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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licence_to_empark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licence_to_empark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Licence to empark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licence_to_empark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying_former_deer_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying_former_deer_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Identifying former deer parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying_former_deer_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stocked_with_fallow_deer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stocked_with_fallow_deer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Stocked with fallow deer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stocked_with_fallow_deer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stocked_with_red_deer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stocked_with_red_deer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Stocked with red deer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stocked_with_red_deer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Enclosed area containing deer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG/280px-Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG/420px-Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG/560px-Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a medieval hunting park from a 15th-century manuscript version of <i>The Master of Game</i>, MS. Bodley 546 f. 3v</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_park,_Powderham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416619.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Deer_park%2C_Powderham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416619.jpg/280px-Deer_park%2C_Powderham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416619.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Deer_park%2C_Powderham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416619.jpg/420px-Deer_park%2C_Powderham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416619.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Deer_park%2C_Powderham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416619.jpg/560px-Deer_park%2C_Powderham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416619.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">Fallow deer</a> in the park of <a href="/wiki/Powderham_Castle" title="Powderham Castle">Powderham Castle</a>, Devon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_fencing,_Charlecote_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1568928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Deer_fencing%2C_Charlecote_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1568928.jpg/280px-Deer_fencing%2C_Charlecote_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1568928.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Deer_fencing%2C_Charlecote_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1568928.jpg/420px-Deer_fencing%2C_Charlecote_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1568928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Deer_fencing%2C_Charlecote_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1568928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Old hand-split oak deer-fence at <a href="/wiki/Charlecote_Park" title="Charlecote Park">Charlecote Park</a> in Warwickshire</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern period">Early Modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Ireland</a>, a <b>deer park</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">novale cervorum, campus cervorum</i>) was an enclosed area containing <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>. It was bounded by a ditch and bank with a wooden park <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">pale</a> on top of the bank, or by a stone or brick wall.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ditch was on the inside<sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland150_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland150-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increasing the effective height. Some parks had deer "<a href="/wiki/Salter_(trap)" title="Salter (trap)">leaps</a>", where there was an external ramp and the inner ditch was constructed on a grander scale, thus allowing deer to enter the park but preventing them from leaving.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deer parks could vary in size from a circumference of many miles down to what amounted to little more than a deer paddock.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The landscape within a deer park was manipulated to produce a habitat that was both suitable for the deer and also provided space for hunting. "Tree dotted lawns, tree clumps and compact woods"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided "launds" (pasture)<sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland146_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland146-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over which the deer were hunted and wooded cover for the deer to avoid human contact. The landscape was intended to be visually attractive as well as functional. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some deer parks were established in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon era</a> and are mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Charters" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon Charters">Anglo-Saxon Charters</a>; these were often called <i>hays</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>heġe</i> (“hedge, fence”) and <i>ġehæġ</i> (“an enclosed piece of land”).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of England in 1066, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> seized existing game reserves. Deer parks flourished and proliferated under the Normans,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming a forerunner of the deer parks that became popular among England's landed gentry. The <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086 records thirty-six of them. </p><p>Initially the <a href="/wiki/Norman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman dynasty">Norman kings</a> maintained an exclusive right to keep and hunt deer and established <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest" title="Royal forest">forest law</a> for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In due course they also allowed members of the nobility and senior clergy to maintain deer parks. At their peak at the turn of the 14th century, deer parks may have covered 2% of the land area of England.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland</a> in 1169, many deer parks were established in the new <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a> is not native to Ireland and is believed to have been introduced at the royal deer park at <a href="/wiki/Glencree" title="Glencree">Glencree</a> in 1244. The <a href="/wiki/Cambro-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambro-Norman">Cambro-Norman</a> landlords also used deer parks to produce timber and <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, and to protect their livestock (cattle, sheep, etc.) from being stolen by the native <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Irish">Gaelic Irish</a>. Research by Fiona Beglane identified forty-six Irish deer parks established before 1400.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> was an enthusiast for hunting and had an extensive deer park created at <a href="/wiki/Theobalds_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobalds Palace">Theobalds Palace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it became less fashionable and popular after the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a>. The number of deer parks then declined, contemporary books documenting other more profitable uses for such an estate.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 18th century many deer parks were landscaped, where deer then became optional within larger country parks, several of which were created or enlarged from wealth from trade and colonization in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. These later mostly gave way to profitable agriculture dependent on crop prices, with large parts of the workforce having been attracted elsewhere following increasing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrialization</a>. This created pressure to sell off parts or divide such estates while rural population growth pushed up poor law rates (particularly <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">outdoor relief</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Rate" title="Labour Rate">Labour Rate</a>) and urban poverty led to the introduction of lump sum <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital taxation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_Tax_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance Tax (United Kingdom)">inheritance tax</a> and a shift in power away from the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deer parks are notable landscape features in their own right. However, where they have survived into the 20th century, the lack of ploughing or development has often preserved other features within the park,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abandoned_village#United_Kingdom" title="Abandoned village">abandoned villages</a>. </p><p>The Tudor cartographer <a href="/wiki/John_Norden" title="John Norden">John Norden</a> wrote of Cornish deer parks that the <a href="/wiki/Arundell_family" title="Arundell family">Arundells</a> had the 'stateliest park' in the shire.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To establish a deer park a royal licence was required, known as a "licence to empark"<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—especially if the park was in or near a royal forest. Because of their cost and exclusivity, deer parks became status symbols. Deer were almost all kept within exclusive reserves with the larger ones often used as aristocratic playgrounds, for hunting, often with deer being driven into nets; and, there was no legitimate market for <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a> without an established provenance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the ability to eat venison or give it to others was also a status symbol. Consequently, many deer parks were maintained for the supply of venison, rather than hunting the deer. Small deer parks which functioned primarily as household larders were attached to many smaller manors, such as at <a href="/wiki/Umberleigh" title="Umberleigh">Umberleigh</a> in Devon.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owners would grant to their friends or to others to whom they owed a favour, a signed warrant for a specified number of deer, usually one only, specified as buck or doe, which the recipient would present to the park keeper who would select and kill one and hand the carcass to the grantee. The <a href="/wiki/Lisle_Papers" title="Lisle Papers">Lisle Papers</a> dating from the 1530s contains many such letters from prospective grantees requesting such gifts from the park of <a href="/wiki/Honor_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor Grenville">Honor Grenville</a>, the lady of the manor of <a href="/wiki/Umberleigh" title="Umberleigh">Umberleigh</a> in Devon, and also contains reports to her from her <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiff</a> listing grants of venison made from her park during the past year.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such grants acted as common features of the mediaeval social machinery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licence_to_empark">Licence to empark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Licence to empark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DyrhamLicence1511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DyrhamLicence1511.jpg/310px-DyrhamLicence1511.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/DyrhamLicence1511.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Royal licence to empark Dyrham granted by King Henry VIII to Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Denys" title="William Denys">William Denys</a> (1470–1533), <a href="/wiki/Esquire_of_the_Body" title="Esquire of the Body">Esquire of the Body</a>, 5 June 1511. Appended is a rare perfect example of the Great Seal of Henry VIII. Collection of <a href="/wiki/Dyrham_Park" title="Dyrham Park">Dyrham Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a></figcaption></figure> <p>King Henry VIII appointed Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Denys" title="William Denys">William Denys</a> (1470–1533) an <a href="/wiki/Esquire_of_the_Body" title="Esquire of the Body">Esquire of the Body</a> at some date before 5 June 1511. It was perhaps at the very time of William's appointment to that position at court that the King promised him the honour of a licence to empark 500 acres of his <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manor_of_Dyrham" title="Manor of Dyrham">Dyrham</a> in Gloucestershire, which is to say to enclose the land with a wall or hedgebank and to establish a captive herd of deer within, with exclusive hunting rights. This grant is witnessed by a charter on parchment, to which is affixed a rare example of a perfect great seal of Henry VIII, now hanging in a frame beneath the main staircase of <a href="/wiki/Dyrham_Park" title="Dyrham Park">Dyrham Park</a>. It clearly was handed down with the deeds of the manor on the termination of the Denys era at Dyrham. The charter is of exceptional interest as it is signed as witnesses by men of the greatest importance in the state, who were at the King's side at that moment, at the Palace of Westminster. The text of the document, translated from Latin is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Henry by the grace of God King of England and France and Lord of Ireland sends greetings to his archbishops, bishops, abbotts, priors, dukes, marquises, earls, barons, judges, sheriffs, reeves, ministers and all our bailiffs and faithful subjects. Let it be known that we, motivated by our especial grace and certain knowledge of him, have granted for us and our heirs to our faithful servant William Denys, esquire of the Royal Body, to him, his heirs and assigns, the right to empark 500 acres of land, meadow, pasture and wood together with appurtenance at <i>Le Worthy</i> within the manor of <i>Dereham</i> in the county of Gloucestershire and enclose them with fences and hedges in order to make a park there. Also that they may have <a href="/wiki/Free_warren" title="Free warren">free warren</a> in all their <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> lands within the said manor. No other person may enter this park or warren to hunt or catch anything which might belong to that park or warren without permission from William, his heirs or assigns under penalty of £10, provided that the land is not within our <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest" title="Royal forest">forest</a>. </p><p>Witnessed by: </p> <ul><li>The most reverend in Christ father <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William</a> Canterbury our chancellor and archbishop</li> <li>The reverend in Christ fathers <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard</a> Winchester, Keeper of the Privy Purse and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruthall" title="Thomas Ruthall">Thomas</a> Durham, our secretary, bishops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas</a> Surrey, Treasurer of England and</li> <li>George Shrewsbury, steward of our household, earls.</li> <li>Charles Somerset Lord Herbert, our chamberlain and</li> <li>George Neville of Abergavenny, barons.</li> <li>Thomas Lovell, treasurer of our household and</li> <li>Edward Poynings, comptroller of our household, knights, and many others.</li></ul><p> Given by our hand at Westminster on the 5th day of June in the 3rd year of our reign. (1511)</p></blockquote> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyrham_Park_deer_under_trees,_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The herd of fallow deer in 2009 in the park at Dyrham, Gloucestershire, established in 1511"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dyrham_Park_deer_under_trees%2C_panorama.jpg/800px-Dyrham_Park_deer_under_trees%2C_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dyrham_Park_deer_under_trees%2C_panorama.jpg/1200px-Dyrham_Park_deer_under_trees%2C_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dyrham_Park_deer_under_trees%2C_panorama.jpg/1600px-Dyrham_Park_deer_under_trees%2C_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13816" data-file-height="1892" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyrham_Park_deer_under_trees,_panorama.jpg" title="File:Dyrham Park deer under trees, panorama.jpg"> </a></div>The herd of fallow deer in 2009 in the park at <a href="/wiki/Dyrham_Park" title="Dyrham Park">Dyrham</a>, Gloucestershire, established in 1511</div></div></div> <p>From the size of the present park it appears that only about 250 acres were ultimately enclosed. The grant of emparkment was separate from and in addition to the grant of <a href="/wiki/Free_warren" title="Free warren">free warren</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> lands. This latter allowed him to hunt exclusively on his unenclosed, other untenanted lands which were managed by his own staff. High dry-stone walls, typical of Gloucestershire, still survive around parts of the present parkland, which is still stocked with a herd of fallow deer. The park was thus an area in which Denys's deer would be at his own disposal and would be safe from being hunted or otherwise taken by any other person, including his neighbours and the king himself. The king when on royal progress throughout his kingdom was accompanied by an enormous entourage which needed daily feeding and entertainment, both of which functions were achieved by holding driven game shoots, in which an area of ground several miles in area would be surrounded and any deer within would be driven towards a specified exit where the king and his favoured courtiers would be awaiting with bows and arrows to kill them. Thus several dozen if not hundreds of deer could be killed in a single day, to the impoverishment of the local countryside for several months if not years into the future.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus any landowner with a licensed park, even if within the circuit of such a drive, would be immune from the entry of such beaters into his park, and his deer would remain untouched. </p><p>The French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Marillac" title="Charles de Marillac">Charles de Marillac</a> in his despatch of 12 August 1541 described this process as King Henry VIII went on royal progress to York: <i>The King's fashion of proceeding in this progress is, wherever there are numerous deer, to enclose two to three hundred in the trees and then send in many greyhounds to kill them, that he may share them among the gentlemen of the country and of his court.</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deer situated within licensed deer parks were thus immune from such mass round-ups, and the grant by the king of such licences therefore had the effect of depriving himself of much valuable game with which to feed his followers. </p><p>Early historical records are replete with instances of noblemen breaking into each other's parks and killing deer therein, often as a result of a local territorial dispute or vendetta or merely from high spirits. The penalties inflicted by royal justice were severe in such instances. For example, in 1523 Sir William St Loe (d. 1556) of <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Court" title="Sutton Court">Sutton Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chew_Magna" title="Chew Magna">Chew Magna</a>, Somerset, together with 16 others, armed with bows and arrows, crossbows and swords, broke into Banwell Park in Somerset, attached to <a href="/wiki/Banwell" title="Banwell">Banwell Abbey</a>, a residence belonging to <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Bishop of Bath and Wells">Bishop of Bath and Wells</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Barlow_(bishop_of_Chichester)" title="William Barlow (bishop of Chichester)">William Barlow</a>, and killed 4 bucks and other deer. In the following August he made a similar raid and killed more than 20 deer, the heads of which he stuck on the boundary palings. He was ordered to appear before a magistrate, but the record of his punishment if any has not survived. However, after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> a short while later, in 1552 Sir William obtained for himself from the crown the office of Keeper of Banwell Park.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifying_former_deer_parks">Identifying former deer parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Identifying former deer parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1955 <a href="/wiki/William_George_Hoskins" class="mw-redirect" title="William George Hoskins">W. G. Hoskins</a> remarked that "the reconstruction of medieval parks and their boundaries is one of the many useful tasks awaiting the field-worker with patience and a good local knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most deer parks were bounded by significant <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthworks</a> topped by a park <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">pale</a>, typically of cleft oak stakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland144-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These boundaries typically have a curving, rounded plan, possibly to economise on the materials and work involved in fencing<sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland144-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ditching. </p><p>A few deer parks in areas with plentiful building stone had stone walls instead of a park pale.<sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland144-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Barnsdale" title="Barnsdale">Barnsdale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burghley_House" title="Burghley House">Burghley</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> border.<sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland144-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boundary earthworks have survived "in considerable numbers and a good state of preservation".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even where the bank and ditch do not survive, their former course can sometimes still be traced in modern field boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boundaries of early deer parks often formed parish boundaries. Where the deer park reverted to agriculture, the newly established <a href="/wiki/Field_system" title="Field system">field system</a> was often rectilinear, clearly contrasting with the system outside the park. </p><p>In Ireland, the placename <i>Deerpark</i> is common, but it is post-medieval in origin and does not indicate a Norman-era deer park.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland's best-known deerpark, for example, is the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a>, but that was not stocked with deer until 1662.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stocked_with_fallow_deer">Stocked with fallow deer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stocked with fallow deer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Parks" title="The Royal Parks">The Royal Parks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a>, Surrey (now Greater London), 955 hectares</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Park" title="Hampton Court Park">Hampton Court Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park" title="Bushy Park">Bushy Park</a>, all also red deer</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powderham_Castle" title="Powderham Castle">Powderham Castle</a>, Devon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyrham_Park" title="Dyrham Park">Dyrham Park</a>, Gloucestershire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petworth_House" title="Petworth House">Petworth House</a>, West Sussex</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobalds_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobalds Palace">Theobalds Palace</a>, Hertfordshire (also red deer<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencree" title="Glencree">Glencree</a>, County Wicklow, Ireland, a royal park<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Earlspark, <a href="/wiki/Loughrea" title="Loughrea">Loughrea</a>, County Galway, Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ballydonegan, County Carlow, Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stocked_with_red_deer">Stocked with red deer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stocked with red deer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knebworth_House" title="Knebworth House">Knebworth House</a>, Hertfordshire (also sika deer)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raby_Castle" title="Raby Castle">Raby Castle</a>, County Durham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a>, Greater London, a royal park (also fallow deer)</li> <li>Whitworth Hall, County Durham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn_Abbey" title="Woburn Abbey">Woburn Abbey</a>, Bedfordshire</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdown_House,_Oxfordshire" title="Ashdown House, Oxfordshire">Ashdown Park</a> Upper Wood, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnsdale" title="Barnsdale">Barnsdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland144-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Beckley Park, <a href="/wiki/Beckley,_Oxfordshire#Deer_park" title="Beckley, Oxfordshire">Beckley, Oxfordshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brancepeth_Castle" title="Brancepeth Castle">Brancepeth Castle</a>, County Durham</li> <li>Bucknell Wood, <a href="/wiki/Abthorpe#History" title="Abthorpe">Abthorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burghley_House" title="Burghley House">Burghley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland144-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Chase, <a href="/wiki/Kenilworth#History" title="Kenilworth">Kenilworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chawton Park Wood, <a href="/wiki/Medstead" title="Medstead">Medstead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland144-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetwynd_Park" title="Chetwynd Park">Chetwynd Deer Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Shropshire" title="Newport, Shropshire">Newport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li>Farnham Park, <a href="/wiki/Farnham" title="Farnham">Farnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitteriss_Park" title="Flitteriss Park">Flitteriss Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackwood_Park" title="Hackwood Park">Hackwood Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield_Broad_Oak" title="Hatfield Broad Oak">Hatfield Broad Oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> (surviving but not functioning)<sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland150_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland150-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmingham_Hall" title="Helmingham Hall">Helmingham Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Gwrt_Moated_Site" title="Hen Gwrt Moated Site">Hen Gwrt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llantilio_Crossenny" title="Llantilio Crossenny">Llantilio Crossenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a>, site of a hunting lodge within the deer park of <a href="/wiki/Raglan_Castle" title="Raglan Castle">Raglan Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley_Park" title="Henley Park">Henley Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Assendon" title="Lower Assendon">Lower Assendon</a>, Oxfordshire<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longnor,_Shropshire" title="Longnor, Shropshire">Longnor</a> Deer Park, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccas" title="Moccas">Moccas</a> Deer Park, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a> (surviving in use)<sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland150_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland150-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silchester#Manor" title="Silchester">Silchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield#Anglo-Saxon_establishment,_c._600-1135" title="Sutton Coldfield">Sutton Coldfield</a> Deer Park (surviving but not functioning)<sup id="cite_ref-Trees&Woodland150_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trees&Woodland150-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park" title="Windsor Great Park">Windsor Great Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, a royal park attached to <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wollaton_Park" title="Wollaton Park">Wollaton Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, an Elizabeathen country house and parkland estate situated on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer</a>: the main species introduced into these deer parks, smaller and more containable than the large native British <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">Game reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Forest">Royal Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, a famous deer park in Uttar Pradesh, India</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dry stone wall at <a href="/wiki/Dyrham_Park" title="Dyrham Park">Dyrham Park</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trees&Woodland150-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland150_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland150_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland150_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland150_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRackham1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Rackham, Oliver</a> (1976). <i>Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape</i>. Archaeology in the Field Series. London: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Dent" title="J. M. Dent">J. M. Dent</a> & Sons Ltd. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-04183-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-04183-5"><bdi>0-460-04183-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees+and+Woodland+in+the+British+Landscape&rft.place=London&rft.series=Archaeology+in+the+Field+Series&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-460-04183-5&rft.aulast=Rackham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir200" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Richard (200). <i>The NEW Reading the Landscape</i>. University of Exeter Press. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+NEW+Reading+the+Landscape&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=200&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotherham,_I.D.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rotherham, I.D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140730034358/http://www.ukeconet.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Ecology_economics_Sept_2007.pdf">"The ecology and economics of medieval deer parks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Landscape Archaeology and Ecology</i>. <b>6</b>: 86–102. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukeconet.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Ecology_economics_Sept_2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landscape+Archaeology+and+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+ecology+and+economics+of+medieval+deer+parks&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=86-102&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Rotherham%2C+I.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukeconet.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F10%2FEcology_economics_Sept_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2007" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Richard (2007). <i>Be Your Own Landscape Detective: Investigating Where You Are</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">Sutton Publishing</a>. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4333-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4333-8"><bdi>978-0-7509-4333-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Be+Your+Own+Landscape+Detective%3A+Investigating+Where+You+Are&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-4333-8&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trees&Woodland146-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland146_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRackham1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Rackham, Oliver</a> (1976). <i>Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape</i>. Archaeology in the Field Series. London: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Dent" title="J. M. Dent">J. M. Dent</a> & Sons Ltd. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-04183-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-04183-5"><bdi>0-460-04183-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees+and+Woodland+in+the+British+Landscape&rft.place=London&rft.series=Archaeology+in+the+Field+Series&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-460-04183-5&rft.aulast=Rackham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes2007" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Naomi (2007). "Animal Bones and Animal Parks". In Liddiard, Robert (ed.). <i>The Medieval Park: New Perspectives</i>. Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905119165" title="Special:BookSources/9781905119165"><bdi>9781905119165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animal+Bones+and+Animal+Parks&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Park%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.place=Macclesfield%2C+UK&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Windgather+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781905119165&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanksCoatesMcClure2016" class="citation book cs1">Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter (17 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AyDDQAAQBAJ&q=hay+geh%C3%A6g+old+english&pg=PA1232"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192527479" title="Special:BookSources/9780192527479"><bdi>9780192527479</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Family+Names+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.isbn=9780192527479&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Coates%2C+Richard&rft.au=McClure%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AyDDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhay%2Bgeh%25C3%25A6g%2Bold%2Benglish%26pg%3DPA1232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Deer Park"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Deer_Park">"Deer Park" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deer+Park&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=924&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/glossary.htm">Forests and Chases of England and Wales: A Glossary.</a> St John's College, Oxford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRackham2003" class="citation book cs1">Rackham, Oliver (2003). "Wood-Pasture". <i>The Illustrated History of the Countryside</i>. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297843351" title="Special:BookSources/9780297843351"><bdi>9780297843351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wood-Pasture&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+the+Countryside&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780297843351&rft.aulast=Rackham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy,_MargaretO'Conor,_Kieran2006" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Margaret; O'Conor, Kieran (2006). "Castles and Deer Parks in Anglo-Norman Ireland". <i>Eolas: The Journal of the American Society of Irish Medieval Studies</i>. <b>1</b>: 53–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27639174">10.2307/27639174</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27639174">27639174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eolas%3A+The+Journal+of+the+American+Society+of+Irish+Medieval+Studies&rft.atitle=Castles+and+Deer+Parks+in+Anglo-Norman+Ireland&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=53-70&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27639174&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27639174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Margaret&rft.au=O%27Conor%2C+Kieran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pilgrimagemedievalireland.com/2015/05/27/the-hidden-world-of-the-irish-medieval-park/">"The Hidden World of the Irish Medieval Park"</a>. 27 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+World+of+the+Irish+Medieval+Park&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpilgrimagemedievalireland.com%2F2015%2F05%2F27%2Fthe-hidden-world-of-the-irish-medieval-park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatbritishlife.co.uk/people/22573696.royal-hunt-shaped-hertfordshire/">"How the royal hunt shaped Hertfordshire"</a>. <i>Great British Life</i>. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+British+Life&rft.atitle=How+the+royal+hunt+shaped+Hertfordshire&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatbritishlife.co.uk%2Fpeople%2F22573696.royal-hunt-shaped-hertfordshire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example is the planting for woods for firewood and shipbuilding in John Evelyn's <i><a href="/wiki/Sylva,_or_A_Discourse_of_Forest-Trees_and_the_Propagation_of_Timber" title="Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber">Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinchGiles2007" class="citation book cs1">Finch, Jonathan; Giles, Kate, eds. (2007). <i>Estate Landscapes: Design, Improvements and Power in the Post-Medieval Landscape</i>. Boydell and Brewer, Woodbridge and New York. pp. 19–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estate+Landscapes%3A+Design%2C+Improvements+and+Power+in+the+Post-Medieval+Landscape&rft.pages=19-39&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer%2C+Woodbridge+and+New+York&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeresford1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Beresford" title="Maurice Beresford">Beresford, Maurice</a> (1998) [1957]. <i>History on the Ground</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">Sutton Publishing</a>. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-1884-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-1884-5"><bdi>0-7509-1884-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+on+the+Ground&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7509-1884-5&rft.aulast=Beresford&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lysons, Daniel, and Samuel Lysons. "General history: Deer-parks." <i>Magna Britannia: Volume 3</i>, Cornwall. London: T Cadell and W Davies, 1814. clxxix-clxxx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol3/clxxix-clxxx">British History Online</a> Retrieved 5 April 2023. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRackham1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Rackham, Oliver</a> (1997) [1975]. <i>The History of the Countryside</i>. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Books">Phoenix Giant Paperback</a>. p. 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Countryside&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Phoenix+Giant+Paperback&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rackham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, (ed.) <i>The Lisle Letters</i>, 6 vols., University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation provided by information sheet by National Trust, at Dyrham Park; A summary of the charter was retained in the royal records, Charter Roll 200, no. 20, printed in <i>Letters & Papers of Henry VIII, Foreign & Domestic, 1509–1514</i>, vol. 1, 5 June 1511, summarized as follows: "William Denys, Esquire for the Body, licence by charter to impark 500 acres at Le Worthy within his manor of <i>Dereham</i> Gloucestershire & to have <a href="/wiki/Warren_(free)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren (free)">free-warren</a> in all the <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesnes</a> of that manor. Witnesses: W. Archbishop of Canterbury, Chancellor R. Bishop of Winchester, Privy Seal Thomas, Bishop of Durham, Secretary Edward, Duke of Buckingham Thomas, Marquis of Dorset Thomas, Earl of Surrey, Treasurer George, Earl of Shrewsbury, Steward of the Household Charles Somerset, Chamberlain, Baron George Nevile of Bergavenny, Baron Sir Thomas Lovell, Treasurer of the Household Sir Edward Poynings, Controller of the Household</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Correspondance politique de mm. de Castillon et de Marillac, ambassadeurs de France en Angleterre (1537–1542); pub. sous les auspices de la Commission des archives diplomatiques by Kaulek, Jean Baptiste Louis; Farges, Louis; Lefèvre-Pontalis, Germain; Paris, 1885, p.327 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/correspondancepo00kauluoft/page/326/mode/2up?view=theater">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130812201701/http://www.banwellhistory.org.uk/deerpark.html">"官网"</a> [Official website]. <i>www.clickotrigger.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clickotrigger.com/deerpark.html">the original</a> on 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clickotrigger.com&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%98%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clickotrigger.com%2Fdeerpark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoskins1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_George_Hoskins" class="mw-redirect" title="William George Hoskins">Hoskins, W. G.</a> (1985) [1955]. <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofenglishl00hosk"><i>The Making of the English Landscape</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofenglishl00hosk/page/94">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-007964-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-007964-5"><bdi>0-14-007964-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+English+Landscape&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-14-007964-5&rft.aulast=Hoskins&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofenglishl00hosk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trees&Woodland144-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trees&Woodland144_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRackham1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Rackham, Oliver</a> (1976). <i>Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape</i>. Archaeology in the Field Series. London: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Dent" title="J. M. Dent">J. M. Dent</a> & Sons Ltd. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-04183-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-04183-5"><bdi>0-460-04183-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees+and+Woodland+in+the+British+Landscape&rft.place=London&rft.series=Archaeology+in+the+Field+Series&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-460-04183-5&rft.aulast=Rackham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/O._G._S._Crawford" title="O. G. S. Crawford">Crawford, O.G.S.</a> (1953). <i>Archaeology in the Field</i>. London: Phoenix House. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+in+the+Field&rft.place=London&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Phoenix+House&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=O.G.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddiard2007" class="citation book cs1">Liddiard, R. (2007). <i>The Medieval Deer Park: New Perspectives</i>. Windgather Press. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Deer+Park%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Windgather+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Liddiard&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishdeersociety.ie/european-fallow-deer/">"Irish Deer Society – European Fallow Deer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Deer+Society+%E2%80%93+European+Fallow+Deer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishdeersociety.ie%2Feuropean-fallow-deer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Fanu,_T._P.1893" class="citation journal cs1">Le Fanu, T. P. (1893). "The Royal Forest of Glencree". <i>The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 268–280. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25508042">25508042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Forest+of+Glencree&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=268-280&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25508042%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Le+Fanu%2C+T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loughreamedievalfestival.com/medieval-deer-park-found-in-loughrea/">"Medieval deer park found in Loughrea"</a>. <i>Loughrea Medieval Festival</i>. 24 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loughrea+Medieval+Festival&rft.atitle=Medieval+deer+park+found+in+Loughrea&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Floughreamedievalfestival.com%2Fmedieval-deer-park-found-in-loughrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1998" class="citation book cs1">Foster, John Wilson (2 March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SG8sbdTzUdgC&q=%22deer+park%22+ireland+medieval&pg=PA563"><i>Nature in Ireland: A Scientific and Cultural History</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773518179" title="Special:BookSources/9780773518179"><bdi>9780773518179</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+in+Ireland%3A+A+Scientific+and+Cultural+History&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=1998-03-02&rft.isbn=9780773518179&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSG8sbdTzUdgC%26q%3D%2522deer%2Bpark%2522%2Bireland%2Bmedieval%26pg%3DPA563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knebworthhouse.com/discover/knebworth-park-adventure-playground/">"Knebworth Park & Adventure Playground"</a>. <i>Knebworth House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knebworth+House&rft.atitle=Knebworth+Park+%26+Adventure+Playground&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knebworthhouse.com%2Fdiscover%2Fknebworth-park-adventure-playground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobel1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lobel" title="Mary Lobel">Lobel, Mary D</a>, ed. (1957). <i>A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 5: Bullingdon Hundred</i>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a>. pp. 56–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Oxford%3A+Volume+5%3A+Bullingdon+Hundred&rft.series=Victoria+County+History&rft.pages=56-76&rft.date=1957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzman1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Francis_Salzman" title="Louis Francis Salzman">Salzman, L.F.</a>, ed. (1951). <i>A History of the County of Warwick, Volume 6: Knightlow hundred</i>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a>. pp. 132–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Warwick%2C+Volume+6%3A+Knightlow+hundred&rft.series=Victoria+County+History&rft.pages=132-143&rft.date=1951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1001499" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1001499?section=official-list-entry">"Farnham Park (1001499)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Farnham+Park+%281001499%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1001499%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmery1974" class="citation book cs1">Emery, Frank (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordshirelands0000emer"><i>The Oxfordshire Landscape</i></a></span>. The Making of the English Landscape. London: <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordshirelands0000emer/page/206">206</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-04301-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-04301-6"><bdi>0-340-04301-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxfordshire+Landscape&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Making+of+the+English+Landscape&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-340-04301-6&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordshirelands0000emer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Page">Page, W.H.</a>, ed. (1911). <i>A History of the County of Hampshire, Volume 4</i>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a>. pp. 51–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Hampshire%2C+Volume+4&rft.series=Victoria+County+History&rft.pages=51-56&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer+park+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Henderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles G. Henderson">Henderson, Charles</a> (1935). "Cornish deer parks", in his: <i>Essays in Cornish History</i>. London: Oxford University Press; pp. 157–62.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting,_fishing_and_animals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Hunting, fishing and animals in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Medieval hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_hunting_technologies" title="North American hunting technologies">North American hunting technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-fowling" title="Bat-fowling">Bat-fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagling" title="Beagling">Beagling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big%E2%80%93game_hunting" title="Big–game hunting">Big–game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_stalker" title="Game stalker">Game stalkering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigging" title="Gigging">Gigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Eagles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">Field sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_hunting" title="Handgun hunting">Handgun hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_hunting" title="Layout hunting">Layout hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa_(hunt)" title="Montería (hunt)">Montería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Muttonbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">Persistence hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">Venatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_call" title="Game call">Game call</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duck_call" title="Duck call">Duck call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_bag" title="Hunting bag">Hunting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">Air gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_spear" title="Bear spear">Bear spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_sword" title="Hunting sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">Throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">Shooting sticks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" title="Big five game">Big five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_hunting" title="Human hunting">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_game" title="Plains game">Plains game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_hunting" title="Turkey hunting">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">With dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal</a></li> <li>Squirrel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale" title="Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale">Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_pound" title="Buffalo pound">Buffalo pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase (land)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deer park (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_kite" title="Desert kite">Desert kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_larder" title="Game larder">Game larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">Game reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">Game farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_blind" title="Hunting blind">Hunting blind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salter_(trap)" title="Salter (trap)">Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_lodge" title="Sporting lodge">Sporting lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Jagdschloss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_trap" title="Wolf trap">Wolf trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Australia" title="Hunting in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugong_hunting_in_Australia" title="Dugong hunting in Australia">Dugong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_industry" title="Kangaroo industry">Kangaroo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_tiger_hunts_in_Azerbaijan" title="Historical tiger hunts in Azerbaijan">Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li>Chad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greenland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_poaching_in_India" title="Tiger poaching in India">Tiger poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_poaching_in_Assam" title="Rhino poaching in Assam">Rhino poaching in Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Kenya" title="Elephant hunting in Kenya">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_New_Zealand" title="Hunting in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter-based_hunting_in_Fiordland" title="Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland">Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_Hunting_in_Pakistan" title="Trophy Hunting in Pakistan">Trophy Hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Romania" title="Hunting in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Spain" title="Hunting in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_hunting_reserves_in_Switzerland" title="List of federal hunting reserves in Switzerland">Federal hunting reserves</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tonga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_snaring" title="Pigeon snaring">Pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_the_United_States" title="Hunting in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Hunting and fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation and conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_(fishing_and_hunting)" title="Bag (fishing and hunting)">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_management" title="Deer management">Deer management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">Game preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">Hunting season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_hunting" title="Sustainable hunting">Sustainable hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect" title="Bambi effect">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooding_(hunting)" title="Blooding (hunting)">Blooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">Canned hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">Car hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_ague" title="Duck ague">Duck ague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">Fair chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_dressing_(hunting)" title="Field dressing (hunting)">Field dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillie" title="Gillie">Gillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_magic" title="Hunting magic">Hunting magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">List of hunting deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_big-game_hunters" title="List of big-game hunters">List of big-game hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahawking" title="Parahawking">Parahawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_hunter" title="Professional hunter">Professional hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_persecution" title="Raptor persecution">Raptor persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_(hunting)" title="Take (hunting)">Take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hunter" title="White hunter">White hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Associations_for_Hunting_and_Conservation_of_the_EU" title="Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU">Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Hunters%27_Association" title="Finnish Hunters' Association">Finnish Hunters' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club_International" title="Safari Club International">Safari Club International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">Bounty hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_hunting" title="Drag hunting">Drag hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_trial" title="Field trial">Field trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">Hunting strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">Insect collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_hunting" title="Orchid hunting">Orchid hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&oldid=1253401887">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deer_park_(England)&oldid=1253401887</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landscape_history" title="Category:Landscape history">Landscape history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landscape_design_history" title="Category:Landscape design 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