fictitious] story is highly irritating from a perspective of cultural hegemony. The Injun elder does not only willingly share their spirituality with the white intruder but, in fact, must come to the conclusion that this intruder is as good an Indian as they are themselves. Regarding Indian spirituality, the Plastic Shaman even out-Indians the actual ones. The messianic element, which Plastic Shamanism financially draws on, is installed in the Yoda-like elder themselves. They are the ones – while melodramatically parting from their spiritual offshoot – who urge the Plastic Shaman to share their gift with the rest of the world. Thus Plastic Shamans wipe their hands clean of any megalomaniac or missionizing undertones. Licensed by the authority of an Indian elder, they now have every right to spread their wisdom, and if they make (quite more than) a buck with it, then so be it.—The neocolonial ideology attached to this scenario leaves less room for cynicism." </li> <li id="cite_note-taliman1-185"><a href="#cite_ref-taliman1_185-0">^</a> Taliman, Valerie (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/warlakot.htm">Article On The 'Lakota Declaration of War'</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209203101/http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/warlakot.htm">Archived</a> February 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-HeSapa-186"><a href="#cite_ref-HeSapa_186-0">^</a> Estes, Nick; et al "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/14/protect-he-sapa-stop-cultural-exploitation">Protect He Sapa, Stop Cultural Exploitation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303091719/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/14/protect-he-sapa-stop-cultural-exploitation">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" at <a href="/wiki/Indian_Country_Today_Media_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Country Today Media Network">Indian Country Today Media Network</a>. 14 July 2015. Accessed 24 November 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsosie-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Tsosie_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsosie2017" class="citation web cs1">Tsosie, Rebecca (25 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.narf.org/tsosie-intellectual-property/">"Current Issues in Intellectual Property Rights to Cultural Resources"</a>. Native American Rights Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724113554/https://www.narf.org/tsosie-intellectual-property/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Native+American+Rights+Fund&rft.atitle=Current+Issues+in+Intellectual+Property+Rights+to+Cultural+Resources&rft.date=2017-06-25&rft.aulast=Tsosie&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.narf.org%2Ftsosie-intellectual-property%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> James, Marianne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/9/2/9/%7B9296EF8C-47F0-4B90-95BF-2A4466B5E863%7Dti170.pdf">"Art Crime."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111133200/http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/9/2/9/%7B9296EF8C-47F0-4B90-95BF-2A4466B5E863%7Dti170.pdf">Archived</a> 11 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 170. Australian Institute of Criminology. October 2000. Retrieved 3 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eniar.org/news/artdot.html">"The Aboriginal Arts 'fake' controversy."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420120558/http://www.eniar.org/news/artdot.html">Archived</a> 20 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> European Network for Indigenous Australian Rights. 29 July 2000. Retrieved 3 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3246474.stm">"Aboriginal art under fraud threat."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411013530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3246474.stm">Archived</a> 11 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News. 28 November 2003. Retrieved 3 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-McWhorter-191"><a href="#cite_ref-McWhorter_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McWhorter" title="John McWhorter">McWhorter, John</a> (15 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/15/you-can-t-steal-a-culture-in-defense-of-cultural-appropriation.html">"You Can't 'Steal' A Culture: In Defense of Cultural Appropriation"</a>. The Daily Beast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170531130241/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/15/you-can-t-steal-a-culture-in-defense-of-cultural-appropriation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=You+Can%27t+%27Steal%27+A+Culture%3A+In+Defense+of+Cultural+Appropriation&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F07%2F15%2Fyou-can-t-steal-a-culture-in-defense-of-cultural-appropriation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/column/words-words-words/article/2015/9/22/column-myth-cultural-appropriation/">"The Near Myth of Cultural Appropriation | Opinion | The Harvard Crimson"</a>. www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecrimson.com&rft.atitle=The+Near+Myth+of+Cultural+Appropriation+%7C+Opinion+%7C+The+Harvard+Crimson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Fcolumn%2Fwords-words-words%2Farticle%2F2015%2F9%2F22%2Fcolumn-myth-cultural-appropriation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogeyman2-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogeyman2_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2015" class="citation web cs1">Berg, Chris (21 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-22/berg-cultural-appropriation-is-bad/7047004">"Is cultural appropriation the bogeyman it's made out to be?"</a>. The Drum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419122304/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-22/berg-cultural-appropriation-is-bad/7047004">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Drum&rft.atitle=Is+cultural+appropriation+the+bogeyman+it%27s+made+out+to+be%3F&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-12-22%2Fberg-cultural-appropriation-is-bad%2F7047004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConvery2016" class="citation news cs1">Convery, Stephanie (15 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/15/we-need-to-talk-about-cultural-appropriation-why-lionel-shrivers-speech-touched-a-nerve">"We need to talk about cultural appropriation: why Lionel Shriver's speech touched a nerve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123152039/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/15/we-need-to-talk-about-cultural-appropriation-why-lionel-shrivers-speech-touched-a-nerve">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=We+need+to+talk+about+cultural+appropriation%3A+why+Lionel+Shriver%27s+speech+touched+a+nerve&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.aulast=Convery&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fsep%2F15%2Fwe-need-to-talk-about-cultural-appropriation-why-lionel-shrivers-speech-touched-a-nerve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg, Jonah</a> (6 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-goldberg-cultural-appropriation-offended-rules-0507-20180504-story.html">"Cultural-appropriation outrage shows people are desperate to be offended"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706100633/https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-goldberg-cultural-appropriation-offended-rules-0507-20180504-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Cultural-appropriation+outrage+shows+people+are+desperate+to+be+offended&rft.date=2018-05-06&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2Fct-perspec-goldberg-cultural-appropriation-offended-rules-0507-20180504-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwame_Anthony_Appiah2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Kwame Anthony Appiah</a> (21 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/21/magazine/should-i-tell-my-aunt-that-her-costume-is-racist.html">"Should I Tell My Aunt That Her Costume Is Racist?"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110155136/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/21/magazine/should-i-tell-my-aunt-that-her-costume-is-racist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Should+I+Tell+My+Aunt+That+Her+Costume+Is+Racist%3F&rft.date=2020-01-21&rft.au=Kwame+Anthony+Appiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F01%2F21%2Fmagazine%2Fshould-i-tell-my-aunt-that-her-costume-is-racist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwame_Anthony_Appiah2021" class="citation news cs1">Kwame Anthony Appiah (17 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/17/magazine/im-an-art-therapist-am-i-guilty-of-cultural-appropriation.html?campaign_id=52&emc=edit_ma_20210821&instance_id=38496&nl=the-new-york-times-magazine&regi_id=59957604&segment_id=66897&te=1&user_id=5d8358c36919980599e22f1d870ed6e4">"I'm an Art Therapist. Am I Guilty of Cultural Appropriation?"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126224424/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/17/magazine/im-an-art-therapist-am-i-guilty-of-cultural-appropriation.html?campaign_id=52&emc=edit_ma_20210821&instance_id=38496&nl=the-new-york-times-magazine&regi_id=59957604&segment_id=66897&te=1&user_id=5d8358c36919980599e22f1d870ed6e4">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021. <q>The magazine's Ethicist columnist on who should be allowed to find their "spirit animals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=I%27m+an+Art+Therapist.+Am+I+Guilty+of+Cultural+Appropriation%3F&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft.au=Kwame+Anthony+Appiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F08%2F17%2Fmagazine%2Fim-an-art-therapist-am-i-guilty-of-cultural-appropriation.html%3Fcampaign_id%3D52%26emc%3Dedit_ma_20210821%26instance_id%3D38496%26nl%3Dthe-new-york-times-magazine%26regi_id%3D59957604%26segment_id%3D66897%26te%3D1%26user_id%3D5d8358c36919980599e22f1d870ed6e4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson2019" class="citation news cs1">Sanderson, David (3 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/booker-winner-bernardine-evaristo-writes-off-cultural-appropriation-bklfsqhgk">"Booker winner Bernardine Evaristo writes off 'cultural appropriation'"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213175500/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/booker-winner-bernardine-evaristo-writes-off-cultural-appropriation-bklfsqhgk">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Booker+winner+Bernardine+Evaristo+writes+off+%27cultural+appropriation%27&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fbooker-winner-bernardine-evaristo-writes-off-cultural-appropriation-bklfsqhgk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMounk2018" class="citation book cs1">Mounk, Yascha (2018). The people vs Democracy (1st ed.). United States of America: Harvard University Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674976825" title="Special:BookSources/9780674976825"><bdi>9780674976825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+people+vs+Democracy&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=204&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780674976825&rft.aulast=Mounk&rft.aufirst=Yascha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+appropriation" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Cultural appropriation at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cultural_appropriation" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Cultural appropriation">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cultural_appropriation" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Cultural appropriation">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cultural_appropriation" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Cultural appropriation">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cultural_appropriation" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Cultural appropriation">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cultural_appropriation" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Cultural appropriation">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cultural_appropriation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_culture" title="Outline of culture">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Cultural astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioculture" title="Bioculture">Bioculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership" title="Cross-cultural leadership">Cross-cultural leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Cultural entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mediation" title="Cultural mediation">Cultural mediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_learning" title="Intercultural learning">Intercultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Sociology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound culture">Sound culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_culture" title="Theology of culture">Theology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcultural_nursing" title="Transcultural nursing">Transcultural nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">Constructed culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">Individualistic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_pop_culture" title="Urban pop culture">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_through_culture" title="Resistance through culture">Resistance through culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_culture" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_by_location" title="Category:Culture by location">Culture by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_behavior" title="Cultural behavior">Cultural behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_communication" title="Cultural communication">Cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_emphasis" title="Cultural emphasis">Cultural emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">Cultural framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">Destroyed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_technology" title="Cultural technology">Cultural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultureme" title="Cultureme">Cultureme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="High- and low-context cultures">High- and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturality" class="mw-redirect" title="Interculturality">Interculturality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-material_culture" title="Non-material culture">Non-material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoculture" title="Protoculture">Protoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Trans-cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and positive psychology">Culture and positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_social_cognition" title="Culture and social cognition">Culture and social cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_gap" title="Culture gap">Culture gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturgen" title="Culturgen">Culturgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Cyberculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Eastern culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">Emotions and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languaculture" title="Languaculture">Languaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_things_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Living things in culture">Living things in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_culture" title="Oppositional culture">Oppositional culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation of culture">Transformation of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">Youth culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture" title="Category:Culture">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Culture" title="Wikipedia:Culture">WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture" title="Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture">Changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Native_American_mascot_controversy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:PaleGoldenrod;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Template:Native American mascot controversy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Template talk:Native American mascot controversy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American mascot controversy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Native_American_mascot_controversy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascot controversy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:PaleGoldenrod;;width:1%">Professional sports teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves" title="Atlanta Braves">Atlanta Braves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Tomahawk chop and name controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Noc-A-Homa" title="Chief Noc-A-Homa">Chief Noc-A-Homa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks" title="Chicago Blackhawks">Chicago Blackhawks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">name and logo controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs" title="Kansas City Chiefs">Kansas City Chiefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">name controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:PaleGoldenrod;;width:1%">Prior usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:LightGoldenrodYellow;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Commanders" title="Washington Commanders">Washington Redskins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins_name_controversy" title="Washington Redskins name controversy">Name controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_Redskins_name_change_advocates" title="List of Washington Redskins name change advocates">Name change advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins_trademark_dispute" title="Washington Redskins trademark dispute">Trademark dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins_name_opinion_polls" title="Washington Redskins name opinion polls">Opinion polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins_Original_Americans_Foundation" title="Washington Redskins Original Americans Foundation">Original Americans Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Zee" title="Chief Zee">Chief Zee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Redhawks" title="Washington Redhawks">Washington Redhawks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:LightGoldenrodYellow;width:1%">Other teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Indians_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy">name and logo controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Wahoo" title="Chief Wahoo">Chief Wahoo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Elks" title="Edmonton Elks">Edmonton Eskimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy#Golden_State_Warriors" title="Native American mascot controversy">Golden State Warriors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:PaleGoldenrod;;width:1%">College teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Native_American_mascot_decision" title="NCAA Native American mascot decision">NCAA Native American mascot decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Illiniwek" title="Chief Illiniwek">Chief Illiniwek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles" title="Florida State Seminoles">Florida State Seminoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osceola_and_Renegade" title="Osceola and Renegade">Osceola and Renegade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Seminole" title="Sammy Seminole">Sammy Seminole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Sioux_controversy" title="North Dakota Fighting Sioux controversy">Fighting Sioux name controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_University#Mascot_controversy" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State Aztec Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_college_sports_team_names_and_mascots_derived_from_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of college sports team names and mascots derived from indigenous peoples">List of college teams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:PaleGoldenrod;;width:1%">Youth and school teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_teams_named_Redskins" title="Sports teams named Redskins">Sports teams named Redskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secondary_school_sports_team_names_and_mascots_derived_from_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of secondary school sports team names and mascots derived from indigenous peoples">List of secondary school teams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:PaleGoldenrod;;width:1%">Change advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Blackhorse" title="Amanda Blackhorse">Amanda Blackhorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Chapman" title="Brett Chapman">Brett Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_Deal" title="Gregg Deal">Gregg Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Fryberg" title="Stephanie Fryberg">Stephanie Fryberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deb_Haaland" title="Deb Haaland">Deb Haaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzan_Shown_Harjo" title="Suzan Shown Harjo">Suzan Shown Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Keene" title="Adrienne Keene">Adrienne Keene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Keeler" title="Jacqueline Keeler">Jacqueline Keeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kathryn_Nagle" title="Mary Kathryn Nagle">Mary Kathryn Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roche_(activist)" title="Robert Roche (activist)">Robert Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance_(activist)" title="Sundance (activist)">Sundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Teters" title="Charlene Teters">Charlene Teters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Yenyo" title="Philip Yenyo">Philip Yenyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:PaleGoldenrod;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Native_American_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Contemporary Native American issues in the United States">Contemporary Native American issues in the United States</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_team_names_and_mascots_derived_from_indigenous_peoples" title="List of sports team names and mascots derived from indigenous peoples">List of teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_laws_and_regulations" title="Native American mascot laws and regulations">Native American mascot laws and regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretendian" title="Pretendian">Pretendian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin">Redskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States">Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_chop" title="Tomahawk chop">Tomahawk chop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5193258#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5193258#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5193258#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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