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<span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soft_and_hard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_and_hard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Soft and hard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_and_hard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pure_and_impure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_and_impure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pure and impure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_and_impure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_and_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_and_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Moral and welfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_and_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criteria_for_effective_paternalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criteria_for_effective_paternalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criteria for effective paternalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criteria_for_effective_paternalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Opponents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paternalism_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paternalism_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Paternalism and slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paternalism_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paternalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalismus" title="Paternalismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Paternalismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نزعة أبوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نزعة أبوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Патернализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патернализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalisme" title="Paternalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paternalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalismus" title="Paternalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paternalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalisme" title="Paternalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paternalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalismus" title="Paternalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paternalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paternalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalismo" title="Paternalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paternalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalismo" title="Paternalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paternalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalismo" title="Paternalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paternalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="قیم‌مآبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قیم‌مآبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalisme" title="Paternalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paternalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalismo" title="Paternalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paternalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EC%A0%95%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="온정주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="온정주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Պատեռնալիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատեռնալիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalisme" title="Paternalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paternalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forr%C3%A6%C3%B0ishyggja" title="Forræðishyggja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forræðishyggja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalismo" title="Paternalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paternalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פטרנליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטרנליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Патернализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Патернализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Патернализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Патернализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Paternalism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പിതൃഭാവഭരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിതൃഭാവഭരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalisme" title="Paternalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paternalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="パターナリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パターナリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalisme" title="Paternalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paternalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalisme" title="Paternalisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paternalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalisme" title="Paternalisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paternalisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalizm" title="Paternalizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paternalizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalizm" title="Paternalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paternalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalismo" title="Paternalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paternalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Патернализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патернализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paternalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Патернализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патернализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalizam" title="Paternalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paternalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalismi" title="Paternalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paternalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paternalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81" title="ระบบพ่อปกครองลูก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบพ่อปกครองลูก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalizm" title="Paternalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paternalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Патерналізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Патерналізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the process of promoting and supporting the development of a child, see <a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallpicture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mallpicture.jpg/220px-Mallpicture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mallpicture.jpg/330px-Mallpicture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mallpicture.jpg/440px-Mallpicture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Child wearing a <a href="/wiki/Child_harness" title="Child harness">child harness</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Paternalism</b> is action that limits a person's or group's liberty or autonomy and is intended to promote their own good.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paternalism can also imply that the behavior is against or regardless of the will of a person, or also that the behavior expresses an attitude of superiority.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paternalism, paternalistic and paternalist have all been used as a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> for example in the context of societal and/or political realms and references.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some such as <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> think paternalism can be appropriate towards children, saying: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to say that this doctrine is meant to apply only to human beings in the maturity of their faculties. We are not speaking of children, or of young persons below the age which the law may fix as that of manhood or womanhood."<sup id="cite_ref-Mill1859_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mill1859-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Paternalism towards adults is sometimes thought of as treating them as if they were children.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>paternalism</i> derives from the adjective <i>paternal</i>, which entered the English language in the fifteenth century from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>paternel</i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <i>paternal</i>, as in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>), itself from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <i>paternalis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> equivalent was <i>paternus</i> "fatherly", from <i>pater</i> "father".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div 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Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Benartzi" title="Shlomo Benartzi">Shlomo Benartzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Shankar" title="Maya Shankar">Maya Shankar</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef; padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Government programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff; ----"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Top" title="Race to the Top">Race to the Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act_tax_provisions" title="Affordable Care Act tax provisions">Affordable Care Act tax provisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_System" title="Social Credit System">Social Credit System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Zero" title="Vision Zero">Vision Zero</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef; padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Government agencies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff; ----"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_Insights_Team" title="Behavioural Insights Team">Behavioural Insights Team</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_Behavioral_Sciences_Team" title="Social and Behavioral Sciences Team">Social and Behavioral Sciences Team</a> (US)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef; padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Nudge theory in business</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff; ----"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_program" title="Loyalty program">Loyalty program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef; padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff; ----"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Default_effect" title="Default effect">Default effect</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Libertarian paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_architecture" title="Choice architecture">Choice architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT-backed_authoritarianism" title="IT-backed authoritarianism">IT-backed authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_behaviour_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Design for behaviour change">Design for behaviour change</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nudge_Theory" title="Template:Nudge Theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nudge_Theory" title="Template talk:Nudge Theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nudge_Theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nudge Theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soft_and_hard">Soft and hard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soft and hard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soft paternalism is the view that paternalism is justified only if an action to be committed is involuntary. <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> gives the example of a person about to walk across a damaged bridge. One cannot tell the person the bridge is damaged as he does not speak our language. According to soft paternalism, one would be justified in forcing him to not cross the bridge so one could find out whether he knows about the damage. If he knows and wants to jump off the bridge and commit suicide then one should allow him to. Hard paternalists say that at least sometimes one is entitled to prevent him from crossing the bridge and committing suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pure_and_impure">Pure and impure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pure and impure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pure paternalism is paternalism where the people having their liberty or autonomy taken away are those being protected. Impure paternalism occurs when the class of people whose liberty or autonomy is violated by some measure is wider than the group of persons thereby protected.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_and_welfare">Moral and welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Moral and welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moral paternalism is where paternalism is justified to promote the moral well-being of a person(s) even if their welfare would not improve. For example, it could be argued that someone should be prevented from prostitution even if they make a decent living off it and their health is protected. A moral paternalist would argue that it is ethical considering they believe prostitution to be morally corrupting.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criteria_for_effective_paternalism">Criteria for effective paternalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criteria for effective paternalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pogge" title="Thomas Pogge">Thomas Pogge</a> argues that there are a number of criteria for paternalism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The concept should work within human flourishing. Generally accepted items such as nutrition, clothing, shelter, certain basic freedoms may be acceptable by a range of religious and social backgrounds.</li> <li>The criteria should be minimally intrusive.</li> <li>The requirements of the criteria should not be understood as exhaustive; leaving societies the ability to modify the criteria based on their own needs.</li> <li>The supplementary considerations introduced by such more ambitious criteria of justice must not be allowed to outweigh the modest considerations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (March 2015)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opponents">Opponents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opponents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering (political science)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanny_state" title="Nanny state">Nanny state</a></div> <p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> argues (against <a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a>) that political and paternal power are not the same. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> opposes state paternalism on the grounds that individuals know their own good better than the state does, that the moral equality of persons demands respect for others' liberty, and that paternalism disrupts the development of an independent character. In <i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i>, he writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others, to do so would be wise, or even right.<sup id="cite_ref-Mill1859_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mill1859-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Mill, however, disregards his own analysis when it comes to colonial subjects. In <a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a>, he writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others, must be protected against their own actions as well as against external injury. For the same reason, we may leave out of consideration those backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage. The early difficulties in the way of spontaneous progress are so great, that there is seldom any choice of means for overcoming them; and a ruler full of the spirit of improvement is warranted in the use of any expedients that will attain an end, perhaps otherwise unattainable. Despotism is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians, provided the end be their improvement, and the means justified by actually effecting that end.</p></blockquote> <p>Mill above declares barbarians to be in need of paternalism. But he narrowly defines barbarism historically, geographically, and economically insofar as to declare it fit to describe the people he intends to describe as such. </p><p>Contemporary opponents of paternalism often appeal to the ideal of personal <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_society">In society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">before the</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, paternalism was a concept used to justify the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. Women would present themselves as mothers for the slaves, or protectors that provided benefits the slaves would not get on their own. Plantation mistresses would attempt to civilize their workers by providing food, shelter, and affection. These women would justify that the conditions for freed blacks were poorer than those who were under the mistresses' protection. Paternalism was used as an argument against the emancipation of slavery due to these mistresses providing better living conditions than the enslaved's counterpart in the factory-based north.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this conclusion, the whites would often manage basic rights of the enslaved such as child rearing and property.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paternalism_and_slavery">Paternalism and slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paternalism and slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">A concept of paternalism functioned as a tool of justification during the slavery era, and the concept promoted the institution of the slavery. Masters, who were the owners of slaves, believed themselves that the concept of paternalism can justify their wrongdoings such as trading of slaves and punishment of their slaves. The masters believed that they are helping and rescuing slaves from poor conditions; therefore, the masters believed themselves as parent or savior of their slaves. Masters used the concept of paternalism to show that their behavior is not wrong or unethical. Not only by the masters, but slaves also exploited the concept of paternalism for their own benefit. For instance, slaves believed that enslavement would be better than the freedom. Slaves believed that they would be treated better as long as they build good relationship with their masters. Slaves also believed that they could get basic human needs such as food from their masters. Thus, the concept of paternalism for slaves was the tool that made slaves feel more comfortable and free.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Johnson_(historian)" title="Walter Johnson (historian)">Walter Johnson</a> introduces a concept of paternalism in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_by_Soul:_Life_Inside_the_Antebellum_Slave_Market&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market (page does not exist)">Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market</a></i> that mentions "Slave-market paternalism thus replayed the plots of proslavery propaganda and fiction: the good hearted slave at the side of the dying master; the slave who could be trusted to master himself; the slaveholder's saving interventions in the life of the unfortunate slave".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though slaves could benefit from the concept of paternalism by receiving abundant food and medical care, the concept can never justify the institution of slavery. Some <a href="/wiki/Libertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarians">libertarians</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> consider paternalism, especially when imposed by the state to be a form of modern slavery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caciquism" title="Caciquism">Caciquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptofascism">Cryptofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Libertarian paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudge_theory" title="Nudge theory">Nudge theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">Obscurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDworkin,_Gerald2020" class="citation book cs1">Dworkin, Gerald (2020). Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paternalism/#Intr"><i>Paternalism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paternalism&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Dworkin%2C+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpaternalism%2F%23Intr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaternalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shiffrin, Seana. 2000. "Paternalism, Unconscionability Doctrine, and Accommodation". <i>Philosophy and Public Affairs</i> 29(3): 205–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mill1859-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mill1859_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mill1859_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mill, J.S. [1859]/(1991) "On Liberty", published in Gray, John (ed), <i>John Stuart Mill: On Liberty and Other Essays</i>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feinberg, Joel. 1986. <i>Harm to Self</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 4<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/138756">"Paternal - Adjective"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Paternal+-+Adjective&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F138756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaternalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/paternal">"Paternal (adjective)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Paternal+%28adjective%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fpaternal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaternalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogge2008" class="citation book cs1">Pogge, Thomas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomaspogge.com/paternalism/"><i>World poverty and human rights</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745641430" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745641430"><bdi>978-0745641430</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+poverty+and+human+rights&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0745641430&rft.aulast=Pogge&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomaspogge.com%2Fpaternalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaternalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mulligan, Erin R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armstrong.edu/history-journal/history-journal-paternalism-and-the-southern-hierarchy-how-slavery-defined">"Paternalism and the Southern Hierarchy: How Slaves Defined Antebellum Southern Women"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304171959/https://www.armstrong.edu/history-journal/history-journal-paternalism-and-the-southern-hierarchy-how-slavery-defined">Archived</a> 2020-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Armstrong Undergraduate <i>Journal of History</i> 2, no. 2, August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiu.edu/historia/Cole.pdf">"The Excuse of Paternalism in the Antebellum South: Ideology or Practice?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Excuse+of+Paternalism+in+the+Antebellum+South%3A+Ideology+or+Practice%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.edu%2Fhistoria%2FCole.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaternalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Johnson_(historian)" title="Walter Johnson (historian)">Johnson, Walter</a> (February 2000). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_by_Soul:_Life_Inside_the_Antebellum_Slave_Market"><i>Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674005396" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674005396"><bdi>978-0674005396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soul+by+Soul%3A+Life+Inside+the+Antebellum+Slave+Market&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000-02&rft.isbn=978-0674005396&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSoul_by_Soul%3A_Life_Inside_the_Antebellum_Slave_Market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaternalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Mill and Paternalism</i>, by Gregory Claeys. Cambridge University Press, 2013 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thaddeuspope.com/images/Pope,_Ga._St._U._L._Rev._2004_.pdf"><i>Counting the Dragon's Teeth and Claws: The Definition of Hard Paternalism</i></a> by Thaddeus Mason Pope. From 20 <i>Georgia State University Law Review</i> 659–722 (2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thaddeuspope.com/images/Pope,_73_UMKC_L._Rev._681_2005_.pdf"><i>Monstrous Impersonation: A Critique of Consent-Based Justifications for Hard Paternalism</i></a> by Thaddeus Mason Pope. From 73 <i>UMKC Law Review</i> 681–713 (2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thaddeuspope.com/images/Pope,_30_OCULR_121-207_2005_.pdf"><i>Is Public Health Paternalism Really Never Justified? A Response to Joel Feinberg</i></a> by Thaddeus Mason Pope. From 30 <i>Oklahoma City University Law Review</i> 121–207 (2005)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4725017/suber_paternal.htm">Paternalism</a></i>, by Peter Suber. From <i>Philosophy of Law: An Encyclopedia</i>, edited by Christopher Berry Gray, Garland Pub. Co., 1999, vol. II, pp. 632–635</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Wilkinson" title="Will Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Will</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n227.xml">"Paternalism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 370–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n227">10.4135/9781412965811.n227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paternalism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=370-372&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n227&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn227.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaternalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Olivecrona" title="Karl Olivecrona">Olivecrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Petra%C5%BCycki" title="Leon Petrażycki">Petrażycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Pound" title="Roscoe Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph 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title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_jurisprudence" title="Category:Books about jurisprudence">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 355 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_Theory_of_Law" title="Pure Theory of Law">Pure Theory of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law" title="The Concept of Law">The Concept of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law%27s_Empire" title="Law's Empire">Law's Empire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_law" title="Category:Theories of law">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_jurisprudence" title="Analytical 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title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_jurisprudence" title="Virtue jurisprudence">Virtue jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa (concept)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_without_the_state" title="Law without the 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