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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1581" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1581"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1581 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1581-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1582" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1582"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1582 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1582-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1583" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1583"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1583 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1583-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1584" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1584"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1584 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1584-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1585" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1585"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1585 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1585-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1586" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1586"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1586 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1586-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1587" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1587"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 1587 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1587-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1588" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1588"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 1588 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1588-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.5 Unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1589" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1589"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 1589 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1589-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Births </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">1580s</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" > 85 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1580" title="عقد 1580 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1580" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1580" title="Anyos 1580 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1580" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1580" title="Década del 1580 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1580" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-an" title="1580-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1580-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="১৫৮০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৫৮০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1580 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1580 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%D1%8F" title="1580-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1580-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%D1%8F" title="1580-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1580-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-e" title="1580-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1580-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1580" title="Bloavezhioù 1580 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1580" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1580" title="Dècada del 1580 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1580" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1580-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1580-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580au" title="1580au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1580au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580%27erne" title="1580'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1580'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1580" title="عوام 1580 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1580" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580er" title="1580er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1580er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580._aastad" title="1580. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1580. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1580" title="An 1580 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1580" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1580 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1580 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1580" title="Años 1580 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1580" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-aj_jaroj" title="1580-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1580-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580ko_hamarkada" title="1580ko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1580ko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B5%DB%B8%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۵۸۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۵۸۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%C3%A1rini" title="1580-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1580-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1580" title="Années 1580 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1580" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580id%C3%AD" title="1580idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1580idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580an" title="1580an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1580an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1580" title="Década de 1580 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1580" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1580年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1580年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1580년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1580년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1580a" title="Yari 1580a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1580a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-an" title="1580-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1580-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1580-тæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1580-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1581-1590" title="1581-1590 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1581-1590" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1580" title="Anni 1580 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1580" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-80_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-16" title="שנות ה-80 של המאה ה-16 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-80 של המאה ה-16" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-an" title="1580-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1580-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1580-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1580-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1580" title="Miaka ya 1580 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1580" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1580-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1580-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_am%C5%BEiaus_9-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XVI amžiaus 9-as dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XVI amžiaus 9-as dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1580" title="Anni 1580 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1580" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-as_%C3%A9vek" title="1580-as évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1580-as évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1580-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1580-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १५८० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १५८० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1580-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1580-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1580" title="عقد 1580 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1580" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-an" title="1580-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1580-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1580 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1580 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-1589" title="1580-1589 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1580-1589" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1580年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1580年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%C3%A5rene" title="1580-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1580-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1580" title="Annaées 1580 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1580" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1580" title="Ans 1580 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1580" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-lar" title="1580-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1580-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1580 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1580 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1580" title="Década de 1580 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1580" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1580" title="Anii 1580 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1580" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580_watakuna" title="1580 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1580 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1580-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1580-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%D1%81" title="1580-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1580-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580s" title="1580s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1580s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1580" title="Vitet 1580 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1580" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580ini" title="1580ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1580ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580s" title="1580s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1580s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/80._roky_16._storo%C4%8Dia" title="80. roky 16. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="80. roky 16. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580." title="1580. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1580." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%D0%B5" title="1580-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1580-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-e" title="1580-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1580-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-an" title="1580-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1580-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-luku" title="1580-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1580-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-talet" title="1580-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1580-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1580கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1580கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1580-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1580-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1580" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1580 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1580" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1580_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1580 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1580 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1580ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1580ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1580-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1580-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1580ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1580ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1580" title="Thập niên 1580 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1580" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1580" title="Anêyes 1580 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1580" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580_nga_dekada" title="1580 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1580 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1580年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1580年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Decade</div> The 1580s decade ran from January 1, 1580, to December 31, 1589. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada,_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/220px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/330px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/440px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="5634" /></a><figcaption>English Ships and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, August 1588 </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1560s" title="1560s">1560s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1570s" title="1570s">1570s</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1580s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1590s" title="1590s">1590s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1600s_(decade)" title="1600s (decade)">1600s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1580" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1581" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1581">1581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1582" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1582">1582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1583" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1583">1583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1584" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1584">1584</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1585" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1585">1585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1586" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1587" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1587">1587</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1588" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1589" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1589">1589</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1580s_births" title="Category:1580s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1580s_deaths" title="Category:1580s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1580s_by_country" title="Category:1580s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1580s_establishments" title="Category:1580s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1580s_disestablishments" title="Category:1580s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1580">1580</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1580" title="1580">1580</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1580&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1580&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1580&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580">Portuguese succession crisis of 1580</a>: The death of <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry, King of Portugal</a>, with no direct heirs, leads to conflict between his potential successors, including King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Duchess_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine, Duchess of Braganza">Infanta Catherine, Duchess of Braganza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lardner-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – The massacre of 20 artists at the <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> festivities at the annual Carnaval de Romans during the festival takes place in France at <a href="/wiki/Romans-sur-Is%C3%A8re" title="Romans-sur-Isère">Romans-sur-Isère</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</a> – Three Jesuit priests from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Goa">Portuguese Goa</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Acquaviva" title="Rodolfo Acquaviva">Rodolfo Acquaviva</a>, arrive in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> on the mainland of India as guests of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar the Great</a>, who is curious about <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The Emperor grants land to the Jesuit fathers for the building of <a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_Church" title="Akbar's Church">the first Roman Catholic Church in the Mughal Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a> signs the preface to his most significant work, <a href="/wiki/Essays_(Montaigne)" title="Essays (Montaigne)">Essays</a>. They are published later this year.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_de_Lalaing,_Count_of_Rennenberg" title="George de Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg">George de Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg</a> defects from the Union of Utrecht and the Dutch Republic, and turns over the <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">province of Groningen</a> to King Philip II of Spain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> becomes King of Portugal under the name Philip I, following the death without heirs of King <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry of Portugal</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> of the crowns, thus maintaining Portuguese independence (in Europe and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Lardner-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Dynasty">Philippine Dynasty</a> rule lasts until <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1580&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1580_Dover_Straits_earthquake" title="1580 Dover Straits earthquake">Dover Straits earthquake</a> occurs.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/English_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="English Fury at Mechelen">English Fury at Mechelen</a>: English and Scottish mercenaries, assisting the Dutch Republic, storm the Spanish Netherlands city of <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a> (in modern-day Belgium), killing 60 civilians and plundering the town's houses and churches.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a> is formally crowned as Grand Duke of Lithuania at the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Cathedral" title="Vilnius Cathedral">Vilnius Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Lipizzan" title="Lipizzan">Lipizzan</a> stud is established by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria">Charles II, Archduke of Austria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Kingdom of Golconda</a> (part of the modern-day Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>), 15-year-old <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Quli_Qutb_Shah" title="Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah">Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah</a> is proclaimed as the new Sultan upon the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Quli_Qutb_Shah_Wali" title="Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali">Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – Rebels of the Dutch Union of Utrecht, aided by French soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Taking_of_Diest_(1580)" title="Taking of Diest (1580)">make a surprise attack</a> on the Spanish Netherlands city of <a href="/wiki/Diest" title="Diest">Diest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a>, and overwhelm the strategic location, now in Belgium, in one day.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – Within the Viceroyalty of Peru in South America Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Garay" title="Juan de Garay">Juan de Garay</a> founds the first permanent Spanish settlement at what is now the capital of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de la Plata">Rio de la Plata</a>. Garay, who came on an expedition down the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a> (now in Paraguay), arrives at the site of the failed Spanish settlement of Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre, that had been created by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Mendoza" title="Pedro de Mendoza">Pedro de Mendoza</a> in 1536 and abandoned in 1542. Garay names the new settlement "Santísima Trinidad" but the city eventually takes the name of the port, which he calls "Puerto de Santa María de los <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> (8 Cemazi ul-evvel 988 AH) – <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> signs a commercial treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and Sultan Murad III sends a letter to Queen Elizabeth I informing her, "Just as the merchants of Poland and France and Venice come and go, the merchants of your domain also shall bring wares to our Well-Protected Domains and take away wares."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In return, Murad III is able to purchase English metals (iron, brass and tin) for his war with <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> confessional documents, is published.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1580&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Ostrog_Bible" title="Ostrog Bible">Ostrog Bible</a>, the first complete printed <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Slavic_languages" title="Bible translations into Slavic languages">Bible translation into a Slavic language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>), is first printed at <a href="/wiki/Ostroh" title="Ostroh">Ostroh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(printer)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (printer)">Ivan Fyodorov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">July 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580">Portuguese succession crisis of 1580</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António, Prior of Crato</a>, a grandson of the late King Manuel by Manuel's second son, the <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_of_Portugal,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Luís of Portugal, Duke of Beja">Duke of Beja</a> is proclaimed King of Portugal by his supporters in the city of <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a>, and popular acclamation follows in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and other locations.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Portugal's parliament, the Cortes, refuses to acknowledge Antonio and he is defeated 32 days later at Alcântara.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A2ntara_(1580)" title="Battle of Alcântara (1580)">Battle of Alcântara</a>: Spanish armies, led by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo</a>, defending the claim of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese throne">Portuguese throne</a>, defeat the armies of Portuguese claimant <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António, Prior of Crato</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> returns to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, England from his <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_Circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Drake's Circumnavigation">voyage of circumnavigation</a> (westbound) on the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Hind" title="Golden Hind">Golden Hind</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-16">[16]</a> the second completed in a continuous voyage, and the first under its original commander.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – Five of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>) sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Plessis-les-Tours" title="Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours">Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours</a>, recognizing <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a> as the Republic's sovereign.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1580&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Su%C3%A1rez_de_Mendoza,_5th_Count_of_Coru%C3%B1a" title="Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, 5th Count of Coruña">Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza</a>, the Spanish Count of Coruña, arrives in Mexico City to take office as the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of New Spain">Viceroy of New Spain</a>, administering Mexico and Central America on behalf of King Philip II.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> (5th waning of Tazaungmon 942 ME) – <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">King Bayinnaung</a> of Bruma dispatches a naval force of 200 ships and 8,000 soldiers to invade the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a> (now in the Rakhine State of Myanmar), but the attempt fails after a year. Burmese troops are ordered withdrawn after Bayinnaung dies and is succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Bayin" title="Nanda Bayin">Nanda Bayin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)">Siege of Steenwijk</a> in the Dutch Republic is started by the Spanish Netherlands. The siege will last four months and the Spanish troops will capture Steenwijk on February 23.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a> comes to an end as Spanish forces crush the final Portuguese resistance in the last stronghold in mainland Portugal, <a href="/wiki/Porto,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto, Portugal">Porto</a>. For the next 60 years, Portugal will be ruled by the Kings of Spain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Second_Desmond_Rebellion" title="Second Desmond Rebellion">Second Desmond Rebellion</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smerwick" title="Siege of Smerwick">Siege of Smerwick</a> (now Ard na Caithne in County Kerry, Ireland) ends after three days when their commander surrenders to the English. Members of a group of at least 400 freelance soldiers, and perhaps as many as 700, for the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> are summarily executed on orders of the English Lord Deputy of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grey,_14th_Baron_Grey_de_Wilton" title="Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton">Baron Grey de Wilton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton">James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton</a>, formerly the regent for King James VI of Scotland, is arrested during a meeting of Scotland's Privy Council at <a href="/wiki/Holyrood,_Edinburgh" title="Holyrood, Edinburgh">Holyrood</a> on the accusation of <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Earl_of_Arran" title="James Stewart, Earl of Arran">James Stewart, Earl of Arran</a> that the Earl of Morton had participated in the 1567 murder of Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots and father of King James.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Morton is taken to <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Castle" title="Dumbarton Castle">Dumbarton Castle</a> and convicted of conspiracy to murder, and executed on June 2.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1580&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_(volcano)" title="Billy Mitchell (volcano)">Billy Mitchell</a> volcano, on the island of Bougainville, undergoes a catastrophic eruption (VEI 6).</li> <li>The first session of the Jewish Vaad (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Four_Lands" title="Council of Four Lands">Council of Four Lands</a>) is held in <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a>; 70 delegates of Jewish local <a href="/wiki/Qahal" title="Qahal">qahals</a> meet to discuss taxation, and other issues important to Jewish communities.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Zamość">Old City of Zamość</a> is established in Poland, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1580_influenza_pandemic" title="1580 influenza pandemic">1580 influenza pandemic</a> sweeps the world, starting in Asia and moving rapidly through Africa, Europe, and eventually the Americas. More than 10% of the population of Rome dies, and whole towns in Spain are depopulated.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1581">1581</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1581" title="1581">1581</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1581&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1581&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_2"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1581&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chandrasen_Rathore" title="Chandrasen Rathore">Chandrasen Rathore</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Kingdom of Marwar</a> (now part of the state of Rajasthan in India) dies at the age of 39, leaving a power vacuum that allows the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> to take control of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Drohiczyn" title="Treaty of Drohiczyn">Treaty of Drohiczyn</a> is concluded, ending the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> and adding the conquered city of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Plessis-les-Tours" title="Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours">Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours</a> between the Duchy of Anjou and most of the states of the Dutch Republic is ratified at <a href="/wiki/Bourdeaux" title="Bourdeaux">Bourdeaux</a>, granting <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Duke of Anjou">François, Duke of Anjou</a> executive authority over the Republic with the title "Protector of the Liberty of the Netherlands".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – (7th waxing of Tabaung 942 ME) Prince Shin Thissa, later to become King of Burma in 1599 as <a href="/wiki/Nyaungyan_Min" title="Nyaungyan Min">Nyaungyan Min</a>, receives his first executive job when he is appointed to be Governor of Nyaungyan by his father, King <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – The Spanish Army is forced to abandon the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)">siege of Steenwijk</a> in the Netherlands after more than four months.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>'s Act against Reconciliation to Rome imposes heavy fines, for practising <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBH-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> is crowned Philip I of Portugal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_2"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1581&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – Following his circumnavigation of the world, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> is <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighted</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Zsigmond Báthory</a>, the 8-year-old son of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_B%C3%A1thory" title="Christopher Báthory">Kristóf Báthory</a>, ruler of the Principality of Transylvania, is elected by the Diet of Transylvania as the new <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania" title="Voivode of Transylvania">voivode</a> at the request of Kristóf, who dies 12 days later.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – (10th waning of Nayon 943 ME) In Burma, <a href="/wiki/Thiri_Thudhamma_Yaza_of_Martaban" title="Thiri Thudhamma Yaza of Martaban">Thiri Thudhamma Yaza of Martaban</a> becomes the new Viceroy of Martaban (now Mottama in the Mon State of Myanmar) after the demise of Minye Nandameit.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton">James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton</a>, the last regent for Scotland from 1572 to 1578 during the minority of King James VI, is beheaded at Edinburgh using the "<a href="/wiki/Maiden_(guillotine)" title="Maiden (guillotine)">Scottish Maiden</a>", after being convicted of conspiracy in the 1567 murder of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a>, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots and father of King James."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a> – The representatives of the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> vote to declare that the throne of the Union of Utrecht is vacant because of the erratic behavior of King Philip II.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_2"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1581&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> depose <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_la_Cassi%C3%A8re" title="Jean de la Cassière">Jean de la Cassière</a> as Grandmaster and appoint <a href="/wiki/Romegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Romegas">Mathurin Romegas</a> in his place.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – English <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a> is arrested.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> At a meeting of the States General of the Union of Utrecht at Antwerp, the representatives vote to proclaim their independence from Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a>, abjuring loyalty to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> as their sovereign, and appointing <a href="/wiki/Francois,_Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois, Duke of Anjou">Francois, Duke of Anjou</a>, as the new sovereign of the Netherlands; public practice of Roman Catholicism is forbidden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a> is signed at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> by representatives of eight Dutch provinces as a declaration of independence from Spanish rule and a secession from the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a>. The signing confirms a decision made in a July 22 meeting of the States General in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. King Philip II of Spain refuses to acknowledge the Abjuration.</li> <li>A meteorite strikes the Earth in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1581)" title="Capture of Breda (1581)">Capture of Breda</a>: After a surprise attack the day before, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish troops</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Berlaymont" title="Claude de Berlaymont">Claude de Berlaymont</a>, Lord of Haultepenne, take the walled city <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> in the Netherlands. Once inside the gates, the Spanish troops overcome the defenders and carry out the massacre of 584 citizens in the "Haultepenne Fury".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a> – The army of King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a> begins its siege of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> garrison of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pskov" title="Siege of Pskov">Pskov</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – A mercenary army of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Pontus_De_la_Gardie" title="Pontus De la Gardie">Pontus De la Gardie</a>, captures <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Almanza" title="Martín Enríquez de Almanza">Martín Enríquez de Almanza</a> arrives in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> and becomes the new <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Peru">Viceroy of Peru</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Francisco de Toledo</a>, who was summoned home by King Philip II.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> – In Japan, warlord <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> <a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_Iga_War" title="Tenshō Iga War">invades the Iga Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> With 42,000 troops under his command against 10,000 defenders led by Takino Jurobei, Nobunaga controls most of central Japan within eight days.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_2"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1581&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_Iga_War" title="Tenshō Iga War">Tenshō Iga War</a> ends in Japan with the surrender of Kashiwara Castle to Oda Nobunaga.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a> of Burma, who created the largest empire in mainland southeast Asia, dies at age 65.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ballet_Comique_de_la_Reine" title="Ballet Comique de la Reine">Ballet Comique de la Reine</a>, the first narrative <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>, devised by <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a>, and choreographed by <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_de_Beaujoyeulx" title="Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx">Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx</a>, opens in its first performance at the court of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a> in Paris, as part of the wedding celebrations for <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_of_Lorraine" title="Marguerite of Lorraine">Marguerite of Lorraine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_la_Cassi%C3%A8re" title="Jean de la Cassière">Jean de la Cassière</a> is restored as Grandmaster of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> – In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a> is executed for treason.<a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology_230-38">[38]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_2"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1581&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of China">Chancellor of China</a>, Chief Grand Secretary <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang Juzheng</a>, imposes the Single Whip Reform, by which taxes are assessed on properties recorded in the land census, and paid in <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, as the accepted <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">medium of exchange</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Trier_witch_trials" title="Trier witch trials">Trier witch trials</a> begin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a> practices angel magic with Barnabas Saul, but with no success.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Arjan Dev">Guru Arjan Dev</a> becomes the fifth Guru of <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>, succeeding his father <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a>.</li> <li>The last <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Meissen">Bishop of Meissen</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_IX_of_Haugwitz" title="John IX of Haugwitz">John IX of Haugwitz</a>, resigns his office in the wake of <a href="/wiki/The_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reformation">the Reformation</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1582">1582</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1582" title="1582">1582</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1582&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1582&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_3"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1582&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a> is refounded.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> cedes its conquered areas in <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> (Northern <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and Southern <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>), to the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">February 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Duke of Anjou">François, Duke of Anjou</a>, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> (Julian) (March 6 Gregorian) – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> proclaims the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a>, to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the <a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th century</a> and is 10 days off schedule.<a href="#cite_note-calendar-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Scryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scryer">Scryer</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kelley" title="Edward Kelley">Edward Kelley</a> arrives at <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a>'s house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops the <a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Douai-Rheims_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Douai-Rheims Bible">Douai Bible</a>, the translation into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Martin_(scholar)" title="Gregory Martin (scholar)">Father Gregory Martin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_3"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1582&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/1582_Ancuancu_earthquake" title="1582 Ancuancu earthquake">1582 Ancuancu earthquake</a>: Ancuancu (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz Department, Bolivia">La Paz Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (<a href="/wiki/Achocalla" title="Achocalla">Achocalla</a>) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Temmokuzan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Temmokuzan">Battle of Temmokuzan</a>: Unable to reverse the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Takeda_clan" title="Takeda clan">Takeda clan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Katsuyori" title="Takeda Katsuyori">Takeda Katsuyori</a> and his household commit suicide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</a> – King <a href="/wiki/James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI">James VI</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> conquistador <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Lerma" title="Hernando de Lerma">Hernando de Lerma</a> founds the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Salta" title="Salta">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Takamatsu" title="Siege of Takamatsu">Siege of Takamatsu</a>: In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> departs from the <a href="/wiki/Himeji_Castle" title="Himeji Castle">Himeji Castle</a> in the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a> and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to the <a href="/wiki/Bitch%C5%AB_Province" title="Bitchū Province">Bitchū Province</a> in the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Okayama_Prefecture" title="Okayama Prefecture">Okayama Prefecture</a>. Along the way, he stops at the <a href="/wiki/Kameyama_Castle_(Okayama)" title="Kameyama Castle (Okayama)">Kameyama Castle</a> where he makes a rendezvous with the <a href="/wiki/Ukita_clan" title="Ukita clan">Ukita clan</a> and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle.<a href="#cite_note-Sansom-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Takamatsu" title="Siege of Takamatsu">Siege of Takamatsu</a> begins as Hideyoshi attacks the forces of <a href="/wiki/Shimizu_Muneharu" title="Shimizu Muneharu">Shimizu Muneharu</a>, who has twice as many soldiers. Hideyhoshi orders an engineering project to block the Ashimori River and divert its waters to flood Takamatsu Castle.<a href="#cite_note-Sansom-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Takamatsu" title="Siege of Takamatsu">Siege of Takamatsu</a>: Heavy rains and the dikes built by Hideyoshi's forces turn the area around Takamatsu Castle into a lake.<a href="#cite_note-Sansom-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – (2nd day of the sixth month, <a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_(Momoyama_period)" title="Tenshō (Momoyama period)">Tenshō</a> 10) The <a href="/wiki/Honn%C5%8D-ji_Incident" title="Honnō-ji Incident">Honnō-ji Incident</a> occurs in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, as Japanese warlord <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>, on the verge of unifying Japan under his rule, is assassinated following a betrayal by a rebel subject, <a href="/wiki/Akechi_Mitsuhide" title="Akechi Mitsuhide">Akechi Mitsuhide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-toyokeizai167293-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – After learning of the assassination of his commander, Oda Nobunaga, <a href="/wiki/Shimizu_Muneharu" title="Shimizu Muneharu">Shimizu Muneharu</a> surrenders Takamatsu Castle to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and, in return for the pledge that the castle's defenders will be spared, commits the ritual suicide of <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_3"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1582&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamazaki" title="Battle of Yamazaki">Battle of Yamazaki</a>: Counterattacking forces led by <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> decisively defeat <a href="/wiki/Akechi_Mitsuhide" title="Akechi Mitsuhide">Akechi Mitsuhide</a>'s smaller army; Akechi is killed while retreating to his domain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Battle of Ponta Delgada</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a>): Spanish admiral <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a> decisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> claimant <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António, Prior of Crato</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Filippo_di_Piero_Strozzi" title="Filippo di Piero Strozzi">Filippo di Piero Strozzi</a> (who is killed) off the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, the first engagement between large fleets of <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleons</a>, operating at any great distance from the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_VI_of_Scotland_as_a_Youth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/James_VI_of_Scotland_as_a_Youth.jpg/120px-James_VI_of_Scotland_as_a_Youth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/James_VI_of_Scotland_as_a_Youth.jpg/180px-James_VI_of_Scotland_as_a_Youth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/James_VI_of_Scotland_as_a_Youth.jpg/240px-James_VI_of_Scotland_as_a_Youth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Young King James, taken hostage</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_23" title="August 23">August 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Ruthven" title="Raid of Ruthven">Raid of Ruthven</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> nobles led by <a href="/wiki/William_Ruthven,_1st_Earl_of_Gowrie" title="William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie">William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie</a> kidnap <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI of Scotland</a>, the kingdom's 16-year-old ruler, while he is hunting in <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a>. The Earl of Gowrie imprisons the King at Ruthven Castle as part of a coup d'etat to reform the Scottish government.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – Ruthven and his co-conspirators arrange for <a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell,_8th_Lord_Maxwell" title="John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell">John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell</a>, heir to former regent <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton">James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton</a>, to be installed as <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>'s regent. Douglas had been executed in 1581 for the 1567 murder of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a>, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and father of King James VI, who is imprisoned at Ruthven's castle.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_3"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1582&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> (Julian) (October 14 Gregorian) – The <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> is discarded at the end of the day in Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> implements the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. In the nations where the calendar is accepted, Thursday, October 4 is followed the next day by Friday, <a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a>.<a href="#cite_note-calendar-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> (Julian) (November 5 Gregorian) – General <a href="/wiki/Yermak_Timofeyevich" title="Yermak Timofeyevich">Yermak Timofeyevich</a> completes the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian conquest of Siberia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chuvash_Cape" title="Battle of Chuvash Cape">Battle of Chuvash Cape</a> as <a href="/wiki/Kuchum_Khan" title="Kuchum Khan">Kuchum Khan</a> abandons <a href="/wiki/Qashliq" title="Qashliq">Qashliq</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Khanate of Sibir">Khanate of Sibir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Qashliq fortress will be torn down and a new town, <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a> will be built 11 miles (18 km) further up the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a> river.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> – Ten years before he begins writing his first known plays, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, 18 years old, marries pregnant 26-year-old <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare)">Anne Hathaway</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a> (Julian) (December 19 Gregorian) – <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> discards the Julian Calendar at the end of the day and adopts the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a> at midnight. Sunday, December 9 is followed the next day in France by Monday, <a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a>.<a href="#cite_note-calendar-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_3"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1582&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The temple complex of <a href="/wiki/Kumbum" title="Kumbum">Kumbum</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> is allowed to enter the country.</li> <li>The earliest reference is made to the publishing of private <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The sultanate of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> begins to press southward, in search of a greater share of the trans-Saharan trade.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">Cagayan battles</a> in the Philippines, the only recorded clashes between Spanish regular soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> warriors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1583">1583</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1583" title="1583">1583</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1583&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1583&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_4"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1583&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> adopts the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a>, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Duke of Anjou">François, Duke of Anjou</a>, attacks <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Truchsess_von_Waldburg" title="Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg">Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg</a>, newly converted to <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, formally marries <a href="/wiki/Agnes_von_Mansfeld-Eisleben" title="Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben">Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben</a>, a former canoness of <a href="/wiki/Gerresheim" title="Gerresheim">Gerresheim</a>, while retaining his position as <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Archbishop-Elector of Cologne</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – In the Netherlands, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eindhoven_(1583)" title="Siege of Eindhoven (1583)">Siege of Eindhoven</a> by the Spanish Army begins.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-54">[54]</a> The walled city will fall in April.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> (February 28 O.S.) – The <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Men" title="Queen Elizabeth's Men">Queen Elizabeth's Men</a> troupe of actors is founded in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> by order of Queen Elizabeth to <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tilney" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Tilney">Edmund Tilney</a>, the royal <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Revels" title="Master of the Revels">Master of the Revels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_4"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1583&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – A Burmese Army force of 16,000 men, commanded by Thado Dhamma Yaza II of Prome and Nawrahta Minsaw of Lan Na to suppress the rebellious of the Shan States in the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> province of China, is welcomed by King <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Bayin" title="Nanda Bayin">Nanda Bayin</a> at the royal capital, <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a>, after a successful punitive expedition. The commanders bring with them the rebel chief from the Sanda state.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – Queen Elizabeth dissolves the <a href="/wiki/4th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="4th Parliament of Elizabeth I">English Parliament</a> which had been convened in 1572 but last met in 1581.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> <ul><li>The Kingdom of England establishes its first diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>After a siege of 75 days, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> commander Hendrik van Bonnivet <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eindhoven_(1583)" title="Siege of Eindhoven (1583)">surrenders</a> <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-54">[54]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – In a clash between a 50,000-man Persian Empire force and the Ottoman Empire for control of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region in modern-day Russia, the Ottomans are routed.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – In modern-day Russia, on the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, the three-day "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torches" title="Battle of Torches">Battle of Torches</a>" ends as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1578%E2%80%931590)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)">Ottoman Empire troops defeat forces of the Persian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shizugatake" title="Battle of Shizugatake">Battle of Shizugatake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shibata_Katsuie" title="Shibata Katsuie">Shibata Katsuie</a> is defeated by <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>, who goes on to commence construction of <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernest_of_Bavaria" title="Ernest of Bavaria">Ernest of Bavaria</a> is elected as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne" title="Archbishop of Cologne">Archbishop of Cologne</a>, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Truchsess_von_Waldburg" title="Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg">Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg</a>. The opposition rapidly turns into armed struggle, the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a>, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Oberstift" title="Destruction of the Oberstift">Destruction of the Oberstift</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – The first installment of the translation by <a href="/wiki/Jurij_Dalmatin" title="Jurij Dalmatin">Jurij Dalmatin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene language</a>, Bibilija, tu je vse svetu pismu stariga inu noviga testamenta (The Bible, featuring the complete Old and New Testaments), is published in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – Spanish troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a> overwhelm a combined army of Dutch, French and English soldiers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenbergen_(1583)" title="Battle of Steenbergen (1583)">Battle of Steenbergen</a> in the modern-day Netherlands. The multinational force sustains 3,200 people killed or wounded.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – In England, the first known <a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">life insurance</a> policy is issued. The Royal Exchange of London accepts a premium from William Gibbons, agreeing to pay a group of 30 beneficiaries a total of £383, 6s. 8d if he dies on or before June 17, 1584. Gibbons dies on May 29, 1584, and the Royal Exchange refuses to pay until a court rejects the insurer's argument that a month is actually four weeks or 28 days.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – Ten months after being taken hostage on August 23, 1582 in the <a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Ruthven" title="Raid of Ruthven">Raid of Ruthven</a>, the 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI of Scotland</a> is able to escape Falkland Prison and flees to safety in St. Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_4"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1583&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cuncolim_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuncolim Revolt">Cuncolim Revolt</a>: The first documented battle of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s independence against a European colonial ruler is fought by the Desais of <a href="/wiki/Cuncolim" title="Cuncolim">Cuncolim</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> – Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a>, on the site of the modern-day city of <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a>, claims the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Petru_Cercel" title="Petru Cercel">Petru Cercel</a> enters <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, and becomes <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wallachian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wallachian rulers">Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Delight_(1583)" title="English ship Delight (1583)">English ship Delight</a>, with Humphrey Gilbert's expedition, becomes the first of over 350 ships over time to run aground and be wrecked on <a href="/wiki/Sable_Island" title="Sable Island">Sable Island</a> in the North Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – King James VI of Scotland orders a gift to <a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_of_Houston" title="William Stewart of Houston">Colonel William Stewart</a> in recognition of Stewart's rescue of the King from prison. Colonel Stewart is presented with some of the <a href="/wiki/Jewels_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots">jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots</a> (the King's mother).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Squirrel_(1570s)" title="English ship Squirrel (1570s)">English ship Squirrel</a>, the flagship of explorer, Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a>, sinks in a storm with all hands along with all but one of Gilbert's colonial expedition.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Gilbert and his men had been returning from North America after claiming <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> in the name of Queen Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_4"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1583&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> holds its first classes, accepting more than 80 students as "Tounis College".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In continuous operation for more than 440 years, the University will have more than 41,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> orders the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Abada_(rhinoceros)" title="Abada (rhinoceros)">Abada</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Campo" title="Casa de Campo">Casa de Campo</a> public park of Madrid, to the <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menagerie</a> at his residence at <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Lame" title="Peter the Lame">Peter the Lame</a> becomes Prince of Moldavia (in modern-day Romania) for the third and last time, reigning until 1591.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – In South America, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Lima" title="Third Council of Lima">Third Council of Lima</a> comes to an end after two months after being convened to provide a consistent doctrine for the Roman Catholic Church in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>. Among other things, the Council approves the treatment of the native population "not like slaves but as free men" as part of evangelism and conversion to Christianity, as well as the use of the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara language</a> to spread the gospel. The use of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is ordered for church services, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> is forbidden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Hembyze" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan van Hembyze">Jan van Hembyze</a> becomes the last leader of the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist_Republic_of_Ghent" title="Calvinist Republic of Ghent">Calvinist Republic of Ghent</a> after a coup d'etat against the ruling Count of Flanders.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Hembyze's action leads days later to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ghent_(1583%E2%80%931584)" title="Siege of Ghent (1583–1584)">siege of Ghent</a> by Spanish General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Throckmorton" title="Francis Throckmorton">Francis Throckmorton</a>, instigator of the <a href="/wiki/Throckmorton_Plot" title="Throckmorton Plot">Throckmorton Plot</a> to overthrow Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a>, is arrested. Convicted of treason, he is executed on July 10, 1584.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Chiavari" title="Gerolamo Chiavari">Gerolamo Chiavari</a> is elected to a 2-year term as the new <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Genoa" title="Doge of Genoa">Doge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_De_Franchi_Toso_(1522%E2%80%931586)" title="Gerolamo De Franchi Toso (1522–1586)">Gerolamo De Franchi Toso</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Willem_IV_van_den_Bergh" title="Willem IV van den Bergh">Willem IV van den Bergh</a>, the Stadtholder of Guelders for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> is arrested along with his family and charged with treason on suspicion of having allowed the Spanish Army to seize <a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Imprisoned for five months, he is released in March after promising to retire from public service.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Allahabad</a> (modern-day Prayagraj in the state of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>) is founded as a strategic fortress by <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.Surendra Nath Sinha (1974).<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Hurault_de_Cheverny" title="Philippe Hurault de Cheverny">Philippe Hurault de Cheverny</a> is appointed as the new <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of France">Chief Minister of France</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">King Henri III</a> upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Birague" title="René de Birague">René de Birague</a>, who had governed for nine years. Hurault will serve until 1589.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Godesberg" title="Siege of Godesberg">Siege of Godesberg</a> (begun on <a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a>) concludes when <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> forces under Prince-elector-archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ernest_of_Bavaria" title="Ernest of Bavaria">Ernest of Bavaria</a> capture the strategic position, from defenders of the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> convert <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Truchsess_von_Waldburg" title="Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg">Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_4"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1583&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The world's oldest, intact, surviving amusement park, <a href="/wiki/Dyrehavsbakken" title="Dyrehavsbakken">Dyrehavsbakken</a>, is founded north of <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>.</li> <li>The current building housing the Bunch Of Grapes pub is built on Narrow Street in Limehouse, London. Referred to by Charles Dickens in <a href="/wiki/Our_Mutual_Friend" title="Our Mutual Friend">Our Mutual Friend</a> as "The Six Jolly Fellowship Porters", it still stands in the 21st century, much rebuilt and renamed '<a href="/wiki/The_Grapes,_Limehouse" title="The Grapes, Limehouse">The Grapes</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-PubEncyc-80">[80]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman navy">fleet</a> crosses into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Western Mediterranean</a> and raids the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> coastline. In <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, the towns of <a href="/wiki/Sartene" class="mw-redirect" title="Sartene">Sartene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arbellara" title="Arbellara">Arbellara</a> are sacked (summer).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1584">1584</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1584" title="1584">1584</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1584&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1584&action=history">history</a>)</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fyodor%26boris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fyodor%26boris.jpg/300px-Fyodor%26boris.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fyodor%26boris.jpg/450px-Fyodor%26boris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fyodor%26boris.jpg/600px-Fyodor%26boris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a>: <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a> becomes the new <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Russia">Tsar of Russia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roanoke_map_1584.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Roanoke_map_1584.JPG/110px-Roanoke_map_1584.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Roanoke_map_1584.JPG/165px-Roanoke_map_1584.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Roanoke_map_1584.JPG/220px-Roanoke_map_1584.JPG 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a> is discovered by English settlers.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_5"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1584&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Walter Mildmay</a> is given a royal licence to found <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge" title="Emmanuel College, Cambridge">Emmanuel College, Cambridge</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> – Roman Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/George_Haydock" title="George Haydock">George Haydock</a>, imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> since 1582, states during an interrogation that he claimed that Queen Elizabeth, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a>. Convicted of treason, he is executed on February 12.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – (6th waning moon of the Magha, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">BE 2126</a>) In what is now Thailand, Prince <a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Naresuan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uparaja" title="Uparaja">Uparaja</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> and the son of <a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Maha Thammaracha (king of Ayutthaya)">King Mahathammarachathirat</a> carries out the orders of Burma's King <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Bayin" title="Nanda Bayin">Nanda Bayin</a>, and leads an army to suppress a rebellion by the Viceroy of the Ava Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Thado_Minsaw_of_Ava" title="Thado Minsaw of Ava">Thado Minsaw</a>. Arriving in April, Naresuan learns that King Nanda has ordered Naresuan to be assassinated, and begins his own rebellion against Burma, the <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1584%E2%80%931593)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)">Burmese–Siamese War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hmannan-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – After being falsely accused of various charges, <a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias II of Constantinople">Jeremias II Tranos</a>, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church as <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a>, is deposed by his fellow bishops and exiled to the island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. Jeremias is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pachomius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Pachomius II of Constantinople">Pachomius II Patestos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – The city of <a href="/wiki/Karlstad" title="Karlstad">Karlstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> gaines <a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">city status</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Duke Charles.</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> since <a href="/wiki/1533" title="1533">1533</a>, dies; he is succeeded as Tsar by his son, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_5"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1584&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – (1st waning of Kason <a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">946 ME</a>) In what is now <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, Prince Naresuan of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (now Thailand) suppresses the rebellion of Thado Minsaw of the Ava Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Hmannan-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – (Tenshō 12, 18th day of the 3rd month) In Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Komaki_and_Nagakute" title="Battle of Komaki and Nagakute">Battle of Komaki</a> begins as fight between <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> when Ieyasu, commander of 100,000 men, begins the occupation of the Komakiyama Castle, prompting Hideyoshi to advance from <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> with 30,000 troops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – (Tenshō 12, 8th day of the 4th month) The conflict between <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> culminates in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Komaki_and_Nagakute" title="Battle of Komaki and Nagakute">Battle of Nagakute</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – With the death of the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duc_d%27Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Duc d'Anjou">Duc d'Anjou</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry of Navarre</a> becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> sends <a href="/wiki/Philip_Amadas" title="Philip Amadas">Philip Amadas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barlowe" title="Arthur Barlowe">Arthur Barlowe</a> to explore the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>), with a view to establishing an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a>; they locate <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tt-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – Walk (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Valka" title="Valka">Valka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valga,_Estonia" title="Valga, Estonia">Valga</a>, towns in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> respectively), receives city rights from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> king <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Bathory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Bathory">Stefan Bathory</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_5"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1584&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1584%E2%80%931585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Antwerp (1584–1585)">Siege of Antwerp</a> by the Spanish Army begins<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and lasts for 13 months until Antwerp's surrender on August 17, 1585.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Maronite_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite College">Maronite College</a> is established in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">Willem van Oranje</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> as <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholder</a> of Holland, is assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>. <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_G%C3%A9rard" title="Balthasar Gérard">Balthasar Gérard</a>, who bought two <a href="/wiki/Wheel-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel-lock">wheel-lock</a> pistols and then made an appointment with at the <a href="/wiki/Prinsenhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinsenhof">Prinsenhof</a>, shoots William in the chest at close range and fatally wounds him, making William the first head of state to be assassinated with a handgun.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian conquest of Siberia</a>: Russian General <a href="/wiki/Yermak_Timofeyevich" title="Yermak Timofeyevich">Yermak Timofeyevich</a>, who had been dispatched by Ivan the Terrible in 1582 to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Khanate of Sibir">Khanate of Sibir</a>, is killed along with all but one member of his invading force in an ambush commanded by <a href="/wiki/Kuchum_Khan" title="Kuchum Khan">Kuchum Khan</a>, the ruler of Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, Italian printer <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardo" title="Antonio Ricardo">Antonio Ricardo</a> receives official permission to set up the first printing press in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and prints the first publication there, Pragmatica, a four-page outline of how the new <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> (adopted 1582) works.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – (Tenshō 12, 16th day of the 7th month) The <a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_embassy" title="Tenshō embassy">Tenshō embassy</a>, Japan's first diplomatic mission to Europe, arrives in Portugal with four teenagers— Julião Nakaura, Mancio Itō, Martinho Hara and Miguel Chijiwa— who had become converts to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – In what is now Belgium, the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist_Republic_of_Ghent" title="Calvinist Republic of Ghent">Calvinist Republic of Ghent</a> comes to an end after seven years when its capital, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, falls following <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ghent_(1583%E2%80%931584)" title="Siege of Ghent (1583–1584)">a siege of 13 months</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Hembyze" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan van Hembyze">Jan van Hembyze</a>, leader of the republic since October 1583, surrenders the city to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese</a>, Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_5"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1584&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slunj" title="Battle of Slunj">Battle of Slunj</a> in the Kingdom of Croatia, an Ottoman invasion led by <a href="/wiki/Ferhad_Pasha_Sokolovi%C4%87" title="Ferhad Pasha Sokolović">Ferhad Pasha Sokolović</a> is turned back by Croatian forces, aided by troops of the Habsburg monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Throckmorton_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Throckmorton plot">Throckmorton plot</a> to overthrow her government, Queen Elizabeth convenes a new session of the English House of Commons since 1581. <a href="/wiki/John_Puckering" title="John Puckering">John Puckering</a> is appointed by her as the Speaker of the House of Commons, which has 460 members. The parliament passes the <a href="/wiki/Safety_of_the_Queen,_etc._Act_1584" title="Safety of the Queen, etc. Act 1584">Safety of the Queen Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits,_etc._Act_1584" title="Jesuits, etc. Act 1584">Jesuits Act 1584</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fontenay" title="Albert Fontenay">Albert Fontenay</a> sends an enciphered letter to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> that will become the chief evidence against her in her trial for treason during the <a href="/wiki/Babington_Plot" title="Babington Plot">Babington Plot</a>. After becoming a witness for the English government in return for immunity from prosecution, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Pasquier_(courtier)" title="Jérôme Pasquier (courtier)">Jérôme Pasquier</a> will decipher the letter in 1586, leading to Mary's conviction for an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and to overthrow the English government.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville" title="Treaty of Joinville">Treaty of Joinville</a> is signed secretly between the French Catholic League and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_5"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1584&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratu_Hijau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratu Hijau">Ratu Hijau</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> <a href="/wiki/Patani_Kingdom" title="Patani Kingdom">Patani Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian</a> cartographer and geographer <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a> features <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow#Chinese_sailing_carriage" title="Wheelbarrow">Chinese carriages with masts and sails</a>, in his atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum; concurrent and later Western writers also take note of this peculiar Chinese invention.</li> <li>This year, according to Italian heretic <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Brocardo" title="Jacopo Brocardo">Jacopo Brocardo</a>, is regarded as an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic</a> inauguration of a major new cycle.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1585">1585</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1585" title="1585">1585</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1585&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1585&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_6"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1585&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_21" title="January 21">January 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nutter" title="Robert Nutter">Robert Nutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Worthington_(Douai)" title="Thomas Worthington (Douai)">Thomas Worthington</a>, and 18 other Roman Catholic priests are "perpetually banished" from England by order of Queen Elizabeth, placed on the ship Mary Martin of Colchester, and transported to France.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pachomius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Pachomius II of Constantinople">Pachomius II</a> is deposed by fellow bishops from his position as <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a>, head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, and replaced by the Metropolitan of Philippoupolis, <a href="/wiki/Theoleptus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Theoleptus II of Constantinople">Theoleptus II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">King Johan III of Sweden</a>, widowed since 1583, marries <a href="/wiki/Gunilla_Bielke" title="Gunilla Bielke">Gunilla Bielke</a> in a ceremony at <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s" title="Västerås">Västerås</a>, which the King's siblings refuse to attend.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The coronation of Queen consort Gunilla takes place the next day. Over the next seven years, she works on changing the Catholic government's attitude towards Protestants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – The Spanish Army, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a>, obtains the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> after a siege that began the year before.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_6"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1585&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a>, known for promulgating the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> within the Roman Catholic nations of the world in <a href="/wiki/1582" title="1582">1582</a>, dies after a reign of almost 13 years. A papal conclave is convened 11 days later to elect a successor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1585_papal_conclave" title="1585 papal conclave">papal conclave</a> begins at the Vatican in Rome on Easter Sunday, with only 42 of the 60 cardinals attending. Early voting favors Cardinals <a href="/wiki/Pier_Donato_Cesi_(1521%E2%80%931586)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pier Donato Cesi (1521–1586)">Pier Donato Cesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Sirleto" title="Guglielmo Sirleto">Guglielmo Sirleto</a>, neither of whom receives a majority.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – Cardinal Felice Piergentile of the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Girolamo_dei_Croati" title="San Girolamo dei Croati">San Girolamo dei Croati</a> is unanimously elected as the 227th Pope, and takes the regnal name <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – The coronation of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> takes place in Rome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> – Spain seizes English ships in Spanish ports,<a href="#cite_note-CBH-26">[26]</a> precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – The 9.2 magnitude <a href="/wiki/1585_Aleutian_Islands_earthquake" title="1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake">Aleutian Islands earthquake</a> unleashes a tsunami in the Pacific Ocean, killing many people in Hawaii and reportedly striking Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Tsunami_Event-108">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> begins the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Shikoku_(1585)" title="Invasion of Shikoku (1585)">invasion of the Japanese island of Shikoku</a> with an army of 113,000 men on 703 ships. The troops are divided into three groups, with 60,000 commanded by <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hidenaga" title="Toyotomi Hidenaga">Hashiba Hidenaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hidetsugu" title="Toyotomi Hidetsugu">Hashiba Hidetsugu</a> toward the provinces of Awa and Tosa; 23,000 under <a href="/wiki/Ukita_Hideie" title="Ukita Hideie">Ukita Hideie</a> at the province of Sanuki; and 30,000 under <a href="/wiki/Kobayakawa_Takakage" title="Kobayakawa Takakage">Kobayakawa Takakage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kikkawa_Motoharu" title="Kikkawa Motoharu">Kikkawa Motoharu</a> for the province of Iyo.<a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-109">[109]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_6"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1585&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nemours" title="Treaty of Nemours">Treaty of Nemours</a> forces King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> to capitulate to the demands of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>, triggering the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Eighth War of Religion</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Henrys" title="War of the Three Henrys">War of the Three Henrys</a>) in France.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Shikoku_(1585)" title="Invasion of Shikoku (1585)">Invasion of Shikoku</a>: The final battle of the invasion, the siege of <a href="/wiki/Ichinomiya_Castle" title="Ichinomiya Castle">Ichinomiya Castle</a>, begins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – Aboard the English ship Tiger, Roanoke expedition leader Ralph Lane negotiates an agreement with the Secotan people, who are represented by Granganimeo, the brother of the Secotan leader, King Wingino. Although the Secotans grant Lane's request to allow the English to live on Roanoke Island, he is told that they will receive no assistance from the natives, because of problems the previous year with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roanoke-111">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – (11th day of the 7th month of <a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_(Momoyama_period)" title="Tenshō (Momoyama period)">Tenshō</a> 13) <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Shikoku_(1585)" title="Invasion of Shikoku (1585)">Invasion of Shikoku</a>: In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsokabe_Motochika" title="Chōsokabe Motochika">Chōsokabe Motochika</a> surrenders the island of <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a> to <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>, after a 26 day siege of the <a href="/wiki/Ichinomiya_Castle" title="Ichinomiya Castle">Ichinomiya Castle</a> by 40,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-Sadler-112">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – English explorer <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(English_explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Davis (English explorer)">John Davis</a> enters <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Sound" title="Cumberland Sound">Cumberland Sound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>, in his quest for the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> agrees to establish a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> over the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-CBH-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">captured by Spanish forces</a> commanded by the Duke of Parma. The Duke orders all Protestants to leave the city. As a result, over half of the 100,000 inhabitants flee to the northern provinces. Furthermore, upon hearing of the capture of Antwerp, a relief fleet sent to raise the siege instead blockades the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> River, preventing any and all ships from reaching Antwerp for two centuries. This effectively destroys Antwerp's position as an important trade city and de facto capital of the Dutch provinces. Its position is taken over by various northern cities, most prominently <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.</li> <li>The Roanoke colonists complete their construction of a fort under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lane" title="Ralph Lane">Ralph Lane</a> to make the first permanent English settlement in North America.<a href="#cite_note-Roanoke-111">[111]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nonsuch" title="Treaty of Nonsuch">Treaty of Nonsuch</a> is signed, committing England to support the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, thus entering the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – In the Ottoman Empire, the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_al-Hasan_bin_Ali" title="An-Nasir al-Hasan bin Ali">An-Nasir al-Hasan bin Ali</a> in Yemen is ended when An-Nasir is betrayed and turned over to the Turkish Ottoman governor.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> An-Nasir spends one year in prison in <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a> and then brought to Turkey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – English Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(Catholic_martyr)" title="John Adams (Catholic martyr)">John Adams</a> is banished from England along with 72 other Catholic priests, and transported by ship to <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">King Henry IV</a> of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, who is also the <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> to France's <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">King Henry III</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> from the Roman Catholic Church by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a>, who effectively declares that French Catholics are not required to recognize his claim to the throne.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_6"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1585&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> in the Netherlands, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_IJsseloord" title="Siege of IJsseloord">siege of IJsseloord</a> is completed after nine days as English and Dutch forces recapture the city from Spanish occupiers.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – In Mexico City, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Manrique_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga,_1st_Marquess_of_Villamanrique" title="Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga, 1st Marquess of Villamanrique">Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">Viceroy of New Spain</a> after being appointed by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> – A 6.6 magnitude earthquake strikes Japan, and serves a <a href="/wiki/Foreshock" title="Foreshock">foreshock</a> and a trigger to <a href="/wiki/1586_Tensh%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1586 Tenshō earthquake">a deadly 7.9 magnitude earthquake on January 18</a> that will kill 8,000 people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Cape_Verde" title="Santiago, Cape Verde">island of Santiago</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> is <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Santiago_(1585)" title="Capture of Santiago (1585)">captured</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hadim_Mesih_Pasha" title="Hadim Mesih Pasha">Hadim Mesih Pasha</a> is appointed the new <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire">Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire</a> by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a> – Enraged by the disrespect shown to him by <a href="/wiki/Yousuf_Shah_Chak" title="Yousuf Shah Chak">Yousuf Shah Chak</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, orders the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> with 5,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_6"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1585&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Kingdom of Luba</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Kongolo_Mwamba" title="Kongolo Mwamba">Kongolo Mwamba</a> in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chocolate_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="History of chocolate in Spain">History of chocolate in Spain</a>: First recorded commercial importation of <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> to Europe, from <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a> in Mexico to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1586">1586</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1586" title="1586">1586</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1586&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1586&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1587">1587</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1587" title="1587">1587</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1587&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1587&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_7"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1587&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> appoints <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a> to be the Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a>, to be established later in the year by English colonists on <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a> off the coast of what is now the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lawler-120">[120]</a> White and 121 other colonists depart from Portsmouth on three ships on May 8 and arrive at Croatoan Island on July 22.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-daijin" title="Daijō-daijin">Chancellor of the Realm</a> <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> ends <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Portugal's control</a> of the port of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> after six years. Omura Sumitada had leased the fishing village to Portuguese Jesuits on August 15, 1580. <a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_5" title="February 5">February 5</a> – (1st waxing of Tabaung 948 ME) King Nanda of Burma appoints his eldest son and heir apparent, <a href="/wiki/Minye_Kyawswa_II_of_Ava" title="Minye Kyawswa II of Ava">Minye Kyawswa II</a>, as Viceroy of Ava, now part of upper Burma, with a capital at <a href="/wiki/Inwa" title="Inwa">Inwa</a> (located in what is now the Mandalay Region of Myanmar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, the monarch of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, is beheaded in front of 300 witnesses at <a href="/wiki/Fotheringhay_Castle" title="Fotheringhay Castle">Fotheringhay Castle</a>, seven days after the signing of a <a href="/wiki/Death_warrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Death warrant">death warrant</a> by her cousin, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth of England</a>. Mary had been convicted of treason for her role in the <a href="/wiki/Babington_Plot" title="Babington Plot">Babington Plot</a>, a conspiracy to overthrow the English government and to assassinate Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – A period of exceptionally severe cold begins in western Europe and lasts until February 24.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Cope,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet">Sir Anthony Cope</a>, a member of the English Parliament, is imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> after presenting a Puritan revision of the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> to the Speaker of the House of Commons, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Puckering" title="John Puckering">John Puckering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> He is released on March 23.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – In west Africa, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_II_of_Kongo" title="Álvaro II of Kongo">Álvaro II Nimi a Nkanga</a> becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo, with a capital at <a href="/wiki/M%27banza-Kongo" title="M'banza-Kongo">São Salvador</a> in what is now the city of M'banza-Kongo in the northern part of the Republic of Angola, and including parts of the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Alvaro II claims the throne upon the dath of his father, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_I_of_Kongo" title="Álvaro I of Kongo">Álvaro I Nimi a Lukeni lua Mvemba</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> – English privateer accepts a commission from the Kingdom to disrupt Spanish freighters trading with Italy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_7"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1587&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – (14th waxing of Kason 949 ME) <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1584%E2%80%931593)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)">Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)</a>: Burma's siege of <a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_(city)" title="Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)">Ayutthaya</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>), capital of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, fails after six months as the troops of Burma's King <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Bayin" title="Nanda Bayin">Nanda Bayin</a> begin their withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard" title="Singeing the King of Spain's Beard">Singeing the King of Spain's Beard</a>: On an expedition against Spain, English <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> leads a raid in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Bay of Cádiz">Bay of Cádiz</a>, sinking at least 23 ships of the Spanish fleet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – The second expedition to establish an English colony at <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a> in North America departs from England with two ships, supplies, and 121 people under the command of John White.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">John Davis</a> sets out from <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth, Devon</a>, for a third attempt to find the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – (Tensho 15, 6th day of 5th month); Most of <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a> is surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> by Yoshihisa Shimazu, 32 days after Hideyoshi's <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kagoshima" title="Siege of Kagoshima">siege of Kagoshima</a> began (on the 3rd day of the 4th month). Hideyoshi follows on July 24 (19th day of the 6th month of Tensho 15) with an order banishing all European Christian missionaries from the province.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VIII of Alexandria">Gabriel VIII</a> becomes the new Pontiff of the Coptic Christian Church in Egypt, being enthroned as Pope Gabriel VIII and filling a vacancy that had existed for nine months since the death of Pope John XIV of Alexandria. Gabriel will reign until his death on May 14, 1603.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_7"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1587&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a>: A group of English settlers arrive on <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a> off <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, to re-establish the deserted colony.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – According to legend, <a href="/wiki/Saul_Wahl" title="Saul Wahl">Saul Wahl</a> is named king of Poland; he is deposed the following day.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> nobles elect <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a>, King of Sweden, as the ruler of the after the death in December of the previous King of Poland and Duke of Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – A small group of nobles who oppose Sigismund Vasa as King vote to proclaim <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria</a>, as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, a decision supported by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_archbishops_of_Gniezno_and_primates_of_Poland" title="List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland">Primate of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Karnkowski" title="Stanisław Karnkowski">Stanisław Karnkowski</a>. The divide begins the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish Succession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – Governor John White leaves the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a> to get more supplies from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>), the faculty at the <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Leuven</a> publishes a condemnation of the 34 propositions drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Michel_Baius" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Baius">Michel Baius</a>, leading to a campaign by traditional Belgian Catholics against the Jesuits.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – In Italy, the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_I_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua">Vincenzo Gonzaga</a> as <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Mantua">Duke of Mantua</a> takes place.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – At <a href="/wiki/Gremi" title="Gremi">Gremi</a> in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Georgia">Republic of Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Kakheti" title="Alexander II of Kakheti">King Alexander II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kakheti</a> signs an oath of allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsar of all Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_7"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1587&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Shāh ‘Abbās I "The Great"</a> succeeds as <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> – Sigismund Vasa and a fleet of Swedish ships land in Poland to confront an invasion by Maximilian III and an Austrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)</a>: Archduke Maximilian of Austria begins the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Krak%C3%B3w_(1587)" title="Siege of Kraków (1587)">siege of Kraków</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">hetman</a> of the Polish Army, begins the defense of the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Landing_of_the_first_Filipinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing of the first Filipinos">Landing of the first Filipinos</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino American">Filipinos</a> in North America land in Morro Bay, near San Luis Obispo in modern-day California.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coutras" title="Battle of Coutras">Battle of Coutras</a>: <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry of Navarre</a> defeat Royalist forces under <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Joyeuse" title="Anne de Joyeuse">Anne de Joyeuse</a>, favorite of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">King Henry</a>; Joyeuse is killed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Library" title="Leiden University Library">Leiden University Library</a> opens its doors, after its founding in <a href="/wiki/1575" title="1575">1575</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – During the circumnavigation of the world by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a>, the English ships capture the Spanish galleon Santa Ana and its treasure of 100 <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy pounds</a> of gold (worth 122,000 Spanish pesos) and a total treasure worth 2.1 million pesos.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> – In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Davide_Vacca" title="Davide Vacca">Davide Vacca</a> is elected to a two-year term as the new <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Genoa" title="Doge of Genoa">Doge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> in a vote by the Grand Council of the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</a> – A final Austrian attack on Kraków by Archduke Maximilian III is repelled by the Polish defenders.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> – Maximilian III withdraws his forces and the siege of Kraków ends.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> is formally crowned as King Zygmunt Waza of Poland and Duke of Lithuania in a coronation ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_7"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1587&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>A severe famine breaks out in <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> China.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_(theatre)" title="The Rose (theatre)">The Rose (theatre)</a> is founded in London by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Henslowe" title="Philip Henslowe">Philip Henslowe</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chapbook" title="Chapbook">chapbook</a> <a href="/wiki/Historia_von_D._Johann_Fausten_(chapbook)" title="Historia von D. Johann Fausten (chapbook)">Historia von D. Johann Fausten</a>, printed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Spies" title="Johann Spies">Johann Spies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, is the first published version of the <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a> story.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everard_Digby_(scholar)" title="Everard Digby (scholar)">Everard Digby</a>'s De Arte Natandi, the first treatise on <a href="/wiki/Human_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Human swimming">swimming</a> in England, is published.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Dominic%27s_Church,_Macau" title="St. Dominic's Church, Macau">St. Dominic's Church, Macau</a> is established.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailuoto" title="Hailuoto">Hailuoto</a>, an island in the <a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a>, is separated from the grand parish of Saloinen into an independent parish.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1588">1588</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1588" title="1588">1588</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1588&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1588&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_8"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1588&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> issues the papal bull <a href="/wiki/Immensa_aeterni_Dei" title="Immensa aeterni Dei">Immensa aeterni Dei</a>, a major reorganization of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> creating 15 congregations of cardinals, including the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum#Sacred_Congregation_of_the_Index_(1571–1917)" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Congregation of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a>, the Church list of forbidden books; the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Inquisition">Congregation of the Inquisition</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Vatican_Press" title="Congregation of the Vatican Press">Congregation of the Vatican Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish Succession</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Byczyna" title="Battle of Byczyna">Battle of Pitschen</a> takes place at Pitschen (now <a href="/wiki/Byczyna" title="Byczyna">Byczyna</a> in Poland, with Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by the Polish hetman <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a> defending against an invading Austrian force commanded by <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria</a>. After his army is routed, Archduke Maximilian surrenders and is taken as a prisoner of war, and will be held for more than a year until his release is compelled by the intervention of Pope Sixtus V.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – The sudden death of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz">Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz</a>, in the midst of preparations for the Spanish Armada, forces King Philip II of Spain to re-allocate the command of the fleet.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – In what is now <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the siege of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Rajasinha_I_of_Sitawaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasinha I of Sitawaka">Rajasinha I of Sitawaka</a> ends when Portuguese Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Teixeira" title="Pedro Teixeira">Pedro Teixeira</a> arrives with a fleet of 80 ships and frees the capital of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a>. King Rajasinha and his troops flee back to his capital at <a href="/wiki/Avissawella" title="Avissawella">Seethawakapura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – The ascension of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Shah Abbas I</a> as Emperor in Iran, of the Safavid Empire, is made official on the first day of the New Year on the Zoroastrian Calendar. Abbas has ruled since October 16, 1587.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – The English Army begins the recruitment of volunteers to prepare for the expected invasion by Spain. On April 10, 1593, the English Parliament will enact the first military pension, "An Acte for relief of Soudiours", providing that "forasmuch as it is agreable with Christian Charity Policy and the Honor of our Nation, that shuch as have since the 25th day of March 1588, adventured their lives and lost their limbs or disabled their bodies, or shall hereafter adventure the lives, lose their limbs or disable their bodies, in defence and service of Her Majesty and the State, should at their return be relieved and rewarded to the end that they may reap the fruit of their good deservings, and others may be encouraged to perform like endeavors..."<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_8"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1588&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a> becomes king of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, upon the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades" title="Day of the Barricades">Day of the Barricades</a> in Paris: <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a> seizes the city, forcing King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a> to flee.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> estuary, under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Sotomayor,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" title="Alonso de Guzmán y Sotomayor, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia">Duke of Medina Sedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Recalde" title="Juan Martínez de Recalde">Juan Martínez de Recalde</a>, heading for the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> (it will take until <a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a> for all of the ships to leave port).<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – Sailing across the South Atlantic Ocean towards England, near the end of their voyage around the world, Thomas Cavendish and his <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> fleet stumble across the Portuguese-controlled island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> While Saint Helena has been under the control of Portugal for 80 years, England had been unaware of its existence.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> – Twenty days after departing from Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> receives a foreshadowing of disaster to come during the summer as a storm scatters part of the fleet, postponing the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Sotomayor,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" title="Alonso de Guzmán y Sotomayor, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia">Alonso de Guzmán y Sotomayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" title="Duke of Medina Sidonia">Duke of Medina Sidonia</a> and commander of the Spanish expedition, returns the fleet to the port of Coruna for repairs, and writes a letter to King Philip, urging him to abandon plans for invasion of England, and to reach an honorable settlement, but the King refuses. The Spanish expedition resumes on July 21.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_8"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1588&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – At <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, King Henry III of France gives in to the latest demands of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a> and the Duke of Guise, and signs the Edict of Union, agreeing to not allow French Protestants to participate in government,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> in return for being able to return to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_31" title="July 31">July 31</a> – The first engagement between the English and Spanish fleets (off <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>) results in a victory for the English, under command of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Lord Howard of Effingham</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet, off the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Portland" title="Isle of Portland">Isle of Portland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a> – The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> (July 29 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada#Battle_of_Gravelines" title="Spanish Armada">Battle of Gravelines</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> is defeated by the English naval force off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Gravelines" title="Gravelines">Gravelines</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> (modern France).<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9">August 9</a> – The Duke of Medina Sidonia, commander of the Spanish Armada, decides to return the fleet to Spain after two days of trying to reach the coast of Flanders, to meet up with the army of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Duke of Parma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-armada-156">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – Much of the Spanish Armada is destroyed by storms during an attempt to around Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Ireland</a>. The fleeing Spanish fleet sails past the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>, and the English call off their pursuit, avoiding the storm entirely.<a href="#cite_note-armada-156">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> (August 9 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Speech_to_the_Troops_at_Tilbury" title="Speech to the Troops at Tilbury">Speech to the Troops at Tilbury</a> by Queen Elizabeth I.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> (8th day of the 7th month, Tensho 16) – In Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-daijin" title="Daijō-daijin">Chancellor of the Realm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>, issues an edict for the katanagari (the <a href="/wiki/Sword_hunt" title="Sword hunt">sword hunt</a>), the confiscation of swords from any persons thought to be opposed to his rule.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Ganja_Fortress" title="Ganja Fortress">Ganja Fortress</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> is captured by Ottoman general <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Ferhad_Pasha" title="Serdar Ferhad Pasha">Serdar Ferhad Pasha</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – English captain Thomas Cavendish and a fleet of ships complete <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish%27s_circumnavigation" title="Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation">sailing around the world in a record time</a> of 781 days, returning to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> more than two years after setting off on July 21, 1586. The previous record had been 1,018 days by the expedition of Sir Francis Drake from 1577 to 1580. By the time of his return, Cavendish has only his flagship, <a href="/wiki/Desire_(ship)" title="Desire (ship)">Desire</a>, after having started with the two other vessels, the warship Content, and the 40-ton supply ship Hugh Gallant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – Dutch General <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="Charles III de Croÿ">Charles III de Croÿ</a> captures the German city of <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_8"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1588&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> – The first biography of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> (d.<a href="/wiki/1543" title="1543">1543</a>) is completed by <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Baldi" title="Bernardino Baldi">Bernardino Baldi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – Dutch Republic and English forces capture <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)">Bergen op Zoom</a>, a fortress in the Spanish Netherlands, after a siege of 41 days.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – The English Navy ship <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador_(Guip%C3%BAzcoan_squadron)" title="San Salvador (Guipúzcoan squadron)">Great Spaniard</a>, formerly the Spanish Armada ship San Salvador until its capture on August 1, sinks off of the coast of England's <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Purbeck" title="Isle of Purbeck">Isle of Purbeck</a>, with the loss of 23 of the 57 crew. The survivors are rescued by an English <a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">man-o-war</a> boat.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> – The Order of Augustinian Recollects is formally recognised as a separate province from the Order of Saint Augustine, an event later known as the Día de la Recolección or Day of Recollection.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">December 23</a> – Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Cardinal_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II, Cardinal of Guise">Louis II, Cardinal of Guise</a>, killed, and holding the <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_de_Bourbon_(born_1523)" title="Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)">Cardinal de Bourbon</a> a prisoner. As a result, large parts of France reject Henry III as their king, forcing him to side with <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Navarre">Henry of Navarre</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unknown"> Unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1588&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(Bible_translator)" title="William Morgan (Bible translator)">William Morgan's</a> Welsh <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">translation of the Bible</a> is published.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Armada_Portrait" title="Armada Portrait">Armada Portrait</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> is created, to celebrate the English defeat of the Spanish Armada, and to assert the strength of Elizabeth herself.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1589">1589</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1589" title="1589">1589</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1589&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1589&action=history">history</a>)</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_IV_%C3%A0_la_bataille_d%27Arques_21_septembre_1589.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Henri_IV_%C3%A0_la_bataille_d%27Arques_21_septembre_1589.jpeg/250px-Henri_IV_%C3%A0_la_bataille_d%27Arques_21_septembre_1589.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Henri_IV_%C3%A0_la_bataille_d%27Arques_21_septembre_1589.jpeg/375px-Henri_IV_%C3%A0_la_bataille_d%27Arques_21_septembre_1589.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Henri_IV_%C3%A0_la_bataille_d%27Arques_21_septembre_1589.jpeg/500px-Henri_IV_%C3%A0_la_bataille_d%27Arques_21_septembre_1589.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a>–<a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arques" title="Battle of Arques">Battle of Arques</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_9"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1589&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – The reign of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> as Countess of Auvergne ends after 64 years and she is succeeded by her grandson, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Valois,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême">Charles de Valois</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – The <a href="/wiki/College_of_Sorbonne" title="College of Sorbonne">College of Sorbonne</a> votes a resolution that it is just and necessary to depose King Henry III of France, and that any private citizen is morally free to commit <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – The French city of <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> closes its gates to King Henry III and subsequently recognizes 65-year-old <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_de_Bourbon_(born_1523)" title="Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)">Charles I, Cardinal de Bourbon</a> as King Charles X.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Job_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Job of Moscow">Job of Moscow</a> is elected as the first <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_All_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia">Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – King Philip of Portugal issues an order to the Viceroy in Portuguese India (Goa) for the arrest of explorer <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Gama" title="João da Gama">João da Gama</a>, but da Gama continues toward Mexico without being aware of the order.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Valkendorfs_Kollegium" title="Valkendorfs Kollegium">Valkendorfs Kollegium</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fitch" title="Ralph Fitch">Ralph Fitch</a> becomes the first known person from England to set foot on the island of Ceylon (now <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) and stays five days.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_of_the_Noorderkwartier" title="Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier">Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier</a> is set up as the third of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_admiralties" title="Dutch admiralties">five admiralties</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8" title="March 8">March 8</a> – England prohibits the construction of a cottage on any property that isn't at least four acres in size, with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Erection_of_Cottages_Act_1588" title="Erection of Cottages Act 1588">Erection of Cottages Act 1588</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bytom_and_B%C4%99dzin" title="Treaty of Bytom and Będzin">Treaty of Bytom and Będzin</a> is signed between the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and Austria, ending the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish Succession</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria</a>, renounces his claims to the thrones of Poland and Lithuania and acknowledges <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> of Sweden as the heir to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_9"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1589&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – An <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a>, led by Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)" title="John Norris (soldier)">John Norreys</a>, and largely financed by private investors, sets sail to attack the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>'s Atlantic coast,<a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology_1589-164">[164]</a> but fails to achieve any naval advantage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – Girolamo Bargagli's play The Pilgrim Woman is given its first performance, premiering in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, three years after Bargagli's death.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> – In Spain, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Pita" title="María Pita">María Pita</a> leads the defense of <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">La Coruña</a> against the English Armada after her husband is killed by a crossbow."<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Stewart,_5th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell">The Earl of Bothwell</a>, accused of treason against the Crown of Scotland, surrenders along with the <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Huntly" title="George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly">Earl of Huntly</a> and is imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a>. Convicted on May 24, the conspirators are never sentenced and set free by King James VI.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ercole,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Ercole, Lord of Monaco">Ercole Grimaldi</a> becomes the new <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Monaco" title="List of rulers of Monaco">Lord of Monaco</a> upon the death of his older brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Charles II, Lord of Monaco">Charles II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – On the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> in what is now Indonesia, the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Darussalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Buyung" title="Sultan Buyung">Ali Ri'ayat Syah II</a>, is assassinated by a group of nobles dissatisfied with his rule. He becomes the fourth Sultan in a row to be murdered.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Ri%27ayat_Syah_Sayyid_al-Mukammal" title="Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal">Sayyid al-Mukammal</a> is approved by the nobles as the new Sultan of Aceh.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_9"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1589&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> – The <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a>, commanded by Sir Francis Drake, returns to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> after almost three months of pillaging the Spanish kingdoms. <a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias II of Constantinople">Jeremias II Tranos</a> is appointed as the Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, by Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">July 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hetmans_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Hetman of Poland</a> since 1581, establishes the <a href="/wiki/Zamoyski_family_entail" title="Zamoyski family entail">largest family trust</a> in the Kingdom. The Zamoyski family trust will last for more than 350 years until being abolished in 1944.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – (Tensho 17, 5th day of 6th month); The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suriagehara" title="Battle of Suriagehara">Battle of Suriagehara</a> takes place in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> between the Date and Katakura clans and the Ashina, Satake and Nikaido clans. <a href="/wiki/Date_Masamune" title="Date Masamune">Date Masamune</a> leads the two clans to victory over <a href="/wiki/Satake_Yoshinobu" title="Satake Yoshinobu">Satake Yoshinobu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Abbas the Great</a>, who has recently become the Safavid Emperor of Persia, arranges the assassination of his benefactor, the Viceroy Murshid Qoli Khan at a banquet. <a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> is assassinated by a fanatical <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment" title="Jacques Clément">Jacques Clément</a>, who approaches the King on the pretext of delivering a secret message. Henry tells his guards to stand aside, and Clément approaches and fatally stabs the King. Clément is subsequently killed by the guards. King Henry dies the next day.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – Following the death of Henry III of France, his army is thrown into confusion and an attempt to retake Paris is abandoned. Henry of Navarre succeeds to the throne as King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>, but is not recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>, who acclaim the imprisoned <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_de_Bourbon_(born_1523)" title="Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)">Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon</a>, as the rightful King of France, Charles X.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI of Scotland</a>, the future James I of England, contracts a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">proxy marriage</a> with the 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kronborg" title="Kronborg">Kronborg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The formal ceremony takes place on <a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bishop%27s_Palace_in_Oslo" title="Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo">Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arques" title="Battle of Arques">Battle of Arques</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>'s forces defeat those of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Lorraine,_Duke_of_Mayenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne">Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne</a> (younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_9"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1589&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – King James VI of Scotland sails to <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> to meet his bride, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a> as part of a fleet of six Scottish Navy ships, and is accompanied by <a href="/wiki/John_Maitland,_1st_Lord_Maitland_of_Thirlestane" title="John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane">Lord Maitland of Thirlestane</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">Lord Chancellor of Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – Japanese warlord <a href="/wiki/Date_Masamune" title="Date Masamune">Date Masamune</a> and his forces capture the Sukagawa Castle, defended by his aunt <a href="/wiki/Onamihime" title="Onamihime">Onamihime Nikaido</a>, after her assistant Hodohara Yukifuji betrays her.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – Alleged serial killer and accused werewolf <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stumpp" title="Peter Stumpp">Peter Stumpp</a> 'the Werewolf of Bedburg' is tortured and executed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> is repulsed in an attempt to capture Paris from the Catholic League.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – At <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vans,_Lord_Barnbarroch" title="Patrick Vans, Lord Barnbarroch">Patrick Vans, Lord Barnbarroch</a> ratifies the marriage contract between King James VI of Scotland, and Anne of Denmark.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> – In India, <a href="/wiki/Man_Singh_I" title="Man Singh I">Man Singh I</a> becomes the new raja of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Amber" title="Kingdom of Amber">Kingdom of Amber</a> (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> state) upon the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Bhagwant_Das" title="Bhagwant Das">Bhagwant Das</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a>) – The monks of the <a href="/wiki/Pechenga_Monastery" title="Pechenga Monastery">Pechenga Monastery</a>, the northernmost in the world, are massacred by <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedes</a>, led by a Finnish peasant chief, in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–95)">Russo-Swedish War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_8"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1589&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Luigi_dei_Francesi" title="San Luigi dei Francesi">San Luigi dei Francesi</a>, Rome, is completed by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fontana" title="Domenico Fontana">Domenico Fontana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> is founded, by the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> warlord <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto" title="Mōri Terumoto">Mōri Terumoto</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hofbr%C3%A4uhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofbräuhaus">Hofbräuhaus</a> is founded, by <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="William V, Duke of Bavaria">William V, Duke of Bavaria</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1580" title="1580">1580</a>, <a href="/wiki/1581" title="1581">1581</a>, <a href="/wiki/1582" title="1582">1582</a>, <a href="/wiki/1583" title="1583">1583</a>, <a href="/wiki/1584" title="1584">1584</a>, <a href="/wiki/1585" title="1585">1585</a>, <a href="/wiki/1586" title="1586">1586</a>, <a href="/wiki/1587" title="1587">1587</a>, <a href="/wiki/1588" title="1588">1588</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1589" title="1589">1589</a></div> 1580 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Middleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Thomas_Middleton.jpg/120px-Thomas_Middleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Thomas_Middleton.jpg/250px-Thomas_Middleton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Thomas Middleton</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quevedo_(copia_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Quevedo_%28copia_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez%29.jpg/120px-Quevedo_%28copia_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Quevedo_%28copia_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez%29.jpg/250px-Quevedo_%28copia_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo" title="Francisco de Quevedo">Francisco de Quevedo</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jens_Hermansson_Juel" title="Jens Hermansson Juel">Jens Hermansson Juel</a>, Stattholder of Norway (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a>, Flemish chemist (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ruthven" title="Alexander Ruthven">Alexander Ruthven</a>, Scottish earl (d. <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Amadei" title="Stefano Amadei">Stefano Amadei</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Willem_Isaacsz_Swanenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Isaacsz Swanenburg">Willem Isaacsz Swanenburg</a>, Dutch engraver (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gundakar,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundakar, Prince of Liechtenstein">Gundakar, Prince of Liechtenstein</a>, court official in Vienna (d. <a href="/wiki/1658" title="1658">1658</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a>, English explorer and Virginia settler (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Digby,_1st_Earl_of_Bristol" title="John Digby, 1st Earl of Bristol">John Digby, 1st Earl of Bristol</a>, English diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fane,_1st_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland">Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland</a>, English noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jens_Bjelke" title="Jens Bjelke">Jens Bjelke</a>, Norwegian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_l%27Aubespine,_marquis_de_Ch%C3%A2teauneuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf">Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf</a>, French diplomat and government official (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hoe_von_Hoenegg" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthias Hoe von Hoenegg">Matthias Hoe von Hoenegg</a>, German theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orazio_Giustiniani" title="Orazio Giustiniani">Orazio Giustiniani</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Srofenaur" title="Giovanni Srofenaur">Giovanni Srofenaur</a>, Italian musician (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bogislaw_XIV,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania">Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_of_Denmark" title="Augusta of Denmark">Augusta of Denmark</a>, Duchess Consort of Holstein-Gottorp (1596-1616) (d. <a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke">William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke</a>, English noble, courtier and patron of the arts (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – (baptism) <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Thomas Middleton</a>, English playwright (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Avell%C3%A1n" title="Miguel Avellán">Miguel Avellán</a>, Spanish Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Toledo from 1633 (d. <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Faulhaber" title="Johann Faulhaber">Johann Faulhaber</a>, German mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Webb_(settler)" title="Richard Webb (settler)">Richard Webb</a>, English settler in America (d. <a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua_and_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat">Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat</a>, French noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bassam_Al-Soukaria" title="Bassam Al-Soukaria">Bassam Al-Soukaria</a>, Lebanese army commander (d. <a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fadrique_de_Toledo,_1st_Marquis_of_Villanueva_de_Valdueza" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadrique de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza">Fadrique de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza</a>, Spanish noble and admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Godefroy_Wendelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Godefroy Wendelin">Godefroy Wendelin</a>, Flemish astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Heinsius" title="Daniel Heinsius">Daniel Heinsius</a>, Dutch scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Stalbemt" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriaan van Stalbemt">Adriaan van Stalbemt</a>, Flemish Baroque painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Magdalena_of_Pomerania" title="Elisabeth Magdalena of Pomerania">Elisabeth Magdalena of Pomerania</a>, German duchess (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Borja_y_Velasco" title="Gaspar de Borja y Velasco">Gaspar de Borja y Velasco</a>, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a>, Spanish Jesuit priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Contarini" title="Carlo Contarini">Carlo Contarini</a>, Doge of Venice (d. <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Stob%C3%A4us" title="Johann Stobäus">Johann Stobäus</a>, German composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Chetham" title="Humphrey Chetham">Humphrey Chetham</a>, English merchant (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giacomo_Semenza" title="Giovanni Giacomo Semenza">Giovanni Giacomo Semenza</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mochi" title="Francesco Mochi">Francesco Mochi</a>, Italian early-Baroque sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prince_Jeongwon" title="Prince Jeongwon">Prince Jeongwon</a>, Korean prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1619" title="1619">1619</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vernier" title="Pierre Vernier">Pierre Vernier</a>, French mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Percy_(governor)" title="George Percy (governor)">George Percy</a>, English explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo" title="Francisco de Quevedo">Francisco de Quevedo</a>, Spanish writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_of_Straloch" title="Robert Gordon of Straloch">Robert Gordon of Straloch</a>, Scottish cartographer (d. <a href="/wiki/1661" title="1661">1661</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Annibal_Fabrot" title="Charles Annibal Fabrot">Charles Annibal Fabrot</a>, French lawyer (d. <a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fanshawe" title="Thomas Fanshawe">Thomas Fanshawe</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Countess_Charlotte_Brabantina_of_Nassau" title="Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau">Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau</a>, Belgian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg" title="Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg">Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg</a>, Duchess consort of Pomerania (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Esterh%C3%A1zy_(1580%E2%80%931626)" title="Gábor Esterházy (1580–1626)">Gábor Esterházy (1580–1626)</a>, Hungarian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hortensio_F%C3%A9lix_Paravicino" title="Hortensio Félix Paravicino">Hortensio Félix Paravicino</a>, Spanish preacher and poet from the noble house of Pallavicini (d. <a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cr%C3%BCger" title="Peter Crüger">Peter Crüger</a>, German astronomer and mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Armand-Nompar_de_Caumont,_duc_de_La_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force">Armand-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force</a>, Marshal of France (d. <a href="/wiki/1675" title="1675">1675</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Narssius" title="Johannes Narssius">Johannes Narssius</a>, Dutch physician and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Claude_Fabri_de_Peiresc" title="Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc">Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc</a>, French astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Argall" title="Samuel Argall">Samuel Argall</a>, English adventurer and naval officer (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabeshima_Katsushige" title="Nabeshima Katsushige">Nabeshima Katsushige</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Cl%C3%BCver" title="Philipp Clüver">Philipp Clüver</a>, German geographer and historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Fontana" title="Francesco Fontana">Francesco Fontana</a>, Italian lawyer and astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Hartog" title="Dirk Hartog">Dirk Hartog</a>, Dutch ship's captain and explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1621" title="1621">1621</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jannon" title="Jean Jannon">Jean Jannon</a>, Swiss-born typefounder (d. <a href="/wiki/1658" title="1658">1658</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Killigrew" title="Robert Killigrew">Robert Killigrew</a>, English courtier, politician, ambassador and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willebrord_Snellius" title="Willebrord Snellius">Willebrord Snellius</a>, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Sobiehrd-Mnishovsky" title="Raphael Sobiehrd-Mnishovsky">Raphael Sobiehrd-Mnishovsky</a>, Bohemian lawyer and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vernier" title="Pierre Vernier">Pierre Vernier</a>, French mathematician and instrument inventor (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Zbaraski" title="Krzysztof Zbaraski">Krzysztof Zbaraski</a>, Polish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Calvert,_1st_Baron_Baltimore" title="George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore">George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore</a>, English politician and colonizer (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>probable <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Brabazon,_1st_Earl_of_Meath" title="William Brabazon, 1st Earl of Meath">William Brabazon, 1st Earl of Meath</a>, English noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Fairfax" title="Edward Fairfax">Edward Fairfax</a>, English translator (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Hals" title="Frans Hals">Frans Hals</a>, Dutch painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>)<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Leslie,_1st_Earl_of_Leven" title="Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven">Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven</a>, Scottish soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1661" title="1661">1661</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin,_Duke_of_Soubise" title="Benjamin, Duke of Soubise">Benjamin, Duke of Soubise</a>, French Huguenot leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_Basile" title="Adriana Basile">Adriana Basile</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1581 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohannGeorgAnhDorotheaSimmern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/JohannGeorgAnhDorotheaSimmern.jpg/120px-JohannGeorgAnhDorotheaSimmern.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/JohannGeorgAnhDorotheaSimmern.jpg/250px-JohannGeorgAnhDorotheaSimmern.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Dorothea_of_Simmern" title="Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern">Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakob_de_Monte_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jakob_de_Monte_004.jpg/110px-Jakob_de_Monte_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jakob_de_Monte_004.jpg/165px-Jakob_de_Monte_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jakob_de_Monte_004.jpg/220px-Jakob_de_Monte_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Gregoria_Maximiliana_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria">Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedevig_af_Sachsen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hedevig_af_Sachsen.JPG/120px-Hedevig_af_Sachsen.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hedevig_af_Sachsen.JPG/250px-Hedevig_af_Sachsen.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>Princess <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_of_Denmark" title="Hedwig of Denmark">Hedwig of Denmark</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tho_overbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tho_overbury.jpg/110px-Tho_overbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tho_overbury.jpg/165px-Tho_overbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tho_overbury.jpg/220px-Tho_overbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Overbury" title="Thomas Overbury">Thomas Overbury</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a>, Anglo-Irish priest and scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Dorothea_of_Simmern" title="Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern">Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern</a>, Princess consort of Anhalt-Dessau (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christian,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Bayreuth" title="Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth">Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth</a> (1603–1655) (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Poli" title="Fausto Poli">Fausto Poli</a>, Italian Catholic prelate and cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Corneliszoon_Hooft" title="Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft">Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft</a>, Dutch historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Paul" title="Vincent de Paul">Vincent de Paul</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> priest who dedicated himself to serving the poor (d. <a href="/wiki/1660" title="1660">1660</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arnold_M%C3%B6ller" title="Arnold Möller">Arnold Möller</a>, German calligrapher (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_More_(MP,_born_1581)" title="Robert More (MP, born 1581)">Robert More</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Gregoria_Maximiliana_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria">Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria</a>, Austrian archduchess (d. <a href="/wiki/1597" title="1597">1597</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barrett,_1st_Lord_Barrett_of_Newburgh" title="Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh">Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_G%C3%BCnther_I,_Count_of_Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Louis Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Louis Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a> (1630–1646) (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Carafa_(1581%E2%80%931655)" title="Pier Luigi Carafa (1581–1655)">Pier Luigi Carafa</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isidoro_Bianchi" title="Isidoro Bianchi">Isidoro Bianchi</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brian_Twyne" title="Brian Twyne">Brian Twyne</a>, English archivist (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_of_Denmark" title="Hedwig of Denmark">Hedwig of Denmark</a>, Danish princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Drexel" title="Jeremias Drexel">Jeremias Drexel</a>, Jesuit writer of devotional literature and a professor of the humanities and rhetoric (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_Archer_(antiquary)" title="Simon Archer (antiquary)">Simon Archer</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Dami%C3%A1n_L%C3%B3pez_de_Haro" title="Juan Damián López de Haro">Juan Damián López de Haro</a>, Spanish Catholic bishop of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claude_Gaspard_Bachet_de_M%C3%A9ziriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac">Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac</a>, French mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Zampieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Domenico Zampieri">Domenico Zampieri</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Hockmere" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hockmere">William Hockmere</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Popham_(MP_for_Bridgwater)" title="Edward Popham (MP for Bridgwater)">Edward Popham</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carlo_I_Cybo-Malaspina" title="Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina">Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina</a>, marquisate of Massa (d. <a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-S%C3%B8nderburg-Norburg" title="Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Norburg">Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Norburg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1658" title="1658">1658</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Davison" title="Walter Davison">Walter Davison</a>, English poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_III,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Butzbach" title="Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach">Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach</a> (1609–1643) (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chalette" title="Jean Chalette">Jean Chalette</a>, French painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasparo_Aselli" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasparo Aselli">Gasparo Aselli</a>, Italian physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Drexel" title="Jeremias Drexel">Jeremias Drexel</a>, German Jesuit writer of devotional literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter">Edmund Gunter</a>, English mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_du_Vergier_de_Hauranne" title="Jean du Vergier de Hauranne">Jean du Vergier de Hauranne</a>, French monk who introduced Jansenism into France (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malapert" title="Charles Malapert">Charles Malapert</a>, Belgian Jesuit writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulia_Tofana" title="Giulia Tofana">Giulia Tofana</a>, Italian poisoner (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Opali%C5%84ski_(1581%E2%80%931654)" title="Łukasz Opaliński (1581–1654)">Łukasz Opaliński (1581–1654)</a>, Polish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Overbury" title="Thomas Overbury">Thomas Overbury</a>, English poet and essayist (d. <a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rudbeckius" title="Johannes Rudbeckius">Johannes Rudbeckius</a>, bishop at Västerås (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choghtu_Khong_Tayiji" title="Choghtu Khong Tayiji">Choghtu Khong Tayiji</a>, ruler of the Khalkha Mongols (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>probable <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ruiz de Alarcón">Juan Ruiz de Alarcón</a>, Mexican dramatist (d. <a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisto_Badalocchio" title="Sisto Badalocchio">Sisto Badalocchio</a>, Italian painter and engraver (d. <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1582 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgII.1615.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/GeorgII.1615.JPG/120px-GeorgII.1615.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/GeorgII.1615.JPG/250px-GeorgII.1615.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="George II, Duke of Pomerania">George II, Duke of Pomerania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taichang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Taichang.jpg/110px-Taichang.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Taichang.jpg/165px-Taichang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Taichang.jpg/220px-Taichang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taichang_Emperor" title="Taichang Emperor">Taichang Emperor</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Contreras" title="Alonso de Contreras">Alonso de Contreras</a>, Spanish privateer and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Borzita_of_Martinice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice">Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice</a>, Bohemian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene of Brandenburg">Magdalene of Brandenburg</a>, Landgravine consort of Hesse-Darmstadt (1598–1616) (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lanfranco" title="Giovanni Lanfranco">Giovanni Lanfranco</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Barclay_(1582-1621)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Barclay (1582-1621)">John Barclay</a>, Scottish satirist and Latin poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1621" title="1621">1621</a>)<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="George II, Duke of Pomerania">George II, Duke of Pomerania</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Bernegger" title="Matthias Bernegger">Matthias Bernegger</a>, German philologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(soldier)" title="John Ratcliffe (soldier)">John Ratcliffe</a>, English politician and soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Featley" title="Daniel Featley">Daniel Featley</a>, English theologian and controversialist (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deodat_del_Monte" title="Deodat del Monte">Deodat del Monte</a>, Flemish painter, architect (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Williams (archbishop of York)">John Williams</a>, Welsh clergyman and political advisor to King James I (d. <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Sophie_of_Prussia" title="Duchess Sophie of Prussia">Duchess Sophie of Prussia</a>, Duchess consort of Courland (1609–1610) (d. <a href="/wiki/1610" title="1610">1610</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – (bapt.) <a href="/wiki/Phineas_Fletcher" title="Phineas Fletcher">Phineas Fletcher</a>, English poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Justus_de_Harduwijn" title="Justus de Harduwijn">Justus de Harduwijn</a>, Dutch Catholic priest and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1636" title="1636">1636</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marco_da_Gagliano" title="Marco da Gagliano">Marco da Gagliano</a>, Italian composer of the early Baroque era (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg">John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg</a> (1608–1628) (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Schultz_(composer)" title="Johannes Schultz (composer)">Johannes Schultz</a>, German composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Fiennes,_1st_Viscount_Saye_and_Sele" title="William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele">William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele</a>, English nobleman and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Isham,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Isham, 1st Baronet">Sir John Isham, 1st Baronet</a>, English Member of Parliament (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Catharina_of_East_Frisia" title="Sabina Catharina of East Frisia">Sabina Catharina of East Frisia</a>, Countess of Rietberg (1586–1618) (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Matthew_Rispoli" title="John Matthew Rispoli">John Matthew Rispoli</a>, major Maltese philosopher of great erudition (d. <a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Humilis_of_Bisignano" title="Humilis of Bisignano">Humilis of Bisignano</a>, Italian Franciscan friar and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Nassau-Dillenburg" title="Maria Amalia of Nassau-Dillenburg">Maria Amalia of Nassau-Dillenburg</a>, German noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taichang_Emperor" title="Taichang Emperor">Taichang Emperor</a>, of the Ming Dynasty of China (d. <a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Meinhard_von_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Hans Meinhard von Schönberg">Hans Meinhard von Schönberg</a>, German military commander (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Eleanor_of_Austria_(1582%E2%80%931620)" title="Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (1582–1620)">Archduchess Eleanor of Austria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eitel_Frederick_von_Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a>, German Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Count_Palatine_of_Sulzbach" title="Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach">Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach</a>, Count Palatine of Neuburg (1614–1632) (d. <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a>, Lutheran church leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Ivanovich_of_Russia_(born_1582)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (born 1582)">Dmitri Ivanovich</a>, Russian Tsarevich (d. <a href="/wiki/1591" title="1591">1591</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_of_Nassau-Siegen_(1582%E2%80%931617)" title="John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen (1582–1617)">John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen</a>, German general (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Piccolomini_(Jesuit)" title="Francesco Piccolomini (Jesuit)">Francesco Piccolomini</a>, Italian Jesuit (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jane_Weston" title="Elizabeth Jane Weston">Elizabeth Jane Weston</a>, English Czech poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Maynard" title="François Maynard">François Maynard</a>, French poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dupuy_(scholar)" title="Pierre Dupuy (scholar)">Pierre Dupuy</a>, French historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Casimir_Wambold_von_Umstadt" title="Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt">Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt</a>, Archbishop of Mainz (d. <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Chappell_(bishop)" title="William Chappell (bishop)">William Chappell</a>, Irish bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bertie,_1st_Earl_of_Lindsey" title="Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey">Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey</a>, English adventurer and soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">December 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Severo_Bonini" title="Severo Bonini">Severo Bonini</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>)<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Abela" title="Giovanni Francesco Abela">Giovanni Francesco Abela</a>, Maltese writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Alenio" title="Giulio Alenio">Giulio Alenio</a>, Italian Jesuit missionary (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bainbridge_(astronomer)" title="John Bainbridge (astronomer)">John Bainbridge</a>, English astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Corbet" title="Richard Corbet">Richard Corbet</a>, English poet and bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Juxon" title="William Juxon">William Juxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moulson" title="Thomas Moulson">Thomas Moulson</a>, Lord Mayor of London (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Elder" title="David Teniers the Elder">David Teniers the Elder</a>, Flemish painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Windebank" title="Francis Windebank">Francis Windebank</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacomina_de_Witte" title="Jacomina de Witte">Jacomina de Witte</a>, politically influential Dutch woman (d. <a href="/wiki/1661" title="1661">1661</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakub_Zadzik" title="Jakub Zadzik">Jakub Zadzik</a>, Polish nobleman and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>probable – <a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India" title="Sigismondo d'India">Sigismondo d'India</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li></ul> 1583 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PeterBulkley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PeterBulkley.jpg/120px-PeterBulkley.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/PeterBulkley.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bulkley" title="Peter Bulkley">Peter Bulkley</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michiel_Jansz._van_Mierevelt_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wallenstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Michiel_Jansz._van_Mierevelt_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wallenstein.jpg/110px-Michiel_Jansz._van_Mierevelt_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wallenstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Michiel_Jansz._van_Mierevelt_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wallenstein.jpg/165px-Michiel_Jansz._van_Mierevelt_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wallenstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Michiel_Jansz._van_Mierevelt_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wallenstein.jpg/220px-Michiel_Jansz._van_Mierevelt_-_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wallenstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Albrecht von Wallenstein</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_Episcopius" title="Simon Episcopius">Simon Episcopius</a>, Dutch theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Alamanni">Niccolò Alamanni</a>, Greek-born Roman antiquarian (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bulkley" title="Peter Bulkley">Peter Bulkley</a>, English and later American Puritan (d. <a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Ley" title="John Ley">John Ley</a>, English priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Alting" title="Johann Heinrich Alting">Johann Heinrich Alting</a>, German Lutheran theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Morin_(mathematician)" title="Jean-Baptiste Morin (mathematician)">Jean-Baptiste Morin</a>, French mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury" title="Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury">Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury</a>, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Quaresmius" title="Franciscus Quaresmius">Franciscus Quaresmius</a>, Italian writer and orientalist (d. <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus,_Count_Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Nikolaus, Count Esterházy">Nikolaus, Count Esterházy</a>, Hungarian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>, Dutch philosopher and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orazio_Grassi" title="Orazio Grassi">Orazio Grassi</a>, Italian Jesuit priest, architect and scientist (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Af%C3%A1n_de_Ribera,_duke_of_Alcal%C3%A1_de_los_Gazules" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Afán de Ribera, duke of Alcalá de los Gazules">Fernando Afán de Ribera, duke of Alcalá de los Gazules</a>, Spanish diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Hall" title="Susanna Hall">Susanna Hall</a>, Daughter of William Shakespeare (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Axel_Oxenstierna" title="Axel Oxenstierna">Axel Oxenstierna</a>, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacob_De_la_Gardie" title="Jacob De la Gardie">Jacob De la Gardie</a>, Swedish soldier and statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ernst,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach">Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a> (1603–1625) (d. <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_von_Dohna" title="Christopher von Dohna">Christopher von Dohna</a>, German politician and scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dodo_zu_Innhausen_und_Knyphausen" title="Dodo zu Innhausen und Knyphausen">Dodo Knyphausen</a>, German soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1636" title="1636">1636</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="John, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein">John, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein</a>, Danish prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1602" title="1602">1602</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alban_Roe" title="Alban Roe">Alban Roe</a>, English Benedictine martyr (d. <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Trigland" title="Jacobus Trigland">Jacobus Trigland</a>, Dutch theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dai%C5%A1an" title="Daišan">Daišan</a>, Manchu politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_P%C3%A9tau" title="Denis Pétau">Denis Pétau</a>, French Jesuit theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Prussia" title="Eleanor of Prussia">Eleanor of Prussia</a>, Electress consort of Brandenburg (d. <a href="/wiki/1607" title="1607">1607</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adam,_Count_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Adam, Count of Schwarzenberg">Adam, Count of Schwarzenberg</a>, German politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harrison_(Royalist)" title="Richard Harrison (Royalist)">Richard Harrison</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christian_II,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Christian II, Elector of Saxony">Christian II, Elector of Saxony</a> from 1591 to 1611 (d. <a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Albrecht von Wallenstein</a>, Austrian general (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_VIII,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="John VIII, Count of Nassau-Siegen">John VIII, Count of Nassau-Siegen</a> (1623–1638) (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li>September – <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Laurens_Reael" title="Laurens Reael">Laurens Reael</a>, Dutch admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anthony_G%C3%BCnther,_Count_of_Oldenburg" title="Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg">Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Raynaud" title="Théophile Raynaud">Théophile Raynaud</a>, French theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Ernest of Austria">Archduke Maximilian Ernest of Austria</a>, Austrian archduke (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_J%C3%A1uregui_y_Aguilar" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar">Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar</a>, Spanish poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a>, English composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a>)<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Jacobszoon_Lucifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick Jacobszoon Lucifer">Hendrick Jacobszoon Lucifer</a>, Dutch pirate and buccaneer (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beaumont_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Beaumont (poet)">John Beaumont</a>, English poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elzevir" title="House of Elzevir">Bonaventura Elzevir</a>, Dutch printer (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lubomirski_(1583%E2%80%931649)" title="Stanisław Lubomirski (1583–1649)">Stanisław Lubomirski</a>, Polish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Massinger" title="Philip Massinger">Philip Massinger</a>, English dramatist (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Razan" title="Hayashi Razan">Hayashi Razan</a>, Japanese neo-Confucianist scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>probable <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Henderson_(theologian)" title="Alexander Henderson (theologian)">Alexander Henderson</a>, Scottish theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzinga_of_Ndongo_and_Matamba" title="Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba">Nzinga</a>, warrior sovereign queen of Ndongo and Matamba (d. <a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Townshend" title="Aurelian Townshend">Aurelian Townshend</a>, English poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1584 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archduchess_Maria_-_Servitenkloster,_Innsbruck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Archduchess_Maria_-_Servitenkloster%2C_Innsbruck.jpg/110px-Archduchess_Maria_-_Servitenkloster%2C_Innsbruck.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Archduchess_Maria_-_Servitenkloster%2C_Innsbruck.jpg/165px-Archduchess_Maria_-_Servitenkloster%2C_Innsbruck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Archduchess_Maria_-_Servitenkloster%2C_Innsbruck.jpg/220px-Archduchess_Maria_-_Servitenkloster%2C_Innsbruck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_of_Austria_(1584-1649)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria of Austria (1584-1649)">Archduchess Maria of Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margarita_de_Austria,_reina_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Margarita_de_Austria%2C_reina_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/110px-Margarita_de_Austria%2C_reina_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Margarita_de_Austria%2C_reina_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/165px-Margarita_de_Austria%2C_reina_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Margarita_de_Austria%2C_reina_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-Margarita_de_Austria%2C_reina_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain">Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Delorme" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles Delorme">Charles Delorme</a>, French physician and the royal doctor for Kings Henri IV , Louis XIII and Louis XIV (d. <a href="/wiki/1678" title="1678">1678</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh_II" title="Karan Singh II">Karan Singh II</a>, Maharana of Mewar (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange">Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Richini" title="Francesco Maria Richini">Francesco Maria Richini</a>, Italian architect (d. <a href="/wiki/1658" title="1658">1658</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Barlaeus" title="Caspar Barlaeus">Caspar Barlaeus</a>, Dutch polymath (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Carteret_II" title="Philippe de Carteret II">Philippe de Carteret II</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Nardi_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelo Nardi (painter)">Angelo Nardi</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1664" title="1664">1664</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_VI_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert VI of Bavaria">Albert VI of Bavaria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg">Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Saint-Vincent" title="Grégoire de Saint-Vincent">Grégoire de Saint-Vincent</a>, Flemish Jesuit mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="John II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken">John II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Fairfax,_2nd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron" title="Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron">Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron</a>, English parliamentary general (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bridget_de_Vere,_Countess_of_Berkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridget de Vere, Countess of Berkshire">Bridget de Vere, Countess of Berkshire</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sibylle_Elisabeth_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Sibylle Elisabeth of Württemberg">Sibylle Elisabeth of Württemberg</a>, Duchess consort of Saxony (d. <a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Hales_(theologian)" title="John Hales (theologian)">John Hales</a>, English theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Langham,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Langham, 1st Baronet">Sir John Langham, 1st Baronet</a>, English Member of Parliament (d. <a href="/wiki/1671" title="1671">1671</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_C%C3%A1rdenas_y_Manrique_de_Lara" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge de Cárdenas y Manrique de Lara">Jorge de Cárdenas y Manrique de Lara</a>, Spanish noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Teschner" title="Melchior Teschner">Melchior Teschner</a>, German cantor, composer and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Hess" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jacob Hess">John Jacob Hess</a>, Swiss Anabaptist minister and martyr (d. <a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_23" title="May 23">May 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_und_zu_Trauttmansdorff" title="Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff">Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff</a>, Austrian diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">May 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Altenburg" title="Michael Altenburg">Michael Altenburg</a>, German composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Chonghuan" title="Yuan Chonghuan">Yuan Chonghuan</a>, Chinese politician, military general and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_Sophie_of_Anhalt" title="Anna Sophie of Anhalt">Anna Sophie of Anhalt</a>, German noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_of_Austria_(1584%E2%80%931649)" title="Archduchess Maria of Austria (1584–1649)">Archduchess Maria of Austria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strode_(died_1669)" title="Richard Strode (died 1669)">Richard Strode</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1669" title="1669">1669</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cholmondeley,_1st_Earl_of_Leinster" title="Robert Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Leinster">Robert Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Leinster</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Brandenburg,_Duchess_of_Pomerania" title="Agnes of Brandenburg, Duchess of Pomerania">Agnes of Brandenburg, Duchess of Pomerania</a>, later Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_III_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard III de Coligny">Gaspard III de Coligny</a>, Marshal of France (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Scrope,_1st_Earl_of_Sunderland" title="Emanuel Scrope, 1st Earl of Sunderland">Emanuel Scrope, 1st Earl of Sunderland</a>, English statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pierrepont,_1st_Earl_of_Kingston-upon-Hull" title="Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull">Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull</a>, English soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Casimir,_Count_of_Erbach-Breuberg" title="John Casimir, Count of Erbach-Breuberg">John Casimir, Count of Erbach-Breuberg</a> (1606–1627) (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Ernest,_Count_of_Hohenlohe-Langenburg" title="Philip Ernest, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg">Philip Ernest, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg</a> (1610–1628) (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Howard,_2nd_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk">Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Treat" title="Richard Treat">Richard Treat</a>, American city founder (d. <a href="/wiki/1669" title="1669">1669</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Young" title="Patrick Young">Patrick Young</a>, Scottish librarian (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_van_Erpe" title="Thomas van Erpe">Thomas van Erpe</a>, Dutch Orientialist, cartographer (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Julius_of_Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Francis Julius of Saxe-Lauenburg">Francis Julius of Saxe-Lauenburg</a>, Prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georg_Rudolf_Weckherlin" title="Georg Rudolf Weckherlin">Georg Rudolf Weckherlin</a>, German poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Roma" title="Giulio Roma">Giulio Roma</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Finch,_1st_Baron_Finch" title="John Finch, 1st Baron Finch">John Finch, 1st Baron Finch</a>, English judge (d. <a href="/wiki/1660" title="1660">1660</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke">Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a>)<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Camus" title="Jean-Pierre Camus">Jean-Pierre Camus</a>, French Catholic bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Sweden,_Countess_Palatine_of_Kleeburg" title="Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg">Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Sophie_of_Brandenburg" title="Barbara Sophie of Brandenburg">Barbara Sophie of Brandenburg</a>, duchess consort and later regent of Württemberg (d. <a href="/wiki/1636" title="1636">1636</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Crayer" title="Gaspar de Crayer">Gaspar de Crayer</a>, Flemish painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1669" title="1669">1669</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queen_Inmok" title="Queen Inmok">Queen Inmok</a>, Korean royal consort (d. <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Selden" title="John Selden">John Selden</a>, English jurist (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain">Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Julius,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania">Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Dicastillo" title="Juan de Dicastillo">Juan de Dicastillo</a>, Spanish theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">William Baffin</a>, English explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Beaumont" title="Francis Beaumont">Francis Beaumont</a>, English dramatist (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cifra" title="Antonio Cifra">Antonio Cifra</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Zhengyan" title="Hu Zhengyan">Hu Zhengyan</a>, Chinese artist, printmaker, calligrapher and publisher (d. <a href="/wiki/1674" title="1674">1674</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a>, Japanese samurai, artist, strategist, rōnin and philosopher, known for <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings" title="The Book of Five Rings">The Book of Five Rings</a> (written <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Mathieu Molé">Mathieu Molé</a>, French statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiara_Varotari" title="Chiara Varotari">Chiara Varotari</a>, Italian Baroque painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Wrangel" title="Herman Wrangel">Herman Wrangel</a>, Swedish soldier and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1585 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champaigne_portrait_richelieu_eb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Champaigne_portrait_richelieu_eb.jpg/110px-Champaigne_portrait_richelieu_eb.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Champaigne_portrait_richelieu_eb.jpg/165px-Champaigne_portrait_richelieu_eb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Champaigne_portrait_richelieu_eb.jpg/220px-Champaigne_portrait_richelieu_eb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Cotton_by_Smibert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Cotton_by_Smibert.jpg/120px-John_Cotton_by_Smibert.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Cotton_by_Smibert.jpg/250px-John_Cotton_by_Smibert.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3260" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Emanuele_Pio_di_Savoia" title="Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia">Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claude_Favre_de_Vaugelas" title="Claude Favre de Vaugelas">Claude Favre de Vaugelas</a>, Savoyard grammarian and man of letters (d. <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Catherine_de_Joyeuse" title="Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse">Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse</a>, Duchess of Joyeuse (d. <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Grosvenor,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Grosvenor, 1st Baronet">Sir Richard Grosvenor, 1st Baronet</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ward_(nun)" title="Mary Ward (nun)">Mary Ward</a>, English Catholic Religious Sister (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_of_Solms-Sonnewalde" title="Anna Maria of Solms-Sonnewalde">Anna Maria of Solms-Sonnewalde</a>, Countess consort of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_27" title="January 27">January 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Avercamp" title="Hendrick Avercamp">Hendrick Avercamp</a>, Dutch painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Domenico_II_Contarini" title="Domenico II Contarini">Domenico II Contarini</a>, Doge of Venice (d. <a href="/wiki/1675" title="1675">1675</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schwenter" title="Daniel Schwenter">Daniel Schwenter</a>, German Orientalist (d. <a href="/wiki/1636" title="1636">1636</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Quiney" title="Judith Quiney">Judith Quiney</a>, William Shakespeare's youngest daughter (d. <a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>)<a href="#cite_note-twins-187">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespeare" title="Hamnet Shakespeare">Hamnet Shakespeare</a>, William Shakespeare's only son (d. <a href="/wiki/1596" title="1596">1596</a>)<a href="#cite_note-twins-187">[187]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_den_Broecke" title="Pieter van den Broecke">Pieter van den Broecke</a>, Dutch merchant (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Macias" title="John Macias">John Macias</a>, Spanish Dominican lay brother (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Homburg" title="Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg">Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg</a>, founder of the junior line Hesse-Homburg (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John George I, Elector of Saxony">John George I, Elector of Saxony</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cornaro_(Doge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Cornaro (Doge)">Francesco Cornaro</a>, Doge of Venice (d. <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gerbrand_Adriaensz_Bredero" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero">Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero</a>, Dutch writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Krzysztof Radziwiłł">Krzysztof Radziwiłł</a>, Polish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marzio_Ginetti" title="Marzio Ginetti">Marzio Ginetti</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1671" title="1671">1671</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Goring,_1st_Earl_of_Norwich" title="George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich">George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich</a>, English soldier and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Olelkovich_Radziwill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia Olelkovich Radziwill">Sophia Olelkovich Radziwill</a>, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Carafa" title="Vincenzo Carafa">Vincenzo Carafa</a>, Italian Jesuit priest and spiritual writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guy_XX_de_Laval" title="Guy XX de Laval">Guy XX de Laval</a>, French noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Oglander" title="John Oglander">John Oglander</a>, English politicians (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Evert_Horn" title="Evert Horn">Evert Horn</a>, Swedish soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ruiz_de_Montoya" title="Antonio Ruiz de Montoya">Antonio Ruiz de Montoya</a>, Peruvian and Paraguayan linguist (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lippius" title="Johannes Lippius">Johannes Lippius</a>, German theologian, philosopher, composer and music theorist (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Guiton" title="Jean Guiton">Jean Guiton</a>, French Huguenot ship owner (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Hunnius" title="Nicolaus Hunnius">Nicolaus Hunnius</a>, German theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Turner" title="Timothy Turner">Timothy Turner</a>, British serjeant-at-law (d. <a href="/wiki/1677" title="1677">1677</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1niel_Esterh%C3%A1zy_(1585%E2%80%931654)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dániel Esterházy (1585–1654)">Dániel Esterházy</a>, Hungarian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_3" title="August 3">August 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Burdett,_1st_Baronet,_of_Bramcote" title="Sir Thomas Burdett, 1st Baronet, of Bramcote">Sir Thomas Burdett, 1st Baronet, of Bramcote</a>, Sheriff of Derbyshire (d. <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jesper_Brochmand" title="Jesper Brochmand">Jesper Brochmand</a>, Danish bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Biliverti" title="Giovanni Biliverti">Giovanni Biliverti</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lauremberg" title="Peter Lauremberg">Peter Lauremberg</a>, German writer and professor (d. <a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Armand_Jean_du_Plessis,_Cardinal_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu">Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu</a>, French statesman and 4th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Vannini" title="Ottavio Vannini">Ottavio Vannini</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Franco_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Franco (bishop)">Antonio Franco</a>, Italian Catholic bishop, prelate of Santa Lucia del Mela (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Strangways_(died_1666)" title="John Strangways (died 1666)">John Strangways</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Tyrol" title="Anna of Tyrol">Anna of Tyrol</a>, Holy Roman Empress (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>, German composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1672" title="1672">1672</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Hussey,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Hussey, 1st Baronet">Sir Edward Hussey, 1st Baronet</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_11" title="October 11">October 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heermann" title="Johann Heermann">Johann Heermann</a>, German poet, hymn-writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Cappel" title="Louis Cappel">Louis Cappel</a>, French Protestant churchman and scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1658" title="1658">1658</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a>, French bishop of Ypres and religious reformer (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/John_Ball_(Puritan)" title="John Ball (Puritan)">John Ball</a>, English puritan divine (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Bro%C5%BCek" title="Jan Brożek">Jan Brożek</a>, Polish mathematician, physician and astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Pauw" title="Adriaan Pauw">Adriaan Pauw</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Colloredo" title="Rudolf von Colloredo">Rudolf von Colloredo</a>, Austrian field marshal (d. <a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_St_John,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John St John, 1st Baronet">Sir John St John, 1st Baronet</a>, English baronet (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herman_op_den_Graeff" title="Herman op den Graeff">Herman op den Graeff</a>, Dutch bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Benedetto_de_Sio" title="Filippo Benedetto de Sio">Filippo Benedetto de Sio</a>, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Boiano (1641–1651) and Bishop of Caiazzo (1623–1641) (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Wren" title="Matthew Wren">Matthew Wren</a>, influential English clergyman (d. <a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a>, clergyman in England and the American colonies, founder of Boston (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">December 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden" title="William Drummond of Hawthornden">William Drummond of Hawthornden</a>, Scottish poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Livia_della_Rovere" title="Livia della Rovere">Livia della Rovere</a>, Italian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christian,_Count_of_Waldeck-Wildungen" title="Christian, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen">Christian, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen</a> (1588–1637) (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(1585%E2%80%931645)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1585–1645)">Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba</a>, Spanish general (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Masatomo" title="Sumitomo Masatomo">Sumitomo Masatomo</a>, Japanese businessman (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Boyd" title="Zachary Boyd">Zachary Boyd</a>, Scottish religious writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Barlow" title="Ambrose Barlow">Ambrose Barlow</a>, Catholic priest and martyr (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Preston,_1st_Viscount_Tara" title="Thomas Preston, 1st Viscount Tara">Thomas Preston, 1st Viscount Tara</a>, Irish soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucilio_Vanini" title="Lucilio Vanini">Lucilio Vanini</a>, Italian free-thinker (d. <a href="/wiki/1619" title="1619">1619</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Whitaker" title="Alexander Whitaker">Alexander Whitaker</a>, Virginia Colony religious leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Weiyi" title="Fang Weiyi">Fang Weiyi</a>, Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter and literature historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1668" title="1668">1668</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1586 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurf%C3%BCrstin_Magdalene_Sibylle_von_Sachsen_mit_ihrem_Sohn_Christian_von_Sachsen-Merseburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kurf%C3%BCrstin_Magdalene_Sibylle_von_Sachsen_mit_ihrem_Sohn_Christian_von_Sachsen-Merseburg.jpg/110px-Kurf%C3%BCrstin_Magdalene_Sibylle_von_Sachsen_mit_ihrem_Sohn_Christian_von_Sachsen-Merseburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kurf%C3%BCrstin_Magdalene_Sibylle_von_Sachsen_mit_ihrem_Sohn_Christian_von_Sachsen-Merseburg.jpg/165px-Kurf%C3%BCrstin_Magdalene_Sibylle_von_Sachsen_mit_ihrem_Sohn_Christian_von_Sachsen-Merseburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kurf%C3%BCrstin_Magdalene_Sibylle_von_Sachsen_mit_ihrem_Sohn_Christian_von_Sachsen-Merseburg.jpg/220px-Kurf%C3%BCrstin_Magdalene_Sibylle_von_Sachsen_mit_ihrem_Sohn_Christian_von_Sachsen-Merseburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Duchess_Magdalene_Sibylle_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia">Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pau_Claris_i_Casademunt" title="Pau Claris i Casademunt">Pau Claris i Casademunt</a>, Catalan ecclesiastic (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Johann Hermann Schein</a>, German composer of the early Baroque era (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Frederick,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard">Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard</a> (1617–1631) (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Praetorius" title="Jacob Praetorius">Jacob Praetorius</a>, German Baroque composer and organist (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Bela" title="Jacques de Bela">Jacques de Bela</a>, French writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hachisuka_Yoshishige" title="Hachisuka Yoshishige">Hachisuka Yoshishige</a>, Japanese daimyō of the Edo period (d. <a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Faber" title="Matthias Faber">Matthias Faber</a>, German Jesuit priest, writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Cabeo" title="Niccolò Cabeo">Niccolò Cabeo</a>, Italian Jesuit writer, theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dolbeau" title="Jean Dolbeau">Jean Dolbeau</a>, French missionary (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Massenzio" title="Domenico Massenzio">Domenico Massenzio</a>, Italian baroque composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Crocius" title="Ludwig Crocius">Ludwig Crocius</a>, German Calvinist minister (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Della_Valle" title="Pietro Della Valle">Pietro Della Valle</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Saltonstall" title="Richard Saltonstall">Richard Saltonstall</a>, English diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1661" title="1661">1661</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Levett" title="Christopher Levett">Christopher Levett</a>, English explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julius_Henry,_Duke_of_Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg">Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> (bapt.) – <a href="/wiki/John_Ford_(dramatist)" title="John Ford (dramatist)">John Ford</a>, English dramatist and poet (d. c. <a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – Saint <a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a>, Spanish colonist in Lima (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rinkart" title="Martin Rinkart">Martin Rinkart</a>, German clergyman and hymnist (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hastings,_5th_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon">Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon</a>, English noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Courcelles" title="Étienne de Courcelles">Étienne de Courcelles</a>, French scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_IV_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua">Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua</a> and Montferrat (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_Nobuhira" title="Tsugaru Nobuhira">Tsugaru Nobuhira</a>, Japanese daimyō (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Giori" title="Angelo Giori">Angelo Giori</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_23" title="May 23">May 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Siefert" title="Paul Siefert">Paul Siefert</a>, German composer and organist (d. <a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_John_II,_Count_Palatine_of_L%C3%BCtzelstein-Guttenberg" title="George John II, Count Palatine of Lützelstein-Guttenberg">George John II, Count Palatine of Lützelstein-Guttenberg</a>, German noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Saracini" title="Claudio Saracini">Claudio Saracini</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hooker" title="Thomas Hooker">Thomas Hooker</a>, prominent Puritan colonial leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trevor_(1586%E2%80%931656)" title="Thomas Trevor (1586–1656)">Thomas Trevor</a>, English politician and judge (d. <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_21st_Earl_of_Arundel" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel">Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel</a>, English courtier (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Colmenares" title="Diego de Colmenares">Diego de Colmenares</a>, Spanish historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(Rhode_Island_judge)" title="William Hutchinson (Rhode Island judge)">William Hutchinson</a>, founder of Rhode Island (d. <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Valentin_Andrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Valentin Andrea">Johann Valentin Andrea</a>, German theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antoon_Sanders" title="Antoon Sanders">Antoon Sanders</a>, Dutch priest, historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1664" title="1664">1664</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Lytton" title="William Lytton">William Lytton</a>, English Member of Parliament (d. <a href="/wiki/1660" title="1660">1660</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Massa" title="Isaac Massa">Isaac Massa</a>, Dutch diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Archduke of Austria">Leopold V, Archduke of Austria</a>, regent of Tyrol (d. <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>)<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luke_Foxe" title="Luke Foxe">Luke Foxe</a>, English explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_West" title="Francis West">Francis West</a>, Deputy Governor of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Leyser_II" title="Polykarp Leyser II">Polykarp Leyser II</a>, German theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Erle" title="Walter Erle">Walter Erle</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Lezana" title="Juan Bautista de Lezana">Juan Bautista de Lezana</a>, Spanish theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Wray,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Wray, 2nd Baronet">Sir John Wray, 2nd Baronet</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Bowyer,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Bowyer, 1st Baronet">Sir Thomas Bowyer, 1st Baronet</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1650" title="1650">1650</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi">Niccolò Zucchi</a>, Italian astronomer and physicist (d. <a href="/wiki/1670" title="1670">1670</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a>, German Lutheran theologian who looked to reconcile all Christendom (d. <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Magdalene_Sibylle_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia">Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia</a>, Electress of Saxony (d. <a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659</a>)</li> <li>date unknown – <a href="/wiki/John_Mason_(governor)" title="John Mason (governor)">John Mason</a>, English explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li>date unknown – <a href="/wiki/Kocc_Barma_Fall" title="Kocc Barma Fall">Kocc Barma Fall</a>, Senegambian philosopher (d. 1655)<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li>probable <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Fletcher" title="Giles Fletcher">Giles Fletcher</a>, English poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_HaLevi_Segal" title="David HaLevi Segal">David HaLevi Segal</a>, Polish Jewish rabbi (d. <a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1587 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg/120px-Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg/250px-Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="3632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_Gustafsson_Oxenstierna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gabriel_Gustafsson_Oxenstierna.jpg/110px-Gabriel_Gustafsson_Oxenstierna.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gabriel_Gustafsson_Oxenstierna.jpg/165px-Gabriel_Gustafsson_Oxenstierna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gabriel_Gustafsson_Oxenstierna.jpg/220px-Gabriel_Gustafsson_Oxenstierna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gustafsson_Oxenstierna" title="Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna">Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mander_ChristianIVetSteenwinckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mander_ChristianIVetSteenwinckel.jpg/110px-Mander_ChristianIVetSteenwinckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mander_ChristianIVetSteenwinckel.jpg/165px-Mander_ChristianIVetSteenwinckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mander_ChristianIVetSteenwinckel.jpg/220px-Mander_ChristianIVetSteenwinckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans_van_Steenwinckel_the_Younger" title="Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger">Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anders_Arrebo" title="Anders Arrebo">Anders Arrebo</a>, Danish writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiake" title="Xu Xiake">Xu Xiake</a>, Chinese adventurer and geographer (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivares" title="Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares">Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares</a>, Spanish politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a>, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fabricius" title="Johannes Fabricius">Johannes Fabricius</a>, Frisian/German astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a>, English Puritan lawyer (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Esterh%C3%A1zy_(1587%E2%80%931645)" title="Pál Esterházy (1587–1645)">Pál Esterházy</a>, Hungarian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Hedwig_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Dorothea Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Dorothea Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst (d. <a href="/wiki/1609" title="1609">1609</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sueyro" title="Emanuel Sueyro">Emanuel Sueyro</a>, Dutch historian, translator, spymaster (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Landi" title="Stefano Landi">Stefano Landi</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay,_1st_Lord_Balcarres" title="David Lindsay, 1st Lord Balcarres">David Lindsay, 1st Lord Balcarres</a>, Scottish politician and noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Mill,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Mill, 1st Baronet">Sir John Mill, 1st Baronet</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Centurione_Bracelli" title="Virginia Centurione Bracelli">Virginia Centurione Bracelli</a>, Italian saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Morrison,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet">Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet</a>, Member of the Parliament of England (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua" title="Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua">Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_van_der_Haagen" title="Abraham van der Haagen">Abraham van der Haagen</a>, Dutch painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>)<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Ossoli%C5%84ski" title="Krzysztof Ossoliński">Krzysztof Ossoliński</a>, Polish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_Saxony,_Duchess_of_Pomerania" title="Sophie of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania">Sophie of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9onore_de_Bourbon" title="Éléonore de Bourbon">Éléonore de Bourbon</a>, Dutch princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1619" title="1619">1619</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Newport,_1st_Baron_Newport" title="Richard Newport, 1st Baron Newport">Richard Newport, 1st Baron Newport</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_I,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy">Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Esaias_van_de_Velde" title="Esaias van de Velde">Esaias van de Velde</a>, Dutch painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)</li> <li>May – <a href="/wiki/Esaias_van_de_Velde" title="Esaias van de Velde">Esaias van de Velde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> painter (died <a href="/wiki/1630_in_art" title="1630 in art">1630</a>)<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Susan_de_Vere,_Countess_of_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan de Vere, Countess of Montgomery">Susan de Vere, Countess of Montgomery</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Willem_Bontekoe" title="Willem Bontekoe">Willem Bontekoe</a>, skipper in the Dutch East India Company (d. <a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rich,_2nd_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick">Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick</a>, English colonial administrator and admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1658" title="1658">1658</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jervoise_(died_1654)" title="Thomas Jervoise (died 1654)">Sir Thomas Jervoise</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gustafsson_Oxenstierna" title="Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna">Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna</a>, Swedish statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_von_Barth" title="Kaspar von Barth">Kaspar von Barth</a>, German philologist and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1658" title="1658">1658</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Arnold_(settler)" title="William Arnold (settler)">William Arnold</a>, American settler (d. <a href="/wiki/1676" title="1676">1676</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_van_Steenwinckel_the_Younger" title="Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger">Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger</a>, Danish architect (d. <a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_of_Bavaria" title="Magdalene of Bavaria">Magdalene of Bavaria</a>, Consort of Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Khusrau Mirza</a>, Mughal prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dare" title="Virginia Dare">Virginia Dare</a>, Virginia colony settler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_23" title="August 23">August 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich,_Count_Palatine_of_Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein" title="Johann Friedrich, Count Palatine of Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein">Johann Friedrich, Count Palatine of Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein</a> (1614–1644) (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christian_William_of_Brandenburg" title="Christian William of Brandenburg">Christian William of Brandenburg</a>, administrator of bishoprics of Magdeburg and Halberstadt (d. <a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_Su%C3%A1rez_de_Figueroa,_3rd_Duke_of_Feria" title="Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 3rd Duke of Feria">Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 3rd Duke of Feria</a>, Spanish general (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – Countess <a href="/wiki/Juliane_of_Nassau-Siegen_(1587%E2%80%931643)" title="Juliane of Nassau-Siegen (1587–1643)">Juliane of Nassau-Siegen</a>, Landgravine of Hesse-kassel (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Caccini" title="Francesca Caccini">Francesca Caccini</a>, Italian composer<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanderson_(theologian)" title="Robert Sanderson (theologian)">Robert Sanderson</a>, English theologian and casuist (d. <a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Zeng" title="Mu Zeng">Mu Zeng</a>, Chinese politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Berkshire" title="Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire">Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1669" title="1669">1669</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Field" title="Nathan Field">Nathan Field</a>, English dramatist and actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philippe-Charles,_3rd_Count_of_Arenberg" title="Philippe-Charles, 3rd Count of Arenberg">Philippe-Charles, 3rd Count of Arenberg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dacres" title="Thomas Dacres">Thomas Dacres</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1668" title="1668">1668</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Jungius" title="Joachim Jungius">Joachim Jungius</a>, German mathematician and philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>)<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gilbert_Gerard,_1st_Baronet_of_Harrow_on_the_Hill" title="Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Baronet of Harrow on the Hill">Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Baronet of Harrow on the Hill</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1670" title="1670">1670</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Samuel Scheidt</a>, German composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lallemant" title="Charles Lallemant">Charles Lallemant</a>, French Jesuit (d. <a href="/wiki/1674" title="1674">1674</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel" title="Joost van den Vondel">Joost van den Vondel</a>, Dutch dramatist and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1679" title="1679">1679</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gervase_Clifton,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet">Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">December 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Stupanus" title="Emmanuel Stupanus">Emmanuel Stupanus</a>, Swiss physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1664" title="1664">1664</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_19" title="December 19">December 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Sophia,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Dorothea Sophia, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Dorothea Sophia, Abbess of Quedlinburg</a> Abbey (1618–1645) (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_VII,_Count_of_Lippe" title="Simon VII, Count of Lippe">Simon VII, Count of Lippe</a>-Detmold (1613–1627) (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Feilding,_1st_Earl_of_Denbigh" title="William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh">William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Kynaston" title="Francis Kynaston">Francis Kynaston</a>, English courtier and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>)<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_Seondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yun Seondo">Yun Seondo</a>, Korean politician and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1671" title="1671">1671</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Yingxing" title="Song Yingxing">Song Yingxing</a>, Chinese encyclopedist (d. <a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yeardley" title="George Yeardley">George Yeardley</a>, English colonial administrator in America (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1588 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seguier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Seguier.jpg/120px-Seguier.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Seguier.jpg/250px-Seguier.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Seguier" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Seguier">Pierre Seguier</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Vinnius" title="Arnold Vinnius">Arnold Vinnius</a>, Dutch lawyer (d. <a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stanley,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon">Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon</a>, English noblewoman and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Gessi" title="Francesco Gessi">Francesco Gessi</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georg_II_of_Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl" title="Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl">Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl</a>, German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bramer" title="Benjamin Bramer">Benjamin Bramer</a>, German mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herman_de_Neyt" title="Herman de Neyt">Herman de Neyt</a>, Flemish painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Egon_VIII_of_F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg" title="Egon VIII of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg">Egon VIII of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg</a>, Bavarian count and field-marshal (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IX,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg">Frederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg</a>, Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (d. <a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Celestyn_My%C5%9Blenta" title="Celestyn Myślenta">Celestyn Myślenta</a>, Polish theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margherita_Aldobrandini" title="Margherita Aldobrandini">Margherita Aldobrandini</a>, Parmesan regent (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li> <li>March – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Alsted" title="Johann Heinrich Alsted">Johann Heinrich Alsted</a>, German theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Padovanino" title="Padovanino">Padovanino</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, English philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1679" title="1679">1679</a>)<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Salmasius" title="Claudius Salmasius">Claudius Salmasius</a>, French classical scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Filibert_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuel Filibert of Savoy">Emanuel Filibert of Savoy</a>, Viceroy of Sicily (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pascal" title="Étienne Pascal">Étienne Pascal</a>, French mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hugo" title="Herman Hugo">Herman Hugo</a>, Jesuit priest, writer, military chaplain (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ole_Worm" title="Ole Worm">Ole Worm</a>, Danish physician and antiquary (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_S%C3%A9guier" title="Pierre Séguier">Pierre Séguier</a>, Chancellor of France (d. <a href="/wiki/1672" title="1672">1672</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julius_Frederick,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Weiltingen" title="Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen">Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen</a> (1617–16135) (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Herbst" title="Johann Andreas Herbst">Johann Andreas Herbst</a>, German composer and music theorist (d. <a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Wither" title="George Wither">George Wither</a>, English poet and satirist (d. <a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hoshina_Masasada" title="Hoshina Masasada">Hoshina Masasada</a>, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Ino Domain (d. <a href="/wiki/1661" title="1661">1661</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Sabino" title="Giovanni Maria Sabino">Giovanni Maria Sabino</a>, Italian composer, organist and teacher (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AdolfFriedrichI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AdolfFriedrichI.JPG/120px-AdolfFriedrichI.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AdolfFriedrichI.JPG/250px-AdolfFriedrichI.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="2372" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg">Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wolrad_IV,_Count_of_Waldeck-Eisenberg" title="Wolrad IV, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg">Wolrad IV, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg</a> (1588–1640) (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Spring_of_Pakenham" title="William Spring of Pakenham">William Spring of Pakenham</a>, Member of Parliament (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Poole" title="Elizabeth Poole">Elizabeth Poole</a>, English settler in Plymouth Colony (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li>August – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Mothe_Le_Vayer" title="François de La Mothe Le Vayer">François de La Mothe Le Vayer</a>, French writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1672" title="1672">1672</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9_(1588%E2%80%931646)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, Prince of Condé (1588–1646)">Henri, Prince of Condé</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Marin Mersenne</a>, French theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lanier" title="Nicholas Lanier">Nicholas Lanier</a>, English composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>)<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vaux,_4th_Baron_Vaux_of_Harrowden" title="Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden">Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden</a>, English baron (d. <a href="/wiki/1661" title="1661">1661</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Drue_Drury,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Drue Drury, 1st Baronet">Sir Drue Drury, 1st Baronet</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luke_Wadding" title="Luke Wadding">Luke Wadding</a>, Irish Franciscan friar and historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Gallas" title="Matthias Gallas">Matthias Gallas</a>, Austrian soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ironside_the_elder" title="Gilbert Ironside the elder">Gilbert Ironside the elder</a>, English bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1671" title="1671">1671</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Aldringen" title="Johann von Aldringen">Johann von Aldringen</a>, Austrian field marshal (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Beeckman" title="Isaac Beeckman">Isaac Beeckman</a>, Dutch philosopher and scientist (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Condren" title="Charles de Condren">Charles de Condren</a>, French theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg">Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg</a>-Schwerin (1592–1628 and again 1631–1658) (d. <a href="/wiki/1658" title="1658">1658</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">December 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard_(priest)" title="Claude Bernard (priest)">Claude Bernard</a>, French priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Poland">Queen of Poland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Danvers" title="John Danvers">John Danvers</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">John Endecott</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a>, English political writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accepted_Frewen" title="Accepted Frewen">Accepted Frewen</a>, English churchman (d. <a href="/wiki/1664" title="1664">1664</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Ke" title="Madame Ke">Madame Ke</a>, influential nanny of the Tianqi Emperor of China (approximately; d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Higginson" title="Francis Higginson">Francis Higginson</a>, colonial American Puritan (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janssonius" title="Jan Janssonius">Jan Janssonius</a>, Dutch cartographer (d. <a href="/wiki/1664" title="1664">1664</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Vivonne,_marquise_de_Rambouillet" title="Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet">Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a>, influential Puritan in the history of Massachusetts (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li></ul> 1589 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SirHenryVaneTheElder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SirHenryVaneTheElder.jpg/120px-SirHenryVaneTheElder.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SirHenryVaneTheElder.jpg/250px-SirHenryVaneTheElder.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Elder" title="Henry Vane the Elder">Henry Vane the Elder</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Arnauld_d%27Andilly_Champaigne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Robert_Arnauld_d%27Andilly_Champaigne.jpg/110px-Robert_Arnauld_d%27Andilly_Champaigne.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Robert_Arnauld_d%27Andilly_Champaigne.jpg/165px-Robert_Arnauld_d%27Andilly_Champaigne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Robert_Arnauld_d%27Andilly_Champaigne.jpg/220px-Robert_Arnauld_d%27Andilly_Champaigne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Arnauld_d%27Andilly" title="Robert Arnauld d'Andilly">Robert Arnauld d'Andilly</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BathoriG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/BathoriG.jpg/110px-BathoriG.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/BathoriG.jpg/165px-BathoriG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/BathoriG.jpg/220px-BathoriG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1627" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_B%C3%A1thory" title="Gabriel Báthory">Gabriel Báthory</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gunduli%C4%87" title="Ivan Gundulić">Ivan Gundulić</a>, Croatian poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Strode_(of_Barrington)" title="William Strode (of Barrington)">William Strode</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Xim%C3%A9nez_de_Urrea" title="Francisco Ximénez de Urrea">Francisco Ximénez de Urrea</a>, Spanish historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_5" title="February 5">February 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorat_de_Bueil,_seigneur_de_Racan" title="Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan">Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1670" title="1670">1670</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Manuel_de_Villegas" title="Esteban Manuel de Villegas">Esteban Manuel de Villegas</a>, Spanish poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1669" title="1669">1669</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacob_de_Witt" title="Jacob de Witt">Jacob de Witt</a>, Mayor of Dordrecht (d. <a href="/wiki/1674" title="1674">1674</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Melander_Graf_von_Holzappel" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel">Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel</a>, Protestant military leader in the Thirty Years' War (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Elder" title="Henry Vane the Elder">Henry Vane the Elder</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Gerritsz_Vries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarten Gerritsz Vries">Maarten Gerritsz Vries</a>, Dutch explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1646" title="1646">1646</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middleton_(Sussex)" title="Thomas Middleton (Sussex)">Thomas Middleton</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gisbertus_Voetius" title="Gisbertus Voetius">Gisbertus Voetius</a>, Dutch theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1676" title="1676">1676</a>)<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sackville,_3rd_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset">Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset</a>, English noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_le_Febure" title="Nicolaes le Febure">Nicolaes le Febure</a>, Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d. <a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Zeiler" title="Martin Zeiler">Martin Zeiler</a>, German author (d. <a href="/wiki/1661" title="1661">1661</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="John, Duke of Östergötland">John, Duke of Östergötland</a>, Swedish prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Casimir,_Count_Palatine_of_Kleeburg" title="John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg">John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg</a>, son of John I (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Savoy,_Vicereine_of_Portugal" title="Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal">Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_L%E2%80%99Anglois" class="mw-redirect" title="François L’Anglois">François L’Anglois</a>, French artist (d. <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Arnauld_d%27Andilly" title="Robert Arnauld d'Andilly">Robert Arnauld d'Andilly</a>, French writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1674" title="1674">1674</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Thomas" title="John of St. Thomas">John of St. Thomas</a>, Portuguese philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albrycht_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Albrycht Władysław Radziwiłł">Albrycht Władysław Radziwiłł</a>, Polish prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1636" title="1636">1636</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Altieri" title="Giambattista Altieri">Giambattista Altieri</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pepys" title="Richard Pepys">Richard Pepys</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wirsung" title="Johann Georg Wirsung">Johann Georg Wirsung</a>, German anatomist (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Bol" title="Cornelis Bol">Cornelis Bol</a>, Flemish painter and etcher (d. <a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sinibaldo_Scorza" title="Sinibaldo Scorza">Sinibaldo Scorza</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexandrine_von_Taxis" title="Alexandrine von Taxis">Alexandrine von Taxis</a>, German Imperial General Post Master (d. <a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Framlingham_Gawdy" title="Framlingham Gawdy">Framlingham Gawdy</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fiasella" title="Domenico Fiasella">Domenico Fiasella</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1669" title="1669">1669</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Ulrich, Duke of Pomerania">Ulrich, Duke of Pomerania</a>, Bishop of Cammin (d. <a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_B%C3%A1thory" title="Gabriel Báthory">Gabriel Báthory</a>, Prince of Transylvania (d. <a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pesaro" title="Giovanni Pesaro">Giovanni Pesaro</a>, Doge of Venice (d. <a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/August_of_Saxony" title="August of Saxony">August of Saxony</a>, German prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Barbosa" title="Agostinho Barbosa">Agostinho Barbosa</a>, Portuguese bishop in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and writer on <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maria_Magdalena_of_Austria_(%2B1631)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Magdalena of Austria (+1631)">Maria Magdalena of Austria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Villag%C3%B3mez_Vivanco" title="Pedro de Villagómez Vivanco">Pedro de Villagómez Vivanco</a>, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Lima, then Bishop of Arequipa (d. <a href="/wiki/1671" title="1671">1671</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Marcin%C3%B2" title="Giuseppe Marcinò">Giuseppe Marcinò</a>, Italian priest, member of the Order of Friars Minor - or Capuchins (d. <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Stanis%C5%82aw_Sapieha" title="Jan Stanisław Sapieha">Jan Stanisław Sapieha</a>, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Parviz" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Parviz">Muhammad Parviz</a>, Mughal emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto,_Count_of_Lippe-Brake" title="Otto, Count of Lippe-Brake">Otto, Count of Lippe-Brake</a> (1621–1657) (d. <a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Tsar <a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor II of Russia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonten_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonten Gyatso">Yönten Gyatso</a>, 4th <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bankes" title="John Bankes">John Bankes</a>, Attorney General and Chief Justice to King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jusepa_Vaca" title="Jusepa Vaca">Jusepa Vaca</a>, Spanish stage actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1580" title="1580">1580</a>, <a href="/wiki/1581" title="1581">1581</a>, <a href="/wiki/1582" title="1582">1582</a>, <a href="/wiki/1583" title="1583">1583</a>, <a href="/wiki/1584" title="1584">1584</a>, <a href="/wiki/1585" title="1585">1585</a>, <a href="/wiki/1586" title="1586">1586</a>, <a href="/wiki/1587" title="1587">1587</a>, <a href="/wiki/1588" title="1588">1588</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1589" title="1589">1589</a></div> 1580 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardeal_D._Henrique,_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg/110px-Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg/165px-Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg/220px-Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry, King of Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palladio_filtered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palladio_filtered.jpg/120px-Palladio_filtered.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palladio_filtered.jpg/250px-Palladio_filtered.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_003.jpg/120px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_003.jpg/250px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_003.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1783" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna of Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_Sibylle_of_Hanau-Lichtenberg" title="Anna Sibylle of Hanau-Lichtenberg">Anna Sibylle of Hanau-Lichtenberg</a>, German noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1542" title="1542">1542</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Scandello" title="Antonio Scandello">Antonio Scandello</a>, Italian composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangelo_de%27_Bianchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangelo de' Bianchi">Archangelo de' Bianchi</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry of Portugal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bessho_Nagaharu" title="Bessho Nagaharu">Bessho Nagaharu</a>, Japanese retainer (b. <a href="/wiki/1558" title="1558">1558</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzAlan,_19th_Earl_of_Arundel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel">Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Alciati" title="Francesco Alciati">Francesco Alciati</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tusser" title="Thomas Tusser">Thomas Tusser</a>, English poet and farmer (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_of_Denmark,_Electress_Palatine" title="Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine">Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine</a>, Princess of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (b. <a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>, Portuguese poet (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_Stolberg" title="Juliana of Stolberg">Juliana of Stolberg</a>, German countess (b. <a href="/wiki/1506" title="1506">1506</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Giese" title="Albrecht Giese">Albrecht Giese</a>, German politician and diplomat (b. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luca_Longhi" title="Luca Longhi">Luca Longhi</a>, Italian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Borghini" title="Vincenzo Borghini">Vincenzo Borghini</a>, Italian monk (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>, Italian architect (b. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Os%C3%B3rio" title="Jerónimo Osório">Jerónimo Osório</a>, Portuguese historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1506" title="1506">1506</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Brus_of_Mohelnice" title="Antonín Brus of Mohelnice">Antonín Brus of Mohelnice</a>, Moravian Catholic archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1518" title="1518">1518</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Brandon,_Duchess_of_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk">Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk</a>, English noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Honorat_II_of_Savoy" title="Honorat II of Savoy">Honorat II of Savoy</a>, French Navy admiral (b. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Pisseleu_d%27Heilly" title="Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly">Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly</a>, French royal mistress and cultural patron (b. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev" class="mw-redirect" title="John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev">John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matsudaira_Shigeyoshi" title="Matsudaira Shigeyoshi">Matsudaira Shigeyoshi</a>, Japanese general (b. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Wolf" title="Hieronymus Wolf">Hieronymus Wolf</a>, German historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1549" title="1549">1549</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Zurita_y_Castro" title="Jerónimo Zurita y Castro">Jerónimo Zurita y Castro</a>, Spanish historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Baden-Sponheim" title="Marie of Baden-Sponheim">Marie of Baden-Sponheim</a>, German noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Farrant" title="Richard Farrant">Richard Farrant</a>, English composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Morone" title="Giovanni Morone">Giovanni Morone</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Filippo_Ingrassia" title="Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia">Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia</a>, Italian anatomist (b. <a href="/wiki/1545" title="1545">1545</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Segura" title="Ruy López de Segura">Ruy López de Segura</a>, Spanish priest and writer on chess (b. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_de_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Inés de Suárez">Inés de Suárez</a>, Spanish conquistadora (b. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Galletta" title="Lucrezia Galletta">Lucrezia Galletta</a>, Italian courtesan and banker</li></ul></li> <li>possible date <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Heywood" title="John Heywood">John Heywood</a>, English dramatist (b. <a href="/wiki/1497" title="1497">1497</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lindsay_of_Pitscottie" title="Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie">Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie</a>, Scottish chronicler (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1581 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regent_Morton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Regent_Morton.jpg/120px-Regent_Morton.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Regent_Morton.jpg/250px-Regent_Morton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton">James Douglas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Ram_Das.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Guru_Ram_Das.jpg/110px-Guru_Ram_Das.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Guru_Ram_Das.jpg/165px-Guru_Ram_Das.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Guru_Ram_Das.jpg/220px-Guru_Ram_Das.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Bertrand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Louis_Bertrand.jpg/120px-Louis_Bertrand.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Louis_Bertrand.jpg/250px-Louis_Bertrand.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Bertrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis Bertrand">Saint Louis Bertrand</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayinnaung.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bayinnaung.JPG/110px-Bayinnaung.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bayinnaung.JPG/165px-Bayinnaung.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bayinnaung.JPG/220px-Bayinnaung.JPG 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Briant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Alexander_Briant.jpg/120px-Alexander_Briant.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Alexander_Briant.jpg/250px-Alexander_Briant.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmundus_Campion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edmundus_Campion.jpg/110px-Edmundus_Campion.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edmundus_Campion.jpg/165px-Edmundus_Campion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edmundus_Campion.jpg/220px-Edmundus_Campion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="473" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Saints <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Briant" title="Alexander Briant">Alexander Briant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a> died on <a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a>, 1581</div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joos_de_Damhouder" title="Joos de Damhouder">Joos de Damhouder</a>, Flemish jurist (b. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Foreiro" title="Francisco Foreiro">Francisco Foreiro</a>, Portuguese Dominican theologian and biblist (b. <a href="/wiki/1523" title="1523">1523</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Marbach" title="Johann Marbach">Johann Marbach</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg">Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Duifhuis" title="Herbert Duifhuis">Herbert Duifhuis</a>, Dutch minister (b. <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Okabe_Motonobu" title="Okabe Motonobu">Okabe Motonobu</a>, Japanese warrior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kostka_(1529%E2%80%931581)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Kostka (1529–1581)">Jan Kostka</a>, Polish noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton">James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton</a>, regent of Scotland (b. <a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Odet_de_Turn%C3%A8be" title="Odet de Turnèbe">Odet de Turnèbe</a>, French dramatist (b. <a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peder_Skram" title="Peder Skram">Peder Skram</a>, Danish senator and naval officer (b. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gigas" title="Johannes Gigas">Johannes Gigas</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1514" title="1514">1514</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cox_(bishop)" title="Richard Cox (bishop)">Richard Cox</a>, English bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Sabine_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchess Sabine of Württemberg">Duchess Sabine of Württemberg</a>, by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (b. <a href="/wiki/1549" title="1549">1549</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Katharina_of_Hanau,_Countess_of_Wied" title="Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied">Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied</a>, German noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Mayadunne_of_Sitawaka" title="Mayadunne of Sitawaka">Mayadunne of Sitawaka</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a>, fourth Sikh Guru (b. <a href="/wiki/1534" title="1534">1534</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Niers" title="Peter Niers">Peter Niers</a>, notorious German bandit (date of birth unknown)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Achilles_Statius" title="Achilles Statius">Achilles Statius</a>, Portuguese humanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Musculus" title="Andreas Musculus">Andreas Musculus</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1514" title="1514">1514</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Languet" title="Hubert Languet">Hubert Languet</a>, French diplomat and reformer (b. <a href="/wiki/1518" title="1518">1518</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wriothesley,_2nd_Earl_of_Southampton" title="Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton">Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton</a>, English earl (b. <a href="/wiki/1545" title="1545">1545</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_I,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Honoré I, Lord of Monaco">Honoré I, Lord of Monaco</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Bertrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis Bertrand">Saint Louis Bertrand</a>, Spanish missionary to <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a> of Burma (b. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Neander" title="Michael Neander">Michael Neander</a>, German mathematician and astronomer (b. <a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Romegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Romegas">Mathurin Romegas</a>, French rival Grandmaster of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> (b. c.<a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Davies_(bishop)" title="Richard Davies (bishop)">Richard Davies</a>, Welsh bishop and scholar (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1554" title="1554">1554</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> <ul><li>Martyrs and executed of Tyburn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Briant" title="Alexander Briant">Alexander Briant</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1556" title="1556">1556</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1540" title="1540">1540</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology_230-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Sherwin" title="Ralph Sherwin">Ralph Sherwin</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> priest and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1550" title="1550">1550</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (b. <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_la_Cassi%C3%A8re" title="Jean de la Cassière">Jean de la Cassière</a>, French-born Maltese 51st Grandmaster of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_B%C3%A1thory" title="Christopher Báthory">Christopher Báthory</a>, prince of Transylvania (b. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a>, French linguist (b. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Streicher" title="Agatha Streicher">Agatha Streicher</a>, German physician (b. <a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sanders" title="Nicholas Sanders">Nicholas Sanders</a>, English Catholic propagandist (b. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1582 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odanobunaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Odanobunaga.jpg/110px-Odanobunaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Odanobunaga.jpg/165px-Odanobunaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Odanobunaga.jpg/220px-Odanobunaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_138.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Peter_Paul_Rubens_138.jpg/110px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_138.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Peter_Paul_Rubens_138.jpg/165px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_138.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Peter_Paul_Rubens_138.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_138.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_Avila" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa of Avila">Teresa of Avila</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prinzen_Don_Diego,_Sohn_K%C3%B6nig_Philipps_II._von_Spanien_und_K%C3%B6nigin_Annas_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Prinzen_Don_Diego%2C_Sohn_K%C3%B6nig_Philipps_II._von_Spanien_und_K%C3%B6nigin_Annas_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg/110px-Prinzen_Don_Diego%2C_Sohn_K%C3%B6nig_Philipps_II._von_Spanien_und_K%C3%B6nigin_Annas_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Prinzen_Don_Diego%2C_Sohn_K%C3%B6nig_Philipps_II._von_Spanien_und_K%C3%B6nigin_Annas_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg/165px-Prinzen_Don_Diego%2C_Sohn_K%C3%B6nig_Philipps_II._von_Spanien_und_K%C3%B6nigin_Annas_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Prinzen_Don_Diego%2C_Sohn_K%C3%B6nig_Philipps_II._von_Spanien_und_K%C3%B6nigin_Annas_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg/220px-Prinzen_Don_Diego%2C_Sohn_K%C3%B6nig_Philipps_II._von_Spanien_und_K%C3%B6nigin_Annas_von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego, Prince of Asturias</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_III_Duque_de_Alba,_por_Willem_Key.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_III_Duque_de_Alba%2C_por_Willem_Key.jpg/110px-Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_III_Duque_de_Alba%2C_por_Willem_Key.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_III_Duque_de_Alba%2C_por_Willem_Key.jpg/165px-Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_III_Duque_de_Alba%2C_por_Willem_Key.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_III_Duque_de_Alba%2C_por_Willem_Key.jpg/220px-Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_III_Duque_de_Alba%2C_por_Willem_Key.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bauhin" title="Jean Bauhin">Jean Bauhin</a>, French physician (b. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Platter" title="Thomas Platter">Thomas Platter</a>, Swiss humanist scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1499" title="1499">1499</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sakuma_Nobumori" title="Sakuma Nobumori">Sakuma Nobumori</a>, Japanese retainer and samurai (b. <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Hesse,_Electress_Palatine" title="Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine">Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine</a> by marriage (1576-1582) (b. <a href="/wiki/1539" title="1539">1539</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jauregui" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Jauregui">Juan Jauregui</a>, attempted assassin of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Orange">William I of Orange</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1562" title="1562">1562</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brendel_von_Homburg" title="Daniel Brendel von Homburg">Daniel Brendel von Homburg</a>, Roman Catholic archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_de%27_Medici" title="Philip de' Medici">Philip de' Medici</a>, Italian noble, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b. <a href="/wiki/1577" title="1577">1577</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Katsuyori" title="Takeda Katsuyori">Takeda Katsuyori</a>, Japanese daimyō of Takeda Clan (b. <a href="/wiki/1546" title="1546">1546</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oyamada_Nobushige" title="Oyamada Nobushige">Oyamada Nobushige</a>, Japanese samurai (b. <a href="/wiki/1545" title="1545">1545</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Francisco de Toledo</a>, Spanish soldier and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Mainerio" title="Giorgio Mainerio">Giorgio Mainerio</a>, Italian composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Bourbon" title="Charlotte of Bourbon">Charlotte of Bourbon</a>, Princess consort of Orange, married to <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Orange">William I of Orange</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1547" title="1547">1547</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Tafuri" title="Matteo Tafuri">Matteo Tafuri</a>, Italian alchemist (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>, Japanese daimyō of the Oda Clan (b. <a href="/wiki/1534" title="1534">1534</a>) (forced suicide)<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobutada" title="Oda Nobutada">Oda Nobutada</a>, Japanese samurai, oldest son of Nobunaga (b. <a href="/wiki/1557" title="1557">1557</a>) (forced suicide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anayama_Nobukimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anayama Nobukimi">Anayama Nobukimi</a>, Japanese military commander (b. <a href="/wiki/1541" title="1541">1541</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shimizu_Muneharu" title="Shimizu Muneharu">Shimizu Muneharu</a>, Japanese military commander (b. <a href="/wiki/1537" title="1537">1537</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Akechi_Mitsuhide" title="Akechi Mitsuhide">Akechi Mitsuhide</a>, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Crichton" title="James Crichton">James Crichton</a>, Scottish scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1560" title="1560">1560</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kawajiri_Hidetaka" title="Kawajiri Hidetaka">Kawajiri Hidetaka</a>, Japanese samurai (b. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Peletier_du_Mans" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Peletier du Mans">Jacques Peletier du Mans</a>, French mathematician (b. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Montpensier" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Duke of Montpensier">Louis, Duke of Montpensier</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan_(humanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Buchanan (humanist)">George Buchanan</a>, Scottish humanist scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1506" title="1506">1506</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> nun, poet and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Joubert" title="Laurent Joubert">Laurent Joubert</a>, French physician (b. <a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego, Prince of Asturias</a>, Portuguese prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1575" title="1575">1575</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba</a>, Spanish general (b. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)</li> <li>Date unknown: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en" title="Wu Cheng'en">Wu Cheng'en</a>, Chinese novelist and poet of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hendrik_van_Paesschen" title="Hans Hendrik van Paesschen">Hans Hendrik van Paesschen</a>, Flemish architect (b. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang Juzheng</a>, Ming dynasty official (b. <a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeda_Nobukado" title="Takeda Nobukado">Takeda Nobukado</a>, Japanese samurai (b. <a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_Soulintha" title="Sen Soulintha">Sen Soulintha</a>, Laotian king of <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1583 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hertsog_Magnuse_pitsat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hertsog_Magnuse_pitsat.jpg/110px-Hertsog_Magnuse_pitsat.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hertsog_Magnuse_pitsat.jpg/165px-Hertsog_Magnuse_pitsat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hertsog_Magnuse_pitsat.jpg/220px-Hertsog_Magnuse_pitsat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_of_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus of Livonia">Magnus of Livonia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Humphrey_Gilbert_Compton_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sir_Humphrey_Gilbert_Compton_Castle.jpg/110px-Sir_Humphrey_Gilbert_Compton_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sir_Humphrey_Gilbert_Compton_Castle.jpg/165px-Sir_Humphrey_Gilbert_Compton_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sir_Humphrey_Gilbert_Compton_Castle.jpg/220px-Sir_Humphrey_Gilbert_Compton_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Saxony,_Duchess_of_Pomerania" title="Maria of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania">Maria of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antoinette_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoinette de Bourbon">Antoinette de Bourbon</a>, French noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pier_Francesco_Orsini" title="Pier Francesco Orsini">Pier Francesco Orsini</a>, Italian condottiero and art patron (b. <a href="/wiki/1523" title="1523">1523</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Madox" title="Richard Madox">Richard Madox</a>, English explorer (b. <a href="/wiki/1546" title="1546">1546</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Goltzius" title="Hubert Goltzius">Hubert Goltzius</a>, Dutch Renaissance painter-engraver (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_of_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus of Livonia">Magnus of Livonia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1540" title="1540">1540</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lucas_David" title="Lucas David">Lucas David</a>, Prussian historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Nagatoki" title="Ogasawara Nagatoki">Ogasawara Nagatoki</a>, Japanese daimyō (b. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Ursinus" title="Zacharias Ursinus">Zacharias Ursinus</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1534" title="1534">1534</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_23" title="May 23">May 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_XLI,_Count_of_Schwarzburg-Arnstadt" title="Günther XLI, Count of Schwarzburg-Arnstadt">Günther XLI, Count of Schwarzburg-Arnstadt</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nakagawa_Kiyohide" title="Nakagawa Kiyohide">Nakagawa Kiyohide</a>, Japanese military commander (b. <a href="/wiki/1556" title="1556">1556</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Radclyffe,_3rd_Earl_of_Sussex" title="Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex">Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex</a>, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (b. <a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shibata_Katsuie" title="Shibata Katsuie">Shibata Katsuie</a>, Japanese military commander (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – <a href="/wiki/Babullah_of_Ternate" title="Babullah of Ternate">Babullah of Ternate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Ternate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Ternate">Sultan of Ternate</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sakuma_Morimasa" title="Sakuma Morimasa">Sakuma Morimasa</a>, Japanese samurai and warlord (beheaded) (b. <a href="/wiki/1554" title="1554">1554</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Maffei" title="Marcantonio Maffei">Marcantonio Maffei</a>, Italian archbishop and cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a>, English explorer (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1537" title="1537">1537</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Jagiellon" title="Catherine Jagiellon">Catherine Jagiellon</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III of Sweden</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Plainacher" title="Elisabeth Plainacher">Elisabeth Plainacher</a>, Austrian alleged witch (b. <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_VI,_Elector_Palatine" title="Louis VI, Elector Palatine">Louis VI, Elector Palatine</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1539" title="1539">1539</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gerald_FitzGerald,_14th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond">Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond</a>, Irish rebel (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1533" title="1533">1533</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Birague" title="René de Birague">René de Birague</a>, French cardinal and chancellor (b. <a href="/wiki/1506" title="1506">1506</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(printer)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (printer)">Ivan Fyodorov</a>, Russian printer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">December 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Factor" title="Nicolás Factor">Nicolás Factor</a>, Spanish artist (b. <a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Erastus" title="Thomas Erastus">Thomas Erastus</a>, Swiss theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giocangga" title="Giocangga">Giocangga</a>, chieftain of the Jurchens (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kurbsky" title="Andrey Kurbsky">Andrey Kurbsky</a>, Russian writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobutaka" title="Oda Nobutaka">Oda Nobutaka</a>, Japanese samurai (b. <a href="/wiki/1558" title="1558">1558</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1584 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernal_Diaz_del_Castillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bernal_Diaz_del_Castillo.jpg/120px-Bernal_Diaz_del_Castillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bernal_Diaz_del_Castillo.jpg/250px-Bernal_Diaz_del_Castillo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg/120px-Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg/250px-Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2996" /></a><figcaption>Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV of Russia">Ivan IV of Russia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Borromeo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Carlo_Borromeo.jpg/120px-Carlo_Borromeo.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Carlo_Borromeo.jpg/250px-Carlo_Borromeo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2307" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Stimmer" title="Tobias Stimmer">Tobias Stimmer</a>, Swiss painter and drawer (b. <a href="/wiki/1539" title="1539">1539</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a>, Spanish constiquador (b. <a href="/wiki/1496" title="1496">1496</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martha_Leijonhufvud" title="Martha Leijonhufvud">Martha Leijonhufvud</a>, politically active Swedish noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Francesco_Grazzini" title="Antonio Francesco Grazzini">Antonio Francesco Grazzini</a>, Italian writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici_(1569%E2%80%931584)" title="Anna de' Medici (1569–1584)">Anna de' Medici</a>, Tuscan princess (b. <a href="/wiki/1569" title="1569">1569</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yi_I" title="Yi I">Yi I</a> of Joseon, Korean Confucian scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1536" title="1536">1536</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton" title="Thomas Norton">Thomas Norton</a>, English politician and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV of Russia">Ivan IV of Russia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cornaro_(cardinal)" title="Luigi Cornaro (cardinal)">Luigi Cornaro</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kasper_Franck" title="Kasper Franck">Kasper Franck</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1543" title="1543">1543</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Borukowski" title="Jan Borukowski">Jan Borukowski</a>, royal secretary of Poland (b. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_%22the_Red%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł">Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł</a>, Polish magnate (b. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ikeda_Tsuneoki" title="Ikeda Tsuneoki">Ikeda Tsuneoki</a>, Japanese daimyō and military commander (in battle) (b. <a href="/wiki/1536" title="1536">1536</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prospero_Spani" title="Prospero Spani">Prospero Spani</a>, Italian sculptor (b. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Duke of Anjou">François, Duke of Anjou</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1555" title="1555">1555</a>)<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Zs%C3%A1mboky" title="János Zsámboky">János Zsámboky</a>, Hungarian scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Throckmorton" title="Francis Throckmorton">Francis Throckmorton</a>, conspirator against Queen Elizabeth I of England (executed; b. <a href="/wiki/1554" title="1554">1554</a>)<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>, Prince of Orange (assassinated; b. <a href="/wiki/1533" title="1533">1533</a>)<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Steven_Borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Borough">Steven Borough</a>, English explorer (b. <a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_G%C3%A9rard" title="Balthasar Gérard">Balthasar Gérard</a>, French assassin of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a> (executed; b. <a href="/wiki/1557" title="1557">1557</a>)<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Day_(printer)" title="John Day (printer)">John Day</a>, English Protestant printer (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Sigonius" title="Carolus Sigonius">Carolus Sigonius</a>, Italian humanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a>, Polish writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_6th_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll">Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll</a>, Scottish noble and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1541" title="1541">1541</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gwyn" title="Richard Gwyn">Richard Gwyn</a>, Welsh Catholic martyr, canonised<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> cardinal, canonised (b. <a href="/wiki/1538" title="1538">1538</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eric_II,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Commendone" title="Giovanni Francesco Commendone">Giovanni Francesco Commendone</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1523" title="1523">1523</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Anguissola" title="Elena Anguissola">Elena Anguissola</a>, Italian painter and nun (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Wiśniowiecki">Michał Wiśniowiecki</a>, Polish–Lithuanian noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1585 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembert_Dodoens00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rembert_Dodoens00.jpg/110px-Rembert_Dodoens00.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rembert_Dodoens00.jpg/165px-Rembert_Dodoens00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rembert_Dodoens00.jpg/220px-Rembert_Dodoens00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rembert_Dodoens" title="Rembert Dodoens">Rembert Dodoens</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_XIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gregory_XIII.jpg/110px-Gregory_XIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gregory_XIII.jpg/165px-Gregory_XIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gregory_XIII.jpg/220px-Gregory_XIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Clinton,_1st_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln">Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln</a>, English admiral (b. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Plowden" title="Edmund Plowden">Edmund Plowden</a>, English legal scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1518" title="1518">1518</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Salmeron" title="Alfonso Salmeron">Alfonso Salmeron</a>, Spanish Jesuit biblical scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rembert_Dodoens" title="Rembert Dodoens">Rembert Dodoens</a>, Flemish physician and botanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goldwell" title="Thomas Goldwell">Thomas Goldwell</a>, English ecclesiastic (b. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg">Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg</a>, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück and Paderborn (b. <a href="/wiki/1550" title="1550">1550</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Niwa_Nagahide" title="Niwa Nagahide">Niwa Nagahide</a>, Japanese warlord (b. <a href="/wiki/1535" title="1535">1535</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Muretus" title="Muretus">Muretus</a>, French humanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques,_Duke_of_Nemours" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques, Duke of Nemours">Jacques, Duke of Nemours</a>, French nobleman and soldier (b. <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_8th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland</a>, English nobleman and conspirator, suicide (b. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Holanda" title="Francisco de Holanda">Francisco de Holanda</a>, Portuguese artist (b. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sulzer" title="Simon Sulzer">Simon Sulzer</a>, Swiss theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aufield" title="Thomas Aufield">Thomas Aufield</a>, English Catholic martyr (b. <a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Russell,_2nd_Earl_of_Bedford" title="Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford">Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford</a>, English nobleman, soldier and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li>c. July? – <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Lavi" title="Shimon Lavi">Shimon Lavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">kabbalist</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1486" title="1486">1486</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> or <a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yermak_Timofeyevich" title="Yermak Timofeyevich">Yermak Timofeyevich</a>, Cossack leader and explorer of Siberia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luca_Cambiasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Luca Cambiasi">Luca Cambiasi</a>, Italian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark,_Electress_of_Saxony" title="Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony">Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Crato_von_Krafftheim" title="Johannes Crato von Krafftheim">Johannes Crato von Krafftheim</a>, German humanist and physician (b. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zdemiro%C4%9Flu_Osman_Pasha" title="Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha">Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha</a>, Ottoman (Turkish) grand vizier (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tachibana_D%C5%8Dsetsu" title="Tachibana Dōsetsu">Tachibana Dōsetsu</a>, Japanese daimyō (b. <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a>, English composer (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Ronsard" title="Pierre de Ronsard">Pierre de Ronsard</a>, French poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Franco" title="Hernando Franco">Hernando Franco</a>, Spanish composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Willock" title="John Willock">John Willock</a>, Scottish reformer (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vittoria_Accoramboni" title="Vittoria Accoramboni">Vittoria Accoramboni</a>, Italian noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1557" title="1557">1557</a>)</li> <li>approx. date – <a href="/wiki/Qiu_Zhu" title="Qiu Zhu">Qiu Zhu</a>, Chinese painter</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf</a>, Turkish scientist (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%E1%BB%89nh_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm">Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">administrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educator" class="mw-redirect" title="Educator">educator</a>, poet, <a href="/wiki/Wise_Old_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Wise Old Man">sage</a> and later a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cao_Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Dai">Cao Dai</a> religion (b. <a href="/wiki/1491" title="1491">1491</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1586 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Clitherow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Margaret_Clitherow.png/120px-Margaret_Clitherow.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Margaret_Clitherow.png/165px-Margaret_Clitherow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Margaret_Clitherow.png/220px-Margaret_Clitherow.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Clitherow" title="Margaret Clitherow">Margaret Clitherow</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Sanehito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Prince_Sanehito.jpg/120px-Prince_Sanehito.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Prince_Sanehito.jpg/250px-Prince_Sanehito.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="2954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Masahito" title="Prince Masahito">Prince Masahito</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg/250px-Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle" title="Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle">Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf,_1526-1586,_hertig_av_Holstein-Gottorp_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15979.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Adolf%2C_1526-1586%2C_hertig_av_Holstein-Gottorp_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15979.tif/lossy-page1-110px-Adolf%2C_1526-1586%2C_hertig_av_Holstein-Gottorp_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15979.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Adolf%2C_1526-1586%2C_hertig_av_Holstein-Gottorp_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15979.tif/lossy-page1-165px-Adolf%2C_1526-1586%2C_hertig_av_Holstein-Gottorp_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15979.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Adolf%2C_1526-1586%2C_hertig_av_Holstein-Gottorp_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15979.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Adolf%2C_1526-1586%2C_hertig_av_Holstein-Gottorp_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15979.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="4014" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Philip_Sidney_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sir_Philip_Sidney_from_NPG.jpg/110px-Sir_Philip_Sidney_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sir_Philip_Sidney_from_NPG.jpg/165px-Sir_Philip_Sidney_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sir_Philip_Sidney_from_NPG.jpg/220px-Sir_Philip_Sidney_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Philip Sidney</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stefan_Batory_11.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stefan_Batory_11.PNG/110px-Stefan_Batory_11.PNG" decoding="async" width="110" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stefan_Batory_11.PNG/165px-Stefan_Batory_11.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stefan_Batory_11.PNG/220px-Stefan_Batory_11.PNG 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Batory">Stefan Batory</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria_(1522%E2%80%931583)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret of Austria (1522–1583)">Margaret of Austria</a>, regent of the Netherlands (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_25" title="January 25">January 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Younger" title="Lucas Cranach the Younger">Lucas Cranach the Younger</a>, German painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Augustus, Elector of Saxony">Augustus, Elector of Saxony</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amalia_of_Cleves" title="Amalia of Cleves">Amalia of Cleves</a>, German princess and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Clitherow" title="Margaret Clitherow">Margaret Clitherow</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> nun, saint and martyr (b. <a href="/wiki/1556" title="1556">1556</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Veldenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna of Veldenz">Anna of Veldenz</a>, Margrave of Baden (b. <a href="/wiki/1540" title="1540">1540</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a>, Lutheran reformer (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidney" title="Henry Sidney">Henry Sidney</a>, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. <a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a>)<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Brieg" title="George II of Brieg">George II of Brieg</a>, Duke of Brieg (1547–1586) (b. <a href="/wiki/1523" title="1523">1523</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Morales" title="Luis de Morales">Luis de Morales</a>, Spanish religious painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adam_Lonicer" title="Adam Lonicer">Adam Lonicer</a>, German botanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Martín de Azpilcueta</a>, Spanish theologian and economist (b. <a href="/wiki/1491" title="1491">1491</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Wesenbeck" title="Matthew Wesenbeck">Matthew Wesenbeck</a>, Belgian jurist (b. <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Boncompagni" title="Filippo Boncompagni">Filippo Boncompagni</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1548" title="1548">1548</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Trubar" title="Primož Trubar">Primož Trubar</a>, Carniolan Protestant reformer (b. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lavater" title="Ludwig Lavater">Ludwig Lavater</a>, Swiss Reformed theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sutton,_4th_Baron_Dudley" title="Edward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley">Edward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Maitland" title="Richard Maitland">Richard Maitland</a>, Scottish statesman and historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1496" title="1496">1496</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prince_Masahito" title="Prince Masahito">Prince Masahito</a>, member of the Japanese imperial family (b. <a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Babington" title="Anthony Babington">Anthony Babington</a>, English Catholic conspirator (executed) (b. <a href="/wiki/1561" title="1561">1561</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidiock_Tichborne" title="Chidiock Tichborne">Chidiock Tichborne</a>, English conspirator and poet (executed) (b. <a href="/wiki/1558" title="1558">1558</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle" title="Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle">Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Denmark,_Duchess_of_Mecklenburg" title="Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg">Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg</a>, Danish princess (b. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Philip Sidney</a>, English poet, courtier and soldier (b. <a href="/wiki/1554" title="1554">1554</a>)<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_G%C3%BCnther_I,_Count_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="John Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">John Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Willem_IV_van_den_Bergh" title="Willem IV van den Bergh">Willem IV van den Bergh</a>, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (b. <a href="/wiki/1537" title="1537">1537</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ernest,_Prince_of_Anhalt" title="Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt">Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1536" title="1536">1536</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Batory">Stefan Batory</a>, King of Poland (b. <a href="/wiki/1533" title="1533">1533</a>)<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luigi_d%27Este" title="Luigi d'Este">Luigi d'Este</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1538" title="1538">1538</a></li></ul> 1587 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juraj_II._Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Juraj_II._Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87.jpg/110px-Juraj_II._Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Juraj_II._Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87.jpg/165px-Juraj_II._Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Juraj_II._Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87.jpg/220px-Juraj_II._Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juraj_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Juraj Drašković">Juraj Drašković</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Stuart_Queen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Stuart_Queen.jpg/110px-Mary_Stuart_Queen.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Stuart_Queen.jpg/165px-Mary_Stuart_Queen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Stuart_Queen.jpg/220px-Mary_Stuart_Queen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_unidentified_man_(1)_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/An_unidentified_man_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/110px-An_unidentified_man_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/An_unidentified_man_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/165px-An_unidentified_man_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/An_unidentified_man_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/220px-An_unidentified_man_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Sadler" title="Ralph Sadler">Ralph Sadler</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Godfried_van_Mierlo_-_bishop_of_Haarlem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Godfried_van_Mierlo_-_bishop_of_Haarlem.jpg/120px-Godfried_van_Mierlo_-_bishop_of_Haarlem.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Godfried_van_Mierlo_-_bishop_of_Haarlem.jpg/250px-Godfried_van_Mierlo_-_bishop_of_Haarlem.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Godfried_van_Mierlo" title="Godfried van Mierlo">Godfried van Mierlo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_I_de_Medici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Francesco_I_de_Medici.jpg/110px-Francesco_I_de_Medici.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Francesco_I_de_Medici.jpg/165px-Francesco_I_de_Medici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Francesco_I_de_Medici.jpg/220px-Francesco_I_de_Medici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juraj_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Juraj Drašković">Juraj Drašković</a>, Croatian <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)</li> <li>January – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Seckford" title="Thomas Seckford">Thomas Seckford</a>, English official (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> (executed) (b. <a href="/wiki/1542" title="1542">1542</a>)<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Ruffo" title="Vincenzo Ruffo">Vincenzo Ruffo</a>, Italian composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_of_Saxony" title="Dorothea of Saxony">Dorothea of Saxony</a>, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. <a href="/wiki/1563" title="1563">1563</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach" title="Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach">Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a>, princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. <a href="/wiki/1535" title="1535">1535</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_of_Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene of Lippe">Magdalene of Lippe</a>, Countess of Lippe by birth, and Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. <a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Olevian" title="Caspar Olevian">Caspar Olevian</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1536" title="1536">1536</a>)<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Sadler" title="Ralph Sadler">Ralph Sadler</a>, English statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Duke_of_M%C3%BCnsterberg-Oels" title="Henry III, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels">Henry III, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1542" title="1542">1542</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bromley" title="Thomas Bromley">Thomas Bromley</a>, English lord chancellor (b. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Foxe" title="John Foxe">John Foxe</a>, English author (b. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Manners,_3rd_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland">Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1549" title="1549">1549</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_Seymour,_Duchess_of_Somerset" title="Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset">Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset</a> (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Schegk" title="Jakob Schegk">Jakob Schegk</a>, German physician (b. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler" title="Gotthard Kettler">Gotthard Kettler</a>, Duke of Courland and Semigallia (b. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Ni%27matallah" title="Ignatius Ni'matallah">Ignatius Ni'matallah</a>, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (b. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1515)<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_S%C5%8Drin" title="Ōtomo Sōrin">Ōtomo Sōrin</a>, Japanese Christian daimyō (b. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Frederick II, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Frederick II, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1568" title="1568">1568</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmura_Sumitada" title="Ōmura Sumitada">Ōmura Sumitada</a>, Japanese Christian daimyō (b. <a href="/wiki/1533" title="1533">1533</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Zollern" title="Joachim of Zollern">Joachim of Zollern</a>, Titular Count of Hohenzollern (b. <a href="/wiki/1554" title="1554">1554</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Godfried_van_Mierlo" title="Godfried van Mierlo">Godfried van Mierlo</a>, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar and bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1518" title="1518">1518</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua" title="Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua">Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1538" title="1538">1538</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellavere" title="Vincenzo Bellavere">Vincenzo Bellavere</a>, Italian composer (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1540" title="1540">1540</a>)<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cheyne,_1st_Baron_Cheyne" title="Henry Cheyne, 1st Baron Cheyne">Henry Cheyne, 1st Baron Cheyne</a>, English politician and baron (b. <a href="/wiki/1540" title="1540">1540</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Douglas_(martyr)" title="George Douglas (martyr)">George Douglas (martyr)</a>, Scottish secular priest and martyr (b.c. <a href="/wiki/1540" title="1540">1540</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Watkins2015-225">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Pamelius" title="Jacobus Pamelius">Jacobus Pamelius</a>, Belgian bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1536" title="1536">1536</a>)<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1541" title="1541">1541</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Joyeuse" title="Anne de Joyeuse">Anne de Joyeuse</a>, Duke of Joyeuse, French commander, (b. <a href="/wiki/1560" title="1560">1560</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Este,_Lord_of_Montecchio" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso d'Este, Lord of Montecchio">Alfonso d'Este, Lord of Montecchio</a>, Italian nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abe_Motozane" title="Abe Motozane">Abe Motozane</a>, Japanese warlord (b. <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui" title="Hai Rui">Hai Rui</a>, Ming Dynasty "model official" (b. <a href="/wiki/1514" title="1514">1514</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gaill" title="Andreas Gaill">Andreas Gaill</a>, German jurist and statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Fenner" title="Dudley Fenner">Dudley Fenner</a>, English Puritan divine (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1558" title="1558">1558</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tar%C5%82o_(1527%E2%80%931587)" title="Jan Tarło (1527–1587)">Jan Tarło</a>, Polish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>probable – <a href="/wiki/George_Whetstone" title="George Whetstone">George Whetstone</a>, English writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1544" title="1544">1544</a>)</li></ul> 1588 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conde-henri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Conde-henri.jpg/110px-Conde-henri.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Conde-henri.jpg/165px-Conde-henri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Conde-henri.jpg/220px-Conde-henri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Prince_of_Conde_(1552-1588)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, Prince of Conde (1552-1588)">Henri, Prince of Conde</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1581_Frederik_2..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1581_Frederik_2..jpg/110px-1581_Frederik_2..jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1581_Frederik_2..jpg/165px-1581_Frederik_2..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1581_Frederik_2..jpg/220px-1581_Frederik_2..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II of Denmark</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mimar_Sinan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mimar_Sinan.JPG/110px-Mimar_Sinan.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mimar_Sinan.JPG/165px-Mimar_Sinan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mimar_Sinan.JPG/220px-Mimar_Sinan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Guise.jpg/110px-Guise.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Guise.jpg/165px-Guise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Guise.jpg/220px-Guise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3704" data-file-height="4568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Qi_Jiguang" title="Qi Jiguang">Qi Jiguang</a>, Chinese general (b. <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz">Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz</a>, Spanish admiral (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Weyer" title="Johann Weyer">Johann Weyer</a>, Dutch physician and occultist (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_XI_of_Legnica" title="Henry XI of Legnica">Henry XI of Legnica</a>, Duke of Legnica (b. <a href="/wiki/1539" title="1539">1539</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9_(1552%E2%80%931588)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, Prince of Condé (1552–1588)">Henri, Prince of Condé</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Zwinger" title="Theodor Zwinger">Theodor Zwinger</a>, Swiss scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1533" title="1533">1533</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II of Denmark</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1534" title="1534">1534</a>)<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a>, Italian painter (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>)<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Biandrata" title="Giorgio Biandrata">Giorgio Biandrata</a>, Italian physician (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Monau" title="Peter Monau">Peter Monau</a>, German physician (b. <a href="/wiki/1551" title="1551">1551</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_Cecil,_Countess_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford">Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford</a>, English countess (b. <a href="/wiki/1556" title="1556">1556</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1559" title="1559">1559</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Weigel" title="Valentin Weigel">Valentin Weigel</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1533" title="1533">1533</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Countess_Anna_of_Nassau" title="Countess Anna of Nassau">Countess Anna of Nassau</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1563" title="1563">1563</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crowley_(printer)" title="Robert Crowley (printer)">Robert Crowley</a>, London stationer (b. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>, Ottoman architect (b. <a href="/wiki/1489" title="1489">1489</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Josias_I,_Count_of_Waldeck-Eisenberg" title="Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg">Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg</a>, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1578-1588) (b. <a href="/wiki/1554" title="1554">1554</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello" title="Alonso Sánchez Coello">Alonso Sánchez Coello</a>, Spanish painter (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_elder" title="Alfonso Ferrabosco the elder">Alfonso Ferrabosco the elder</a>, Italian composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1543" title="1543">1543</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ward" title="Margaret Ward">Margaret Ward</a>, English saint (birthdate unknown)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juliane_of_Nassau-Dillenburg_(1546-1588)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juliane of Nassau-Dillenburg (1546-1588)">Juliana of Nassau-Dillenburg</a>, Dutch prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1546" title="1546">1546</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tarlton" title="Richard Tarlton">Richard Tarlton</a>, English actor (b. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tilemann_Heshusius" title="Tilemann Heshusius">Tilemann Heshusius</a>, German Gnesio-Lutheran theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amias_Paulet" title="Amias Paulet">Amias Paulet</a>, Governor of Jersey (b. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_(martyr)" title="Edward James (martyr)">Edward James</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> (executed at <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>)<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Telesio" title="Bernardino Telesio">Bernardino Telesio</a>, Italian philosopher and natural scientist (b. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Recalde" title="Juan Martínez de Recalde">Juan Martínez de Recalde</a>, Spanish admiral (b. c. 1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Daurat" title="Jean Daurat">Jean Daurat</a>, French poet and scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_19" title="December 19">December 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Esther_Handali" title="Esther Handali">Esther Handali</a>, Ottoman businessperson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">December 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a>, French Catholic leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1550" title="1550">1550</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Cardinal_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II, Cardinal of Guise">Louis II, Cardinal of Guise</a>, French Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1555" title="1555">1555</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a>, Dominican friar and historian in colonial Mexico (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1537" title="1537">1537</a>).<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(Puritan)" title="John Field (Puritan)">John Field</a>, British Puritan clergyman and controversialist (b. <a href="/wiki/1545" title="1545">1545</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Gyatso,_3rd_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonam Gyatso, 3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam Gyatso, 3rd Dalai Lama</a>, the first Dalai Lama to use the title (b. <a href="/wiki/1543" title="1543">1543</a>)<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautilla_Nelli" title="Plautilla Nelli">Plautilla Nelli</a>, Italian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(bishop)" title="Edwin Sandys (bishop)">Edwin Sandys</a>, English prelate (b. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenau_Simonsdochter_Hasselaer" title="Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer">Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer</a>, Dutch war heroine (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1589 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Philothei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/St.Philothei.jpg/120px-St.Philothei.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/St.Philothei.jpg/165px-St.Philothei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/St.Philothei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philothei" class="mw-redirect" title="Philothei">Philothei</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Farnese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cardinal_Farnese.jpg/120px-Cardinal_Farnese.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cardinal_Farnese.jpg/250px-Cardinal_Farnese.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(cardinal)" title="Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)">Alessandro Farnese</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capela_do_Divino_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo_em_Porto_Alegre_011-aa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Capela_do_Divino_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo_em_Porto_Alegre_011-aa.JPG/110px-Capela_do_Divino_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo_em_Porto_Alegre_011-aa.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Capela_do_Divino_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo_em_Porto_Alegre_011-aa.JPG/165px-Capela_do_Divino_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo_em_Porto_Alegre_011-aa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Capela_do_Divino_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo_em_Porto_Alegre_011-aa.JPG/220px-Capela_do_Divino_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo_em_Porto_Alegre_011-aa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Benedict_the_Moor" title="Benedict the Moor">Benedict the Moor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anjou_1570louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/110px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/165px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/220px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Heinason" title="Magnus Heinason">Magnus Heinason</a>, Faroese naval hero (b. <a href="/wiki/1545" title="1545">1545</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philothei" class="mw-redirect" title="Philothei">Philothei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> religious sister, martyr and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(cardinal)" title="Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)">Alessandro Farnese</a>, Italian cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Sturm" title="Johannes Sturm">Johannes Sturm</a>, German educator (b. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heo_Nanseolheon" title="Heo Nanseolheon">Heo Nanseolheon</a>, Korean poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1563" title="1563">1563</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Guicciardini" title="Lodovico Guicciardini">Lodovico Guicciardini</a>, Italian historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Kromer" title="Marcin Kromer">Marcin Kromer</a>, Prince-Bishop of Warmia (b. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_the_Moor" title="Benedict the Moor">Benedict the Moor</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> friar and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tansen" title="Tansen">Tansen</a>, Indian musician (b. c.1493/1500)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julius,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Charles II, Lord of Monaco">Charles II, Lord of Monaco</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1555" title="1555">1555</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach" title="Anna Maria of Brandenburg-Ansbach">Anna Maria of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a>, German princess (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lady_Saig%C5%8D" title="Lady Saigō">Lady Saigō</a>, Japanese concubine (b. <a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Peckius_the_Elder" title="Petrus Peckius the Elder">Petrus Peckius the Elder</a>, Dutch jurist, writer on international maritime law (b. <a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_the_Palatinate-Simmern" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern">Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern</a>, Duchess consort of Södermanland (1579–1589) (b. <a href="/wiki/1561" title="1561">1561</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment" title="Jacques Clément">Jacques Clément</a>, French assassin of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1567" title="1567">1567</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1551" title="1551">1551</a>)<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Baius" title="Michael Baius">Michael Baius</a>, Flemish theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_de_Ba%C3%AFf" title="Jean-Antoine de Baïf">Jean-Antoine de Baïf</a>, French poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Darrell_of_Littlecote" title="William Darrell of Littlecote">William Darrell of Littlecote</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1539" title="1539">1539</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Zabarella" title="Jacopo Zabarella">Jacopo Zabarella</a>, Italian philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stumpp" title="Peter Stumpp">Peter Stumpp</a>, German alleged serial killer "the Werewolf of Bedburg" (b. <a href="/wiki/1535" title="1535">1535</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Apian" title="Philipp Apian">Philipp Apian</a>, German mathematician and medic (b. <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton,_1st_Baron_Compton" title="Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton">Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1544" title="1544">1544</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Balbi_di_Correggio" title="Francisco Balbi di Correggio">Francisco Balbi di Correggio</a>, Italian soldier in the service of Spain during the Siege of Malta (b. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_de%27_Mariscalchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro de' Mariscalchi">Pietro de' Mariscalchi</a>, Italian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dan%C3%A7ay" title="Charles Dançay">Charles Dançay</a>, French diplomat (b. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li>(after September 25) – <a href="/wiki/John_Stubbs" title="John Stubbs">John Stubbs</a>, English seditious pamphleteer, in France (b. <a href="/wiki/1543" title="1543">1543</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1580s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lardner-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lardner_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lardner_1-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Lardner" title="Dionysius Lardner">Dionysius Lardner</a>, ed., The History of Spain and Portugal, vol. 5, part of the Cabinet Cyclopaedia. London: Longman, Rees, et al., 1832. See pages 208-209. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Mack P. Holt, The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629 (Cambridge University Press, 2005) p.116 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> João Vicente Melo, Jesuit and English Experiences at the Mughal Court, C. 1580–1615 (Springer, 2022) p.26 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMichel_de_Montaigne1887" class="citation book cs1">Michel de Montaigne (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwROv1TAKf0C&pg=PA471">Works of Michael de Montaigne: Comprising His Essays, Journey Into Italy, and Letters</a>. 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Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-901249-69-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-901249-69-3"><bdi>978-3-901249-69-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physicist+and+Astronomer+Christopher+Scheiner%3A+Biography%2C+Letters%2C+Works&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Leopold-Franzens-University+of+Innsbruck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-901249-69-3&rft.au=Franz+Daxecker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzMnuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Diagne, Léon Sobel, « Le problème de la philosophie africaine » (2004), p. 10 (archived by French Wikipedia) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224081746/http://sfc.education.sn/IMG/pdf/LE_PROBLEME_DE_LA_PHILOSOPHIE_AFRICAINE_Leon_OK.pdf">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Kocc Barma Fall disait… [in] Au Senegal (26 Sep 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.au-senegal.com/kocc-barma-fall-disait,6832.html?lang=fr">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explore.rkd.nl/explore/artists/134225">Abraham van der Haagen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/RKD" class="mw-redirect" title="RKD">RKD</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWouter_T._KloekHessel_MiedemaJ._BruynChristian_Schuckman1993" class="citation book cs1">Wouter T. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0037-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0037-6"><bdi>978-94-007-0037-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Change+and+Continuity+in+Early+Modern+Cosmology&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0037-6&rft.au=Patrick+Bonner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxPq0Bv5Kz4EC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindsey_C._Harnsberger1996" class="citation book cs1">Lindsey C. 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Nakładem S.H. Merzbacha. p. 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tomasza+%C5%9Awi%C4%99ckiego+Historyczne+pami%C4%85tki+znamienitych+rodzin+i+os%C3%B3b+dawnej+Polski&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Nak%C5%82adem+S.H.+Merzbacha&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Tomasz+%C5%9Awi%C4%99cki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdRbAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark_W._Konnert2006" class="citation book cs1">Mark W. Konnert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3x-KAF0yFLIC&pg=PA161">Local Politics in the French Wars of Religion: The Towns of Champagne, the Duc de Guise, and the Catholic League, 1560-95</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5593-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5593-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-5593-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Politics+in+the+French+Wars+of+Religion%3A+The+Towns+of+Champagne%2C+the+Duc+de+Guise%2C+and+the+Catholic+League%2C+1560-95&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5593-0&rft.au=Mark+W.+Konnert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3x-KAF0yFLIC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeo_HicksJohn_Harland_Hicks1964" class="citation book cs1">Leo Hicks; John Harland Hicks (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ1IAAAAMAAJ">An Elizabethan Problem: Some Aspects of the Careers of Two Exile-adventurers</a>. Fordham University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7837-0450-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7837-0450-0"><bdi>978-0-7837-0450-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Elizabethan+Problem%3A+Some+Aspects+of+the+Careers+of+Two+Exile-adventurers&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-7837-0450-0&rft.au=Leo+Hicks&rft.au=John+Harland+Hicks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQ1IAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFI.L._Leeb1973" class="citation book cs1">I.L. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30574-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30574-0"><bdi>978-0-313-30574-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation%2C+1500-1620%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30574-0&rft.au=Jo+Eldridge+Carney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4TBFjimrHtQC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMary_Sidney_Pembroke_(comtesse_de).)Mary_Sidney_Herbert_Countess_of_PembrokeMary_Sidney_Herbert1998" class="citation book cs1">Mary Sidney Pembroke (comtesse de).); Mary Sidney Herbert Countess of Pembroke; Mary Sidney Herbert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSSR4SjcePsC&pg=PA6">The Collected Works of Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke: Poems, translations, and correspondence</a>. Clarendon Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811280-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811280-8"><bdi>978-0-19-811280-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Mary+Sidney+Herbert%2C+Countess+of+Pembroke%3A+Poems%2C+translations%2C+and+correspondence&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-811280-8&rft.au=Mary+Sidney+Pembroke+%28comtesse+de%29.%29&rft.au=Mary+Sidney+Herbert+Countess+of+Pembroke&rft.au=Mary+Sidney+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSSR4SjcePsC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonna_B._Hamilton1992" class="citation book cs1">Donna B. 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Garland. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2237-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2237-5"><bdi>978-0-8153-2237-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+at+the+Royal+Court+and+Chapel+in+Poland%2C+C.1543-1600&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-2237-5&rft.au=Tomasz+M.+M.+Czepiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbd8XAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwan2006" class="citation book cs1">Ewan, Elizabeth (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ewan">The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004</a> (Reprinted. ed.). 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Baker. p. 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Schaff-Herzog+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Knowledge%3A+Embracing+Biblical%2C+Historical%2C+Doctrinal%2C+and+Practical+Theology%2C+and+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Biography+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Samuel+Macauley+Jackson&rft.au=Lefferts+Augustine+Loetscher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpLYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_FoxeGeorge_Townsend1870" class="citation book cs1">John Foxe; George Townsend (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs9DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA91">The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe: With a Life and Defence of the Martyrologist</a>. G. Seeley. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+and+Monuments+of+John+Foxe%3A+With+a+Life+and+Defence+of+the+Martyrologist&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=G.+Seeley&rft.date=1870&rft.au=John+Foxe&rft.au=George+Townsend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzs9DAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Nichols2014" class="citation book cs1">John Nichols (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VacAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA386">John Nichols's The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth: Volume III: 1579 to 1595</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955140-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955140-8"><bdi>978-0-19-955140-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Nichols%27s+The+Progresses+and+Public+Processions+of+Queen+Elizabeth%3A+Volume+III%3A+1579+to+1595&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955140-8&rft.au=John+Nichols&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VacAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorbone2017" class="citation book cs1">Borbone, Pier Giorgio (2017). "From Tur 'Abdin to Rome: the Syro-Orthodox presence in Sixteenth-Century Rome". In Herman Teule; Elif Keser-Kayaalp; Kutlu Akalin; Nesim Dorum; M. Sait Toprak (eds.). Syriac in its Multi-cultural Context: First International Syriac Studies Symposium. Peeters. p. 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Tur+%27Abdin+to+Rome%3A+the+Syro-Orthodox+presence+in+Sixteenth-Century+Rome&rft.btitle=Syriac+in+its+Multi-cultural+Context%3A+First+International+Syriac+Studies+Symposium&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Borbone&rft.aufirst=Pier+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> "Vincenzo Bellavere," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-174-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-174-2">1-56159-174-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watkins2015-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Watkins2015_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasil_Watkins2015" class="citation book cs1">Basil Watkins (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kE6TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196">The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 196–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66456-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66456-3"><bdi>978-0-567-66456-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Saints%3A+A+Comprehensive+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=196-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-567-66456-3&rft.au=Basil+Watkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkE6TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_George_HerbermannEdward_Aloysius_PaceCondé_Bénoist_Pallen1913" class="citation book cs1">Charles George Herbermann; Edward Aloysius Pace; Condé Bénoist Pallen (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQkjAQAAIAAJ">The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church</a>. Encyclopedia Press. p. 435.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+An+International+Work+of+Reference+on+the+Constitution%2C+Doctrine%2C+Discipline%2C+and+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Charles+George+Herbermann&rft.au=Edward+Aloysius+Pace&rft.au=Cond%C3%A9+B%C3%A9noist+Pallen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQkjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Douglas_Lockhart2004" class="citation book cs1">Paul Douglas Lockhart (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PTJgzidcXNkC&pg=PA1">Frederik II and the Protestant Cause: Denmark's Role in the Wars of Religion, 1559-1596</a>. BRILL. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13790-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13790-4"><bdi>90-04-13790-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederik+II+and+the+Protestant+Cause%3A+Denmark%27s+Role+in+the+Wars+of+Religion%2C+1559-1596&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-13790-4&rft.au=Paul+Douglas+Lockhart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPTJgzidcXNkC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_R._Rearick1988" class="citation book cs1">William R. Rearick (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2mbUe9iJ3uQC">The Art of Paolo Veronese, 1528-1588</a>. National Gallery of Art. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89468-124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89468-124-0"><bdi>978-0-89468-124-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Paolo+Veronese%2C+1528-1588&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89468-124-0&rft.au=William+R.+Rearick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2mbUe9iJ3uQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIan_Dawson1998" class="citation book cs1">Ian Dawson (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Czq-f-9cLSsC&pg=PA376">Who's who in British History: A-H</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-90-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-90-9"><bdi>978-1-884964-90-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+British+History%3A+A-H&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-90-9&rft.au=Ian+Dawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCzq-f-9cLSsC%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Stephen1895" class="citation book cs1">Leslie Stephen (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aiYJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA82">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Macmillan. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Leslie+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaiYJAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2015" class="citation book cs1">Watkins, Basil (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a06TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567664143" title="Special:BookSources/9780567664143"><bdi>9780567664143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Saints%3A+A+Comprehensive+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780567664143&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da06TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Monjarás-Ruiz, Jesús, "Fray Diego Durán, un evangelizador conquistado", en Dimensión Antropológica, vol. 2, septiembre-diciembre, 1994, pp. 43-56. Disponible en: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=1552">http://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=1552</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=203">"Incarnation Lineage: Dalai Lama Main Page"</a>. himalayanart.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=himalayanart.org&rft.atitle=Incarnation+Lineage%3A+Dalai+Lama+Main+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalayanart.org%2Fsearch%2Fset.cfm%3FsetID%3D203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._J._Knecht2014" class="citation book cs1">R. J. Knecht (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3W5_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123">The French Wars of Religion 1559-1598</a>. Routledge. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86231-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86231-4"><bdi>978-1-317-86231-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Wars+of+Religion+1559-1598&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86231-4&rft.au=R.+J.+Knecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3W5_BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicola_Mary_Sutherland2002" class="citation book cs1">Nicola Mary Sutherland (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwRff75zzd4C&pg=PT497">Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion</a>. Intellect Books. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-846-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-846-7"><bdi>978-1-84150-846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+IV+of+France+and+the+Politics+of+Religion&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84150-846-7&rft.au=Nicola+Mary+Sutherland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGwRff75zzd4C%26pg%3DPT497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1580s" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox416" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: Artists <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48563#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/47262c8f-10e7-49a6-92b0-811891ad8ca7">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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