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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunshine_duration,_solar_irradiance_and_cloud_cover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunshine_duration,_solar_irradiance_and_cloud_cover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sunshine duration, solar irradiance and cloud cover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunshine_duration,_solar_irradiance_and_cloud_cover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precipitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humid_subtropical_climate_(Cfa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humid_subtropical_climate_(Cfa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humid_subtropical_climate_(Cfa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition_between_Cfa_and_Csa_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_between_Cfa_and_Csa_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Transition between Cfa and Csa climates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_between_Cfa_and_Csa_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extremes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extremes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Extremes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extremes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climat_de_l%27Italie" title="Climat de l'Italie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Climat de l'Italie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_italiano" title="Clima italiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clima italiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hali_ya_hewa_nchini_Italia" title="Hali ya hewa nchini Italia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hali ya hewa nchini Italia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="524" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/495px-Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/660px-Italy_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> types of Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>climate of Italy</b> is highly diverse. In most of the inland northern and central regions, the climate ranges from <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">humid subtropical</a> to <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid continental">humid continental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a>. The climate of the <a href="/wiki/Po_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Po valley">Po valley</a> geographical region is mostly humid subtropical, with cool winters and hot summers.<sup id="cite_ref-Rigutti_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rigutti-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blair_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and most of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">South</a> experience a Mediterranean climate according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. </p><p>Between the north and south there can be a considerable difference in temperature, above all during the winter: on some winter days it can be −2 °C (28 °F) and snowing in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, while it is 8 °C (46.4 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and 20 °C (68 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. Temperature differences are less extreme in the summer. On 11 August 2021, an agricultural monitoring station near <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> recorded 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) which constitutes the official record of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_weather_records" title="List of weather records">highest temperature</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wmo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Italy is experiencing widespread impacts of climate change</a>, with an increase in extreme events such as heatwaves, droughts and more frequent flooding eg <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> is facing increasing issues due to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levantesi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levantesi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy faces many challenges <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adapting to climate change</a> including the economic, social, and environmental impacts that climate change creates, and an increasingly problematic death toll from the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">health risks that come with climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generality">Generality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Generality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Maddalena_-_Il_porto_(02).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/La_Maddalena_-_Il_porto_%2802%29.JPG/220px-La_Maddalena_-_Il_porto_%2802%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/La_Maddalena_-_Il_porto_%2802%29.JPG/330px-La_Maddalena_-_Il_porto_%2802%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/La_Maddalena_-_Il_porto_%2802%29.JPG/440px-La_Maddalena_-_Il_porto_%2802%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Summer in <a href="/wiki/La_Maddalena" title="La Maddalena">La Maddalena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian climate is influenced by the large body of water of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Seas</a> that surrounds Italy on every side except the north. These seas constitute a reservoir of <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> for Italy. Within the southern temperate zone, they determine a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> with local differences due to the <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a> of the territory, which tends to make its mitigating effects felt, especially in <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">high pressure</a> conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> influences, the Italian climate is partly affected by the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">western currents</a>, especially in the intermediate seasons, also by the dynamics in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a> that travel from west to east, driven by the zonal circulation and more generally by the reciprocal position, on a <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" title="Synoptic scale meteorology">synoptic level</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Azores_High" title="Azores High">Azores anticyclone</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_subtropical_anticyclone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African subtropical anticyclone (page does not exist)">African subtropical anticyclone</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticiclone_subtropicale_africano" class="extiw" title="it:Anticiclone subtropicale africano">it</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cold winter airs, are in part influenced by the mountain ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mitigating effect of the Mediterranean is added to this condition with a tendency to reinvigorate, due to the transfer of sensible heat and humidity, the weakened perturbations from the west or with the formation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Low&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mediterranean Low (page does not exist)">Mediterranean Low</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressione_mediterranea" class="extiw" title="it:Depressione mediterranea">it</a>]</span> or <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_tropical-like_cyclone" title="Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone">Mediterranean cyclogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/495px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/660px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topographic</a> map of Italy</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography of Italy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern Europe</a> and it is also considered a part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DGACM_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGACM-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between latitudes <a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_north" title="35th parallel north">35°</a> and <a href="/wiki/47th_parallel_north" title="47th parallel north">47° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/6th_meridian_east" title="6th meridian east">6°</a> and <a href="/wiki/19th_meridian_east" title="19th meridian east">19° E</a>. To the north, Italy borders <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and is roughly delimited by the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine watershed</a>, enclosing the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Plain" title="Venetian Plain">Venetian Plain</a>. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> and the two <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean islands">Mediterranean islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, in addition to <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">many smaller islands</a>. The sovereign states of <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> are <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">enclaves</a> within Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Campione_d%27Italia" title="Campione d'Italia">Campione d'Italia</a> is an Italian <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclave</a> in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy is part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. The country's total area is 301,230 square kilometres (116,306 sq mi), of which 294,020 km<sup>2</sup> (113,522 sq mi) is land and 7,210 km<sup>2</sup> (2,784 sq mi) is water.<sup id="cite_ref-Area_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including islands, Italy has a coastline of 7,900 km (4,900 mi) on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily" title="Strait of Sicily">Strait of Sicily</a>, and borders shared with France (488 km (303 mi)), Austria (430 km (267 mi)), Slovenia (232 km (144 mi)) and Switzerland (740 km (460 mi)). San Marino (39 km (24 mi)) and Vatican City (3.2 km (2.0 mi)), both enclaves, account for the remainder.<sup id="cite_ref-Area_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 35% of the Italian territory is mountainous.<sup id="cite_ref-eug92_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eug92-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a> form the peninsula's backbone, and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> form most of its northern boundary, where Italy's highest point is located on <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> summit (Monte Bianco) (4,810 m or 15,780 ft). Other worldwide-known mountains in Italy include the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> (Monte Cervino), <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Paradiso" title="Gran Paradiso">Gran Paradiso</a> in the West Alps, and <a href="/wiki/Bernina_Range" title="Bernina Range">Bernina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stelvio_Pass" title="Stelvio Pass">Stelvio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a> along the eastern side. The <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, Italy's longest river (652 kilometres or 405 miles), flows from the Alps on the western border with France and crosses the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> on its way to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>. The Po Valley is the largest plain in Italy, with 46,000 km<sup>2</sup> (18,000 sq mi), and it represents over 70% of the total plain area in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-eug92_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eug92-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conditions on the coast are different from those in the interior, particularly during winter months when the higher altitudes tend to be cold, wet, and often snowy. The coastal regions have mild winters and warm and generally dry summers, although lowland valleys can be quite hot in summer. Average winter temperatures vary from 0 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (32 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) on the Alps to 12 °C (54 °F) in Sicily, so average summer temperatures range from 20 °C (68 °F) to over 25 °C (77 °F). Winters can vary widely across the country with lingering cold, foggy and snowy periods in the north and milder, sunnier conditions in the south. Summers can be hot and humid across the country, particularly in the south while northern and central areas can experience occasional strong thunderstorms from spring to autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autunno_al_lago_pranda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Autunno_al_lago_pranda.jpg/192px-Autunno_al_lago_pranda.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Autunno_al_lago_pranda.jpg/288px-Autunno_al_lago_pranda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Autunno_al_lago_pranda.jpg/384px-Autunno_al_lago_pranda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6608" data-file-height="4405" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lake Pranda in <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains#Tuscan–Emilian_Apennines" title="Apennine Mountains">Tuscan–Emilian Apennines</a> in October</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Val_Venegia_in_inverno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Val_Venegia_in_inverno.jpg/192px-Val_Venegia_in_inverno.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Val_Venegia_in_inverno.jpg/288px-Val_Venegia_in_inverno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Val_Venegia_in_inverno.jpg/384px-Val_Venegia_in_inverno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nature reserve Paneveggio in <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a> in March</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The east coast of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> is not as wet as the west coast, but is usually colder in the winter. The east coast north of <a href="/wiki/Pescara" title="Pescara">Pescara</a> is occasionally affected by the cold <a href="/wiki/Bora_(wind)" title="Bora (wind)">bora</a> winds in winter and spring, but the wind is less strong here than around <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>. During these frosty spells from E–NE cities like <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pescara" title="Pescara">Pescara</a> and the entire eastern hillside of the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> can be affected by true "<a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">blizzards</a>". The town of <a href="/wiki/Fabriano" title="Fabriano">Fabriano</a>, located just around 300 m (984 ft) in elevation, can often see 50–60 cm (20–24 in) of fresh snow fall in 24 hours during these episodes. </p><p>On the coast from <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, snow falls more rarely: during cold spells from the east, the cold wind can be harsh but with bright skies. During the snowfalls that affect Northern Italy, the Adriatic coast can see a milder Sirocco wind which makes snow turn to rain. The mild effects of this wind often disappear just a few kilometres inside the plain, and sometimes the coast from Venice to <a href="/wiki/Jesolo" title="Jesolo">Jesolo</a> sees snow while it is raining in Trieste and surroundings, the <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po River</a> mouths and Ravenna. Rarely, the city of Trieste has seen snow blizzards with north-eastern winds. In the colder winters, the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice Lagoon">Venice Lagoon</a> may freeze, and in the coldest ones even enough to walk on the ice sheet (December 1788).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further south, snow may occur inland but it rarely happens at sea level, though snow at sea level has been recorded as far south as <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Winters are generally milder in the coastal areas of the south, Sicily and Sardinia. </p><p>Summer is usually more stable, although the northern regions often have thunderstorms in the afternoon/night hours and some grey and rainy days. So, while south of Florence the summer is typically dry and sunny, in the north it tends to be more humid and cloudy. The humidity can make the northern plains particularly uncomfortable. </p><p>Spring and autumn weather can be very changeable, with sunny and warm weeks (sometimes with summer-like temperatures) suddenly broken off by cold spells or followed by rainy and cloudy weeks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sunshine_duration,_solar_irradiance_and_cloud_cover"><span id="Sunshine_duration.2C_solar_irradiance_and_cloud_cover"></span>Sunshine duration, solar irradiance and cloud cover</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sunshine duration, solar irradiance and cloud cover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:236px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eliofania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eliofania.png/213px-Eliofania.png" decoding="async" width="213" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eliofania.png/320px-Eliofania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eliofania.png/426px-Eliofania.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of the average annual <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine duration</a> in Italy (in hours) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3366cc; color:white;"> </span> < 1,799 h</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00cc99; color:black;"> </span> 1,800-1,999 h</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> 2,000-2,199 h</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> 2,200-2,399 h</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9900; color:black;"> </span> 2,400-2,599 h</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cc3333; color:white;"> </span> > 2,600 h</div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:236px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AM_nuvolosit%C3%A0_media_annua.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/AM_nuvolosit%C3%A0_media_annua.PNG/211px-AM_nuvolosit%C3%A0_media_annua.PNG" decoding="async" width="211" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/AM_nuvolosit%C3%A0_media_annua.PNG/317px-AM_nuvolosit%C3%A0_media_annua.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/AM_nuvolosit%C3%A0_media_annua.PNG/422px-AM_nuvolosit%C3%A0_media_annua.PNG 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of the average annual <a href="/wiki/Cloud_cover" title="Cloud cover">cloud cover</a> in Italy (in <a href="/wiki/Okta" title="Okta">okta</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006ed6; color:white;"> </span> < 2,750 okta</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4ea5d6; color:black;"> </span> 2,750 - 3,000 okta</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4edfd6; color:black;"> </span> 3,000 - 3,250 okta</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#98ffd6; color:black;"> </span> 3,250 - 3,500 okta</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d6e7d6; color:black;"> </span> 3,500 - 3,750 okta</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"> </span> 3,750 - 4,000 okta</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cecbce; color:black;"> </span> 4,000 - 4,250 okta</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#989698; color:black;"> </span> 4,250 - 4,500 okta</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5d5c5d; color:white;"> </span> > 4,500 okta</div></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Based on the maps on <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine duration</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on global <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar irradiance</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Italy, the areas with the highest values are the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, the western and southern coastal strip of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the whole of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, and the coastal strips of the southern <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_Archipelago" title="Tuscan Archipelago">Tuscan Archipelago</a>. All these areas have values of more than 2,600 hours of sunshine per year, with an average of more than seven hours per day. </p><p>On average, the northern and eastern coastal strip of Sicily, the innermost areas of Sardinia, the entire western peninsular coast to the south of <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, including the flat and hilly areas of the hinterland, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian</a> coast between <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, the inland areas of <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> coasts of <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> and the whole of northern <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, receive between 2,400 and 2,600 hours of sunshine per year (between 6.5 and seven hours per day). </p><p>Values between 2,200 and 2,400 hours of sunshine per year (between 6 and 6.5 hours per day) are recorded in the innermost areas of Sicily, in some sections of the Calabrian Ionian coast and in the corresponding inland areas, along the Adriatic coast of <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versilia" title="Versilia">Versilia</a>, inland areas of northern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, in Umbria and in the hinterland of southern <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. All the other areas north of the imaginary oblique transversal line, drawn between the area immediately north of the city of Genoa and the border between <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> and Abruzzo, record annual average values that do not reach 2,200 hours, or less than six hours per day. </p><p>The highest annual average values in the network of <a href="/wiki/Solarimeter" title="Solarimeter">pyranometric</a> stations relating to global solar irradiance are higher than 18 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (0.46 kWh/sq ft) and concern the southern and south-eastern extremities of Sicily. Average annual values between 16 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (0.41 kWh/sq ft) and 18 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (0.46 kWh/sq ft) are recorded over a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>, on the western alpine extremity of <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Pianosa" title="Pianosa">Pianosa</a>, on the coastal and sublittoral areas of the middle and southern Lazio, in the south-central Apulia, Calabria, Sardinia and most of Sicily (including the islands of <a href="/wiki/Ustica" title="Ustica">Ustica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a>). </p><p>Average annual values between 14 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (0.36 kWh/sq ft) and 16 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (0.41 kWh/sq ft) affect western Liguria, a large part of Tuscany and central-northern Lazio, a large part of the Marche, Abruzzo and Molise, Campania, Basilicata, northern Puglia and north-eastern Sardinia. Average annual values between 12 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (0.31 kWh/sq ft) and 14 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (0.36 kWh/sq ft) occur in central-eastern Piedmont, eastern Liguria, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-Alto Adige">Trentino-Alto Adige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and on the Apennine ridge between <a href="/wiki/Emilia_(region)" title="Emilia (region)">Emilia</a>, Tuscany, Umbria, Marche and Lazio. Average annual values of less than 12 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (0.31 kWh/sq ft) are recorded in an area of the Tuscan-Emilian <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> which includes the highest peaks. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cloud_cover" title="Cloud cover">Cloud cover</a> generally tends to reach the lowest average values in the month of July, while the highest average values, according to the different climatic zones, can affect several months between late autumn and the first part of spring, with the highest average values in most of the territory recorded in November.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precipitation">Precipitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Precipitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punta_San_Vigilio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punta_San_Vigilio.jpg/191px-Punta_San_Vigilio.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punta_San_Vigilio.jpg/287px-Punta_San_Vigilio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punta_San_Vigilio.jpg/382px-Punta_San_Vigilio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="691" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a> in spring</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fog_-_Novellara,_Reggio_Emilia,_Italy_-_December_9,_2018_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fog_-_Novellara%2C_Reggio_Emilia%2C_Italy_-_December_9%2C_2018_01.jpg/193px-Fog_-_Novellara%2C_Reggio_Emilia%2C_Italy_-_December_9%2C_2018_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fog_-_Novellara%2C_Reggio_Emilia%2C_Italy_-_December_9%2C_2018_01.jpg/290px-Fog_-_Novellara%2C_Reggio_Emilia%2C_Italy_-_December_9%2C_2018_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fog_-_Novellara%2C_Reggio_Emilia%2C_Italy_-_December_9%2C_2018_01.jpg/386px-Fog_-_Novellara%2C_Reggio_Emilia%2C_Italy_-_December_9%2C_2018_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7092" data-file-height="4728" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fog in <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> is frequent during the winter time</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the south, summer marks a distinct dry season, characteristic of Mediterranean climates. This includes cities such as <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. In the north, precipitation is more evenly distributed during the year, although the summer is usually slightly wetter. Between November and March the <a href="/wiki/Po_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Po valley">Po valley</a> is often covered by fog, especially in the central zone (<a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>), while the number of days with lows below 0 °C (32 °F) is usually from 60 to 90 a year, with peaks of 100–110 days in the mainly rural zones.<sup id="cite_ref-altervista_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altervista-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snow is quite common between early December and early March in cities like Turin, Milan and Bologna, but sometimes it appears in late November or late March and even April. In the winter of 2005–2006, Milan received around 0.75–0.8 m (2 ft 5.53 in – 2 ft 7.50 in) or 75–80 cm (29.5–31.5 in) of fresh snow, <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a> around 1 m (3 ft 3.37 in) or 100 cm (39.4 in), <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> 0.5 m (1 ft 7.69 in) or 50 cm (19.7 in), <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a> 1.6 m (5 ft 2.99 in) or 160 cm (63.0 in), <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a> around 0.45 m (1 ft 5.72 in) or 45 cm (17.7 in), Bologna around 0.3 m (11.81 in) or 30 cm (11.8 in), and Piacenza around 0.8 m (2 ft 7.50 in) or 80 cm (31.5 in) <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often, the largest snowfalls happen in February, sometime in January or March. In the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, snow falls more in autumn and spring over 1,500 m (4,921 ft), because winter is usually marked by cold and dry periods; while the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a> see many more snow falls during winter, but they are warmer and less wet in the other seasons. </p><p>Both mountain chains can see up to 5–10 m (16 ft 4.85 in – 32 ft 9.70 in) or 500–1,000 cm (196.9–393.7 in) of snow in a year at 2,000 m (6,562 ft). On the highest peaks of the Alps, snow may fall even during mid summer, and glaciers are present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperatures">Temperatures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Temperatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Via_Cassia_-_Masseria_e_cipressi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Via_Cassia_-_Masseria_e_cipressi.JPG/220px-Via_Cassia_-_Masseria_e_cipressi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Via_Cassia_-_Masseria_e_cipressi.JPG/330px-Via_Cassia_-_Masseria_e_cipressi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Via_Cassia_-_Masseria_e_cipressi.JPG/440px-Via_Cassia_-_Masseria_e_cipressi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> landscape in <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Orcia" title="Val d'Orcia">Val d'Orcia</a> during summer</figcaption></figure> <p>Summer temperatures are often similar north to south. July temperatures are 22–24 °C (71.6–75.2 °F) north of river Po, like in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, and south of river Po can reach 24–25 °C (75.2–77.0 °F) like in Bologna, with fewer thunderstorms; on the coasts of Central and Southern Italy, and in the near plains, mean temperatures goes from 23 °C to 27 °C (80.6 °F). Generally, the hottest month is August in the south and July in the north; during these months the thermometer can reach 38–42 °C (100.4–107.6 °F) in the south and 32–35 °C (89.6–95.0 °F) in the north; Sometimes the country can be split as during winter, with rain and 20–22 °C (68.0–71.6 °F) during the day in the north, and 30–40 °C (86–104 °F) in the south; but, having a hot and dry summer does not mean that Southern Italy will not see rain from June to August. <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorms</a>, while much more common in the humid north, occasionally also occur in the south. High humidity may keep nighttime temperatures high in Italy's cities during the summer months. </p><p>The coldest month is January: the Po valley's mean temperature is between −1–1 °C (30.2–33.8 °F), Venice 2–3 °C (35.6–37.4 °F), Trieste 6–7 °C (42.8–44.6 °F), Florence 5–6 °C (41.0–42.8 °F), Rome 7–8 °C (44.6–46.4 °F), <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> 9 °C (48.2 °F), and <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> 12 °C (53.6 °F). Winter morning lows can occasionally reach −30 to −20 °C (−22.0 to −4.0 °F) in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, −14 to −8 °C (6.8 to 17.6 °F) in the Po valley, −7 °C (19.4 °F) in Florence, −4 °C (24.8 °F) in Rome, −2 °C (28.4 °F) in Naples and 2 °C (35.6 °F) in Palermo. In cities like Rome and Milan, strong <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">heat islands</a> can exist, so that inside the urban area, winters can be milder and summers more sultry. </p><p>On some winter mornings it can be just −3 °C (26.6 °F) in Milan's <a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Milan" title="Piazza del Duomo, Milan">Piazza del Duomo</a> while −8 to −9 °C (17.6 to 15.8 °F) in the metropolitan outskirts, in Turin can be just −5 °C (23.0 °F) in the city centre and −10 to −12 °C (14.0 to 10.4 °F) in the metropolitan outskirts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climates_found_in_Italy">Climates found in Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climates found in Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hot_semi-arid_climate_(BSh)"><span id="Hot_semi-arid_climate_.28BSh.29"></span>Hot semi-arid climate (BSh)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hot semi-arid climate (BSh)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> It is found in some areas of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a>, for example in <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Lampedusa, 1961–1990 normals, extremes 1931–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7<br />(99.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4<br />(97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7<br />(94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.6<br />(1.68) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(1.17) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(0.93) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(0.85) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(0.24) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(0.09) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(0.11) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(0.61) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.3<br />(2.33) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.3<br />(2.49) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.5<br />(2.03) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">319.1<br />(12.56) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Servizio Meteorologico<sup id="cite_ref-Servizio2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Servizio2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Temperature estreme in Toscana<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate_(Csa)"><span id="Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate_.28Csa.29"></span>Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> It is found in all the coastal areas, excluding the north-eastern area and the area of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> from <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a>, which have a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Humid subtropical climate</a>. The winter average varies from 6 °C (42.8 °F), in the northern areas, to 11–14 °C (51.8–57.2 °F) in the southern islands. During the summer, averages are near 23 °C (73.4 °F) in the north (Liguria) and sometimes reach 26–28 °C (78.8–82.4 °F) in the south. Precipitation mostly occurs during the winter. Snowfalls are rare and usually very light in the north, and almost never happen in the south. Summers are dry and hot.</p><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Naples-<a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_a_Patierno" title="San Pietro a Patierno">Capodichino</a>, district on the outskirts (altitude: 72 metres (236 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−5.6<br />(21.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.1<br />(3.63) </td> <td style="background: #63FF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.3<br />(3.75) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.9<br />(3.07) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.6<br />(3.88) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.0<br />(2.32) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(1.29) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(1.12) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5<br />(1.40) </td> <td style="background: #76FF76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.9<br />(3.50) </td> <td style="background: #35FF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.5<br />(5.33) </td> <td style="background: #14FF14; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.1<br />(5.99) </td> <td style="background: #58FF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.0<br />(4.41) </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,008.2<br />(39.69) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">86.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B3B36E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114.7 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.6 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.1 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.9 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">313.1 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.5 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.1 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">126.0 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,375.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Servizio_Meteorologico" title="Servizio Meteorologico">Servizio Meteorologico</a><sup id="cite_ref-ServizioMeteorologico_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServizioMeteorologico-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> (1961–1990, humidity)<sup id="cite_ref-noaa_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humid_subtropical_climate_(Cfa)"><span id="Humid_subtropical_climate_.28Cfa.29"></span>Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A relatively "continental" and "four-season" version of the humid subtropical climate can be found in the Po and Adige valleys in the North, and sometimes in low inland Central and Southern Italy. It is marked by hot and wet summers, while winters are moderately cold. The precipitation is higher and there is no dry season. Average temperatures are around 1 °C to 3 °C in January, and more than 22 °C in July and August.</p><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Linate_Airport" title="Linate Airport">Linate Airport</a>, Milan (1991–2020 normals, sun 1981-2010, extremes 1946–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5<br />(95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.3<br />(102.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.3<br />(102.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.0<br />(5.0) </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.6<br />(3.9) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.6<br />(7.5) </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−15.6<br />(3.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(1.41) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(1.50) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.2<br />(1.66) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.7<br />(2.27) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.3<br />(2.77) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.4<br />(2.65) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.2<br />(1.74) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.2<br />(3.24) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.4<br />(2.89) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.0<br />(3.23) </td> <td style="background: #51FF51; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.4<br />(4.43) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.8<br />(1.80) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">751.7<br />(29.59) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000D0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000E4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000FB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.9 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #A7A7A7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.4 </td> <td style="background: #B5B562; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.5 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.0 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">178.4 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">212.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">247.6 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">293.2 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237.6 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.3 </td> <td style="background: #B4B469; color:#000000;" class="notheme">116.5 </td> <td style="background: #8A8A8A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.3 </td> <td style="background: #7A7A7A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.1 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,975.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NCEI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCEI">NOAA NCEI</a><sup id="cite_ref-NCEI_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCEI-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clino81_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clino81-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale<sup id="cite_ref-ISPRA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISPRA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_between_Cfa_and_Csa_climates">Transition between Cfa and Csa climates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transition between Cfa and Csa climates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Some parts of Italy have a climate which cannot be precisely defined as either Cfa or Csa, presenting elements from both. This zone can be found both in some lake and hill resorts of Northern Italy (usually with wetter summers) and in some area like inner Tuscany (usually with drier summers). <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> is a good example of this transition climate:</p><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Florence (<a href="/wiki/Florence_Airport" title="Florence Airport">Florence Airport</a>) (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.8<br />(107.2) </td> <td style="background: #EF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.6<br />(108.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4<br />(97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #EF0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.6<br />(108.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−23.2<br />(−9.8) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.9<br />(14.2) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.6<br />(16.5) </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−23.2<br />(−9.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.1<br />(2.29) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8<br />(2.51) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4<br />(2.42) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2<br />(2.65) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.0<br />(2.48) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8<br />(1.76) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(0.97) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5<br />(1.44) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.8<br />(2.63) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.1<br />(4.14) </td> <td style="background: #4DFF4D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">115.3<br />(4.54) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.4<br />(3.20) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">788<br />(31.03) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">84.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.3 </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.6 </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.7 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.9 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.9 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.6 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.5 </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">66.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #AAAAA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #B8B850; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Servizio Meteorologico<sup id="cite_ref-Servizio_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Servizio-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather Atlas<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extremes">Extremes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Extremes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_(Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg/220px-Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg/330px-Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg/440px-Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, where the highest temperature ever in Europe was recorded, 48.8 °C (119.8 °F)</figcaption></figure> <p>The record low temperature in Italy is −49.6 °C (−57.3 °F), recorded on 10 February 2013 in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> on the Pale di San Martino plateau, in <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-Alto Adige">Trentino-Alto Adige</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while near sea level is −24.8 °C (−12.6 °F), recorded on 12 January 1985 at San Pietro Capofiume, <i><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">frazione</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Molinella" title="Molinella">Molinella</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowest temperature record for an inhabited place is −37.4 °C (−35.3 °F), recorded on 15 February 2012 in <a href="/wiki/Rocca_di_Mezzo" title="Rocca di Mezzo">Rocca di Mezzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maximum snow depth was recorded in March 1951 in the Alps at the meteorological station of Lake D'Avino, in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, with a value of 1,125 cm (443 in).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum snowfall in 24 hours is 181 cm (71 in), recorded in the Apennines in the village of Roccacaramanico, <i>frazione</i> of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eufemia_a_Maiella" title="Sant'Eufemia a Maiella">Sant'Eufemia a Maiella</a> (<a href="/wiki/Majella" class="mw-redirect" title="Majella">Majella</a> massif), <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, on 15 January 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The village of Musi, <i>frazione</i> of the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Lusevera" title="Lusevera">Lusevera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, with an annual average precipitation of 3,313 mm (130.4 in) (with a record of 5,406 mm (212.8 in) in 2014) is the wettest place in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum rainfall in 24 hours was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Bolzaneto" title="Bolzaneto">Bolzaneto</a>, a quarter of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, on 10 September 1970 with a value of 948 mm (37.3 in).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are many daily rainfall records around Italy exceeding 500 mm (20 in).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the south, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> has experienced highs of 46 °C (114.8 °F) in some hot summers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 June 2007 47.0 °C (116.6 °F) were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, and on 10 August 1999, 48.5 °C (119.3 °F) were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Catenanuova" title="Catenanuova">Catenanuova</a> in Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-Italy1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Italy_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter is not official, and generally considered dubious. On 11 August 2021, an agricultural monitoring station near <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse, Sicily</a> recorded 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) which constitutes the official record of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_weather_records" title="List of weather records">highest temperature</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wmo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giampilieri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Giampilieri.jpg/220px-Giampilieri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Giampilieri.jpg/330px-Giampilieri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Giampilieri.jpg/440px-Giampilieri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2009_Messina_floods_and_mudslides" title="2009 Messina floods and mudslides">2009 Messina floods and mudslides</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Italy, like other parts of the globe, has been subject in the past to <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate changes</a> on a planetary scale (for example <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial periods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>). Contemporary climate change (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming</a>) has also had numerous effects on Italy. In particular, compared to the 1960s and 1970s, from the mid-1980s onwards there was a recorded increase in the average temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy is particularly at risk as it is in a transition area between <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>. Experts have highlighted the risk of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> in the southern regions. Partial confirmation of many concerns was obtained starting from the 2010s with an acceleration of the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>, an increase in alluvial phenomena, and the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropicalization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ancient Rome">Climate of Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography of Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rigutti-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rigutti_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adriana Rigutti, <i>Meteorologia</i>, Giunti, p. 95, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blair_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas A. Blair, <i>Climatology: General and Regional</i>, Prentice Hall pp. 131–132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wmo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wmo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wmo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wmo.int/media/news/wmo-monitoring-potential-new-temperature-records">"WMO is monitoring potential new temperature records"</a>. <i>public.wmo.int</i>. 17 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meteo+Sicilia+sino+46%C2%B0C.+Temperature+atroci%2C+record+in+varie+localit%C3%A0&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tempoitalia.it%2F2021%2F06%2Fil-meteo%2Fnews%2Fmeteo-sicilia-sino-46c-temperature-atroci-record-in-varie-localita%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DLa%2520stazione%2520meteo%2520di%2520Comiso%2CCaltagirone%2520in%2520provincia%2520di%2520Catania.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italy1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Italy1_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224114/http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c">"BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C"</a> (in Italian). Meteogiornale. 25 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c">the original</a> on 12 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BATTUTI+I+RECORD+DI+CALDO%3A+Italia+del+Sud+nella+fornace+africana%2C+punte+di+%2B47+%C2%B0C&rft.pub=Meteogiornale&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteogiornale.it%2Fnotizia%2F9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italy-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Italy_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224554/http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/">"Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C"</a> (in Italian). CentroMeteoToscana. 7 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/">the original</a> on 12 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+record+italiano+di+caldo%3A+%2B48.5+%C2%B0C&rft.pub=CentroMeteoToscana&rft.date=2012-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrometeotoscana.it%2F2012%2F07%2F07%2Fil-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cittaclima.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/CC_Rapporto_2020-def.pdf">"RAPPORTO 2020 DELL'OSSERVATORIO DI LEGAMBIENTE CITTÀCLIMA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RAPPORTO+2020+DELL%27OSSERVATORIO+DI+LEGAMBIENTE+CITT%C3%80CLIMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcittaclima.it%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2FCC_Rapporto_2020-def.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cittametropolitana.torino.it/cms/risorse/territorio/dwd/urbanistica/ProgEurop/02_booklet_1.pdf">"Stato dell'arte sugli impatti del cambiamento climatico, l'adattamento e la pianificazione territoriale"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stato+dell%27arte+sugli+impatti+del+cambiamento+climatico%2C+l%27adattamento+e+la+pianificazione+territoriale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cittametropolitana.torino.it%2Fcms%2Frisorse%2Fterritorio%2Fdwd%2Furbanistica%2FProgEurop%2F02_booklet_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agriregionieuropa.univpm.it/it/content/article/31/21/i-cambiamenti-climatici-italia-quadro-attuale-scenari-gap-conoscitivi">"I cambiamenti climatici in Italia: quadro attuale, scenari, gap conoscitivi"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+cambiamenti+climatici+in+Italia%3A+quadro+attuale%2C+scenari%2C+gap+conoscitivi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagriregionieuropa.univpm.it%2Fit%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F31%2F21%2Fi-cambiamenti-climatici-italia-quadro-attuale-scenari-gap-conoscitivi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2017/03/16/news/WWF-cambiamento-climatico-tutti-i-rischi-per-l-Italia-1.297244">"WWF: cambiamento climatico, tutti i rischi per l'Italia"</a> (in Italian). 16 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WWF%3A+cambiamento+climatico%2C+tutti+i+rischi+per+l%27Italia&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespresso.repubblica.it%2Fattualita%2F2017%2F03%2F16%2Fnews%2FWWF-cambiamento-climatico-tutti-i-rischi-per-l-Italia-1.297244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/speciali/clima/pop_basso_impatti1.html">"Gli impatti del cambiamento climatico"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gli+impatti+del+cambiamento+climatico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fspeciali%2Fclima%2Fpop_basso_impatti1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315132644/http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=clino">Average climatic data of cities in Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cyprus" title="Climate of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Estonia" title="Climate of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Finland" title="Climate of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_France" title="Climate of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iceland" title="Climate of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Malta" title="Climate of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Norway" title="Climate of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Romania" title="Climate of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Serbia" title="Climate of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sweden" title="Climate of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kosovo" title="Climate of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Gibraltar" title="Climate of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Svalbard" title="Climate of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_European_Union" title="Climate of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&oldid=1259847100">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Italy&oldid=1259847100</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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