CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>1991 Soviet coup attempt - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"07eb1a8c-de99-48bd-b107-e6c19e1bed31","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"1991_Soviet_coup_attempt","wgTitle":"1991 Soviet coup attempt","wgCurRevisionId":1257290352,"wgRevisionId":1257290352,"wgArticleId":733993,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Russian-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from August 2011","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Military articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia","Use dmy dates from November 2020","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021","Articles needing additional references from August 2016","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Commons category link from Wikidata","Conflicts in 1991","1991 in the Soviet Union","Military history of the Soviet Union","1990s coups d'état and coup attempts","Attempted coups in the Soviet Union","1991 in politics","Rebellions in the Soviet Union","1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt","Political scandals in Russia","1991 in Moscow","August 1991 events in Russia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "1991_Soviet_coup_attempt","wgRelevantArticleId":733993,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"1991_Soviet_coup_d'état_attempt","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q221382","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/August_Coup_montage.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1557"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/August_Coup_montage.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1038"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/August_Coup_montage.png/640px-August_Coup_montage.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="831"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="1991 Soviet coup attempt - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-1991_Soviet_coup_attempt rootpage-1991_Soviet_coup_attempt skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Preparation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Preparation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commencement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commencement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Commencement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commencement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_coup_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_coup_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 The coup chronology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_coup_chronology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The coup chronology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_coup_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monday_19_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monday_19_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Monday 19 August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monday_19_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_hours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_hours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Early hours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_hours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Morning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afternoon_and_evening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afternoon_and_evening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Afternoon and evening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afternoon_and_evening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuesday_20_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuesday_20_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Tuesday 20 August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuesday_20_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wednesday_21_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wednesday_21_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Wednesday 21 August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wednesday_21_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thursday_22_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thursday_22_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Thursday 22 August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thursday_22_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friday_23_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friday_23_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Friday 23 August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friday_23_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-End_of_the_CPSU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_CPSU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 End of the CPSU </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_CPSU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 The Dissolution of the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_radical_economic_reforms_in_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_radical_economic_reforms_in_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Beginning of radical economic reforms in Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_radical_economic_reforms_in_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_of_GKChP_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_of_GKChP_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Trial of GKChP members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_of_GKChP_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration_of_the_civilians_killed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration_of_the_civilians_killed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Commemoration of the civilians killed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration_of_the_civilians_killed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Parliamentary commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mysterious_deaths_of_the_participants_of_the_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysterious_deaths_of_the_participants_of_the_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Mysterious deaths of the participants of the coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysterious_deaths_of_the_participants_of_the_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 International reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Bloc_and_NATO_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Bloc_and_NATO_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Western Bloc and NATO countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Bloc_and_NATO_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Communist states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_Warsaw_Pact_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_Warsaw_Pact_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Former Warsaw Pact members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_Warsaw_Pact_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sovereign_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sovereign_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Other sovereign states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sovereign_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supranational_bodies_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supranational_bodies_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Supranational bodies and organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supranational_bodies_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_fate_of_GKChP_Gang_of_Eight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_fate_of_GKChP_Gang_of_Eight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Subsequent fate of GKChP Gang of Eight </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_fate_of_GKChP_Gang_of_Eight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In popular media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">1991 Soviet coup attempt</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" > 56 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_1991_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="محاولة انقلاب 1991 في الاتحاد السوفيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محاولة انقلاب 1991 في الاتحاد السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentu_de_golpe_d%27Est%C3%A1u_na_Xuni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Intentu de golpe d'Estáu na Xunión Soviética – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Intentu de golpe d'Estáu na Xunión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avqust_qiyam%C4%B1_(SSR%C4%B0)" title="Avqust qiyamı (SSRİ) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avqust qiyamı (SSRİ)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87" title="Жнівеньскі путч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жнівеньскі путч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87" title="Жнівеньскі путч – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жнівеньскі путч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_(1991)" title="Августовски пуч в СССР (1991) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Августовски пуч в СССР (1991)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taol-stad_c%27hwitet_e_Moskov" title="Taol-stad c'hwitet e Moskov – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Taol-stad c'hwitet e Moskov" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop_d%27estat_a_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica_de_1991" title="Cop d'estat a la Unió Soviètica de 1991 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cop d'estat a la Unió Soviètica de 1991" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%C4%95" title="Август пăтăрмахĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Август пăтăрмахĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srpnov%C3%BD_pu%C4%8D" title="Srpnový puč – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Srpnový puč" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustkuppet" title="Augustkuppet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Augustkuppet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustputsch_in_Moskau" title="Augustputsch in Moskau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Augustputsch in Moskau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustiput%C5%A1" title="Augustiputš – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Augustiputš" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1991" title="Σοβιετική απόπειρα πραξικοπήματος του 1991 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοβιετική απόπειρα πραξικοπήματος του 1991" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intento_de_golpe_de_Estado_en_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Intento de golpe de Estado en la Unión Soviética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Intento de golpe de Estado en la Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADgusta_pu%C4%89o" title="Aŭgusta puĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭgusta puĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991ko_Moskuko_estatu-kolpea" title="1991ko Moskuko estatu-kolpea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1991ko Moskuko estatu-kolpea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="کودتای اوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کودتای اوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putsch_de_Moscou" title="Putsch de Moscou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Putsch de Moscou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarracht_ar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_san_APSS_i_1991" title="Iarracht ar coup d'état san APSS i 1991 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarracht ar coup d'état san APSS i 1991" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%EC%9B%94_%EC%BF%A0%EB%8D%B0%ED%83%80" title="8월 쿠데타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="8월 쿠데타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%B9" title="Օգոստոսյան պուտչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օգոստոսյան պուտչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolovo%C5%A1ki_pu%C4%8D" title="Kolovoški puč – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolovoški puč" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostala_stato-stroko" title="Agostala stato-stroko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Agostala stato-stroko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upaya_kudeta_Uni_Soviet_1991" title="Upaya kudeta Uni Soviet 1991 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Upaya kudeta Uni Soviet 1991" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putsch_di_agosto" title="Putsch di agosto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Putsch di agosto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99_(1991)" title="ניסיון ההפיכה הסובייטי (1991) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניסיון ההפיכה הסובייטי (1991)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="აგვისტოს პუტჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აგვისტოს პუტჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Тамыз бүлігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тамыз бүлігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8_1991" title="Август кризиси 1991 – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Август кризиси 1991" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_pu%C4%8Ds" title="Augusta pučs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augusta pučs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugpj%C5%AB%C4%8Dio_pu%C4%8Das" title="Rugpjūčio pučas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rugpjūčio pučas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putsch_de_Agost" title="Putsch de Agost – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Putsch de Agost" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Августовски државен удар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Августовски државен удар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percubaan_Rampasan_Kuasa_Soviet_1991" title="Percubaan Rampasan Kuasa Soviet 1991 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Percubaan Rampasan Kuasa Soviet 1991" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_1991_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Зөвлөлтийн 1991 оны төрийн эргэлт хийх оролдлого – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зөвлөлтийн 1991 оны төрийн эргэлт хийх оролдлого" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustusstaatsgreep_in_Moskou" title="Augustusstaatsgreep in Moskou – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Augustusstaatsgreep in Moskou" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E9%80%A38%E6%9C%88%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ソ連8月クーデター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソ連8月クーデター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuppfors%C3%B8ket_i_Sovjetunionen_i_1991" title="Kuppforsøket i Sovjetunionen i 1991 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kuppforsøket i Sovjetunionen i 1991" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B9%DB%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="د شوروي اتحاد د ۱۹۹۱ کال کودتا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د شوروي اتحاد د ۱۹۹۱ کال کودتا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucz_moskiewski" title="Pucz moskiewski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pucz moskiewski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentativa_de_golpe_de_Estado_na_Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica_em_1991" title="Tentativa de golpe de Estado na União Soviética em 1991 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tentativa de golpe de Estado na União Soviética em 1991" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentativa_sovietic%C4%83_de_lovitur%C4%83_de_stat_din_1991" title="Tentativa sovietică de lovitură de stat din 1991 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tentativa sovietică de lovitură de stat din 1991" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87" title="Августовский путч – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Августовский путч" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgustovski_pu%C4%8D" title="Avgustovski puč – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avgustovski puč" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87" title="Августовски пуч – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Августовски пуч" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvostoliiton_vallankaappausyritys_1991" title="Neuvostoliiton vallankaappausyritys 1991 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neuvostoliiton vallankaappausyritys 1991" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustikuppen_i_Sovjetunionen_1991" title="Augustikuppen i Sovjetunionen 1991 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Augustikuppen i Sovjetunionen 1991" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Август путчы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Август путчы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2534" title="ความพยายามรัฐประหารในสหภาพโซเวียต พ.ศ. 2534 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความพยายามรัฐประหารในสหภาพโซเวียต พ.ศ. 2534" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi_darbe_giri%C5%9Fimi" title="1991 Sovyetler Birliği darbe girişimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1991 Sovyetler Birliği darbe girişimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87" title="Серпневий путч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Серпневий путч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_ch%C3%ADnh_X%C3%B4_vi%E1%BA%BFt_n%C4%83m_1991" title="Cuộc đảo chính Xô viết năm 1991 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc đảo chính Xô viết năm 1991" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%9C%88%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="八月政變 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="八月政變" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="八一九事件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="八一九事件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q221382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&oldid=1257290352" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&id=1257290352&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F1991_Soviet_coup_attempt">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F1991_Soviet_coup_attempt">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1991_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt_in_the_Soviet_Union" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q221382" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Failed coup against Mikhail Gorbachev</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Августовский путч">the corresponding article</a> in Russian. (August 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions.</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You must provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Августовский путч]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ru|Августовский путч}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="Talk:1991 Soviet coup attempt">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Coup_montage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/August_Coup_montage.png/320px-August_Coup_montage.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/August_Coup_montage.png/480px-August_Coup_montage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/August_Coup_montage.png/640px-August_Coup_montage.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1020" /></a> Clockwise from top left: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Memorial to three citizens killed defying the <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">GKChP</a> coup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of the RSFSR">Russian President</a>, waving the newly adopted <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">national flag</a></li> <li>Barricade on Smolenskaya Street that reads "Ban, dissolve, prosecute the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a>!"</li> <li>Pro-Yeltsin forces' barricades near Moscow's <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">White House</a></li> <li>GKChP tanks on the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Moskvoretsky_Bridge" title="Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge">Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge</a> near <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18–22 August 1991 (5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Coup fails <ul><li>Self-dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">GKChP</a></li> <li>Failure of the proposed <a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li>Dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> and seizure of its banks and buildings by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li>Restoration of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvian</a> independence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Ukraine's declaration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>' declaration of independence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechen Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sovereignty_of_the_Chechen_Republic" title="Declaration of Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic">Declaration of Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic</a></li> <li>Power shift continued towards republic elites, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">Soviet President</a> left with effectively no authority</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> on 26 December 1991</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/23px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/35px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/45px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Tamanskaya_Motor_Rifle_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division">Taman Guards</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/23px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/35px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/45px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Kantemirovskaya_Tank_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Tank Division">Kantemir Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/21px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/32px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/42px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="271" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblema_KGB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/12px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/18px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/24px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="291" /></a> <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblema_KGB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/12px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/18px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/24px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="291" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group" title="Alpha Group">Alpha Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblema_KGB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/12px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/18px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/24px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="291" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vympel" title="Vympel">Vympel Group</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg/23px-USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg/35px-USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg/46px-USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">Presidency of the Soviet Union</a><hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_(1978%E2%80%931991),_Emblem_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_(1978%E2%80%931991),_Emblem_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_(1978%E2%80%931991),_Emblem_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Russia" title="Council of Ministers of Russia">Council of Ministers</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Supporting <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">republics</a>:<a href="#cite_note-repcoup1991-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhazia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Buryat_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Buryatia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Checheno-Ingushetia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_Republic" title="Gagauz Republic">Gagauzia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_the_Kabardino-Balkar_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kabardino-Balkar_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_the_Kabardino-Balkar_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kabardino-Balkar_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_the_Kabardino-Balkar_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kabardino-Balkar_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_North_Ossetian_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_North_Ossetian_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_North_Ossetian_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_North_Ossetian_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_North_Ossetian_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_North_Ossetian_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">North Ossetia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tatarstan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pridnestrovian_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Transnistria</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Supporting <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">republics</a>:<a href="#cite_note-repcoup1991-1">[1]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldova</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nakhichevan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Nakhchivan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Interfront" title="Interfront">Interfront</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Intermovement" title="Intermovement">Intermovement</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/International_Front_of_the_Working_People_of_Latvia" title="International Front of the Working People of Latvia">IFWP</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yedinstvo_(Lithuania)" title="Yedinstvo (Lithuania)">Yedinstvo</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Unity_Movement_for_Equality_in_Rights" title="Unity Movement for Equality in Rights">Unitate-Edinstvo</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0.svg/23px-%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0.svg/35px-%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0.svg/46px-%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/International_Movement_of_Donbass" title="International Movement of Donbass">International Movement of Donbass</a></li></ul> </div><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Communist Party of the RSFSR</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Estonia_(1990)" title="Communist Party of Estonia (1990)">Communist Party of Estonia (CPSU)</a> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Latvia" title="Communist Party of Latvia">Communist Party of Latvia</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lithuania" title="Communist Party of Lithuania">Communist Party of Lithuania</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_LDPSU.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_LDPSU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_LDPSU.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_LDPSU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_LDPSU.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_LDPSU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union">Liberal Democratic Party</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">monarchists</a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Popular_Front_Party" title="Azerbaijani Popular Front Party">Popular Front of Azerbaijan</a> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People" title="All-National Congress of the Chechen People">All-National Congress of the Chechen People</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Assembly_%E2%80%93_Ukrainian_People%27s_Self-Defence" title="Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian People's Self-Defence">UNA–UNSO</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Diplomatic support<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">: <a href="#cite_note-bbc-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-eth-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Diplomatic support<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">: <a href="#cite_note-bbc-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-10">[10]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Yanayev" title="Gennady Yanayev">Gennady Yanayev</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Akhromeyev" title="Sergey Akhromeyev">Sergey Akhromeyev</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Dmitry Yazov</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pavlov" title="Valentin Pavlov">Valentin Pavlov</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pugo" title="Boris Pugo">Boris Pugo</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Baklanov" title="Oleg Baklanov">Oleg Baklanov</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Starodubtsev" title="Vasily Starodubtsev">Vasily Starodubtsev</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tizyakov" title="Alexander Tizyakov">Alexander Tizyakov</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kruchina" title="Nikolay Kruchina">Nikolay Kruchina</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">†</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg/23px-USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg/35px-USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg/46px-USSR%2C_Flag_commander_1964.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Ivan Silayev</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kobets" title="Konstantin Kobets">Konstantin Kobets</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Kharitonovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov">Gavriil Popov</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sobchak" title="Anatoly Sobchak">Anatoly Sobchak</a></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Ardzinba" title="Vladislav Ardzinba">Vladislav Ardzinba</a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Hasanov" title="Hasan Hasanov">Hasan Hasanov</a> <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Malofeyev" title="Anatoly Malofeyev">Anatoly Malofeyev</a> <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mikalay_Dzyemyantsyey" title="Mikalay Dzyemyantsyey">Nikolay Dementey</a> <a href="/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Chechen-Ingush_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Doku_Zavgayev" title="Doku Zavgayev">Doku Zavgayev</a> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_Republic" title="Gagauz Republic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Gagauz_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Topal" title="Stepan Topal">Stepan Topal</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Qahhor_Mahkamov" title="Qahhor Mahkamov">Qahhor Mahkamov</a> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mintimer_Shaimiev" title="Mintimer Shaimiev">Mintimer Shaimiev</a> <a href="/wiki/Pridnestrovian_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Smirnov_(politician)" title="Igor Smirnov (politician)">Igor Smirnov</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Savisaar" title="Edgar Savisaar">Edgar Savisaar</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Askar_Akayev" title="Askar Akayev">Askar Akayev</a> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ivars_Godmanis" title="Ivars Godmanis">Ivars Godmanis</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Landsbergis" title="Vytautas Landsbergis">Vytautas Landsbergis</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gediminas_Vagnorius" title="Gediminas Vagnorius">Gediminas Vagnorius</a> <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Snegur" title="Mircea Snegur">Mircea Snegur</a> <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Valeriu_Muravschi" title="Valeriu Muravschi">Valeriu Muravschi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nakhichevan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Leonid Kravchuk</a></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Купцов, Валентин Александрович">Valentin Kuptsov</a> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alfr%C4%93ds_Rubiks" title="Alfrēds Rubiks">Alfrēds Rubiks</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mykolas_Burokevi%C4%8Dius" title="Mykolas Burokevičius">Mykolas Burokevičius</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Viacheslav Chornovil</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNA-UNSO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217" /> <a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Shukhevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuriy Shukhevych">Yuriy Shukhevych</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3 died by suicide: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pugo" title="Boris Pugo">Boris Pugo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Minister of Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Akhromeyev" title="Sergey Akhromeyev">Sergey Akhromeyev</a>, a military advisor to Gorbachev</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kruchina" title="Nikolay Kruchina">Nikolay Kruchina</a>, the Administrator of Affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee of the CPSU</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <li>3 civilians killed on 21 August</li></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:History of the Soviet Union">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union"><img alt="State Emblem of the Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Bolshevik split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Bolshevik Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a>: Establishment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">Treaty on the Creation of the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin">Death and funeral of Lenin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a>: Stalinism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–33">Soviet famine of 1932–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh famine of 1932–33">Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1946%E2%80%9347" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1946–47">Soviet famine of 1946–1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and funeral of Stalin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a>: Khrushchev Thaw</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_campaign" title="Virgin Lands campaign">Virgin Lands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_transfer_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 transfer of Crimea">1954 transfer of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">"On the Cult of Personality</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">1956 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_reform_in_the_Soviet_Union,_1956%E2%80%931962" title="Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962">Wage reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a>: Era of Stagnation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Yerevan_demonstrations" title="1965 Yerevan demonstrations">50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Operation Menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">Wars in Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_boycotts" title="List of Olympic Games boycotts">Olympic boycotts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980 Olympic boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Olympic boycott</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Polish strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Death and funeral of Brezhnev</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a>: Decline and collapse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sovereignty_Declaration" title="Estonian Sovereignty Declaration">Estonian Sovereignty Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania" title="Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania">Lithuanian independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania" title="Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania">Economic blockade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Latvian independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="End of communism in Hungary (1989)">End of communist rule in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osh_riots_(1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Osh riots (1990)">Osh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Laws" title="War of Laws">War of Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Dushanbe_riots" title="1990 Dushanbe riots">Dushanbe riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">The Barricades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukrainian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">independence declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Ukrainian independence referendum">referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Soviet leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_leaders#List_of_troikas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Soviet leaders">List of troikas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Education in the Soviet Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:History of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:History of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The 1991 Soviet coup attempt, also known as the August Coup,<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> was a failed attempt by <a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">hardliners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (CPSU) to <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">forcibly seize control</a> of the country from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">Soviet President</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the CPSU">General Secretary of the CPSU</a> at the time. The coup leaders consisted of top military and civilian officials, including Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Yanayev" title="Gennady Yanayev">Gennady Yanayev</a>, who together formed the <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a> (GKChP). They opposed Gorbachev's <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">reform program</a>, were angry at the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">loss of control</a> over Eastern European states and fearful of the <a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a>, which was on the verge of being signed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR). The treaty was to decentralize much of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">central Soviet government</a>'s power and distribute it among its <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">fifteen republics</a>; Yeltsin's demand for more autonomy to the republics opened a window for the plotters to organize the coup. The GKChP hardliners dispatched <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> agents who detained Gorbachev at his <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> but failed to detain the recently elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="List of leaders of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">president</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">newly reconstituted Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, who had been both an ally and critic of Gorbachev. The GKChP was poorly organized and met with effective resistance by both Yeltsin and a civilian campaign of <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> protesters, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kramer-15">[13]</a> The coup collapsed in two days, and Gorbachev returned to office while the plotters all lost their posts. Yeltsin subsequently became the dominant leader and Gorbachev lost much of his influence. The failed coup led to both the immediate collapse of the CPSU and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the USSR">dissolution of the USSR</a> four months later. Following the capitulation of the GKChP, popularly referred to as the "Gang of Eight", both the Supreme Court of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR) and President Gorbachev described its actions as a coup attempt. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Since assuming power as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> in 1985, Gorbachev had embarked on an ambitious reform program embodied in the twin concepts of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> (economic and political restructuring) and <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> (openness).<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[14]</a> These moves prompted resistance and suspicion on the part of hard-line members of the <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a>. The reforms also caused <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> agitation on the part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s non-<a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> minorities to grow, and there were fears that some or all of the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">union republics</a> might secede. In 1991, the Soviet Union was in a severe economic and political crisis. Scarcity of food, medicine, and other consumables was widespread,<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> people had to stand in long <a href="/wiki/Queue_area" title="Queue area">lines</a> to buy even essential goods,<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> fuel stocks were as much as 50% lower than the estimated amount needed for the approaching winter, and inflation exceeded 300% per year, with factories lacking the cash needed to pay salaries.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ziemele5-20">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ziemele8-21">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziemele10-22">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> had already declared the restoration of their independence from the Soviet Union. In January 1991, a <a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">violent attempt to return Lithuania to the Soviet Union by force</a> took place. About a week later, <a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">a similar attempt</a> was engineered by local pro-Soviet forces to overthrow Latvian authorities. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">declared its sovereignty</a> on 12 June 1990 and thereafter limited the application of Soviet laws, in particular those governing finance and the economy, on Russian territory. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a> adopted laws that contradicted Soviet laws (the so-called <a href="/wiki/War_of_Laws" title="War of Laws">War of Laws</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">unionwide referendum on 17 March 1991</a>, boycotted by the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldova</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> of residents in the other republics expressed the desire to retain the renewed Soviet Union, with 77.85% voting in favor. Following negotiations, eight of the remaining nine republics (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> abstaining) approved the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Sovereign_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Sovereign States">New Union Treaty</a> with some conditions. The treaty was to make the Soviet Union a federation of independent republics called the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Sovereign_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics">Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics</a>, with a common president, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, and military. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a> were to sign the Treaty in Moscow on 20 August 1991.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Dan_Stone_(historian)" title="Dan Stone (historian)">Dan Stone</a> wrote the following about the plotters' motivation: <blockquote>The coup was the last gasp of those who were astonished at and felt betrayed by the precipitous collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Union's empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Europe</a> and the swift destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> that followed. Many feared the consequences of Gorbachev's German policies above all, not just for leaving officers unemployed but for sacrificing gains achieved in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a> to German <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a> – after all, this had been the Kremlin's greatest fear since the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Planning">edit</a>]</div> The KGB began considering a coup in September 1990. Soviet politician <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakovlev" title="Alexander Yakovlev">Alexander Yakovlev</a> began warning Gorbachev about the possibility of one after the <a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Party Congress</a> in June 1990.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> On 11 December 1990, <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a> made a "call for order" over the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Programme" title="Moscow Programme">Moscow Programme</a> television station.<a href="#cite_note-State-27">[25]</a> That day, he asked two KGB officers<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> to prepare measures to be taken in the event a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> was declared in the USSR. Later, Kryuchkov brought <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Soviet_Union)" title="Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)">Soviet Defense Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Dmitry Yazov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Control Commission</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pugo" title="Boris Pugo">Boris Pugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pavlov" title="Valentin Pavlov">Valentin Pavlov</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Yanayev" title="Gennady Yanayev">Gennady Yanayev</a>, Soviet Defense Council deputy chief <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Baklanov" title="Oleg Baklanov">Oleg Baklanov</a>, Gorbachev secretariat head <a href="/wiki/Valery_Boldin" title="Valery Boldin">Valery Boldin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU Central Committee Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Shenin" title="Oleg Shenin">Oleg Shenin</a> into the conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-91internalkgbreport-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta51-30">[28]</a> When Kryuchkov complained about the Soviet Union's growing instability to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a>, Gorbachev attempted to appease him by issuing a presidential decree enhancing the powers of the KGB and appointing Pugo to the Cabinet as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Minister of Internal Affairs</a>. Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a> resigned in protest and rejected an offered appointment as vice president, warning that "a dictatorship is coming." Gorbachev was forced to appoint Yanayev in his place.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January Events</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, members of Gorbachev's Cabinet hoped that he could be persuaded to declare a state of emergency and "restore order," and formed the <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a> (GKChP).<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[30]</a> On 17 June 1991, Soviet Premier Pavlov requested extraordinary powers from the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a>. Several days later, Moscow Mayor <a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Popov_(politician)" title="Gavriil Popov (politician)">Gavriil Popov</a> informed U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a> that a coup against Gorbachev was being planned. When Matlock tried to warn him, Gorbachev falsely assumed that his own Cabinet was not involved and underestimated the risk of a coup.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[30]</a> Gorbachev reversed Pavlov's request for more powers and jokingly told his Cabinet "The coup is over," remaining oblivious to their plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991328-33">[31]</a> On 23 July 1991, several party functionaries and literati published a piece in the hardline <a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_Rossiya" title="Sovetskaya Rossiya">Sovetskaya Rossiya</a> newspaper, entitled "<a href="/wiki/A_Word_to_the_People" title="A Word to the People">A Word to the People</a>", that called for decisive action to prevent calamity.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Six days later, on 29 July, Gorbachev, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakh President</a> <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> discussed the possibility of replacing hardliners such as Pavlov, Yazov, Kryuchkov and Pugo with more liberal figures,<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> with Nazarbayev as Prime Minister (in Pavlov's place). Kryuchkov, who had placed Gorbachev under close surveillance as Subject 110 several months earlier, eventually got wind of the conversation from an <a href="/wiki/Covert_listening_device" title="Covert listening device">electronic bug</a> planted by Gorbachev's bodyguard, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Medvedev" title="Vladimir Medvedev">Vladimir Medvedev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mitrokhin-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Yeltsin also prepared for a coup by establishing a secret defense committee, ordering military and KGB commands to side with RSFSR authorities and establishing a "reserve government" in <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a> under Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Lobov" title="Oleg Lobov">Oleg Lobov</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commencement">Commencement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commencement">edit</a>]</div> On 4 August, Gorbachev went on holiday to his <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Foros,_Crimea" title="Foros, Crimea">Foros, Crimea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> He planned to return to Moscow in time for the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Sovereign_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics">New Union Treaty</a> signing on 20 August. On 15 August, the text of the draft treaty was published, which would have stripped the coup planners of much of their authority.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991280-39">[37]</a> On 17 August, the members of the GKChP met at a <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> guesthouse in Moscow and studied the treaty document. Decisions were made to introduce a state of emergency from 19 August, to form a State Emergency Committee, and require Gorbachev to sign the relevant decrees or to resign and transfer powers to Vice President Yanayev.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> They believed the pact would pave the way for the Soviet Union's breakup, and decided it was time to act. The next day, Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin, and Soviet Deputy Defense Minister General <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Varennikov" title="Valentin Varennikov">Valentin Varennikov</a> flew to Crimea for a meeting with Gorbachev. Yazov ordered General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a>, to begin coordinating with KGB Deputy Chairmen Viktor Grushko and Genii Ageev to implement <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> At 4:32 pm on 18 August, the GKChP cut communications to Gorbachev's dacha, including <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">telephone landlines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_command_and_control" title="Nuclear command and control">nuclear command and control</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> Eight minutes later Lieutenant General Yuri Plekhanov, Head of the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Chief_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Chief Directorate">Ninth Chief Directorate</a> of the KGB, allowed the group into Gorbachev's dacha. Gorbachev realized what was happening after discovering the telephone outages. Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov demanded that Gorbachev either declare a state of emergency or resign and name Yanayev as acting president to allow the members of the GKChP "to restore order" to the country.<a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta51-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta59-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kommersant79717-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[30]</a> Gorbachev has always claimed that he refused point-blank to accept the ultimatum.<a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta59-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Varennikov has insisted that Gorbachev said: "Damn you. Do what you want. But report my opinion!"<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> However, those present at the dacha at the time testified that Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov had been clearly disappointed and nervous after the meeting with Gorbachev.<a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta59-40">[38]</a> Gorbachev is said to have insulted Varennikov by pretending to forget his name, and to have told his former trusted advisor Boldin "Shut up, you prick! How dare you give me lectures about the situation in the country!"<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[30]</a> With Gorbachev's refusal, the conspirators ordered that he remain confined to the dacha. Additional KGB security guards were placed at the dacha gates with orders to stop anybody from leaving.<a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta59-40">[38]</a> At 7:30 pm, Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov flew to Moscow, accompanied by Plekhanov. His deputy, Vyacheslav Generalov, remained "on the farm" in Foros.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At 8:00 pm, Yanayev, Pavlov, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Pugo and Soviet Supreme Soviet Chairman <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lukyanov" title="Anatoly Lukyanov">Anatoly Lukyanov</a> gathered in the Kremlin cabinet of the Prime Minister, discussing and editing the documents of the State Emergency Committee.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At 10:15 pm, they were joined by Baklanov, Shenin, Boldin, Varennikov and Plekhanov. It was decided to publicly declare Gorbachev ill. Yanayev hesitated, but the others convinced him that leadership and responsibility would be collective.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At 11:25 pm, Yanayev signed a decree entrusting himself with presidential powers.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> GKChP members ordered that 250,000 pairs of handcuffs from a factory in <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a> be sent to Moscow,<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> also ordering 300,000 arrest forms. Kryuchkov doubled the pay of all KGB personnel, called them back from holiday, and placed them on alert. <a href="/wiki/Lefortovo_Prison" title="Lefortovo Prison">Lefortovo Prison</a> was emptied to receive prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-Mitrokhin-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_coup_chronology">The coup chronology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The coup chronology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">Timeline of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a></div> The members of the <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">GKChP</a> met in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin</a> after Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov returned from Crimea. Yanayev (who had only just been persuaded to join the plot), Pavlov and Baklanov signed the so-called "Declaration of the Soviet Leadership", which declared a state of emergency in the entirety of the USSR and announced that the State Committee on the State of Emergency (Государственный Комитет по Чрезвычайному Положению, ГКЧП, or Gosudarstvenniy Komitet po Chrezvichaynomu Polozheniyu, GKChP) had been created "to manage the country and effectively maintain the regime of the state of emergency". The GKChP included the following members: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Yanayev" title="Gennady Yanayev">Gennady Yanayev</a>, Vice President</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pavlov" title="Valentin Pavlov">Valentin Pavlov</a>, Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Dmitry Yazov</a>, Minister of Defence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pugo" title="Boris Pugo">Boris Pugo</a>, Minister of Interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Baklanov" title="Oleg Baklanov">Oleg Baklanov</a>, First Deputy Chairman of the Defense Council under the President of the USSR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Starodubtsev" title="Vasily Starodubtsev">Vasily Starodubtsev</a>, Chairman of the Peasant Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tizyakov" title="Alexander Tizyakov">Alexander Tizyakov</a>, President of the Association of the State Enterprises and Objects of Industry, Transport, and Communications<a href="#cite_note-Kommersant79717-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-gkchppost-45">[43]</a></li></ul> Yanayev signed the decree naming himself acting Soviet President, using the pretense of Gorbachev's inability to perform presidential duties due to "illness".<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> However, Russian investigators later identified Kryuchkov as the key planner of the coup.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> Yanayev later claimed that he had been forced to participate in the coup under the threat of arrest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991338-47">[45]</a> The eight aforementioned GKChP members became known as the "<a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">Gang of Eight</a>". The GKChP banned all Moscow newspapers except for nine party-controlled newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-gkchppost-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> It also issued a populist declaration which stated that "the honour and dignity of the <a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">Soviet man</a> must be restored."<a href="#cite_note-gkchppost-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monday_19_August">Monday 19 August</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monday 19 August">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_hours">Early hours</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early hours">edit</a>]</div> At 1:00 am, Yanayev signed documents on the formation of the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP), consisting of himself, Pavlov, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Pugo, Baklanov, Tizyakov and Starodubtsev. Included in the documents was the "Appeal to the Soviet people".<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The GKChP members present signed GKChP Resolution No. 1, which introduced the following: a state of emergency "in certain areas of the USSR" lasting six months from 4:00 am Moscow time on 19 August; the prohibition of rallies, demonstrations and strikes; suspension of the activities of political parties, public organizations and mass movements that impede the normalization of the situation; and the allocation of up to 1,500 square metres (0.4 acres) of land to all interested city residents for personal use.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-gkchppost-45">[43]</a> At 4:00 am, the Sevastopol regiment of <a href="/wiki/KGB_Border_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="KGB Border Troops">KGB border troops</a> surrounded Gorbachev's presidential dacha in Foros. By order of Soviet Air Defense Chief of Staff Colonel-General Igor Maltsev, two tractors blocked the runway on which the President's aircraft were located: a <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-134" title="Tupolev Tu-134">Tu-134</a> jet and <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mi-8</a> helicopter.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morning">Morning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morning">edit</a>]</div> Starting at 6:00 am, all of the GKChP documents were broadcast over state radio and television.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> The KGB immediately issued an arrest list that included newly elected Russian SFSR President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, his allies, and the leaders of the umbrella activist group <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> The Russian SFSR-controlled <a href="/wiki/Radio_Rossii" title="Radio Rossii">Radio Rossii</a> and <a href="/wiki/All-Russia_State_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company">Televidenie Rossii</a>, plus <a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow" title="Echo of Moscow">Ekho Moskvy</a>, the only independent political radio station, were taken off the air. However, the latter station later resumed its broadcasts and became a source of reliable information during the coup. The <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> were also able to provide continuous coverage. Gorbachev and his family heard the news from a BBC bulletin on a small <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <a href="/wiki/Transistor_radio" title="Transistor radio">transistor radio</a> that had not been seized. For the next several days, he refused to take food from outside the dacha to avoid being <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoned</a>, and took long outdoor strolls to dispute reports of his ill health.<a href="#cite_note-Kommersant79720-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[30]</a> Under Yanayev's orders,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] units of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division">Tamanskaya mechanized infantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Tank_Division" title="4th Guards Tank Division">Kantemirovskaya armored division</a> rolled into Moscow, along with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">airborne troops</a>. Around 4,000 soldiers, 350 tanks, 300 armoured personnel carriers and 420 trucks were sent to Moscow. Four <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Russian SFSR people's deputies</a> were detained by the KGB at a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> base near the capital.<a href="#cite_note-91internalkgbreport-29">[27]</a> However, almost no other arrests were made by the KGB during the coup. <a href="/wiki/Ulysse_Gosset" title="Ulysse Gosset">Ulysse Gosset</a> and Vladimir Federovski later alleged that the KGB was planning to carry out a much larger wave of arrests two weeks after the coup, after which it would have abolished almost all legislative and local administrative structures under a highly centralized <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Council of Ministers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> Yanayev instructed Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bessmertnykh_(politician)" title="Alexander Bessmertnykh (politician)">Alexander Bessmertnykh</a> to make a statement requesting formal <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> from foreign governments and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> The GKChP conspirators considered detaining Yeltsin upon his return from a visit to <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a> on 17 August but failed when Yeltsin redirected his flight from <a href="/wiki/Chkalovsky_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Chkalovsky Air Base">Chkalovsky Air Base</a> northeast of Moscow to <a href="/wiki/Vnukovo_International_Airport" title="Vnukovo International Airport">Vnukovo Airport</a> southwest of the city. Afterwards, they considered capturing him at his <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> near Moscow. The <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group" title="Alpha Group">KGB Alpha Group</a> surrounded his dacha with <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a>, but for undisclosed reasons did not apprehend him. The commanding officer, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Fyodorovich_Karpukhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Fyodorovich Karpukhin">Viktor Karpukhin</a>, later alleged that he had received an order from Kryuchkov to arrest Yeltsin but disobeyed it, although his account has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> The failure to arrest Yeltsin proved fatal to the plotters' plans.<a href="#cite_note-91internalkgbreport-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta55-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta57-53">[51]</a> After the announcement of the coup at 6:30 am, Yeltsin began inviting prominent Russian officials to his dacha, including <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Saint Petersburg">Leningrad Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sobchak" title="Anatoly Sobchak">Anatoly Sobchak</a>, Moscow Deputy Mayor Yury Luzhkov, Colonel-General <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kobets" title="Konstantin Kobets">Konstantin Kobets</a>, RSFSR Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Ivan Silayev</a>, RSFSR Vice President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a>, and RSFSR Supreme Soviet Chairman <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_White_House_area_1980_Central_Moscow_(30849056096)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Moscow_White_House_area_1980_Central_Moscow_%2830849056096%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Moscow_White_House_area_1980_Central_Moscow_%2830849056096%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Moscow_White_House_area_1980_Central_Moscow_%2830849056096%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Moscow_White_House_area_1980_Central_Moscow_%2830849056096%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Moscow_White_House_area_1980_Central_Moscow_%2830849056096%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Moscow_White_House_area_1980_Central_Moscow_%2830849056096%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1235" /></a><figcaption>U.S. map of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> with 1980s street names</figcaption></figure> Yeltsin initially wanted to remain at the dacha and organize a rival government, but Kobets advised his group to travel to the <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">White House</a>, Russia's parliament building, to maintain communications with coup opponents. They arrived and occupied the building at 9:00 am. Together with Silayev and Khasbulatov, Yeltsin issued a declaration "To the Citizens of Russia" that condemned the GKChP's actions as a reactionary anti-constitutional coup. The military was urged not to take part in the coup, and local authorities were asked to follow laws from the RSFSR President rather than the GKChP. Although he initially avoided the measure to avoid sparking a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>, Yeltsin also subsequently took command of all Soviet military and security forces in the RSFSR.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> The joint declaration called for a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>, with the demand to let Gorbachev address the people.<a href="#cite_note-russianbook-54">[52]</a> This declaration was distributed around Moscow in the form of <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">flyers</a>, and disseminated nationwide through <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium-wave radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Usenet newsgroups</a> via the <a href="/wiki/RELCOM" title="RELCOM">RELCOM</a> computer network.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a> newspaper workers threatened to go on strike unless Yeltsin's proclamation was printed in the paper.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> The GKChP relied on regional and local <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a>, mostly still dominated by the Communist Party, to support the coup by forming emergency committees to repress dissidence. The <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU Secretariat</a> under Boldin sent coded telegrams to local party committees to assist the coup. Yeltsin's authorities later discovered that nearly 70 percent of the committees either backed it or attempted to remain neutral. Within the RSFSR, the <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">oblasts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_Oblast" title="Lipetsk Oblast">Lipetsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambov_Oblast" title="Tambov Oblast">Tambov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Krai" title="Krai">krai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar</a> all supported the coup and pressured <a href="/wiki/Raikom" class="mw-redirect" title="Raikom">raikom</a> to do so as well, while only three oblasts aside from <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad</a> opposed it. However, some of the soviets faced internal resistance against emergency rule. The <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tatarstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kabardino-Balkaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Checheno-Ingushetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryat_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Buryatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">North Ossetia</a> all sided with the GKChP.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> officers seized control of city halls and government buildings around the country claiming to be in control, as well as television stations in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991334-57">[55]</a> The Soviet public was divided on the coup. A poll in the RSFSR by Mnenie on the morning of 19 August showed that 23.6 percent of Russians believed the GKChP could improve living standards, while 41.9 percent had no opinion. However, separate polls by <a href="/wiki/Interfax" title="Interfax">Interfax</a> showed that many Russians, including 71 percent of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> residents, feared the return of mass repression. The GKChP enjoyed strong support in the <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Estonia" title="Russians in Estonia">Russian-majority regions</a> of Estonia and <a href="/wiki/Pridnestrovian_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Transnistria</a>, while Yeltsin enjoyed strong support in <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> At 10:00 am, Rutskoy, Silayev, and Khasbulatov delivered a letter to Lukyanov demanding a medical exam of Gorbachev by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> and a meeting between themselves, Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and Yanayev within 24 hours. Rutskoy later visited <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_II_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow">Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow</a>, spiritual leader of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, and convinced him to declare support for Yeltsin. Meanwhile, in Leningrad, Military District Commander <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Samsonov" title="Viktor Samsonov">Viktor Samsonov</a> ordered the formation of an emergency committee for the city, chaired by Leningrad First Secretary Boris Gidaspov, to circumvent Sobchak's democratically elected municipal government. Samsonov's troops were ultimately blocked by hundreds of thousands of demonstrators supported by the police, which forced <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Television">Leningrad Television</a> to broadcast a statement by Sobchak. Workers at the <a href="/wiki/Kirov_Plant" title="Kirov Plant">Kirov Plant</a> went on strike in support of Yeltsin. Moscow First Secretary Yuri Prokofev attempted a similar maneuver in the capital but was rebuffed when Boris Nikolskii refused to accept the office of Mayor of Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> At 11:00 am, RSFSR Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kozyrev" title="Andrei Kozyrev">Andrei Kozyrev</a> held a press conference for foreign journalists and diplomats, and gained the support of most of the West for Yeltsin.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afternoon_and_evening">Afternoon and evening</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Afternoon and evening">edit</a>]</div> That afternoon, Moscow citizens began gathering around the White House, erecting barricades around it.<a href="#cite_note-russianbook-54">[52]</a> In response, Yanayev declared a state of emergency in Moscow at 4:00 pm.<a href="#cite_note-Kommersant79717-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-gkchppost-45">[43]</a> He declared at a 5:00 pm press conference that Gorbachev was "resting". He said: "Over these years he has got very tired and needs some time to get his health back." Yanayev's shaking hands led some people to think he was drunk, and his trembling voice and weak posture made his words unconvincing. Victoria E. Bonnell and Gregory Frieden noted that the press conference allowed spontaneous questioning from journalists who openly accused the GKChP of carrying out a coup, as well as the lack of censorship by news crews, who did not hide Yanayev's erratic motions the way they had with past leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, making the coup leaders appear more incompetent to Soviet audiences.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> Gorbachev's security detail managed to construct a makeshift <a href="/wiki/Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">television antenna</a> so he and his family could watch the press conference.<a href="#cite_note-Kommersant79717-41">[39]</a> After viewing the conference, Gorbachev expressed confidence that Yeltsin would be able to stop the coup. That night, his family smuggled out a <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> of Gorbachev condemning the coup. Yanayev and the rest of the State Committee ordered the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Ministers">Cabinet of Ministers</a> to alter the <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">five-year plan</a> of the time to relieve the housing shortage. All city dwellers were each given <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1,000 square metres (1⁄3 acre) to combat winter shortages by growing fruits and vegetables. Due to the illness of Valentin Pavlov, the duties of the Soviet head of the government were entrusted to First Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Doguzhiyev" title="Vitaly Doguzhiyev">Vitaly Doguzhiyev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> Meanwhile, the Soviet forces carrying out the coup began to suffer from mass defections to the RSFSR as well as soldiers refusing to obey orders to shoot civilians. Yeltsin asked his followers not to harass the soldiers and offered amnesty for any military servicemen who defected to oppose the coup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991335-336-60">[58]</a> Major Evdokimov, chief of staff of a tank battalion of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Tamanskaya_Motor_Rifle_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division">Tamanskaya Division</a> guarding the White House, declared his loyalty to the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-russianbook-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Yeltsin climbed one of the tanks and addressed the crowd. Unexpectedly, this episode was included in the state media's evening news.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Soviet Armed Forces officers loyal to the GKChP tried to prevent defections by confining soldiers to their barracks, but this only limited the availability of forces to carry out the coup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991341-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuesday_20_August">Tuesday 20 August</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tuesday 20 August">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1991_coup_attempt4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1991_coup_attempt4.jpg/250px-1991_coup_attempt4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1991_coup_attempt4.jpg/375px-1991_coup_attempt4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1991_coup_attempt4.jpg/500px-1991_coup_attempt4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Tanks in <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a></figcaption></figure> At 8:00 am, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet General Staff">Soviet General Staff</a> ordered that the <a href="/wiki/Cheget" title="Cheget">Cheget</a> briefcase controlling <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the Soviet Union">Soviet nuclear weapons</a> be returned to Moscow. Although Gorbachev discovered that the GKChP's actions had cut off communications with the nuclear duty officers, the Cheget was returned to the capital by 2:00 pm. However, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Force</a> Commander-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Shaposhnikov" title="Yevgeny Shaposhnikov">Yevgeny Shaposhnikov</a> opposed the coup and claimed in his memoirs that he and the commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a> told Yazov that they would not follow orders for a nuclear launch. After the coup, Gorbachev refused to admit that he had lost control of the country's nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[30]</a> At noon, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District#note-0" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow military district</a> commander General <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vasilyevich_Kalinin" title="Nikolai Vasilyevich Kalinin">Nikolai Kalinin</a>, whom Yanayev appointed <a href="/wiki/Military_Commandant_of_Moscow" title="Military Commandant of Moscow">military commandant of Moscow</a>, declared a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> in Moscow from 11:00 pm to 5:00 am, effective 20 August.<a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta51-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-russianbook-54">[52]</a> This was understood as a sign that an attack on the White House was imminent. The defenders of the White House prepared themselves, most being unarmed. Evdokimov's tanks were moved from the White House in the evening.<a href="#cite_note-Kommersant79717-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nezavisimoe-65">[63]</a> The makeshift White House defense headquarters was headed by General <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kobets" title="Konstantin Kobets">Konstantin Kobets</a>, a Russian SFSR <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">people's deputy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nezavisimoe-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-heroes-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Outside, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Bonner" title="Yelena Bonner">Yelena Bonner</a> delivered speeches in support of Yeltsin.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> In the afternoon, Kryuchkov, Yazov and Pugo finally decided to attack the White House. This decision was supported by other GKChP members (with the exception of Pavlov, who had been sent to his dacha due to drunkenness). Kryuchkov's and Yazov's deputies, KGB general Gennady Ageyev and Army general <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Achalov" title="Vladislav Achalov">Vladislav Achalov</a>, planned the assault, codenamed "Operation Grom" (Thunder), which would gather elements of the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group" title="Alpha Group">Alpha Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vympel" title="Vympel">Vympel</a> elite special forces units, supported by paratroopers, Moscow <a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Troops">Internal Troops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Separate_Operational_Purpose_Division" title="Separate Operational Purpose Division">ODON</a>, three tank companies and a helicopter squadron. Alpha Group commander General <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Fyodorovich_Karpukhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Fyodorovich Karpukhin">Viktor Karpukhin</a> and other senior unit officers, together with Airborne deputy commander Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a> mingled with the crowds near the White House and assessed the possibility of such an operation. Afterwards, Karpukhin and Vympel commander Colonel Boris Beskov tried to convince Ageyev that the operation would result in bloodshed and should be cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-91internalkgbreport-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta51-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Argumenty-68">[66]</a> Lebed, with the consent of his superior Pavel Grachev, returned to the White House and secretly informed the defense headquarters that the attack would begin at 2:00 am the following morning.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Argumenty-68">[66]</a> While the events were unfolding in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Council</a> declared at 11:03 pm the full reinstatement of the independent status of the Republic of Estonia after 51 years. State-controlled TASS dispatches from 20 August emphasize a hardline approach against crime, especially economic crimes and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">Russian mafia</a>, which the GKChP blamed on increasing trade with the West. Draft decrees were later discovered which would have allowed military and police patrols to shoot "<a href="/wiki/Hooliganism" title="Hooliganism">hooligans</a>," including pro-democracy demonstrators.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wednesday_21_August">Wednesday 21 August</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wednesday 21 August">edit</a>]</div> At about 1:00 am, not far from the <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">White House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a> and street cleaning machines were used to barricade a tunnel against arriving Taman Guards <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicles</a> (IFVs), commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Surovikin" title="Sergey Surovikin">Sergey Surovikin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> who years later rose to army general and commander of Russian forces in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Three men were killed in the ensuing clash: Dmitry Komar, Vladimir Usov, and Ilya Krichevsky; several others were wounded. Komar, a 22-year-old <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet-Afghan War</a> veteran, was shot and crushed trying to cover a moving IFV's observation slit. Usov, a 37-year-old economist, was killed by a stray bullet while coming to Komar's aid. The crowd set fire to an IFV and Krichevsky, a 28-year-old architect, was shot dead as the troops pulled back. The three men were posthumously awarded the title <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kommersant79717-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-heroes-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> According to journalist and democracy campaigner <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Parkhomenko" title="Sergey Parkhomenko">Sergey Parkhomenko</a>, who was in the crowd defending the White House, "those deaths played a crucial role: both sides were so horrified that it brought a halt to everything."<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Alpha Group and Vympel did not move to the White House as planned, and Yazov ordered the troops to pull out of Moscow. Reports also surfaced that Gorbachev had been placed under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> in Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> During the final day of her family's exile, <a href="/wiki/Raisa_Gorbacheva" title="Raisa Gorbacheva">Raisa Gorbacheva</a> suffered a minor <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[30]</a> At 8:00 am, the troops began to leave Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> Between 8:00 and 9:00 am, the GKChP members met in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)">Defence Ministry</a> and, not knowing what to do, decided to send Kryuchkov, Yazov, Baklanov, Tizyakov, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lukyanov" title="Anatoly Lukyanov">Anatoly Lukyanov</a>, and Deputy <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a> to Crimea to meet Gorbachev,<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> who refused to meet them when they arrived. At 10:00 am, the session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR opened in the White House, at which President Yeltsin spoke.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At 1:00 pm, the Soviet Cabinet of Ministers circulated a statement about its non-involvement in the putsch.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At 1:20 pm, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Baklanov, Tizyakov, Lukyanov and CPSU Central Committee Deputy General Secretary Vladimir Ivashko left for the airport, getting stuck in a traffic jam created by the Taman Division armored vehicles returning to their base.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At 2:00 pm, the CPSU Central Committee Secretariat issued a statement demanding that the GKChP clarify the fate of the head of the Communist Party, Mikhail Gorbachev.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At 2:30 pm, Soviet Minister of Internal Affairs Boris Pugo signed the last GKChP order – a cypher telegram to the regional departments of internal affairs with a demand to strengthen the security of television and radio organizations and report on all violations of the GKChP Resolution on information control.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At 4:08 pm, the plane with the GKChP delegation landed in Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> Around 4:00 pm, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, chaired by the heads of the chambers of the union parliament,<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> adopted a resolution in which it declared illegal the removal of the Soviet President from his duties and their transfer to the Vice President,<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> and in this vein demanded that Yanayev cancel the decrees and emergency orders based on them<a href="#cite_note-Август_91-го._А_был_ли_заговор-78">[76]</a> as legally invalid from the moment they were signed.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> At 4:52 pm, a group of Russian deputies and public figures led by RSFSR Vice President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a>, as well as Soviet Security Council members Yevgeny Primakov and Vadim Bakatin, flew to Gorbachev's dacha in Foros. They were accompanied by 36 officers of the RSFSR Ministry of Internal Affairs armed with machine guns, under the command of RSFSR Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Andrei Dunaev.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> Eight minutes later, at 5:00 pm, the GKChP delegation arrived at the presidential dacha. President Gorbachev refused to receive it and demanded that communication to the outside world be restored.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At the same time, Yanayev signed a decree dissolving the State Emergency Committee<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> and declaring all of its decisions invalid.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Август_91-го._А_был_ли_заговор-78">[76]</a> At 7:16 pm, the plane of the Russian delegation led by Rutskoy landed in Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At 8:00 pm, the <a href="/wiki/Procurator_General_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Procurator General of the Soviet Union">Soviet General Prosecutor's Office</a> initiated a criminal case into the attempted coup.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-russianbook-54">[52]</a> At 8:10 pm, Rutskoy and his delegation went to see Gorbachev. According to eyewitnesses, the meeting was cordial and joyful, allowing them to momentarily forget divisions between Soviet and Russian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> From 9:40 to 10:10 pm, Gorbachev received Lukyanov and Ivashko in the presence of Rutskoy and Primakov, accusing the USSR Supreme Soviet Speaker of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, and the party deputy of inaction during the putsch.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> Around 10:00 pm, RSFSR Prosecutor General Valentin Stepankov signed an arrest warrant for the Emergency Committee members.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> That day, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Council</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Republic of Latvia</a> declared its sovereignty officially completed with a law passed by its deputies, confirming the independence restoration act of 4 May as an official act.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, just a day after the restitution of the country's full independence, the <a href="/wiki/Tallinn_TV_Tower" title="Tallinn TV Tower">Tallinn TV Tower</a> was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Russian airborne troops</a>. But while television broadcasts were cut for a time, the radio signal was kept on the air after a handful of <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_League" title="Estonian Defence League">Estonian Defence League</a> (the unified <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> forces of Estonia) members barricaded themselves in the tower's broadcasting studio.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> That evening, as news from Moscow about the coup's failure reached Tallinn, the Russian paratroopers left the TV tower and the Estonian capital. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thursday_22_August">Thursday 22 August</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Thursday 22 August">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1991-Barrikad-BelyDom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1991-Barrikad-BelyDom.jpg/220px-1991-Barrikad-BelyDom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1991-Barrikad-BelyDom.jpg/330px-1991-Barrikad-BelyDom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1991-Barrikad-BelyDom.jpg/440px-1991-Barrikad-BelyDom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>22 August 1991</figcaption></figure> At one minute past midnight, Gorbachev, his family and assistants flew to Moscow on Rutskoy's plane. The GKChP members were sent back on a different plane; only <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Kryuchkov</a> flew in the presidential plane, under police custody (according to Rutskoy, "they [would] definitely not be shot down with him on board"). Upon arrival, Kryuchkov, Yazov and Tizyakov were arrested on the airfield, which was illegal under Soviet law as officials representing the central government could only be arrested and tried under Soviet law, which prevailed over the laws of the constituent republics.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At 2:00 am, when Gorbachev arrived at Moscow's <a href="/wiki/Vnukovo_International_Airport" title="Vnukovo International Airport">Vnukovo Airport</a>, television showed live footage of him walking down the <a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">airstairs</a> wearing a knitted sweater. Later, he would be criticized for not going to the White House, but to rest at his dacha.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> At 6:00 am, Soviet Vice President Yanayev was arrested in his office.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Boris Pugo and his wife died by suicide after being contacted by the RSFSR for a meeting over his role in the coup attempt.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friday_23_August">Friday 23 August</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Friday 23 August">edit</a>]</div> Pavlov, Starodubtsev, Baklanov, Boldin, and Shenin would all be taken into custody within the next 48 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1991-August-Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/1991-August-Moscow.jpg/220px-1991-August-Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/1991-August-Moscow.jpg/330px-1991-August-Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/1991-August-Moscow.jpg/440px-1991-August-Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Victims' place of death</figcaption></figure> Since several heads of the regional <a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">executive committees</a> supported the GKChP, on 21 August 1991 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a> adopted Decision No. 1626-1, which authorized Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> to appoint heads of regional administrations,<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> although the <a href="/wiki/1978_Russian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Russian Constitution">Constitution of the Russian SFSR</a> did not empower the president with such authority. The Russian Supreme Soviet passed another decision the following day declaring the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">old imperial colors</a> Russia's national flag;<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> it replaced the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR flag</a> two months later. On the night of 24 August, the <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> statue in front of the <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Building" title="Lubyanka Building">KGB building at Dzerzhinskiy Square (Lubianka)</a> was dismantled, while thousands of Moscow citizens took part in the funeral of Dmitry Komar, Vladimir Usov and Ilya Krichevsky, the three citizens who had died in the tunnel incident. Gorbachev posthumously awarded them with the title of <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a>. Yeltsin asked their relatives to forgive him for not being able to prevent their deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_CPSU">End of the CPSU</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: End of the CPSU">edit</a>]</div> Gorbachev initially tried to defend the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a>, proclaiming at a 22 August press conference that it still represented a "<a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> force" despite its leaders' participation in the coup.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[30]</a> Gorbachev resigned as CPSU <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> on 24 August.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a> replaced him as acting General Secretary, but resigned on 29 August[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] when the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the USSR</a> suspended the activities of the party throughout the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> In a decree, Yeltsin ordered the transfer of the CPSU archives to the state archive authorities,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized</a> all CPSU assets in the Russian SFSR<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> (these included not only party committee headquarters but also assets such as educational institutions and hotels).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The party's <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> headquarters were handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Moscow" title="Government of Moscow">Government of Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[30]</a> On 6 November, Yeltsin issued a decree banning the party in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union">The Dissolution of the Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Dissolution of the Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="Special:EditPage/1991 Soviet coup attempt">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> On 24 August 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev created the so-called "Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy" (Комитет по оперативному управлению народным хозяйством СССР), to replace the <a href="/wiki/USSR_Cabinet_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR Cabinet of Ministers">USSR Cabinet of Ministers</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pavlov" title="Valentin Pavlov">Valentin Pavlov</a>, a GKChP member. Russian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Ivan Silayev</a> headed the committee. That same day, Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Act of Independence of Ukraine</a> and called for a referendum on support of the Act of Independence. On 25 August, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR</a> announced its <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Declaration of Sovereignty</a> as a constitutional law.<a href="#cite_note-byind-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> On 28 August, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dismissed Prime Minister Pavlov<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> and entrusted the functions of the Soviet government to the Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> The next day, Supreme Soviet Chairman <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lukyanov" title="Anatoly Lukyanov">Anatoly Lukyanov</a> was arrested.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> On 5 September, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union</a> adopted Soviet Law No. 2392-1 "On the Authorities of the Soviet Union in the Transitional Period", replacing itself with the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a>. Two new legislative chambers – the Soviet of the Union (Совет Союза) and the Soviet of Republics (Совет Республик) – replaced the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Soviet of the Union">Soviet of the Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet of Nationalities</a> (both elected by the USSR Congress of People's Deputies). The Soviet of the Union was to be formed by the popularly elected <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">USSR people's deputies</a> and would only consider issues concerning civil rights and freedoms and other issues which did not fall under the jurisdiction of the Soviet of Republics. Its decisions would have to be reviewed by the Soviet of Republics. The Soviet of Republics was to include 20 deputies from each union republic and one deputy to represent each <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">autonomous region</a> of each union republic (both Soviet people's deputies and <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">republics' people's deputies</a>) delegated by the legislatures of the union republic. Russia, with 52 delegates, was an exception. However, the delegation of each union republic was to have only one vote in the Soviet of Republics. The laws were to be first adopted by the Soviet of the Union and then by the Soviet of Republics, which would set procedures for the central government, approve the appointment of central ministers and consider inter-republic agreements.<a href="#cite_note-pravo.levonevsky.org-100">[98]</a> Also created was the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Council of the Soviet Union">Soviet State Council</a> (Государственный совет СССР), which included the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet President">Soviet President</a> and the presidents of union republics. The "Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy" was replaced by the USSR Inter-republic Economic Committee (Межреспубликанский экономический комитет СССР),<a href="#cite_note-pravo.levonevsky.org-100">[98]</a> also headed by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Ivan Silayev</a>. On 27 August, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet of Moldova</a> <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Moldovan Declaration of Independence">declared the independence of Moldova from the Soviet Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviets of Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a> did the same on 30 and 31 August, respectively. On 6 September, the newly created Soviet State Council recognized the independence of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Estonia had declared re-independence on 20 August, Latvia the following day, while Lithuania had already done so on 11 March the previous year. On 9 September, the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan</a> declared the independence of <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> from the Soviet Union. Also in September, over 99% percent of voters in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a> voted for independence of the republic in a <a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Armenian independence referendum">referendum</a>. The immediate aftermath of the vote was the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Council of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Supreme Soviet</a>'s declaration of independence on 21 September. On 27 October, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet of Turkmenistan</a> declared the independence of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> from the Soviet Union. On 1 December, Ukraine held a <a href="/wiki/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Ukrainian independence referendum">referendum</a>, in which more than 90% of residents supported the Act of Independence of Ukraine. By November, the only Soviet Republics that had not declared independence were Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. That same month, seven republics (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan) agreed to a new union treaty that would form a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> called the Union of Sovereign States. However, this confederation never materialized. On 8 December, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Leonid Kravchuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Shushkevich" title="Stanislav Shushkevich">Stanislav Shushkevich</a> – the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (which had adopted the name in August 1991) – as well as the prime ministers of the three republics, met in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus to sign the <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a>. The Accords declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality." It repudiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">1922 union treaty</a> that established the Soviet Union and established the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) in the Union's place. On 12 December, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a> ratified the accords and recalled the Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Although this has been interpreted as the moment that Russia seceded from the Union, Russia took the position that it was not possible to secede from a state that no longer existed. The lower chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, was forced to halt its operations, as the departure of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum. Doubts remained about the legitimacy of the 8 December accords, since only three republics took part. Thus, on 21 December in <a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alma-Ata">Alma-Ata</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol</a> expanded the CIS to include <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and the five republics of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. They also pre-emptively accepted Gorbachev's resignation. With 11 of the 12 remaining republics (all except <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>) having agreed that the Union no longer existed, Gorbachev bowed to the inevitable and said he would resign as soon as the CIS became a reality (Georgia joined the CIS in 1993, only to withdraw in 2008 after <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">its war with Russia</a>; the three Baltic states were never a part of the commonwealth, instead joining both the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 2004.) On 24 December 1991, the Russian SFSR – now renamed the Russian Federation – with the concurrence of the other republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States, informed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> that it would <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">inherit the Soviet Union's membership in the UN</a> – including the Soviet Union's permanent seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> No member state of the UN formally objected to this step. The legitimacy of this act has been <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations#Legality" title="Russia and the United Nations">questioned by some legal scholars</a> as the Soviet Union itself was not constitutionally succeeded by the Russian Federation, but merely dissolved. Others argued that the international community had already established the precedent of recognizing the Soviet Union as the legal successor of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and so recognizing <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">the Russian Federation</a> as the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor state</a> was valid. On 25 December, Gorbachev announced his resignation as President of the Soviet Union. The red hammer and sickle flag of the Soviet Union was lowered from the Senate building in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin</a> and replaced with the tricolour flag of Russia. The next day, 26 December, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities#Soviet_of_the_Republics" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet of Republics</a>, the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet, formally voted the Soviet Union out of existence (the lower chamber, the Council of the Union, had been left without a quorum after the Russian deputies withdrew), thus ending the life of the world's first and oldest socialist state. All former Soviet embassies became Russian embassies, and Russia received all nuclear weapons located in other former republics by 1996. A <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> in late 1993 escalated into violence, and the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russian constitution</a> that came into force at the end of the year abolished the last vestiges of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Soviet political system</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_radical_economic_reforms_in_Russia">Beginning of radical economic reforms in Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Beginning of radical economic reforms in Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economic history of the Russian Federation</a></div> On 1 November 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">RSFSR Congress of People's Deputies</a> issued Decision No. 1831-1 "On the Legal Support of the Economic Reform" whereby the Russian president (<a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>) was granted the right to issue decrees required for economic reform even if they contravened existing laws. Such decrees entered into force if they were not repealed within 7 days by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a> or its Presidium.<a href="#cite_note-Konsultant-103">[101]</a> Five days later, Boris Yeltsin, in addition to his duties as president, assumed those of the prime minister. <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a> became deputy prime minister and simultaneously economic and finance minister. On 15 November 1991, Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 213 "On the Liberalization of Foreign Economic Activity on the Territory of the RSFSR", whereby all Russian companies were allowed to import and export goods and acquire foreign currency (all foreign trade had previously been tightly controlled by the state).<a href="#cite_note-Konsultant-103">[101]</a> Following the issuance of Decree No. 213, on 3 December 1991 Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 297 "On the Measures to Liberalize Prices", whereby from 2 January 1992, most previously existing <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a> were abolished.<a href="#cite_note-Konsultant-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial_of_GKChP_members">Trial of GKChP members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Trial of GKChP members">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/GKChP" class="mw-redirect" title="GKChP">GKChP</a> members and their accomplices were charged with <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> in the form of a conspiracy aimed at capturing power. However, by January 1993, they had all been released from custody pending trial.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The trial in the Military Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Russian Supreme Court</a> began on 14 April 1993.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> On 23 February 1994, the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> for all GKChP members and their accomplices, along with the participants of the <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">October 1993 crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> They all accepted the amnesty, except for General Varennikov, who demanded the continuation of the trial and who was finally acquitted on 11 August 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35">[33]</a> The Russian <a href="/wiki/Public_procurator" title="Public procurator">Procuracy</a> also wanted to charge former Deputy Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Achalov" title="Vladislav Achalov">Vladislav Achalov</a>, but the Russian Supreme Soviet refused to lift his immunity.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> Additionally, the Procuracy refrained from charging numerous other individuals accused of complicity in the coup, including the Army Chief of Staff. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration_of_the_civilians_killed">Commemoration of the civilians killed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Commemoration of the civilians killed">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Usov,_Ilya_Krichevsky,_Dmitri_Komar_Stamps.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vladimir_Usov%2C_Ilya_Krichevsky%2C_Dmitri_Komar_Stamps.png/220px-Vladimir_Usov%2C_Ilya_Krichevsky%2C_Dmitri_Komar_Stamps.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vladimir_Usov%2C_Ilya_Krichevsky%2C_Dmitri_Komar_Stamps.png/330px-Vladimir_Usov%2C_Ilya_Krichevsky%2C_Dmitri_Komar_Stamps.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Vladimir_Usov%2C_Ilya_Krichevsky%2C_Dmitri_Komar_Stamps.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>Soviet stamps commemorating (from left to right) Ilya Krichevsky, Dmitry Komar and Vladimir Usov</figcaption></figure> Thousands of people attended the funeral of Dmitry Komar, Ilya Krichevsky, and Vladimir Usov on 24 August 1991. Gorbachev posthumously made the three <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Heroes of the Soviet Union</a> for their bravery in "blocking the way to those who wanted to strangle democracy.".<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_commission">Parliamentary commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parliamentary commission">edit</a>]</div> In 1991, a parliamentary commission tasked with investigating causes for the attempted coup was established under <a href="/wiki/Lev_Ponomaryov" title="Lev Ponomaryov">Lev Ponomaryov</a>, but was dissolved in 1992 at <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a>'s insistence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysterious_deaths_of_the_participants_of_the_coup">Mysterious deaths of the participants of the coup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mysterious deaths of the participants of the coup">edit</a>]</div> On the 24th of August 1991, Sergey Akhromeyev was found dead in his office, serving as the Advisor to the President of USSR. On the 26th of August, Nikolay Kruchina was found dead near his residence in the morning, having jumped from the window of his apartment a few hours prior. He served as the Managing Director of the Central Committee of the CPSU. His predecessor Georgiy Pavlov followed the same fate on the 6th of October of the same year. On the 17th of October, former Deputy Head of the International Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU Dmitriy Lisovolik was found dead, having also jumped from the window of his apartment. <a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Said deaths have faced extensive scrutiny by historians and contemporaries, who noted the similarities with which the figurants ended their lives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International reactions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Bloc_and_NATO_countries">Western Bloc and NATO countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Western Bloc and NATO countries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/220px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/330px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/440px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, left, is seen with Mikhail Gorbachev in 1990. Bush condemned the coup and the actions of the "Gang of Eight".</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> said that "The developments in the Soviet Union ... raise the question as to whether the purpose is to reverse the political and economic reforms which have been taking place. Australia does not want to see repression, persecution or vindictive actions against Gorbachev or those associated with him."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: Several government members quickly reacted to the coup; <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> huddled with top advisers over the toppling of Mikhail Gorbachev, but officials said the Prime Minister would likely react cautiously to the stunning development. Mulroney condemned the coup and suspended food aid and other assistance to the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> External Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McDougall" title="Barbara McDougall">Barbara McDougall</a> suggested on 20 August 1991 that "Canada could work with any Soviet junta that promises to carry on Gorbachev's legacy". <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Lloyd Axworthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> Leader <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chretien</a> said Canada must join with other Western governments to back Russian President Boris Yeltsin, former Soviet Foreign Minister and Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze and others fighting for Soviet democracy." McDougall met with the <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Embassy_in_Ottawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Embassy in Ottawa">Soviet embassy</a>, Vasily Sredin.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a> defense network, the government acknowledged that any US-Soviet nuclear confrontation would directly impact Canada as well. Canadian leaders believed both the US and Canada would be treated as a single set of targets.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>: Israeli officials said they hoped Gorbachev's attempted removal would not derail the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">1991 Israeli-Palestinian peace conference in Madrid</a> (co-sponsored by the US and USSR) or slow <a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">Soviet Jewish immigration</a>. The quasi-governmental <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a>, which coordinated the massive flow of <a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Jews</a> arriving from the Soviet Union, called an emergency meeting to assess how the coup would affect Jewish immigration. "We are closely following what is happening in the Soviet Union with concern," Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Levy_(Israeli_politician)" title="David Levy (Israeli politician)">David Levy</a> said. "One might say that this is an internal issue of the Soviet Union, but in the Soviet Union ... everything internal has an influence for the entire world."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a> The Soviet Union restored ties with Israel on 26 December 1991.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Toshiki_Kaifu" title="Toshiki Kaifu">Toshiki Kaifu</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Ministry</a> to analyze developments. Kaifu himself said that it was highly likely that the coup was unconstitutional. Chief Cabinet Secretary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Misoji_Sakamoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misoji Sakamoto (page does not exist)">Misoji Sakamoto</a> said, "I strongly hope that the leadership change will not influence the positive policies of Perestroika and new-thinking diplomacy."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a> In addition, Japanese aid and technical loans to the Soviet Union were frozen.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-10">[10]</a> Japan left open the question of the coup's legitimacy; government spokesman Taizo Watanabe said that "[the Soviet government has] the right to decide whether it is constitutional or unconstitutional. Japan notably differed from western states by not announcing an outright condemnation of the coup. "<a href="#cite_note-:2-113">[111]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>: <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a> welcomed the coup's collapse as a symbolic victory for the Soviet people. He said "It was a triumph of the courage and resolve of the Soviet citizens towards freedom and democracy."<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-10">[10]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> met with his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">cabinet</a> on 19 August to deal with the crisis and said "There seems little doubt that President Gorbachev has been removed from power by an unconstitutional seizure of power. There are constitutional ways of removing the president of the Soviet Union; they have not been used. I believe that the whole world has a very serious stake in the events currently taking place in the Soviet Union. The reform process there is of vital importance to the world and of most vital importance of course to the Soviet people themselves and I hope that is fully clear. There is a great deal of information we don't yet have, but I would like to make clear above all that we would expect the Soviet Union to respect and honor all the commitments that President Gorbachev has made on its behalf."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a> The British Government froze $80 million in economic aid to Moscow, while the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a> scheduled an emergency meeting to suspend a $1.5 billion aid program.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-114">[112]</a> In a 1991 interview, Major said he thought that "there are many reasons why [the coup] failed and a great deal of time and trouble will be spent on analysing that later. There were, I think, a number of things that were significant. I don't think it was terribly well-handled from the point of view of those organising the coup. I think the enormous and unanimous condemnation of the rest of the world publicly of the coup was of immense encouragement to the people resisting it. That is not just my view; that is the view that has been expressed to me by Mr. Shevardnadze, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakovlev" title="Alexander Yakovlev">Mr. Yakovlev</a>, President Yeltsin and many others as well to whom I have spoken to the last 48 hours. The moral pressure from the West and the fact that we were prepared to state unequivocally that the coup was illegal and that we wanted the legal government restored, was of immense help in the Soviet Union. I think that did play a part."</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: During his vacation in <a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kennebunkport,_Maine" title="Kennebunkport, Maine">Kennebunkport, Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> made a blunt demand for Gorbachev's restoration to power and said the United States did not accept the legitimacy of the self-proclaimed new Soviet government. Bush rushed to the White House from his vacation home, receiving a letter from Kozyrev aboard <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a>. He then issued a strongly-worded statement that followed a day of consultations with other Western alliance leaders amid a concerted effort to squeeze the new Soviet leadership by freezing economic aid programs. Bush decried the coup as a "misguided and illegitimate effort" that "bypasses both Soviet law and the will of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet peoples</a>." He called the overthrow "very disturbing" and put a hold on U.S. aid to the Soviet Union until the coup was ended.<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-114">[112]</a> The Bush statement, drafted after a series of meetings with top aides, was much more forceful than the President's initial reaction that morning in Maine. It was in keeping with a Western effort to apply both diplomatic and economic pressure on the Soviet officials seeking to gain control of the country. On 2 September, the United States re-recognized the independence of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> when Bush delivered the press conference in Kennebunkport.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> issued a statement warning "The whole world is watching. Legitimacy in 1991 flows not from the barrel of a gun but from the will of the people. History cannot be reversed. Sooner or later your effort will fail."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991337-116">[114]</a> The coup also led several members of Congress such as <a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Sam Nunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a> to become concerned about the security of <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">Soviet weapons of mass destruction</a> and the potential for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a> in existing unstable conditions. Despite public opposition to further aid to the Soviet Union and ambivalence from the Bush administration, they oversaw the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nuclear_Threat_Reduction_Act_of_1991" title="Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991">Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991</a>, authorizing the <a href="/wiki/Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction" title="Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction">Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program</a> and providing funding to <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> for the decommissioning of WMD stockpiles.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Former President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> said:</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"I can't believe that the Soviet people will allow a reversal in the progress that they have recently made toward economic and political freedom. Based on my extensive meetings and conversations with him, I am convinced that President Gorbachev had the best interest of the Soviet people in mind. I have always felt that his opposition came from the communist bureaucracy, and I can only hope that enough progress was made that a movement toward democracy will be unstoppable."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></blockquote> <ul><li>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">CPUSA</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a> supported the coup, causing division within an already shrinking party. The CPSU had broken ties with the CPUSA in 1989 over the latter's condemnation of Perestroika.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Denmark)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Uffe_Ellemann-Jensen" title="Uffe Ellemann-Jensen">Uffe Ellemann-Jensen</a> said the process of change in the Soviet Union could not be reversed. In a statement, he said "So much has happened and so many people have been involved in the changes in Soviet Union that I cannot see a total reversal."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> called on the new Soviet rulers to guarantee the life and liberty of Gorbachev and Yeltsin, who was "Gorbachev's rival in the changing Soviet Union." Mitterrand added that "France attaches a high price to the life and liberty of Messrs. Gorbachev and Yeltsin being guaranteed by the new Moscow leaders. These will be judged by their acts, especially on the fashion in which the two high personalities in question will be treated."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a> After the coup ended, Mitterrand was criticized for his hesitant reaction; this may have helped right wing opposition parties win the <a href="/wiki/1993_French_legislative_election" title="1993 French legislative election">1993 French legislative election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org-118">[116]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> cut his Austrian vacation short and returned to <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> for an emergency meeting. He said he was sure Moscow would withdraw its remaining 272,000 troops from the <a href="/wiki/Former_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Former East Germany">former East Germany</a> on schedule.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Engholm" title="Björn Engholm">Björn Engholm</a>, leader of Germany's opposition <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a>, urged member states of the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> "to speak with one voice" on the situation and said, "the West should not exclude the possibility of imposing economic and political sanctions on the Soviet Union to avoid a jolt to the right, in Moscow."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>: Greece described the situation in the Soviet Union as "alarming". The Greek left was divided- the Alliance of the Left and former Socialist Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a> issued statements condemning the coup. However, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece condemned Gorbachev for dismantling the Soviet State and reestablishing Capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a> released a statement saying, "I'm surprised, embittered and worried. We all know the difficulties that Gorbachev encountered. But I don't know how a new president, who, at least for now, doesn't have (Gorbachev's) prestige and international connections, can overcome the obstacles." <a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a>, the direct heir of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>, called the ouster of Gorbachev "a most dramatic event of world proportions (which) will have immense repercussions on international life. I am personally and strongly struck, not only for the incalculable burden of this event, but also for the fate of comrade Gorbachev."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_states">Communist states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Communist states">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_(Perestroika_(reformation)._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg/220px-The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg/330px-The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg/440px-The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>A Soviet Stamp promoting Perestroika. For some Communist States, Gorbachev's reforms resulted in a drastic cutting of Soviet Aid. The coup's failure led to the abrupt end of any remaining Russian support for its former Communist allies.</figcaption></figure> Many but not all of states still officially <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> (not former Warsaw Pact members that had begun transitioning to a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>) had supported the coup, while others left ambivalent or unofficial support and reversed their position when the coup failed. <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>: The failure of the coup resulted in the removal of Soviet political and military officers that favored continued aid to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">People's Democratic Party</a> government in Afghanistan. At the time, the Afghan regime was still completely dependent on the Soviet Union for its survival in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a>. The last Soviet military assistance arrived in October, with all Russian aid being halted by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> in January 1992. Yeltsin hoped to repatriate Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> still being held by the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> and was not interested in protecting a 'Soviet Legacy'.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-121">[119]</a> In the aftermath of the coup, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a> came to resent the Soviets for abandoning him, writing to former Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze "I didn't want to be president, you talked me into it, insisted on it, and promised support. Now you are throwing me and the Republic of Afghanistan to its fate." In the winter of 1992, newly independent <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> provided food aid to Mohammad Najibullah's of their own accord in an attempt to save the regime, also establishing contacts with the Mujahideen. The end of Soviet weapons deliveries caused the defection of militia leader <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>, spelling the end of the DRA in April 1992.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a>: During the coup, Communist <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> was still in power, having won the <a href="/wiki/1991_Albanian_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Albanian parliamentary election">1991 Albanian parliamentary election</a>. Encouraged by the coup's unraveling, three opposition parties demanded expedited reforms. The <a href="/wiki/1992_Albanian_parliamentary_election" title="1992 Albanian parliamentary election">1992 Albanian parliamentary election</a> resulted in a crushing defeat for the now-democratic <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania" title="Socialist Party of Albania">Socialist Party of Albania</a>, leading to Alia's resignation as president in favor of <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org-118">[116]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a>: In December 1991, the ruling <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a>, in its party congress changed its ideology from Marxism–Leninism to <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social Democracy</a> and committed to multi-party democracy. <a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Angola–Russia relations">Angola–Russia relations</a> became less relevant to both countries after the coup. Angola's ability to enforce its rule on some of its territories diminished due to the end of Soviet weapons deliveries and departures of Cuban personnel.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-121">[119]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: The Chinese government appeared to tacitly support the coup when it issued a statement saying the move was an internal affair of the Soviet Union and when the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) released no immediate comment. Confidential Chinese documents have indicated that China's hardline leaders strongly disapproved of Gorbachev's program of political liberalization, blaming him for "the loss of Eastern Europe to capitalism." Western scholarship has alleged that Beijing had foreknowledge of the planned coup. This hypothesis is supported by two events: firstly, General <a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian's</a> Moscow visit between August 5 and August 12 to see GKChP member <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Dmitry Yazov</a>, and secondly, the rapid and mostly positive coverage of the coup in <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Chinese media</a>, which ignored the activities of Boris Yeltsin. When the coup began, top CCP leaders had gathered to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping's</a> birthday. Upon hearing the news, CCP elder <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> cursed Gorbachev. Deng then said "The Soviet coup is a good thing but we must not visibly be pleased but only delighted at the bottom of our hearts." China pronounced a policy of non-interference but hoped 'stability' (i.e. a restoration of Communist rule) would return to the Soviet Union. Behind closed doors, the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Politburo</a> agreed the coup should be recognized as a 'Marxist' act and that <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations_from_1969%E2%80%931991" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Soviet relations from 1969–1991">Sino-Soviet relations</a> should be strengthened. However, Deng also encouraged CCP General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> to be cautious because the coup could fail. The GKChP was also interested in resolving the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> and improving <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">diplomatic relations</a>, dispatching Vice Foreign Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Belonogov" title="Alexander Belonogov">Alexander Belonogov</a> to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to request full recognition and support.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> Deng met with Belonogov and asked "what do you plan to do with Gorbachev" to measure the probability of the coup's success. After hesitating for a day, China was moments away from an official declaration of support for the GKChP when news of its end arrived. After the coup failed, Gorbachev suspended exchanges with China; allegedly the coup plotters attempted to flee to China, but this was flatly denied by both governments.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Several Chinese people said that a key difference between the Soviet coup leaders' failed attempts to use tanks to crush dissent in Moscow and the hardline Chinese leaders' successful use of tank-led <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> forces during the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Massacre</a> was that the Soviet people had a powerful leader like Russian President Boris Yeltsin to rally around, whereas the Chinese protesters did not. The Soviet coup collapsed in three days without any major violence by the Soviet Army against civilians in June 1989, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> killed thousands of people to crush the democracy movement.<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040,_Berlin,_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Fidel Castro at East Berlin 1972. Cuba relied upon the Soviet Union and throughout the Cold War was a steadfast ally. Castro systemically opposed Gorbachev's perestroika but he did not publicly support the August Coup in 1991.</figcaption></figure></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>: Congo was already moving away from Marxism–Leninism and had organized a democratic conference in June.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> All references to Communism were removed from the Congolese Constitution in April 1992, yet former Soviet protégé <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a> would later regain power and rule <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a> through to the present day.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>: On August 20, the Cuban Government issued a statement insisting on its neutrality, saying that the conflict was "not Cuba's to judge". In the same statement, Cuba also criticized the West for inciting divisions within the Soviet Union. A Western diplomat alleged that in private, Cuba's officials hoped the coup would succeed because the plotters would continue the <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Cuba–Soviet Union relations">special Soviet relationship</a> with their country. In September 1991, three-quarters of Cuba's consumer goods came from the USSR, underlining the importance of Soviet events to Cuba's leaders.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> As the Soviet coup unfolded, Cuban officials did not believe its leaders would prevail. While Gorbachev was in power, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> never agreed with Perestroika and in July 1991 had reiterated his position that there would be no changes in Cuba, saying "In this revolution there will be no changes of name or ideas."<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> The end of Soviet assistance sparked the <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a> crisis that would last ten years.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>: As the coup began, newspapers published documents from the GKChP without comment or statements of support. Privately, the regime instructed its officials to support the coup to "defend Socialist achievements". North Korean diplomats were present in Moscow and kept informal contacts with Russians as events unfolded, including soldiers on the ground. By the end of the first day, <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_North_Korea,_Moscow" title="Embassy of North Korea, Moscow">North Korea's embassy in Moscow</a> reported to <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> that the coup would not succeed. At the time, there were changing attitudes in the north toward South Korea and a brief shootout at the <a href="/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone">DMZ</a> border.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> After the coup's failure, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Pak_Song-chol" title="Pak Song-chol">Pak Song-chol</a> said "The invincible might of our own style of socialism is being highly demonstrated," and the "North is basically stable" in a reference to <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Pyongyang would later blame Perestroika for the fall of the USSR, calling "Gorbachev's wrong anti-socialist policy" a "<a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionist</a>" one.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> The end of Soviet assistance was a direct cause of the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">Arduous March</a> that began in 1994.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>: The coup came at a time when promised Soviet aid was being slowed and later halted. Vietnamese Communists decided to not embrace a multi-party system in Vietnam due to the experience of Perestroika. An unnamed official said that "Vietnam would probably not feel sorry to see [the end of the Soviet president’s career] because Gorbachev has made many mistakes... too many compromises with the West. He has also made the position and the role of the Soviet Union in the world weaker." The official also said that Vietnam would benefit from a return to Communist rule in the Soviet Union. "These changes would also affect positively Vietnam’s economy because the West would carry out a hard policy towards the Soviet Union, then the latter would look for trade relations with such countries as Vietnam and China."<a href="#cite_note-:2-113">[111]</a> After the coup, top Communist Party official Thai Ninh was asked by foreign press if Vietnam felt betrayed by Gorbachev and Yeltsin. He answered, "It's better to let the Soviet people decide that".<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> The failed coup prompted Vietnam to <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="China–Vietnam relations">normalize relations with China</a> in November, ending the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1979%E2%80%931991)" title="Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)">Sino-Vietnamese conflicts</a> of the 1980s. In a major political victory for China, Vietnam recognized the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Cambodia_(1989%E2%80%931993)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Cambodia (1989–1993)">State of Cambodia</a> (SOC). Increasingly, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> felt an ideological affinity with one another and a mutual desire to resist American-led <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Evolution_theory" title="Peaceful Evolution theory">Peaceful Evolution</a>. Vietnam would look to <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> for new trading partners in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet dissolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: The Coup was a profound event for all of Yugoslavia, <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> reported reactions from ordinary Yugoslavs including economist Dragan Radic who said "Gorbachev has done a lot for world peace and helped replace hard-line communist regimes in the past few years.Yet, the West failed to support Gorbachev financially and economically and he was forced to step down because he could not feed the Soviet people." Officially, President <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, in charge of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a>, was silent. Unofficially, there were numerous interactions between Yugoslavia and the USSR leading up to the start of the coup. The violent <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a> had begun the previous year. Political actors in both nations realized the similarities of their political situations. On the anti-communist side, separatists in the USSR were building relations with Yugoslavia's breakaway republics. At the end of July, Lithuania recognized Slovenia and in August, Georgia recognized Slovenia and Croatia's independence. On the side of hardliners, both nations had factions embracing a <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance#Similar_terms" title="Red–green–brown alliance">red-brown coalition</a> between traditional communists and ultranationalists to maintain the territorial integrity of both the USSR and Yugoslavia. In the weeks leading up to the coup, conservatives in the USSR were using the precedence of Yugoslavia as an excuse to violently suppress uprisings of non-Russians. In fact, Yugoslavia may have been a major cause for the Gang of Eight to believe their actions were necessary to prevent the USSR's collapse. When Yugoslav Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ante_Markovi%C4%87" title="Ante Marković">Ante Marković</a> visited Moscow in early August, Gorbachev pointed out the parallels between problems looming in both countries. Croatian President <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> claimed in October that "Communist Yugoslav Generals" had openly supported the coup and that they had received instructions from Moscow. The victory of the democrats in the USSR had major implications for Yugoslavia. Yeltsin knew that Milošević had secretly supported Soviet conservatives and relations between the two were dismal. By the time the USSR collapsed, the problem of Yugoslavia had become a part of the Russian political landscape. Yeltsin and liberal elites would publicly take an even-handed approach and encourage international cooperation to solve the crisis. In contrast, post-Soviet conservatives looked to create advantages for Russia by supporting Orthodox Serbs in their struggle to control the remaining Yugoslav nations. Sociology Professor Veljko Vujačić assessed the similarities and differences between the breakup of Yugoslavia and dissolution of the Soviet Union. Both nations were multi-national Marxist–Leninist states with Slavic rulers facing major secessionist movements. In Serbia, patriotism was linked with statehood. Milošević told his nationalist followers that every generation of Serbs has had their own "<a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo battle</a>", dating back to the 14th century. In contrast, Russian nationalists including <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> drew a distinction between 'patriotic' Russian people and the 'oppressive' Russian state. Boris Yeltsin and his followers saw the USSR as an oppressor of Russia, thereby accelerating the mostly peaceful division of the former Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> On 27 April 1992, Yugoslavia formally disintegrated and with it vanished any mention of Marxist–Leninism in its <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbian and Montenegrin</a> successor state.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_Warsaw_Pact_members">Former Warsaw Pact members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Former Warsaw Pact members">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> had dissolved in July, and its members had rapidly changed, with <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> pro-Soviet governments deposed or elected out of office. As a result, all criticized or expressed weary sentiments about events in Moscow. Some former Warsaw Pact members deployed armed forces to strategically important areas. <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev" title="Zhelyu Zhelev">Zhelyu Zhelev</a> stated that "Such anti-democratic methods can never lead to anything good neither for the Soviet Union, nor for Eastern Europe, nor for the democratic developments in the world."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Czechoslovakia" title="List of presidents of Czechoslovakia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> warned that his nation could potentially face a "wave of refugees" crossing its <a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Slovakia–Ukraine border">border</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>. However, Havel said "It is not possible to reverse the changes that have already happened in the Soviet Union. We believe democracy will eventually prevail in the Soviet Union."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a> Interior Ministry spokesman Martin Fendrych said an unspecified number of additional troops had been moved to reinforce the Czechoslovak border with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>: Deputy Speaker of Parliament <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_Sz%C5%B1r%C3%B6s" title="Mátyás Szűrös">Mátyás Szűrös</a> said, "Undoubtedly, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet economy</a> has collapsed but this has not been the result of Gorbachev's policy but of the paralyzing influence of conservatives," adding, "Suddenly, the likelihood of a civil war in the Soviet Union has increased."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: A statement released by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> union helped prompt the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, appealed for calm. "May unity and responsibility for our state gain the upper hand." The statement, read on Polish radio by spokesman Andrzej Drzycimski, continued, "The situation in the USSR is significant for our country. It can affect our bilateral relations. We want them to be friendly." But Wałęsa emphasized that Poland would keep its hard-won sovereignty while pursuing economic and political reforms.<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Petre_Roman" title="Petre Roman">Petre Roman</a> said the coup was an attempt to re-establish hardline <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in the most <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> manner.<a href="#cite_note-:2-113">[111]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sovereign_states">Other sovereign states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other sovereign states">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>: The end of the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a> with the Communist <a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_National_Liberation_Front" title="Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front">FMLN</a> was being negotiated. <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Cristiani" title="Alfredo Cristiani">Alfredo Cristiani</a> voiced concern that the coup could encourage the FMLN to end negotiations, or that Cuba's relationship with the Soviet Union would be restored. Cuba had long been a supplier to the FMLN. Ernesto Altschul, Cristiani's deputy chief of staff, said, "Obviously, this can affect our situation." After the coup failed, the <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Peace_Accords" title="Chapultepec Peace Accords">Chapultepec Peace Accords</a> were signed in January 1992, ending twelve years of brutal conflict.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: As the coup was ongoing, Indian leaders indicated a degree of sympathy for Soviet hardliners. <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> said "Mr. Gorbachev's ouster was a warning to people who favored reforms without controls." Likewise, India's ambassador in Moscow remarked that Gorbachev had "brought about the disintegration of the [Communist] party". <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Minister of West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> cofounder <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a> wholeheartedly endorsed the coup. When the coup failed, India's government changed course, celebrating "the reassertion of democratic values and a triumph for the will of the people." Despite official support for Yeltsin's victory, Indian politicians feared that a spill-over effect from the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> would encourage secessionist movements at home. The loss of an economic partner and ideological friend upset the Rao Administration and India's leftist movement, as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> felt it shared some of the CPSU's values. The Christian Science Monitor wrote that "India feels orphaned – ideologically, strategically, economically"<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> was a close ally of the Soviet Union until Gorbachev denounced the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invasion of Kuwait</a> that preceded the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, and relations between the two countries had grown tense. One Iraqi spokesman quoted by the official <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_News_Agency" title="Iraqi News Agency">Iraqi News Agency</a> said that "Iraq’s right and steadfastness was one of the main reasons behind the fall [of Gorbachev]... because [Iraq] exposed [his] policy of treason and conspiracy. It is natural that we welcome such change like the states and people who were affected by the policies of the former regime." In other words, Hussein seemingly took credit for inspiring the coup. This position was echoed by the Jordanian Newspaper <a href="/wiki/Al_Ra%27i_(Jordanian_newspaper)" title="Al Ra'i (Jordanian newspaper)">Al Ra'i</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-113">[111]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a>: Government radio quoted leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> praising the coup leaders for their "brave historical action."<a href="#cite_note-:2-113">[111]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> expressed "grave concern" saying, "We hope that the progress toward world peace... achieved under the leadership of President Gorbachev will continue to be preserved and enhanced further."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Minister of International Relations and Cooperation">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pik_Botha" title="Pik Botha">Pik Botha</a> said, "I very much hope that [Soviet developments] will neither give rise to large-scale turbulence within the Soviet Union itself or more widely in Europe, nor jeopardize the era of hard-won international cooperation upon which the world has embarked."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Menem" class="mw-redirect" title="Menem">Menem</a> visited the Soviet Union before the coup and its subsequent dissolution, continuing the good relations maintained since diplomatic ties were established in 1946. In December 1991, Argentina recognized the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> as the successor state of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supranational_bodies_and_organizations">Supranational bodies and organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Supranational bodies and organizations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>: While celebrating Mass in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> said in scripted remarks that he hoped the Soviet Union's reforms would survive Gorbachev's fall. "I particularly appreciated the sincere desire that guided him and the lofty inspiration that animated him in the promotion of human rights and dignity, as well as in his commitment for the well-being of the country and of the international community. May the process initiated by him not fall into decline." The Pope also prayed for the Soviet Union itself, asking that "our prayers become even more intense to ask God that that great country may be spared further tragedy."<a href="#cite_note-:2-113">[111]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>: The alliance held an emergency meeting in Brussels condemning the Soviet coup. "If indeed this coup did fail, it will be a great victory for the courageous Soviet people who have tasted freedom and who are not prepared to have it taken away from them," said United States Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_A._Baker_III" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Baker III">James A. Baker III</a>. Baker also stated, "[i]t will also, to some extent, be a victory, too, for the international community and for all those governments who reacted strongly to these events." NATO Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner" title="Manfred Wörner">Manfred Wörner</a> also said, "We should see how the situation in the Soviet Union develops. Our own plans will take into account what happens there."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a>: The Palestinian Liberation Organization was satisfied with the coup. <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Abed_Rabbo" title="Yasser Abed Rabbo">Yasser Abed Rabbo</a>, who was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO Executive Committee</a>, said he hoped the putsch "will permit resolution in the best interests of the Palestinians of the problem of Soviet Jews in Israel."<a href="#cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">[8]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_fate_of_GKChP_Gang_of_Eight">Subsequent fate of GKChP Gang of Eight</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Subsequent fate of GKChP Gang of Eight">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Yanayev" title="Gennady Yanayev">Gennadiy Yanayev</a>, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, went on to head the Department of History and International Relations for the Russian International Academy of Tourism<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> and died in 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pavlov" title="Valentin Pavlov">Valentin Pavlov</a>, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, subsequently served as a financial expert for several banks and other financial institutions and became chairman of <a href="/wiki/Free_Economic_Society" title="Free Economic Society">Free Economic Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> dying in 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a>, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, died in 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Dmitriy Yazov</a>, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, became adviser to the Russian Ministry of Defense and the Academy of General Staff;<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> he died in 2020.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pugo" title="Boris Pugo">Boris Pugo</a> died from two gunshots to the head on 22 August 1991. His death was ruled as a suicide.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Baklanov" title="Oleg Baklanov">Oleg Baklanov</a>, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, later served as chairman of the board of directors for "Rosobshchemash"; he died in 2021.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Starodubtsev" title="Vasily Starodubtsev">Vasiliy Starodubtsev</a>, freed from arrest in 1992 due to health complications, served as deputy to the <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Council of Russia">Federation Council of Russia</a> (1993–95), governor of <a href="/wiki/Tula_Oblast" title="Tula Oblast">Tula Oblast</a> (1997–2005), and then member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a> (since 2007)<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> until his death in 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tizyakov" title="Alexander Tizyakov">Alexander Tizyakov</a>, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, was later a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a>, founder of series of enterprises such as "Antal" (machine manufacturing), "Severnaya kazna" (insurance), "Vidikon" (<a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnace</a> manufacturing) and "Fidelity" (<a href="/wiki/Fast-moving_consumer_goods" title="Fast-moving consumer goods">fast-moving consumer goods</a> production);<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> he died in 2019.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In popular media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Doesn%27t_Return" title="The Man Who Doesn't Return">The Man Who Doesn't Return</a> is a drama film by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Snezhkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergey Snezhkin (page does not exist)">Sergey Snezhkin</a> in 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Days_(1992_film)" title="Three Days (1992 film)">Three Days (1992 film)</a> is a drama film by <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar%C5%ABnas_Bartas" title="Šarūnas Bartas">Šarūnas Bartas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Days_in_August_(1992_film)" title="Three Days in August (1992 film)">Three Days in August (1992 film)</a> is a co-production film between Russia and the United States by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Jung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Jung (page does not exist)">Jan Jung</a> in 1992.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Medvedev" title="Sergey Medvedev">Sergey Medvedev</a>'s 2001 <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One</a> film Swan Lake, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeltsin:_Three_Days_in_August" title="Yeltsin: Three Days in August">Yeltsin: Three Days in August</a> (Ельцин. Три дня в августе) is a 2011 Russian film that <a href="/wiki/Dramatization" title="Dramatization">dramatizes</a> the coup.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Event_(2015_film)" title="The Event (2015 film)">The Event</a> (Событие) is a 2015 Russian <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Loznitsa" title="Sergei Loznitsa">Sergei Loznitsa</a> that uses footage shot 19–24 August 1991 by <a href="/wiki/Camera_operator" title="Camera operator">camera operators</a> of the Saint Petersburg Documentary film studio to tell the story of the coup as it unfolded in Leningrad.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_1985%E2%80%931999:_TraumaZone" title="Russia 1985–1999: TraumaZone">Russia 1985–1999: TraumaZone</a> is a BBC documentary television series in 2022.</li> <li>In "House Divided", a <a href="/wiki/For_All_Mankind_(TV_series)#Season_4_(2023–24)" title="For All Mankind (TV series)">season 4 episode of For All Mankind</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> TV series, the coup succeeds and Mikhail Gorbachev is overthrown.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/24px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/35px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/47px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Russian: Августовский путч, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Avgustovskiy Putch, "August Putsch". </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-repcoup1991-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-repcoup1991_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-repcoup1991_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1991/vasil2.htm">Ольга Васильева, «Республики во время путча» в сб.статей: «Путч. Хроника тревожных дней».</a> // Издательство «Прогресс», 1991. (in Russian). Accessed 14 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001010614/http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1991/vasil2.htm">Archived</a> 17 June 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-18">s</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDunlop1995" class="citation book cs1">Dunlop, John B. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/761105926">The rise of Russia and the fall of the Soviet empire</a> (1st pbk. printing, with new postscript ed.). <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_N.J." class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton, N.J.">Princeton, N.J.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2100-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2100-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/761105926">761105926</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204043921/https://www.worldcat.org/title/rise-of-russia-and-the-fall-of-the-soviet-empire/oclc/761105926">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+Russia+and+the+fall+of+the+Soviet+empire&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=1st+pbk.+printing%2C+with+new+postscript&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F761105926&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2100-6&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F761105926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908063236/http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/Files/RESSpecNet/57339/ichaptersection_singledocument/7EE8018C-AD17-44B6-8BC2-8171256A7790/en/Chapter_4.pdf">"Solving Transnistria: Any Optimists Left? by Cristian Urse. p. 58"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/Files/RESSpecNet/57339/ichaptersection_singledocument/7EE8018C-AD17-44B6-8BC2-8171256A7790/en/Chapter_4.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solving+Transnistria%3A+Any+Optimists+Left%3F+by+Cristian+Urse.+p.+58.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fse2.isn.ch%2Fserviceengine%2FFiles%2FRESSpecNet%2F57339%2Fichaptersection_singledocument%2F7EE8018C-AD17-44B6-8BC2-8171256A7790%2Fen%2FChapter_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenta.ru/lib/14159799/full.htm">A party led by the politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky – Accessed 13 September 2009.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408033136/http://lenta.ru/lib/14159799/full.htm">Archived</a> 16 September 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywardRupesingheGurr1999" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Alker; Rupesinghe, Kumar; Gurr, Ted Robert (1999). Journeys Through Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742510289" title="Special:BookSources/9780742510289"><bdi>9780742510289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys+Through+Conflict&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780742510289&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Alker&rft.au=Rupesinghe%2C+Kumar&rft.au=Gurr%2C+Ted+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_5261000/5261982.stm">"Би-би-си – Россия – Хроника путча. Часть II"</a>. news.bbc.co.uk. 18 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070828040103/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_5261000/5261982.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0.+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+II&rft.date=2006-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Frussian%2Frussia%2Fnewsid_5261000%2F5261982.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eth-7"><a href="#cite_ref-eth_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911002221/http://ethics.iph.ras.ru/works/N/9.html">Р. Г. Апресян. Народное сопротивление августовскому путчу</a> (recuperato il 27 novembre 2010 tramite <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SovietCoup_Intl-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SovietCoup_Intl_8-23">x</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshërwood1991" class="citation web cs1">Ishërwood, Julian M. (19 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/08/19/World-reacts-with-shock-to-Gorbachev-ouster/5234533009911/">"World reacts with shock to Gorbachev ouster"</a>. United Press International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526035106/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/08/19/World-reacts-with-shock-to-Gorbachev-ouster/5234533009911/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=World+reacts+with+shock+to+Gorbachev+ouster&rft.date=1991-08-19&rft.aulast=Ish%C3%ABrwood&rft.aufirst=Julian+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1991%2F08%2F19%2FWorld-reacts-with-shock-to-Gorbachev-ouster%2F5234533009911%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911002221/http://ethics.iph.ras.ru/works/N/9.html">"Апресян Р.Г. Народное сопротивление августовскому путчу"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethics.iph.ras.ru/works/N/9.html">the original</a> on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD+%D0%A0.%D0%93.+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethics.iph.ras.ru%2Fworks%2FN%2F9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_10-2">c</a> R.C. Gupta. (1997) Collapse of the Soviet Union. p. 57. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185842813" title="Special:BookSources/9788185842813">9788185842813</a>, </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/08/26/Third-Soviet-official-commits-suicide/5619683179200/">"Third Soviet official commits suicide"</a>. United Press International. 26 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081651/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/08/26/Third-Soviet-official-commits-suicide/5619683179200/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Third+Soviet+official+commits+suicide&rft.date=1991-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1991%2F08%2F26%2FThird-Soviet-official-commits-suicide%2F5619683179200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081514/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/179916/THE-CENTRAL-COMMITTEE-CHIEF-OF-ADMINISTRATION-KILLS-HIMSELF.html">"The Central Committee Chief of Administration Kills Himself"</a>. Deseret News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseretnews.com/article/179916/THE-CENTRAL-COMMITTEE-CHIEF-OF-ADMINISTRATION-KILLS-HIMSELF.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Central+Committee+Chief+of+Administration+Kills+Himself&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F179916%2FTHE-CENTRAL-COMMITTEE-CHIEF-OF-ADMINISTRATION-KILLS-HIMSELF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer_15-0">^</a> Mark Kramer, "The Dialectics of Empire: Soviet Leaders and the Challenge of Civil Resistance in East-Central Europe, 1968–91", in <a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Adam Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a> (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC&q=Civil+resistance+and+power+politics">pp. 108–109</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320185749/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC&dq=Civil+resistance+and+power+politics&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 20 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828102933/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/gorrev.html">"Gorbachev and Perestroika. Professor Gerhard Rempel, Department of History, Western New England College, 1996-02-02, accessed 2008-07-12"</a>. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/gorrev.html">the original</a> on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gorbachev+and+Perestroika.+Professor+Gerhard+Rempel%2C+Department+of+History%2C+Western+New+England+College%2C+1996-02-02%2C+accessed+2008-07-12&rft.pub=Mars.wnec.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.wnec.edu%2F~grempel%2Fcourses%2Fwc2%2Flectures%2Fgorrev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarker1994" class="citation book cs1">Sarker, Sunil Kumar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rGf2b1nsn9cC&q=economic+conditions+in+the+the+Soviet+Union+1991+food">The rise and fall of communism</a>. New Delhi: Atlantic publishers and distributors. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171565153" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171565153"><bdi>978-8171565153</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709213800/https://books.google.com/books?id=rGf2b1nsn9cC&q=economic+conditions+in+the+the+Soviet+Union+1991+food">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+communism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Atlantic+publishers+and+distributors&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-8171565153&rft.aulast=Sarker&rft.aufirst=Sunil+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrGf2b1nsn9cC%26q%3Deconomic%2Bconditions%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bthe%2BSoviet%2BUnion%2B1991%2Bfood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092510/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86T00591R000100140005-4.pdf">"USSR: The food supply situation"</a> (PDF). CIA.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86T00591R000100140005-4.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA.gov&rft.atitle=USSR%3A+The+food+supply+situation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP86T00591R000100140005-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1997" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, R.C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UwroC6xtPQC&q=Collapse+of+the+Soviet+Union+Gupta">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a>. India: Krishna Prakashan Media. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185842813" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185842813"><bdi>978-8185842813</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709213759/https://books.google.com/books?id=_UwroC6xtPQC&q=Collapse+of+the+Soviet+Union+Gupta">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collapse+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=India&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Krishna+Prakashan+Media&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8185842813&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UwroC6xtPQC%26q%3DCollapse%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSoviet%2BUnion%2BGupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziemele5-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Ziemele5_20-0">^</a> <a href="#Ziemele2005">Ziemele (2005)</a>. p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziemele8-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Ziemele8_21-0">^</a> <a href="#Ziemele2005">Ziemele (2005)</a>. p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziemele10-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Ziemele10_22-0">^</a> <a href="#Ziemele2005">Ziemele (2005)</a>. pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Маркедонов Сергей <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apn.ru/publications/article10413.htm">Самоопределение по ленинским принципам</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116153617/https://www.apn.ru/publications/article10413.htm">Archived</a> 16 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yeltsin.ru/day-by-day/1991/08/03/33235/">"Многоступенчатый запуск нового Союза намечен на 20 августа"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215054/https://yeltsin.ru/day-by-day/1991/08/03/33235/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D0%B0+20+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyeltsin.ru%2Fday-by-day%2F1991%2F08%2F03%2F33235%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/union_could_be_saved.pdf">Союз можно было сохранить. Белая книга: Документы и факты о политике М. С. Горбачёва по реформированию и сохранению многонационального государства</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310042330/https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/union_could_be_saved.pdf">Archived</a> 10 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: АСТ, 2007. – С. 316 – 567 с. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Dan Stone, Goodbye to all that? The story of Europe since 1945 (Oxford University Press, 2014) p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-State-27"><a href="#cite_ref-State_27-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yevgenia_Albats" title="Yevgenia Albats">Yevgenia Albats</a> and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future. 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-52738-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-52738-5">0-374-52738-5</a>, pp. 276–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> KGB Maj. Gen. Vyacheslav Zhizhin and KGB Col. Alexei Yegorov, The State Within a State, pp. 276–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-91internalkgbreport-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-91internalkgbreport_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-91internalkgbreport_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-91internalkgbreport_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-91internalkgbreport_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flb.ru/material.phtml?id=3632">"Заключение по материалам расследования роли и участии должностных лиц КГБ СССР в событиях 19–21 августа 1991 года"</a>. flb.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326152828/https://flb.ru/material.phtml?id=3632">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flb.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86+%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+19%E2%80%9321+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflb.ru%2Fmaterial.phtml%3Fid%3D3632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NovayaGazeta51-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta51_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta51_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta51_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta51_30-3">d</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/51n/n51n-s15.shtml">"Novaya Gazeta" No. 51 of 23 July 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215063833/http://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/51n/n51n-s15.shtml">Archived</a> 15 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (extracts from the indictment of the conspirators) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Kyriakodis, Harry G. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schoeningh.de/view/journals/ruhi/18/1-4/article-p317_13.xml">"The 1991 Soviet and 1917 Bolshewk Coups Compared: Causes, Consequences and Legality"</a>. Russian History. 18 (1–4): 323–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633191X00137">10.1163/187633191X00137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-288X">0094-288X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803084001/https://www.schoeningh.de/view/journals/ruhi/18/1-4/article-p317_13.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+History&rft.atitle=The+1991+Soviet+and+1917+Bolshewk+Coups+Compared%3A+Causes%2C+Consequences+and+Legality&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=323-328&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633191X00137&rft.issn=0094-288X&rft.aulast=Kyriakodis&rft.aufirst=Harry+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schoeningh.de%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fruhi%2F18%2F1-4%2Farticle-p317_13.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2009" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, David E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320432478">The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and its Deadly Legacy</a> (1 ed.). New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52437-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52437-7"><bdi>978-0-385-52437-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/320432478">320432478</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204043921/https://www.worldcat.org/title/dead-hand-the-untold-story-of-the-cold-war-arms-race-and-its-dangerous-legacy/oclc/320432478">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Hand%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Cold+War+Arms+Race+and+its+Deadly+Legacy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F320432478&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52437-7&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F320432478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991328-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991328_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyriakodis1991">Kyriakodis 1991</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kprf.ru/media/filestorage/library/c65ca2_pravdamos_27_261_6.pdf">A Word to the People, full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804210553/https://kprf.ru/media/filestorage/library/c65ca2_pravdamos_27_261_6.pdf">Archived</a> 4 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> scan from the <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> newspaper at the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">KPRF</a> website (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-Timeline-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_35-37">al</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.rusbg.com/viewtopic.php?p=183469&sid=ab7f23384901f822938fcbc1b4e31240">Timeline of the events</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127115224/http://archive.rusbg.com/viewtopic.php?p=183469&sid=ab7f23384901f822938fcbc1b4e31240">Archived</a> 27 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Artem Krechnikov, Moscow BBC correspondent </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitrokhin-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitrokhin_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitrokhin_36-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Christopher Andrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Mitrokhin</a> (2000). The <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin_Archive" title="Mitrokhin Archive">Mitrokhin Archive</a>: The KGB in Europe and the West. <a href="/wiki/Gardners_Books" title="Gardners Books">Gardners Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028487-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028487-7">0-14-028487-7</a>, pp. 513–514. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The KGB surveillance logbook included every move of Gorbachev and his wife <a href="/wiki/Raisa_Gorbacheva" title="Raisa Gorbacheva">Raisa Gorbacheva</a>, Subject 111, such as "18:30. 111 is in the bathtub."The State Within a State, pp. 276–277 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soveticus5.narod.ru/gazety/sr910815.htm#u001">"Договор о Союзе суверенных государств"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204043932/http://soveticus5.narod.ru/gazety/sr910815.htm#u001">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoveticus5.narod.ru%2Fgazety%2Fsr910815.htm%23u001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991280-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991280_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyriakodis1991">Kyriakodis 1991</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-NovayaGazeta59-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta59_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta59_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta59_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta59_40-3">d</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/59n/n59n-s16.shtml">Novaya Gazeta No. 59 of 20 August 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122150/http://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/59n/n59n-s16.shtml">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (extracts from the indictment of the conspirators) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kommersant79717-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kommersant79717_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kommersant79717_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kommersant79717_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kommersant79717_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kommersant79717_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kommersant79717_41-5">f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nr2.ru/projects/79717.html">Kommersant</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107015414/http://www.nr2.ru/projects/79717.html">Archived</a> 7 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 18 August 2006 (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_1494000/1494325.stm">"Горбачев: "Я за союз, но не союзное государство""</a> [Gorbachev: "I am for the union, but not the union state"]. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (in Russian). 16 August 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310140152/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_1494000/1494325.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%3A+%22%D0%AF+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%2C+%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%22&rft.date=2001-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Frussian%2Fnews%2Fnewsid_1494000%2F1494325.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010070806/http://www.mysteriouscountry.ru/wiki/index.php/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_6/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_9/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_2">"Варенников Валентин Иванович/Неповторимое/Книга 6/Часть 9/Глава 2 – Таинственная Страна"</a>. mysteriouscountry.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysteriouscountry.ru/wiki/index.php/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_6/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_9/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_2">the original</a> on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mysteriouscountry.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%2F%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%2F%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+6%2F%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+9%2F%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+2+%E2%80%93+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysteriouscountry.ru%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2F%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2_%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%2598%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%2F%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%2F%25D0%259A%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0_6%2F%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258C_9%2F%25D0%2593%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Revolutionary Passage by Marc Garcelon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dqGABT3Yw0C&pg=PA157">p. 159</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516183548/https://books.google.com/books?id=2dqGABT3Yw0C&pg=PA157">Archived</a> 16 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gkchppost-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gkchppost_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gkchppost_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gkchppost_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gkchppost_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gkchppost_45-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://souz.info/library/other/gkchp/gkchppost.htm">"Souz.Info Постановления ГКЧП"</a>. souz.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226092755/http://souz.info/library/other/gkchp/gkchppost.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=souz.info&rft.atitle=Souz.Info+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%9A%D0%A7%D0%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouz.info%2Flibrary%2Fother%2Fgkchp%2Fgkchppost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://souz.info/library/other/gkchp/gkchpukaz.htm">"УКАЗ вице-президента СССР"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826224704/http://www.souz.info/library/other/gkchp/gkchpukaz.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%97+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouz.info%2Flibrary%2Fother%2Fgkchp%2Fgkchpukaz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991338-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991338_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyriakodis1991">Kyriakodis 1991</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> The newspapers that were allowed were <a href="/wiki/Trud_(Russian_newspaper)" title="Trud (Russian newspaper)">Trud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribuna" title="Tribuna">Rabochaya Tribuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Zvezda" title="Krasnaya Zvezda">Krasnaya Zvezda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_Rossiya" title="Sovetskaya Rossiya">Sovetskaya Rossiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moskovskaya_Pravda" title="Moskovskaya Pravda">Moskovskaya Pravda</a>, Leninskoye Znamya, and Sel'skaya zhizn′. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Янаев Г. И. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/janav000/00000045.htm">Последний бой за СССР</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917121951/http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/janav000/00000045.htm">Archived</a> 17 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. – М.: Эксмо, 2010. – 443 с. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1991/putch11.htm">"Путч: день первый. 19 августа 1991 года"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204619/http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1991/putch11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87%3A+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9.+19+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.russ.ru%2Fantolog%2F1991%2Fputch11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kommersant79720-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Kommersant79720_51-0">^</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/publications/79720.html">another "Kommersant" article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107014601/http://www.nr2.ru/ekb/publications/79720.html">Archived</a> 7 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 18 August 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-NovayaGazeta55-52"><a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta55_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051224101119/http://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/55n/n55n-s14.shtml">""Novaya Gazeta" No. 55 of 6 August 2001 (extracts from the indictment of the conspirators)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/55n/n55n-s14.shtml">the original</a> on 24 December 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Novaya+Gazeta%22+No.+55+of+6+August+2001+%28extracts+from+the+indictment+of+the+conspirators%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.novayagazeta.ru%2Fnomer%2F2001%2F55n%2Fn55n-s14.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NovayaGazeta57-53"><a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta57_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123630/http://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/57n/n57n-s12.shtml">""Novaya Gazeta" No. 57 of 13 August 2001 (extracts from the indictment of the conspirators)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/57n/n57n-s12.shtml">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Novaya+Gazeta%22+No.+57+of+13+August+2001+%28extracts+from+the+indictment+of+the+conspirators%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.novayagazeta.ru%2Fnomer%2F2001%2F57n%2Fn57n-s12.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-russianbook-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russianbook_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianbook_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianbook_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianbook_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianbook_54-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522071605/http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1991/">"Путч. Хроника тревожных дней"</a>. old.russ.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1991">the original</a> on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old.russ.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87.+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.russ.ru%2Fantolog%2F1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrei_SoldatovIrina_Borogan2016" class="citation web cs1">Andrei Soldatov; Irina Borogan (19 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/technology/2016/08/the-1991-soviet-internet-helped-stop-a-coup-and-spread-a-message-of-freedom.html">"How the 1991 Soviet Internet Helped Stop a Coup and Spread a Message of Freedom"</a>. Slate Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527054706/https://slate.com/technology/2016/08/the-1991-soviet-internet-helped-stop-a-coup-and-spread-a-message-of-freedom.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+1991+Soviet+Internet+Helped+Stop+a+Coup+and+Spread+a+Message+of+Freedom&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft.au=Andrei+Soldatov&rft.au=Irina+Borogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Ftechnology%2F2016%2F08%2Fthe-1991-soviet-internet-helped-stop-a-coup-and-spread-a-message-of-freedom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarneyMartin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Varney, Wendy; Martin, Brian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23607685">"Lessons from the 1991 Soviet Coup"</a>. Peace Research. 32 (1): 52–68. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4697">0008-4697</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23607685">23607685</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724143745/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23607685">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+the+1991+Soviet+Coup&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-68&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23607685%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-4697&rft.aulast=Varney&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=Martin%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23607685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991334-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991334_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyriakodis1991">Kyriakodis 1991</a>, p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnellFreidin1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bonnell, Victoria E.; Freidin, Gregory (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2499653">"Televorot: The Role of Television Coverage in Russia's August 1991 Coup"</a>. Slavic Review. 52 (4): 810–838. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2499653">10.2307/2499653</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779">0037-6779</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2499653">2499653</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163397619">163397619</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527054709/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2499653">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Televorot%3A+The+Role+of+Television+Coverage+in+Russia%27s+August+1991+Coup&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=810-838&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0037-6779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163397619%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2499653%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2499653&rft.aulast=Bonnell&rft.aufirst=Victoria+E.&rft.au=Freidin%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2499653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.lexpro.ru/document/2238">"Распоряжение Кабинета Министров СССР от 19.08.1991 № 943р"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711145212/https://online.lexpro.ru/document/2238">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+19.08.1991+%E2%84%96+943%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.lexpro.ru%2Fdocument%2F2238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991335-336-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991335-336_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyriakodis1991">Kyriakodis 1991</a>, p. 335-336. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> "Izvestia", 18 August 2006 (in Russian)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.izvestia.ru/hystory/article3095759">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310002630/http://www.izvestia.ru/hystory/article3095759">Archived</a> 10 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> "Moskovskie Novosty", 2001, No. 33 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127062600/http://www.mn.ru/issue.php?2001-33-3">"MN.RU: Московские Новости"</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mn.ru/issue.php?2001-33-3">the original</a> on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MN.RU%3A+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mn.ru%2Fissue.php%3F2001-33-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991341-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991341_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyriakodis1991">Kyriakodis 1991</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/597">"Приказ Коменданта г. Москвы N 2"</a>. 26 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204043921/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/597">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B3.+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B+N+2&rft.date=1991-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nezavisimoe-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nezavisimoe_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nezavisimoe_65-1">b</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvo.ng.ru/history/2006-08-18/1_19aug91.html">"Nezavisimoe Voiennoye Obozrenie"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107015607/http://nvo.ng.ru/history/2006-08-18/1_19aug91.html">Archived</a> 7 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 18 August 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-heroes-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heroes_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-heroes_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1201">"Усов Владимир Александрович"</a>. warheroes.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209222956/http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1201">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warheroes.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warheroes.ru%2Fhero%2Fhero.asp%3FHero_id%3D1201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsF4c06txHM">"The Soviet Coup: Day One, August 19th 1991"</a>. YouTube. 26 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923071323/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsF4c06txHM">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Coup%3A+Day+One%2C+August+19th+1991&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DLsF4c06txHM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Argumenty-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Argumenty_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argumenty_68-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nd.flb.ru/?path=3&info_id=1222&text_version=19">"Argumenty i Facty"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], 15 August 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/spravka/20110707/398468102.html">"Сергей Владимирович Суровикин. Биографическая справка"</a> [Sergey Vladimirovich Surovikin: Biography]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). 7 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013081932/https://ria.ru/spravka/20110707/398468102.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RIA+Novosti&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD.+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Fspravka%2F20110707%2F398468102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64235713">"Ukraine war: Sergei Surovikin removed as commander of Ukraine invasion force"</a>. BBC News. 11 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111221145/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64235713">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+war%3A+Sergei+Surovikin+removed+as+commander+of+Ukraine+invasion+force&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-64235713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/16/soviet-coup-martyrs-anniversary">"Calls for recognition of 1991 Soviet coup martyrs on 20th anniversary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian Online">The Guardian Online</a>. 16 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309182722/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/16/soviet-coup-martyrs-anniversary">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+Online&rft.atitle=Calls+for+recognition+of+1991+Soviet+coup+martyrs+on+20th+anniversary&rft.date=2011-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Faug%2F16%2Fsoviet-coup-martyrs-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> A Russian site on Ilya Krichevsky <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811105836/http://amkworks113.ru/pbl/pbl-8.html">"Александр М. Кобринский, "Растянутое мгновение""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amkworks113.ru/pbl/pbl-8.html">the original</a> on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%9C.+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%22%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famkworks113.ru%2Fpbl%2Fpbl-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988">. Accessed 15 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527070658/http://amkob113.narod.ru/kobra/pbl/pbl-8.html">Archived</a> 17 August 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/the-forgotten-coup-55030">"Russia's Brightest Moment: The 1991 Coup That Failed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>. 19 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320184121/https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/the-forgotten-coup-55030">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Brightest+Moment%3A+The+1991+Coup+That+Failed&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemoscowtimes.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-forgotten-coup-55030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmemann1991" class="citation news cs1">Schmemann, Serge (21 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/21/world/the-soviet-crisis-gorbachev-reportedly-arrested-in-the-crimea.html">"The Soviet Crisis; Gorbachev Reportedly Arrested in the Crimea"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017055604/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/21/world/the-soviet-crisis-gorbachev-reportedly-arrested-in-the-crimea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Crisis%3B+Gorbachev+Reportedly+Arrested+in+the+Crimea&rft.date=1991-08-21&rft.aulast=Schmemann&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F08%2F21%2Fworld%2Fthe-soviet-crisis-gorbachev-reportedly-arrested-in-the-crimea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs1991" class="citation news cs1">Dobbs, Michael (21 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/21/gorbachev-reported-under-house-arrest/228b8d36-69c2-4df6-841d-1eae059afd8d">"Gorbachev Reported Under House Arrest"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204044007/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/21/gorbachev-reported-under-house-arrest/228b8d36-69c2-4df6-841d-1eae059afd8d/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Gorbachev+Reported+Under+House+Arrest&rft.date=1991-08-21&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1991%2F08%2F21%2Fgorbachev-reported-under-house-arrest%2F228b8d36-69c2-4df6-841d-1eae059afd8d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedomosti.sssr.su/1991/35/#01431">"Заседание Президиума Верховного Совета СССР"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506003718/http://vedomosti.sssr.su/1991/35/#01431">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvedomosti.sssr.su%2F1991%2F35%2F%2301431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gkchp.sssr.su/gkchp.pdf">"Заседание Президиума Верховного Совета СССР, ТАСС: 21 августа 1991 года"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121222908/http://gkchp.sssr.su/gkchp.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%2C+%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1%3A+21+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgkchp.sssr.su%2Fgkchp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Август_91-го._А_был_ли_заговор-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Август_91-го._А_был_ли_заговор_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Август_91-го._А_был_ли_заговор_78-1">b</a> Лукьянов А. И. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/lukjn000/00000029.htm">Август 91-го. А был ли заговор?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810165143/http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/lukjn000/00000029.htm">Archived</a> 10 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – М.: Алгоритм, Эксмо, 2010. – 240 с. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sergej-manit.livejournal.com/1043146.html">"Постановление Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 21 августа 1991 года № 2352-I «О неотложных мерах по восстановлению конституционного порядка в стране»"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810164843/https://sergej-manit.livejournal.com/1043146.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+21+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%96+2352-I+%C2%AB%D0%9E+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%C2%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsergej-manit.livejournal.com%2F1043146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/278983">"Геннадий Янаев: Горбачёва никто не арестовывал"</a>. 18 August 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524093142/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/278983">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%3A+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB&rft.date=2001-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F278983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/15381/">"10-я годовщина событий августа 1991 года"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205001803/https://echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/15381/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10-%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecho.msk.ru%2Fprograms%2Fbeseda%2F15381%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newlookmedia.ru/?p=11427">"КАЛИФ ЯНАЕВ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121114131/http://www.newlookmedia.ru/?p=11427">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A4+%D0%AF%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%95%D0%92&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newlookmedia.ru%2F%3Fp%3D11427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_SSR1991" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia">Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR</a> (21 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.likumi.lv/doc.php?id=69512">"Constitutional law on statehood of the Republic of Latvia"</a> (in Latvian). <a href="/wiki/Latvijas_V%C4%93stnesis" title="Latvijas Vēstnesis">Latvijas Vēstnesis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509071056/http://www.likumi.lv/doc.php?id=69512">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+law+on+statehood+of+the+Republic+of+Latvia&rft.pub=Latvijas+V%C4%93stnesis&rft.date=1991-08-21&rft.au=Supreme+Soviet+of+the+Latvian+SSR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.likumi.lv%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3D69512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estonica.org/en/The_August_coup_and_Estonian_independence_1991/">"The August coup and Estonian independence (1991)"</a>. www.estonica.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032856/http://www.estonica.org/en/The_August_coup_and_Estonian_independence_1991/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.estonica.org&rft.atitle=The+August+coup+and+Estonian+independence+%281991%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estonica.org%2Fen%2FThe_August_coup_and_Estonian_independence_1991%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCeGDY9Bd1U">Евгений Спицын о предателях народа или "ГКЧП. Как рушили СССР".</a>, 14 June 2022, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024093348/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCeGDY9Bd1U&gl=US&hl=en">archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2022, retrieved 24 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%22%D0%93%D0%9A%D0%A7%D0%9F.+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%22.&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMCeGDY9Bd1U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Янаев Г. И. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/janav000/00000028.htm">Последний бой за СССР</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917121901/http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/janav000/00000028.htm">Archived</a> 17 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. – М.: Эксмо, 2010. – 443 с. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynovitz2016" class="citation news cs1">Synovitz, Ron (19 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/what-happened-to-the-august-1991-coup-plotters/27933729.html">"What Happened To The August 1991 Soviet Coup Plotters?"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704153717/https://www.rferl.org/a/what-happened-to-the-august-1991-coup-plotters/27933729.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=What+Happened+To+The+August+1991+Soviet+Coup+Plotters%3F&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft.aulast=Synovitz&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fwhat-happened-to-the-august-1991-coup-plotters%2F27933729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawmix.ru/expertlaw/273389">"Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 21.08.1991 № 1626-I О дополнительных полномочиях Президента РСФСР по обеспечению законности деятельности Советов народных депутатов в условиях ликвидации последствий попытки государственного переворота в СССР"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810192432/https://www.lawmix.ru/expertlaw/273389">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+21.08.1991+%E2%84%96+1626-I+%D0%9E+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawmix.ru%2Fexpertlaw%2F273389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=EXP&n=221423#cyoLifS8IMdtkgbx">"Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 22 августа 1991 года № 1627/1-1 «Об официальном признании и использовании Национального флага РСФСР»"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204043927/http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=EXP&n=221423#cyoLifS8IMdtkgbx">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+22+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%96+1627%2F1-1+%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultant.ru%2Fcons%2Fcgi%2Fonline.cgi%3Freq%3Ddoc%26base%3DEXP%26n%3D221423%23cyoLifS8IMdtkgbx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29">"Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря ЦК КПСС"</a> [Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU] (in Russian). 24 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014247/http://www.illuminats.ru/component/content/article/29-new/1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991?directory=29">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9C.+%D0%A1.+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+%D0%A6%D0%9A+%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1&rft.date=1991-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illuminats.ru%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F29-new%2F1198-statement-by-mikhail-gorbachev-on-the-addition-of-duties-the-secretary-general-of-the-cpsu-24-august-1991%3Fdirectory%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution20.info/ckeditor_assets/attachments/490/1991_08_29_postvs_sssr.pdf">"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. № 2371-I «О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом»"</a> [Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 29, 1991 No. 2371-I "On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état that took place"] (PDF) (in Russian). 29 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714113935/http://constitution20.info/ckeditor_assets/attachments/490/1991_08_29_postvs_sssr.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+29+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%96+2371-I+%C2%AB%D0%9E+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8+%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%C2%BB&rft.date=1991-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution20.info%2Fckeditor_assets%2Fattachments%2F490%2F1991_08_29_postvs_sssr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/140">"Указ Президента РСФСР от 24 августа 1991 г. № 83 «О партийных архивах»"</a> [Decree of the President of the RSFSR of August 24, 1991 No. 83 "On Party Archives"] (in Russian). 24 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810190639/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/140">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+24+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%96+83+%C2%AB%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%C2%BB&rft.date=1991-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkremlin.ru%2Facts%2Fbank%2F140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/144">"Указ Президента РСФСР от 25 августа 1991 г. № 90 «Об имуществе КПСС и Коммунистической партии РСФСР»"</a> [Decree of the President of the RSFSR of August 25, 1991 No. 90 "On the property of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the RSFSR"] (in Russian). 25 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030125617/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/144">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+25+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%96+90+%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0%C2%BB&rft.date=1991-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkremlin.ru%2Facts%2Fbank%2F144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385">"Указ Президента РСФСР от 6 ноября 1991 г. № 169 «О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР»"</a> [Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 6, 1991 No. 169 "On the activities of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the RSFSR"] (in Russian). 6 November 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170411/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+6+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1991+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%96+169+%C2%AB%D0%9E+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%9F+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0%C2%BB&rft.date=1991-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkremlin.ru%2Facts%2Fbank%2F385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19391.htm">"Указ Президента СССР от 24.08.1991 N УП-2461 "О Кабинете Министров СССР""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127002356/http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_19391.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+24.08.1991+N+%D0%A3%D0%9F-2461+%22%D0%9E+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libussr.ru%2Fdoc_ussr%2Fusr_19391.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-byind-96"><a href="#cite_ref-byind_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedor1995" class="citation web cs1">Fedor, Helen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/belarus/39.htm">"Belarus – Prelude to Independence"</a>. Belarus: A Country Study. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010070350/http://countrystudies.us/belarus/39.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belarus%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.atitle=Belarus+%E2%80%93+Prelude+to+Independence&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Fedor&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbelarus%2F39.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%91/199/2106">"Закон Республики Беларусь от 25 августа 1991 г. №1017-XII "О придании статуса конституционного закона Декларации Верховного Совета Белорусской ССР о государственном суверенитете Белорусской ССР""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204043937/https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%91/199/2106">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D1%82+25+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%961017-XII+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelzakon.net%2F%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%2F%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25A0%25D0%2591%2F199%2F2106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://base.garant.ru/6334608/">"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2366-I «Об освобождении Павлова В. С. от обязанностей Премьер-министра СССР»"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131005854/http://base.garant.ru/6334608/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+28+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%96+2366-I+%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%92.+%D0%A1.+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbase.garant.ru%2F6334608%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://base.garant.ru/6334609/">"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2367-I «О недоверии Кабинету Министров СССР»"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413153355/http://base.garant.ru/6334609/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+28+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1991+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%96+2367-I+%C2%AB%D0%9E+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbase.garant.ru%2F6334609%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pravo.levonevsky.org-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pravo.levonevsky.org_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pravo.levonevsky.org_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100713021550/http://pravo.levonevsky.org/baza/soviet/sssr0036.htm">"Закон СССР от 05.09.1991 N 2392-1 об органах государственной"</a>. pravo.levonevsky.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.levonevsky.org/baza/soviet/sssr0036.htm">the original</a> on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pravo.levonevsky.org&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+05.09.1991+N+2392-1+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.levonevsky.org%2Fbaza%2Fsoviet%2Fsssr0036.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rian.ru/history/20050906/41308028.html">"6 сентября"</a>. 5 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127063649/http://www.rian.ru/history/20050906/41308028.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F&rft.date=2005-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rian.ru%2Fhistory%2F20050906%2F41308028.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml">"INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation"</a>. 23 November 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml">the original</a> on 23 November 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INFCIRC%2F397+%E2%80%93+Note+to+the+Director+General+from+the+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.date=2003-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2FPublications%2FDocuments%2FInfcircs%2FOthers%2Finf397.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konsultant-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konsultant_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konsultant_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konsultant_103-2">c</a> Konsultant+ (Russian legal database)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5308?isSearch=True">"Ъ-Власть – Стародубцев на воле. С Лениным в башке и подпиской в руке"</a>. 15 June 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123045045/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5308?isSearch=True">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AA-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%E2%80%93+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5.+%D0%A1+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.date=1992-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F5308%3FisSearch%3DTrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/36887">"Ъ-Газета – Пресс-конференция по делу ГКЧП"</a>. 27 January 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210405124652/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/36887">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AA-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83+%D0%93%D0%9A%D0%A7%D0%9F&rft.date=1993-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F36887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/45138">"Суд над членами ГКЧП"</a>. 15 April 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713195918/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/45138">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%93%D0%9A%D0%A7%D0%9F&rft.date=1993-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F45138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_7180/">"Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации от 23 февраля 1994 г. № 65-1 ГД «Об объявлении политической и экономической амнистии»"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009073115/http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_7180/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+23+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F+1994+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%96+65-1+%D0%93%D0%94+%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultant.ru%2Fdocument%2Fcons_doc_LAW_7180%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/25/world/soviet-turmoil-moscow-mourns-and-exalts-men-killed-by-coup.html">"SOVIET TURMOIL; Moscow Mourns And Exalts Men Killed by Coup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 25 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822112309/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/25/world/soviet-turmoil-moscow-mourns-and-exalts-men-killed-by-coup.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=SOVIET+TURMOIL%3B+Moscow+Mourns+And+Exalts+Men+Killed+by+Coup&rft.date=1991-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F08%2F25%2Fworld%2Fsoviet-turmoil-moscow-mourns-and-exalts-men-killed-by-coup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/524200">"Самоубийства высокопоставленных советских чиновников"</a>. www.kommersant.ru (in Russian). 12 November 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240825124951/https://www.kommersant.ru/common/socialnetworkblock">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kommersant.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2004-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F524200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnsworth1991" class="citation news cs1">Farnsworth, Clyde H. (25 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/25/world/canadian-is-attacked-for-remarks-on-soviet-coup.html">"Canadian Is Attacked for Remarks on Soviet Coup"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110172957/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/25/world/canadian-is-attacked-for-remarks-on-soviet-coup.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Canadian+Is+Attacked+for+Remarks+on+Soviet+Coup&rft.date=1991-08-25&rft.aulast=Farnsworth&rft.aufirst=Clyde+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F08%2F25%2Fworld%2Fcanadian-is-attacked-for-remarks-on-soviet-coup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/436458189">"archives"</a>. thestar.com. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/436458189">436458189</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010070350/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/doc/436458189.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+21,+1991&author=Tim+Harper+Toronto+Star&pub=Toronto+Star&edition=&startpage=A.4&desc=McDougall+hints+Ottawa+may+recognize+Moscow+junta">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F436458189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJockelJ.J._Sokolsky1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jockel, J.T.; J.J. Sokolsky (1999). "Canada's Cold War Nuclear Experience". Queens Quarterly (Special Issue): 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Queens+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Cold+War+Nuclear+Experience&rft.issue=Special+Issue&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jockel&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rft.au=J.J.+Sokolsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_113-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_113-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_113-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-21-mn-905-story.html">"Pope Fears the Loss of Hard-Won Church Gains in Soviet Union : Reaction: John Paul's enthusiastic tour of Eastern Europe ends on a glum note"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 21 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110191051/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-21-mn-905-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Fears+the+Loss+of+Hard-Won+Church+Gains+in+Soviet+Union+%3A+Reaction%3A+John+Paul%27s+enthusiastic+tour+of+Eastern+Europe+ends+on+a+glum+note&rft.date=1991-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-08-21-mn-905-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1991" class="citation news cs1">Rosenthal, Andrew (20 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/20/world/the-soviet-crisis-bush-condemns-soviet-coup-and-calls-for-its-reversal.html">"The Soviet Crisis; Bush Condemns Soviet Coup and Calls For Its Reversal"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505023327/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/20/world/the-soviet-crisis-bush-condemns-soviet-coup-and-calls-for-its-reversal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Crisis%3B+Bush+Condemns+Soviet+Coup+and+Calls+For+Its+Reversal&rft.date=1991-08-20&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F08%2F20%2Fworld%2Fthe-soviet-crisis-bush-condemns-soviet-coup-and-calls-for-its-reversal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/03/world/soviet-turmoil-excerpts-bush-s-conference-strong-support-for-baltic-independence.html">"Soviet Turmoil ; Excerpts From Bush's Conference: 'Strong Support' for Baltic Independence"</a>. The New York Times. 3 September 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113161621/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/03/world/soviet-turmoil-excerpts-bush-s-conference-strong-support-for-baltic-independence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soviet+Turmoil+%3B+Excerpts+From+Bush%27s+Conference%3A+%27Strong+Support%27+for+Baltic+Independence&rft.date=1991-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F09%2F03%2Fworld%2Fsoviet-turmoil-excerpts-bush-s-conference-strong-support-for-baltic-independence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991337-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyriakodis1991337_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyriakodis1991">Kyriakodis 1991</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, Daniel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14743892.2019.1599627?journalCode=rach20">"From Crisis to Split: The Communist Party USA, 1989–1991"</a>. American Communist History. 18 (1–2): 1–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14743892.2019.1599627">10.1080/14743892.2019.1599627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159619768">159619768</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110072241/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14743892.2019.1599627?journalCode=rach20">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Communist+History&rft.atitle=From+Crisis+to+Split%3A+The+Communist+Party+USA%2C+1989%E2%80%931991&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-55&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14743892.2019.1599627&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159619768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14743892.2019.1599627%3FjournalCode%3Drach20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/209614">"Wilson Center Digital Archive"</a>. Digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org. 24 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114190153/https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/209614">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilson+Center+Digital+Archive&rft.pub=Digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org&rft.date=1991-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fdocument%2F209614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/436460688">"archives"</a>. thestar.com. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/436460688">436460688</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010071717/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/doc/436460688.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+20,+1991&author=&pub=Toronto+Star&edition=&startpage=A.17&desc=Keep+up+reform,+Kohl+urges+Soviets">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F436460688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse1991" class="citation news cs1">Greenhouse, Steven (27 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/27/world/soviet-turmoil-french-communist-chief-attacked-for-stance-on-soviet-coup.html">"Soviet Turmoil ; French Communist Chief Attacked for Stance on Soviet Coup"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220722051325/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/27/world/soviet-turmoil-french-communist-chief-attacked-for-stance-on-soviet-coup.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soviet+Turmoil+%3B+French+Communist+Chief+Attacked+for+Stance+on+Soviet+Coup&rft.date=1991-08-27&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F08%2F27%2Fworld%2Fsoviet-turmoil-french-communist-chief-attacked-for-stance-on-soviet-coup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebber1992" class="citation journal cs1">Webber, Mark (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992384">"The Third World and the Dissolution of the USSR"</a>. Third World Quarterly. 13 (4): 691–713. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436599208420305">10.1080/01436599208420305</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992384">3992384</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071838/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992384">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Third+World+and+the+Dissolution+of+the+USSR&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=691-713&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436599208420305&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3992384%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Webber&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3992384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Gibson, Joshua James (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429894687">An Unsustainable Arrangement: The Collapse of the Republic of Afghanistan in 1992</a> (MA thesis). Ohio State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240825124944/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu1429894687">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=An+Unsustainable+Arrangement%3A+The+Collapse+of+the+Republic+of+Afghanistan+in+1992&rft.inst=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Joshua+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frave.ohiolink.edu%2Fetdc%2Fview%3Facc_num%3Dosu1429894687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarver1993" class="citation journal cs1">Garver, John (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/654237">"The Chinese Communist Party and the Collapse of Soviet Communism"</a>. The China Quarterly. 133 (133): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000018178">10.1017/S0305741000018178</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/654237">654237</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154647616">154647616</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109154856/https://www.jstor.org/stable/654237">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party+and+the+Collapse+of+Soviet+Communism&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=133&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154647616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F654237%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741000018178&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F654237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoutherl1991" class="citation news cs1">Southerl, Daniel (23 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/23/chinese-dissidents-hail-moscow-events/6fea0a33-ccc8-4e93-b6d5-665faa846e64/">"Chinese Dissidents Hail Moscow Events"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110173311/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/23/chinese-dissidents-hail-moscow-events/6fea0a33-ccc8-4e93-b6d5-665faa846e64/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Chinese+Dissidents+Hail+Moscow+Events&rft.date=1991-08-23&rft.aulast=Southerl&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1991%2F08%2F23%2Fchinese-dissidents-hail-moscow-events%2F6fea0a33-ccc8-4e93-b6d5-665faa846e64%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble1991" class="citation news cs1">Noble, Kenneth B. (25 June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/25/world/congo-political-conference-gives-africa-a-democratic-model.html">"Congo Political Conference Gives Africa a Democratic Model"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008142304/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/25/world/congo-political-conference-gives-africa-a-democratic-model.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Congo+Political+Conference+Gives+Africa+a+Democratic+Model&rft.date=1991-06-25&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F06%2F25%2Fworld%2Fcongo-political-conference-gives-africa-a-democratic-model.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-08-op-2758-story.html">"The Last Days of the Soviet Lifeline : Now Cuba faces a midlife crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 8 September 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110055731/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-08-op-2758-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Last+Days+of+the+Soviet+Lifeline+%3A+Now+Cuba+faces+a+midlife+crisis&rft.date=1991-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-09-08-op-2758-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-23-wr-1043-story.html">"World Report Extra : The Coup and Beyond : World View : Holding Out for Hammer and Sickle : There are still several orthodox Communist states in the world. Their reaction to the sudden fall – and return – of Mikhail Gorbachev. : Cuba : 'Option Zero' in Havana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 23 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109035418/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-23-wr-1043-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=World+Report+Extra+%3A+The+Coup+and+Beyond+%3A+World+View+%3A+Holding+Out+for+Hammer+and+Sickle+%3A+There+are+still+several+orthodox+Communist+states+in+the+world.+Their+reaction+to+the+sudden+fall+%E2%80%93+and+return+%E2%80%93+of+Mikhail+Gorbachev.+%3A+Cuba+%3A+%27Option+Zero%27+in+Havana&rft.date=1991-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-08-23-wr-1043-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-23-wr-1039-story.html">"World Report Extra: The Coup and Beyond : World View : Holding Out for Hammer and Sickle : There are still several orthodox Communist states in the world. Their reaction to the sudden fall – and return – of Mikhail Gorbachev : North Korea : Pyongyang's Odd Drama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 23 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109052706/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-23-wr-1039-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=World+Report+Extra%3A+The+Coup+and+Beyond+%3A+World+View+%3A+Holding+Out+for+Hammer+and+Sickle+%3A+There+are+still+several+orthodox+Communist+states+in+the+world.+Their+reaction+to+the+sudden+fall+%E2%80%93+and+return+%E2%80%93+of+Mikhail+Gorbachev+%3A+North+Korea+%3A+Pyongyang%27s+Odd+Drama&rft.date=1991-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-08-23-wr-1039-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/13/world/north-korea-tries-to-block-any-effects-of-failed-soviet-coup.html">"North Korea Tries to Block Any Effects of Failed Soviet Coup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 13 September 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109052706/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/13/world/north-korea-tries-to-block-any-effects-of-failed-soviet-coup.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=North+Korea+Tries+to+Block+Any+Effects+of+Failed+Soviet+Coup&rft.date=1991-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F09%2F13%2Fworld%2Fnorth-korea-tries-to-block-any-effects-of-failed-soviet-coup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikheev1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mikheev, Vasily V. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23255885">"North Korean Regime and Russian Political Power"</a>. The Journal of East Asian Affairs. 12 (2): 553–576. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23255885">23255885</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109052706/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23255885">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+East+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=North+Korean+Regime+and+Russian+Political+Power&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=553-576&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23255885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mikheev&rft.aufirst=Vasily+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23255885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/09/vietnam-fears-effects-of-soviet-upheaval/8da962c3-49e6-493b-af1f-72420dfc5365/">"Vietnam Fears Effects Of Soviet Upheaval"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 9 September 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220133348/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/09/vietnam-fears-effects-of-soviet-upheaval/8da962c3-49e6-493b-af1f-72420dfc5365/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Vietnam+Fears+Effects+Of+Soviet+Upheaval&rft.date=1991-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1991%2F09%2F09%2Fvietnam-fears-effects-of-soviet-upheaval%2F8da962c3-49e6-493b-af1f-72420dfc5365%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeong1992" class="citation journal cs1">Yeong, Mike (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798159">"New Thinking in Vietnamese Foreign Policy"</a>. Contemporary Southeast Asia. 14 (3): 257–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2FCS14-3D">10.1355/CS14-3D</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798159">25798159</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109083927/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798159">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=New+Thinking+in+Vietnamese+Foreign+Policy&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-268&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2FCS14-3D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25798159%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yeong&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25798159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/why-the-soviet-union-and-yugoslavia-collapsed-the-way-they-did-reexamining-russian-and-serbian">"Why the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia Collapsed the Way They Did: Reexamining Russian and Serbian Nationalism"</a>. Wilson Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114224835/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/why-the-soviet-union-and-yugoslavia-collapsed-the-way-they-did-reexamining-russian-and-serbian">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+Soviet+Union+and+Yugoslavia+Collapsed+the+Way+They+Did%3A+Reexamining+Russian+and+Serbian+Nationalism&rft.pub=Wilson+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fevent%2Fwhy-the-soviet-union-and-yugoslavia-collapsed-the-way-they-did-reexamining-russian-and-serbian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1994" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Lenard J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40202977">"Russia and the Balkans: Pan-Slavism, Partnership and Power"</a>. International Journal. 49 (4): 814–845. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002070209404900405">10.1177/002070209404900405</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40202977">40202977</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147158781">147158781</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114213007/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40202977">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Russia+and+the+Balkans%3A+Pan-Slavism%2C+Partnership+and+Power&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=814-845&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147158781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40202977%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002070209404900405&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Lenard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40202977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1991/08/20/world-reaction/">"World Reaction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</a>. 13 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331223547/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1991/08/20/world-reaction/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=World+Reaction&rft.date=2005-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Farchive%2F1991%2F08%2F20%2Fworld-reaction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/1007/07182.html">"Breakup of Soviet Union Leaves India Shaken"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 7 October 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110070431/https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/1007/07182.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Breakup+of+Soviet+Union+Leaves+India+Shaken&rft.date=1991-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1991%2F1007%2F07182.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/08/21/natos-response-covers-all-bases/">"Nato's Response Covers All Bases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. 21 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111001957/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-08-21/news/9103020365_1_foreign-ministers-kremlin-coup-coup-leaders">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Nato%27s+Response+Covers+All+Bases&rft.date=1991-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1991%2F08%2F21%2Fnatos-response-covers-all-bases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8060046/Gennady-Yanayev.html">"Gennady Yanayev"</a>. 12 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213451/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8060046/Gennady-Yanayev.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gennady+Yanayev&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fpolitics-obituaries%2F8060046%2FGennady-Yanayev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-01-me-pavlov1-story.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240825124943/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-01-me-pavlov1-story.html">Archived</a> 25 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "LA Times", March 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Simon Saradzhyan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104544/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1998/6/article/coup-leader-may-join-defense-team/288967.html">Coup Leader May Join Defense Team</a>, "The Moscow Times", March 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Rupert Cornwell <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/vasily-starodubtsev-politician-who-tried-to-topple-gorbachev-in-1991-6284480.html">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010070156/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/vasily-starodubtsev-politician-who-tried-to-topple-gorbachev-in-1991-6284480.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"Vasily Starodubtsev: Politician who tried to topple Gorbachev in 1991", March 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Vladimir Socor <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5407&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=217&no_cache=1#.VQGVXGSxNF9">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130101/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5407&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=217&no_cache=1#.VQGVXGSxNF9">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"The Jamestown Foundation", March 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЖЕЛЕЗНОВА2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ЖЕЛЕЗНОВА, Мария (23 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929221858/http://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/60n/n60n-s13.shtml">""ЛЕБЕДИНОЕ ОЗЕРО" ВЫСОХЛО Новый телесезон начался с юбилея ГКЧП — но без балета"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/60n/n60n-s13.shtml">the original</a> on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%91%D0%95%D0%94%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%95+%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9E%22+%D0%92%D0%AB%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A5%D0%9B%D0%9E+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%81+%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%9A%D0%A7%D0%9F+%E2%80%94+%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.pub=Novaya+Gazeta&rft.date=2001-08-23&rft.aulast=%D0%96%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.novayagazeta.ru%2Fnomer%2F2001%2F60n%2Fn60n-s13.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Post_Stalinist_Soviet_Union#The_Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_and_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union">Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § The Dissolution of the Soviet Union and Bloc</a></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnellFreidin1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bonnell, Victoria E.; Freidin, Gregory (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-leland.stanford.edu/~gfreidin/Publications/Televorot1.pdf">"Televorot: The Role of Television Coverage in Russia's August 1991 Coup"</a> (PDF). Slavic Review. 52 (4): 810–838. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2499653">10.2307/2499653</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779">0037-6779</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2499653">2499653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Televorot%3A+The+Role+of+Television+Coverage+in+Russia%27s+August+1991+Coup&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=810-838&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0037-6779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2499653%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2499653&rft.aulast=Bonnell&rft.aufirst=Victoria+E.&rft.au=Freidin%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-leland.stanford.edu%2F~gfreidin%2FPublications%2FTelevorot1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreslauer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Breslauer, George W. (April 1992). "Reflections on the Anniversary of the August 1991 Coup". Soviet Economy. 8 (2): 164–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08826994.1992.10641350">10.1080/08826994.1992.10641350</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-6994">0882-6994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Economy&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Anniversary+of+the+August+1991+Coup&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=164-174&rft.date=1992-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08826994.1992.10641350&rft.issn=0882-6994&rft.aulast=Breslauer&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dunlop, John B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/jcws/article-pdf/5/1/94/695771/152039703320996731.pdf">"The August 1991 Coup and Its Impact on Soviet Politics"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a>. 5 (1): 94–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F152039703320996731">10.1162/152039703320996731</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972">1520-3972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+August+1991+Coup+and+Its+Impact+on+Soviet+Politics&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-127&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F152039703320996731&rft.issn=1520-3972&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fjcws%2Farticle-pdf%2F5%2F1%2F94%2F695771%2F152039703320996731.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson, James L. (September 1997). "Mass Opposition to the Soviet Putsch of August 1991: Collective Action, Rational Choice, and Democratic Values in the Former Soviet Union". American Political Science Review. 91 (3): 671–684. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2952082">10.2307/2952082</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2952082">2952082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Mass+Opposition+to+the+Soviet+Putsch+of+August+1991%3A+Collective+Action%2C+Rational+Choice%2C+and+Democratic+Values+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=671-684&rft.date=1997-09&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2952082%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2952082&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamburg1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hamburg, Roger (1992). "After the Abortive Soviet Coup and 'What Is To Be Done?' The Post Soviet Military". Journal of Political & Military Sociology. 20 (2): 305–322. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45294287">45294287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+%26+Military+Sociology&rft.atitle=After+the+Abortive+Soviet+Coup+and+%27What+Is+To+Be+Done%3F%27+The+Post+Soviet+Military&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305-322&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45294287%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hamburg&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyriakodis1991" class="citation journal cs1">Kyriakodis, Harry G. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wp.towson.edu/iajournal/files/2017/11/1991-AND-1917-COUPS-COMPARED-1j76ntt.pdf">"The 1991 Soviet and 1917 Bolshewk Coups Compared: Causes, Consequences and Legality"</a> (PDF). Russian History. 18 (1–4): 317–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633191X00137">10.1163/187633191X00137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-288X">0094-288X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+History&rft.atitle=The+1991+Soviet+and+1917+Bolshewk+Coups+Compared%3A+Causes%2C+Consequences+and+Legality&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=317-362&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633191X00137&rft.issn=0094-288X&rft.aulast=Kyriakodis&rft.aufirst=Harry+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwp.towson.edu%2Fiajournal%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F11%2F1991-AND-1917-COUPS-COMPARED-1j76ntt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepingwell1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lepingwell, John W. R. (July 1992). "Soviet Civil-Military Relations and the August Coup". <a href="/wiki/World_Politics" title="World Politics">World Politics</a>. 44 (4): 539–572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2010487">10.2307/2010487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8871">0043-8871</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2010487">2010487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Soviet+Civil-Military+Relations+and+the+August+Coup&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=539-572&rft.date=1992-07&rft.issn=0043-8871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2010487%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2010487&rft.aulast=Lepingwell&rft.aufirst=John+W.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNair1996" class="citation book cs1">McNair, Brian (1996). "Reform and restructuring in the Soviet media before and after the August 1991 coup". In Eldridge, John; Eldridge, John Eric (eds.). Getting the message: news, truth and power. Communication and society (1. publ., repr ed.). London New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 53–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07984-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07984-6"><bdi>978-0-415-07984-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reform+and+restructuring+in+the+Soviet+media+before+and+after+the+August+1991+coup&rft.btitle=Getting+the+message%3A+news%2C+truth+and+power&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.series=Communication+and+society&rft.pages=53-72&rft.edition=1.+publ.%2C+repr&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07984-6&rft.aulast=McNair&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee1991" class="citation journal cs1">Matthee, Heinrich (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/37368507.pdf">"A Breakdown of Civil-Military Relations: The Soviet Coup of 1991"</a> (PDF). Scientia Militaria - South African Journal of Military Studies. 29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5787%2F29-0-185">10.5787/29-0-185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2224-0020">2224-0020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientia+Militaria+-+South+African+Journal+of+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Breakdown+of+Civil-Military+Relations%3A+The+Soviet+Coup+of+1991&rft.volume=29&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5787%2F29-0-185&rft.issn=2224-0020&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F37368507.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1991" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Stephen M. (1991). "How the Threat (and the Coup) Collapsed: The Politicization of the Soviet Military". <a href="/wiki/International_Security_(journal)" title="International Security (journal)">International Security</a>. 16 (3): 5–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539087">10.2307/2539087</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539087">2539087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=How+the+Threat+%28and+the+Coup%29+Collapsed%3A+The+Politicization+of+the+Soviet+Military&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5-38&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539087%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŌgushi2008" class="citation book cs1">Ōgushi, Atsushi (2008). The demise of the Soviet Communist Party. BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies. London ; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43439-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43439-3"><bdi>978-0-415-43439-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/144769250">144769250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+demise+of+the+Soviet+Communist+Party&rft.place=London+%3B+New+York&rft.series=BASEES%2FRoutledge+series+on+Russian+and+East+European+studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F144769250&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43439-3&rft.aulast=%C5%8Cgushi&rft.aufirst=Atsushi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaarJoe1992" class="citation journal cs1">Saar, Andrus; Joe, Liivi (1992). "Polling, Under the Gun: Political Attitudes in Estonia, Surveyed at the Height of the Soviet Coup Attempt, August 1991". <a href="/wiki/Public_Opinion_Quarterly" title="Public Opinion Quarterly">Public Opinion Quarterly</a>. 56 (4): 519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F269341">10.1086/269341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Polling%2C+Under+the+Gun%3A+Political+Attitudes+in+Estonia%2C+Surveyed+at+the+Height+of+the+Soviet+Coup+Attempt%2C+August+1991&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=519&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F269341&rft.aulast=Saar&rft.aufirst=Andrus&rft.au=Joe%2C+Liivi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarneyMartin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Varney, Wendy; Martin, Brian (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.uow.edu.au/~/bmartin/pubs/00pr.html">"Lessons from the 1991 Soviet coup"</a>. Peace Research. 32 (1): 52–68. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23607685">23607685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+the+1991+Soviet+coup&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-68&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23607685%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Varney&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=Martin%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.uow.edu.au%2F~%2Fbmartin%2Fpubs%2F00pr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Vogt1991" class="citation thesis cs1">Charles Vogt, William (December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36721382.pdf">The Soviet coup of August 1991: why it happened, and why it was doomed to fail</a> (PDF) (MA thesis). <a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Soviet+coup+of+August+1991%3A+why+it+happened%2C+and+why+it+was+doomed+to+fail&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=Naval+Postgraduate+School&rft.date=1991-12&rft.aulast=Charles+Vogt&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F36721382.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ziemele2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ineta_Ziemele" title="Ineta Ziemele">Ziemele, Ineta</a> (2005). State continuity and nationality: the Baltic States and Russia: past present and future as defined by international law. Leiden ; Boston: <a href="/wiki/M._Nijhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Nijhoff">M. Nijhoff</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14295-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14295-4"><bdi>978-90-04-14295-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57170584">57170584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+continuity+and+nationality%3A+the+Baltic+States+and+Russia%3A+past+present+and+future+as+defined+by+international+law&rft.place=Leiden+%3B+Boston&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Focm57170584&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14295-4&rft.aulast=Ziemele&rft.aufirst=Ineta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZlotnik2003" class="citation journal cs1">Zlotnik, Marc (2003). "Yeltsin and Gorbachev: The Politics of Confrontation". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a>. 5 (1): 128–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F152039703320996740">10.1162/152039703320996740</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972">1520-3972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Yeltsin+and+Gorbachev%3A+The+Politics+of+Confrontation&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=128-164&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F152039703320996740&rft.issn=1520-3972&rft.aulast=Zlotnik&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorbačev1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbačev, Michail</a> (1991). The August coup: the truth and the lessons (1. ed.). New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins_Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="HarperCollins Publisher">HarperCollins Publisher</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016890-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016890-2"><bdi>978-0-06-016890-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+August+coup%3A+the+truth+and+the+lessons&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publisher&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-06-016890-2&rft.aulast=Gorba%C4%8Dev&rft.aufirst=Michail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> Includes transcript of the videotaped statement made 19/20 August 1991 as his Foros dacha.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnellCooperFreidin1994" class="citation book cs1">Bonnell, Victoria E.; Cooper, Ann; Freidin, Gregory, eds. (1994). Russia at the barricades: eyewitness accounts of the August 1991 Coup. Armonk, NY: Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-272-4"><bdi>978-1-56324-272-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+the+barricades%3A+eyewitness+accounts+of+the+August+1991+Coup&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pub=Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-272-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Soviet+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> Includes the chronology of the coup, photos, and accounts from a broad cross-section of participants and eyewitnesses, including the editors.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1991_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1991 coup d'état attempt in the Soviet Union">1991 coup d'état attempt in the Soviet Union</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/the-august-coup/the-august-coup-texts/">The August Coup texts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/jiriksoviet/voices-from-an-attempted-soviet-coup">Voices From An Attempted Soviet Coup.</a> first person accounts and documents from both sides of the barricades. Compiled and edited by Anya Chernyakhovskaya, Dr John Jirik and Nikolai Lamm.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/communications/logs/report-ussr-gorbatchev">IRC logs</a>: Transcript of internet chat from the time of the coup</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ian.chard.org/stuff/un_gorby.html">TASS transmissions at the time of the coup</a> (captured from short-wave radio transmissions, contains decoding errors)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125113124/http://www.andrewcoyne.com/Essays/Newspapers/Globe%2091-96/Soviet%20coup%20analysis%20(1991).rtfd/TXT.html">Andrew Coyne: Getting to the Roots of a Deserved Failure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217162124/http://archive.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=1&i_number=696">The St. Petersburg Times #696(63), 17 August 2001</a> The issue of <a href="/wiki/The_St._Petersburg_Times_(Russia)" title="The St. Petersburg Times (Russia)">The St. Petersburg Times</a> devoted to the tenth anniversary of the coup attempt.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.net/stalinism/collapse/script.htm?5.htm">The Collapse of Stalinism</a> Chronology of the Coup The USSR in 1991: The Implosion of a Superpower by Dr Robert F. Miller</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043613/http://www.memoryarchive.org/en/Moscow_Coup%2C_August_1991%2C_Anonymous">Moscow Coup, August 1991, Anonymous</a>: Memories of an anonymous Russian in Wiki Memory Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107010002/http://www.douglassmith.info/143/the-1991-soviet-coup.-a-personal-account..html">Personal account and photographs of historian Douglas Smith, an eyewitness to the coup</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VAHy76QO7o">Vadim Anatov, a programmer for Relcom (the first public ISP in the USSR)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> talking about the role of the Internet in resistance to the coup.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040923072304/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2004/sep/tsypkinSept04.asp">Adventures of the "Nuclear Briefcase": A Russian Document Analysis</a>, Strategic Insights, Volume III, Issue 9 (September 2004), by Mikhail Tsypkin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/19910819/">Map of Europe showing areas affected by Soviet Coup Attempt</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Revolutions_of_1989" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template talk:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revolutions_of_1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Internal background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Eastern Bloc media and propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">Shortage economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">International background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">List of socialist states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union">Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Terrorism and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Vatican Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uskorenie" title="Uskorenie">Uskorenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demokratizatsiya_(Soviet_Union)" title="Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)">Demokratizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khozraschyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Khozraschyot">Khozraschyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Days_Program" title="500 Days Program">500 Days Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_political_thinking" title="New political thinking">New political thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatra_Doctrine" title="Sinatra Doctrine">Sinatra Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Government leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitizdat" title="Magnitizdat">Magnitizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_press" title="Polish underground press">Polish underground press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaas%C3%BCrengiin_Zorig" title="Sanjaasürengiin Zorig">Sanjaasürengiin Zorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Viacheslav Chornovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Landsbergis" title="Vytautas Landsbergis">Vytautas Landsbergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev" title="Zhelyu Zhelev">Zhelyu Zhelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forum" title="New Forum">New Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Forum" title="Civic Forum">Civic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Peace_and_Human_Rights" title="Initiative for Peace and Human Rights">Initiative for Peace and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia" title="Popular Front of Estonia">Popular Front of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Against_Violence" title="Public Against Violence">Public Against Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastokhez" title="Rastokhez">Rastokhez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-regional_Deputies_Group" title="Inter-regional Deputies Group">Inter-regional Deputies Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats" title="Alliance of Free Democrats">Alliance of Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Events by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Central and Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria#End_of_the_People's_Republic" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Final_decade_of_the_Polish_People's_Republic_(1980–1989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Armenian independence referendum">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_independence_referendum" title="1991 Azerbaijani independence referendum">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Georgian independence referendum">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Towards_independence:_1985-1991" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova" title="Independence of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="History of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Revolution" title="Tajikistani Revolution">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Turkmen_independence_referendum" title="1991 Turkmen independence referendum">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Uzbek_independence_election" title="1991 Uzbek independence election">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicesse_Accords" title="Bicesse Accords">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin#Dissolution" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo#Transition" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg_regime" title="Fall of the Derg regime">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Transition_to_peace" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">South Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Individual events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Hungary%27s_border_fence_with_Austria" title="Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria">Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Round_Table_Talks" title="Hungarian Round Table Talks">Hungarian Round Table Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz_demonstration" title="Alexanderplatz demonstration">Alexanderplatz demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_on_Granite" title="Revolution on Granite">Revolution on Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January Events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991 protests in Belgrade">1991 protests in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">1991 Belarusian strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact#End_of_the_Cold_War" title="Warsaw Pact">Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">Decommunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustration" title="Lustration">Lustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">Neo-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_since_1991" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible United States (2021) navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template:Coup d'état"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template talk:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_since_1991" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coups</a>, and attempted coups since 1991</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts" title="List of coups and coup attempts">List of coups and coup attempts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_by_country" title="List of coups and coup attempts by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_since_2010" title="List of coups and coup attempts since 2010">since 2010</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Malian coup d'état">Mali (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet Union (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état">Georgia (1991–1992)</a>c</li> <li>Venezuela (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">April</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_attempt" title="1992 Peruvian coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1992)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">Algeria (1992)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1992 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Guatemalan_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis">Guatemala (1993)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">Azerbaijan (1993)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Russia (1993)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="1993 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1993 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_the_Volunteers" title="Coup of the Volunteers">Lithuania (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1993)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana (1994)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Gambian coup d'état">Gambia (1994)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1994)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1994 Liberian coup attempt">Liberia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1994 Cambodian coup d'état attempt">Cambodia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_attempt" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup attempt">Azerbaijan (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Qatari_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1995 Qatari coup d'état">Qatar (1995)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Guinean_coup_attempt" title="1996 Guinean coup attempt">Guinea (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="1996 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Iraqi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Iraqi coup attempt">Iraq (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1996)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1996)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Qatari_coup_attempt" title="1996 Qatari coup attempt">Qatar (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">Cambodia (1997)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">Turkey (1997)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Zambian_coup_attempt" title="1997 Zambian coup attempt">Zambia (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1999)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Pakistan (1999)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Ivorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Ivorian coup d'état">Côte d'Ivoire (1999)</a>c</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état">Ecuador (2000)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="2000 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2000)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Solomon_Islands_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Solomon Islands coup d'état">Solomon Islands (2000)</a> c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2001 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Venezuela (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2002 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2003 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Central African Republic coup d'état">Central African Republic (2003)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Mauritanian_coup_attempt" title="2003 Mauritanian coup attempt">Mauritania (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Philippines (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2003)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2004 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2004 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (2004)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_attempt" title="2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt">Equatorial Guinea (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2004 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andahuaylas_uprising" title="Andahuaylas uprising">Peru (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">Nepal (2005)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Togolese coup d'état">Togo (2005)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2005)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2006 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2006)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Malagasy_coup_attempt" title="2006 Malagasy coup attempt">Madagascar (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2006)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Peninsula_siege" title="Manila Peninsula siege">Philippines (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Omdurman_attack" title="2008 Omdurman attack">Sudan (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2008)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2008)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis" title="2009 Malagasy political crisis">Madagascar (2009)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2009 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (2009)</a>c</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2010 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2010)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Madagascar_coup_attempt" title="2010 Madagascar coup attempt">Madagascar (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2011 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2011 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="2011 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (2011)</a></li> <li>Mali (2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">March</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_counter-coup_attempt" title="2012 Malian counter-coup attempt">April</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2012)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2012 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Eritrean_Army_mutiny" title="2013 Eritrean Army mutiny">Eritrea (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2013)" title="Battle of Bangui (2013)">Central African Republic (2013)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2013 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">Egypt (2013)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="2013 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_coup_attempts" title="2014 Libyan coup attempts">Libya (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2014)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2014 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Yemen (2014–15)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">Turkey (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2016 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_clashes_(2016%E2%80%932018)" title="Western Libya clashes (2016–2018)">Libya (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">Zimbabwe (2017)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aden_(2018)" title="Battle of Aden (2018)">Yemen (2018)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gabonese_coup_attempt" title="2019 Gabonese coup attempt">Gabon (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (2019)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region_coup_attempt" title="Amhara Region coup attempt">Ethiopia (2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2020)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2021)" title="Battle of Bangui (2021)">Central African Republic (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">Myanmar (2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2021 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_self-coup" title="2021 Tunisian self-coup">Tunisia (2021)</a>‡c</li> <li>Sudan (2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2021_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">October</a>c</li></ul></li> <li>Burkina Faso (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">January</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">September</a>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_self-coup_attempt" title="2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt">Peru (2022)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2022 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudan (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2023)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Gabonese coup d'état">Gabon (2023)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sierra_Leone_coup_attempt" title="2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt">Sierra Leone (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State_coup_attempt" title="Oyo State coup attempt">Nigeria (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bolivian_coup_attempt" title="2024 Bolivian coup attempt">Bolivia (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>‡ <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">Self-coup</a> or its attempt</li> <li>[no symbol] <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup</a> attempt</li> <li>c Successful <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a> See also: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Plots_and_conspiracies" title="Template:Plots and conspiracies">Plots and conspiracies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boris_Yeltsin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Template:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Template talk:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boris_Yeltsin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia" title="List of presidents of Russia">1st President of Russia</a> (1991–1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butka,_Russia" title="Butka, Russia">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow City Committee of the CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Congress of the CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Death and state funeral of Boris Yeltsin">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="First inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Second inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Yegor_Gaidar" title="Cabinet of Boris Yeltsin and Yegor Gaidar">Cabinet of Yeltsin–Gaidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1991 Soviet coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belovezh_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezh Accords">Belovezh Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_crisis_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic crisis of Russia">Demographic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Russian constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_circling_over_Shannon_diplomatic_incident" title="Boris Yeltsin circling over Shannon diplomatic incident">"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_Russia" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia">Elizabeth II visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1993" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1993">Monetary reform (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1998" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1998">Monetary reform (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 financial crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_miners%27_strike" title="1998 Russian miners' strike">1998 miners' strike</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Boris_Yeltsin" title="List of international presidential trips made by Boris Yeltsin">List of trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">Impeachment attempts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Electoral history of Boris Yeltsin">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">1991 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1991 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vote_or_lose" title="Vote or lose">Vote or lose</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">Loans for shares scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semibankirschina" title="Semibankirschina">Semibankirschina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soskovets_campaign_strategy" title="Soskovets campaign strategy">Soskovets campaign strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_affair" title="Xerox affair">Xerox affair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Center" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center">Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Library" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library">Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_University" title="Ural Federal University">Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz-Russian_Slavic_University_named_after_Boris_Yeltsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin">Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_Academy,_named_after_the_first_President_of_Russia_Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin (page does not exist)">Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Peak" title="Boris Yeltsin Peak">Boris Yeltsin Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_of_Boris_Yeltsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Street of Boris Yeltsin">Street of Boris Yeltsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Boris_Yeltsin_in_Yekaterinburg" title="Monument to Boris Yeltsin in Yekaterinburg">Monument (Yekaterinburg)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_Boris_Yeltsin_in_Cholpon-Ata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument to Boris Yeltsin in Cholpon-Ata (page does not exist)">Monument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholpon-Ata" title="Cholpon-Ata">Cholpon-Ata</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Volleyball_Cup" title="Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup">Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_on_a_Given_Theme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confession on a Given Theme (page does not exist)">Confession on a Given Theme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notes_of_President&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notes of President (page does not exist)">Notes of President</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidential_Marathon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidential Marathon (page does not exist)">Presidential Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin:_From_Dawn_to_Dusk" title="Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk">Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeltsin:_Three_Days_in_August" title="Yeltsin: Three Days in August">Yeltsin: Three Days in August</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_August%27s_Days&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three August's Days (page does not exist)">Three August's Days</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar_Boris_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsar Boris (film) (page does not exist)">Tsar Boris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_All_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of All Russia (page does not exist)">President of All Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B.N._(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.N. (film) (page does not exist)">B.N.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._Farewell_to_the_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._Life_and_Fate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._First&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. First (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. First</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._Retreat_is_Impossible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Yeltsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Yeltsin (page does not exist)">Nikolay Yeltsin</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Yeltsina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Yeltsina (page does not exist)">Claudia Yeltsina</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naina_Yeltsina" title="Naina Yeltsina">Naina Yeltsina</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Yumasheva" title="Tatyana Yumasheva">Tatyana Yumasheva</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elena_Okulova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elena Okulova (page does not exist)">Elena Okulova</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">← Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Category:Boris Yeltsin">Category:Boris Yeltsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221382#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221382#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221382#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1351972/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4269914-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh91005391">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12238413s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12238413s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph832280&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539443705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031102786">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&oldid=1257290352">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&oldid=1257290352</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1991" title="Category:Conflicts in 1991">Conflicts in 1991</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1991 in the Soviet Union">1991 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_and_coup_attempts" title="Category:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts">1990s coups d'état and coup attempts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attempted_coups_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Attempted coups in the Soviet Union">Attempted coups in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_in_politics" title="Category:1991 in politics">1991 in politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Rebellions in the Soviet Union">Rebellions in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="Category:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_scandals_in_Russia" title="Category:Political scandals in Russia">Political scandals in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_in_Moscow" title="Category:1991 in Moscow">1991 in Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:August_1991_events_in_Russia" title="Category:August 1991 events in Russia">August 1991 events in Russia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2017">Articles with dead external links from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latvian-language_sources_(lv)" title="Category:CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)">CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_August_2011" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from August 2011">Articles with incomplete citations from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_articles_needing_translation_from_Russian_Wikipedia" title="Category:Military articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia">Military articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2020">Use dmy dates from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_March_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2022">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2016">Articles needing additional references from August 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 04:45 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_Soviet_coup_attempt&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-vtnqm","wgBackendResponseTime":208,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.802","walltime":"3.499","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30565,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":703151,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":51959,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":550853,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2659.152 1 -total"," 30.77% 818.110 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.15% 562.533 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 11.27% 299.746 60 Template:Cite_web"," 6.72% 178.612 68 Template:Flagicon"," 6.50% 172.766 24 Template:Flagcountry"," 5.39% 143.401 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.31% 141.112 3 Template:Collapsible_list"," 4.62% 122.734 10 Template:Cite_book"," 4.47% 118.751 2 Template:Efn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.254","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21585446,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAndrei_SoldatovIrina_Borogan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonnellCooperFreidin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonnellFreidin1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBreslauer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Vogt1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobbs1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlop1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlop2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarnsworth1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedor1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarver1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorbačev1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamburg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaywardRupesingheGurr1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshërwood1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJockelJ.J._Sokolsky1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKyriakodis1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepingwell1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthee1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNair1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikheev1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoble1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthal1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaarJoe1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarker1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmemann1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoutherl1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSupreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_SSR1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSynovitz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarneyMartin2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWebber1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeong1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZlotnik2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŌgushi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFЖЕЛЕЗНОВА2001\"] = 1,\n [\"None\"] = 1,\n [\"Ziemele2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Boris Yeltsin\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 60,\n [\"Clear\"] = 4,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Coup d'état\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:1991 Soviet Coup D'etat Attempt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Expand Russian\"] = 1,\n [\"Fall of Communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 61,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 24,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 8,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 68,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 25,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the Soviet Union\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"In lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang-rus\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 11,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Russian Conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 8,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 104,\n [\"Surrendered\"] = 7,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 18,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","30.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","8.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","4.7"],["type","80","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","60","3.5"],["[others]","340","20.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-697b7966c5-v5k57","timestamp":"20241126195614","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"1991 Soviet coup attempt","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q221382","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q221382","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-18T02:58:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T04:45:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/96\/August_Coup_montage.png","headline":"attempted coup d'\u00e9tat in the USSR against Mikhail Gorbachev's government in August 1991"}</script> </body> </html>