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citation_author=Obolensky, D; citation_author=Cherniavsky, M.; citation_publication_date=1970"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Lisov Stepankov and , Kremlevskii zagovor, 89–91"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Lisov Stepankov and , Kremlevskii zagovor, 171–80"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Dramas, Fields, and Metaphor: Symbolic Action in Human Society; citation_author=Turner, Victor; citation_publication_date=1974"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology; citation_author=Geertz, Clifford; citation_publication_date=1983"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="When the State Committee on the State of Emergency (henceforth the Emergency Committee) seized power in the early morning of 19 August 1991, it took steps immediately to assert control over Central Television, radio and the press. 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data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 52 Issue 4</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><span data-v-3692cf84>Televorot: The Role of Television Coverage in Russia's...</span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="language" data-v-3692cf84><ul class="language-switch" data-v-6b1118dd data-v-3692cf84><li aria-label="English" data-v-6b1118dd><span class="language-option current divider" data-v-6b1118dd>English</span></li><li aria-label="Français" data-v-6b1118dd><span role="button" tabindex="0" href="#" lang="fr" class="language-option" data-v-6b1118dd> Français </span></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="container container__modified" data-v-01274b1d>  <div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div role="complementary" aria-label="table of content" class="column__left" data-v-01274b1d><div class="col journal-container row" data-v-146270e8 data-v-01274b1d><img 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data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>Televorot: The Role of Television Coverage in Russia's August 1991 Coup</h1> </hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>27 January 2017</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Victoria%20E.%20Bonnell&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Victoria E. Bonnell</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce> and</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Gregory%20Freidin&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Gregory Freidin</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-2 collapse-link" data-v-99f6eb26><a href="#authors-details" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="authors-details" class="app-link collapsed app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-99f6eb26><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon arrow-down" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Show author details </span> </a></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-99f6eb26> <dl id="authors-details" class="authors-details collapse" data-v-2edb8da6 data-v-99f6eb26><div data-test-author="Victoria E. Bonnell" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Victoria E. Bonnell</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Gregory Freidin" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Gregory Freidin</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Stanford University</span> </span></div></dd></div>  <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-2edb8da6></dl></div></div> <div id="app-tabs" class="tabs" data-v-1d90c6ce data-v-01274b1d><div 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data-test-id="buttonRightLink" class="app-link rights-link d-print-none app-link__text-icon app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-92ee52a2 data-v-43a4d572><img src="/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon rights" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Rights & Permissions </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572><div class="abstract-text-container" data-v-2fa8b348><div lang="en"><h2>Extract</h2>  <div class="abstract-content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="text-abstract"><p><span class="disp-formula"><img class="graphic" orientation="portrait" mimesubtype="gif" mimetype="image" position="float" type="simple" href="S0037677900095334_inline001" src="https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0037677900095334/resource/name/S0037677900095334_inline001.gif?pub-status=live" /></span></p><p>When the State Committee on the State of Emergency (henceforth the Emergency Committee) seized power in the early morning of 19 August 1991, it took steps immediately to assert control over Central Television, radio and the press. At one o'clock in the morning on 19 August, Gennadii Shishkin, first deputy director of TASS, was awakened by a phone call from Leonid Kravchenko, the conservative director of Gosteleradio (the State Committee on Television and Radio) and asked to come to Central Committee headquarters.2 By 2 a.m., the chief editor of the nightly news program "Vremia" had been awakened. Then, at dawn, military vehicles and paratroopers surrounded the Gosteleradio building at Ostankino.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="abstract-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a></div></div>   </div>    <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Review Article</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/slavic-review" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Slavic Review </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/slavic-review/volume/49E8EA164A188126922EF7E8066BDF58" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 52 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/slavic-review/issue/FEADFFC219EFC967D075B3953B95DB56" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Issue 4 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161>, Winter 1993</span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, pp. 810 - 838</span> </div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2499653" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.2307/2499653 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div>   <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 1993 </div></dd></div></dl> <div id="access-block" class="d-print-none" data-v-43a4d572><div class="access-options"><h2 class="access-options__heading">Access options</h2> <span>Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)</span> <div class="access-options__content access-options__new"> </div></div></div> <div id="content-container" class="content-container" data-v-43a4d572>   <hr aria-hidden="true" class="list-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a> <div id="references-list" class="circle-list"><h2>References</h2> <div id="fn0452" aria-flowto="reference-1-content reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-1-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"> We are grateful to Elliott Mossman for proposing that we write a paper on Russian television coverage of the August 1991 coup. His support and encouragement helped us to complete this project. Joelle Ehre at the Harriman Institute, Columbia University, and PeggeJ. Abrams at the Media Center, Duke University, were extremely helpful in providing video tapes of Russian television broadcasts during the week of the coup. We would like to thank Nancy Condee, George Breslauer, Todd Gitlin, Eric Naiman, Anne Nesbet, Vladimir Padunov, Yuri Slezkine, Victor Zaslavsky and Reginald Zelnik for their valuable comments and suggestions. An earlier draft of the paper was presented at the Fourth Meeting of the Working Group on Contemporary Russian Cul ture, "Russian Culture/Soviet Hieroglyphics," held with support of the Social Science Research Council, the British Film Institute and the School for Slavonic and East European Studies at the University of London, 5-9 July 1993.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn452" aria-flowto="reference-2-content reference-2-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-2-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">1.</span> “A different drama is now playing …” Boris Pasternak, “Hamlet. ”</p></div></div></div><div id="fn453" aria-flowto="reference-3-content reference-3-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-3-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">2.</span> In February 1991, USSR Gosteleradio was renamed the All-Union State Company for Television and Radio Broadcasting. On the situation in Gosteleradio before the coup, see <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref361" id="ref361"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Tolz</span>, <span class="given-names">Vera</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">The Soviet Media</span>,” <span class="source">RFE/RL Research Report</span> <span class="volume">1</span>, no. <span class="issue">1</span> (3 January <span class="year">1992</span>): <span class="fpage">29</span>–<span class="lpage">30</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Soviet Media' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Soviet+Media&author=Tolz+Vera&publication+year=1992&journal=RFE%2FRL+Research+Report&volume=1&pages=29-30>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn454" aria-flowto="reference-4-content reference-4-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-4-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">3.</span> For details, see Bill Keller's interview with Sergei Medvedev, “Getting the News on ‘Vremia’ ” and the “Chronology of Events of August 19, 20, 21” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper and Gregory Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup</em> (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1994), part 5. Accounts of the coup and its aftermath may be found in the following Russian sources: <em class="italic">Avgust-91</em> (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1991); <em class="italic">Deviatnadtsatoe, dvadtsatoe, dvadtsat'pervoe…: svobodnoe radio dlia svobodnykh liudei</em> (Moscow: Shakur-Invest, 1991); <em class="italic">Krasnoe Hi beloe? Drama Avgusta-91: Fakty, gipotezy, stolknovenie mnenii</em> (Moscow, 1991); <em class="italic">Korichnevyi putch krasnykh, avgust ‘91: Khronika, svidel'stva pressy, fotodokumenty</em> (Moscow: Tekst, 1991); <em class="italic">Khronika putcha: chas za chasom: Sobytiia 19-22 avgusta 1991 v svodkakh Rossiiskogo Informatsionnogo Agentstva</em> (Leningrad, Agentstvo 1991); <em class="italic">Putch: Khronika trevozhnykh dnei</em> (Moscow, 1991); <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref362" id="ref362"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Stepankov</span>, <span class="given-names">V.</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Lisov</span>, <span class="given-names">E.</span></span>, <span class="source">Kremlevskii zagovor</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Moscow</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Progress</span>, <span class="year">1992</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Kremlevskii zagovor' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Kremlevskii+zagovor&author=Stepankov+V.&author=Lisov+E.&publication+year=1992>Google Scholar</a></span>. English language sources on the coup include the following: <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref363" id="ref363"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Billington</span>, <span class="given-names">James H.</span></span>, <span class="source">Russia Transformed: Breakthrough to Hope: Moscow, August 1991</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Free Press</span>, <span class="year">1992</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Russia Transformed: Breakthrough to Hope: Moscow, August 1991' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Russia+Transformed%3A+Breakthrough+to+Hope%3A+Moscow%2C+August+1991&author=Billington+James+H.&publication+year=1992>Google Scholar</a></span>; Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup;</em> <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref364" id="ref364"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Dunlop</span>, <span class="given-names">John B.</span></span>, <span class="source">The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Princeton</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Princeton University Press</span>, <span class="year">1993</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Rise+of+Russia+and+the+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&author=Dunlop+John+B.&publication+year=1993>Google Scholar</a></span>); <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref365" id="ref365"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Gorbachev</span>, <span class="given-names">Mikhail</span></span>, <span class="source">The August Coup: The Truth and the Lessons</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Harper Collins</span>, <span class="year">1991</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The August Coup: The Truth and the Lessons' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+August+Coup%3A+The+Truth+and+the+Lessons&author=Gorbachev+Mikhail&publication+year=1991>Google Scholar</a></span>); Amy Knight, “The Coup that Never Was: Gorbachev and the Forces of Reaction,” <em class="italic">Problems of Communism</em> (November/December 1991); Stuart H. Loory and Ann Imse, eds., <em class="italic">Seven Days That Shook the World</em> (Atlanta: Turner Publishing, 1991); Michael Mandelbaum, “Coup de Grace: The End of the Soviet Union,” <em class="italic">Foreign Affairs</em> 71, no. 1 (1991-1992): 164-83; William E. Odom, “Alternative Perspectives on the August Coup,” <em class="italic">Problems of Communism</em> (November/December 1991): 13-17; <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref366" id="ref366"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Remnick</span>, <span class="given-names">David</span></span>, <span class="source">Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Random House</span> <span class="year">1993</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Lenin's+Tomb%3A+The+Last+Days+of+the+Soviet+Empire&author=Remnick+David&publication+year=1993>Google Scholar</a></span>; Lilia Shevtsova, “The August Coup and the Soviet Collapse,” <em class="italic">Survival</em> 34, no. 1 (Spring 1992); <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref367" id="ref367"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Shub</span>, <span class="given-names">Anatole</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">The Fourth Russian Revolution: Historical Perspectives</span>,” <span class="source">Problems of Communism</span> (November/ December <span class="year">1991</span>): <span class="fpage">20</span>–26<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Fourth Russian Revolution: Historical Perspectives' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Fourth+Russian+Revolution%3A+Historical+Perspectives&author=Shub+Anatole&publication+year=1991&journal=Problems+of+Communism>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref368" id="ref368"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Smith</span>, <span class="given-names">Hedrick</span></span>, <span class="source">The New Russians</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Random House</span>, <span class="year">1991</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The New Russians' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+New+Russians&author=Smith+Hedrick&publication+year=1991>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref369" id="ref369"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Sturua</span>, <span class="given-names">Melor</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">The Real Coup</span>,” <span class="source">Foreign Policy</span>, no. <span class="issue">85</span> (Winter <span class="year">1991</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Real Coup' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1148743>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Real Coup' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Real+Coup&author=Sturua+Melor&publication+year=1991&journal=Foreign+Policy&doi=10.2307%2F1148743>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn455" aria-flowto="reference-5-content reference-5-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-5-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">4.</span> Resolution No. 1, issued by the Emergency Committee on 19 August, decreed that a specially created organ under the GKChP would “establish control over the means of communication.” Resolution No. 3, issued on 20 August, gave further details concerning Gosteleradio's control over all Central and local TV and radio broadcasting in the USSR. The resolution prohibited television and radio broadcasts by the RSFSR channels, especially “Moscow Echo,” because they “do not promote the process of stabilization of the situation in the country.” The USSR KGB and MVD were authorized to take measures to carry out the resolution. <em class="italic">Avgust-91.27</em>, 75-76.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn456" aria-flowto="reference-6-content reference-6-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 5 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-6-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">5.</span> “Radio Rossiia” and “Ekho Moskvy,” both established in 1990, continued to broadcast from the White House and other locations during the coup, as did several other stations on short and medium wave frequencies <em class="italic">(Putch: khronika trevozhnykh dnei</em>, 91-92). The nine newspapers permitted to continue publication were: <em class="italic">Trud, Rabochaia tribuna, Izvestiia, Pravda, Krasnaia zvezda, Sovetskaia Rossiia, Moskovskaia pravda, Leningradskoe znamia</em> and <em class="italic">Sel'skaia zhizn'.</em> During the coup, Soviet citizens with short wave radios were able to receive news from foreign stations, most importantly Radio Liberty and the BBC.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn457" aria-flowto="reference-7-content reference-7-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 6 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-7-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">6.</span> The following television programs were viewed for this essay (all dates refer to 1991): “Vremia ”: 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25 August, 19 September; Vzgliad “: 22, 23, 25 August; ” Fakt “: 20 August; ” Piatoe koleso “: 20 August; ” 600 sekund “: 20 August; ” Vesti “: 21, 22 August; ” Novosti “: 19 September; ” Do shestnadtsati i starshe “: 19 September. Televised press conferences: Gennadii Yanaev et al: 19 August; Vladimir Shcherbakov: 21 August; Mikhail Gorbachev: 22 August; Arkadii Vol'skii et al: 21 August. Other coverage: session of the Russian Parliament: 21 August; funeral: 24 August; interview with Yeltsin: 25 August.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn458" aria-flowto="reference-8-content reference-8-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 7 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-8-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">7.</span> On Soviet television before 1985, see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref370" id="ref370"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Hopkins</span>, <span class="given-names">Mark H.</span></span>, <span class="source">Mass Media in the USSR</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Pegasus</span>, <span class="year">1970</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Mass Media in the USSR' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mass+Media+in+the+USSR&author=Hopkins+Mark+H.&publication+year=1970>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref371" id="ref371"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Mickiewicz</span>, <span class="given-names">Ellen Propper</span></span>, <span class="source">Media and the Russian Public</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Praeger</span>, <span class="year">1981</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Media and the Russian Public' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Media+and+the+Russian+Public&author=Mickiewicz+Ellen+Propper&publication+year=1981>Google Scholar</a></span>); idem, <em class="italic">Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); ; <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref372" id="ref372"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Feigelson</span>, <span class="given-names">Kristian</span></span>, <span class="source">L'U.R.S.S. et sa television</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Institut national de l'audiovisual</span>, <span class="year">1990</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for L'U.R.S.S. et sa television' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=L'U.R.S.S.+et+sa+television&author=Feigelson+Kristian&publication+year=1990>Google Scholar</a></span>). The last years of Brezhnev's regime saw a torrent of jokes about his slurred speech and the official doctoring of recordings. In one of the most popular jokes of this type, audio engineers are trying to puzzle out what Brezhnev had in mind when he offered praise to <em class="italic">sosiski sranye</em> (crappy hotdogs). They finally realize that what he meant to say was <em class="italic">sotsialisticheskie strany</em> (socialist countries) and spliced those words into the tape.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn459" aria-flowto="reference-9-content reference-9-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 8 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-9-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">8.</span> For a perceptive discussion of the early impact of glasnost’ on television, see Mickiewicz, <em class="italic">Split Signals;</em> James Dingley, “Soviet Television and Glasnost',” in Julian Graffy and Geoffrey A. Hosking, eds., <em class="italic">Culture and the Media in the USSR Today</em> (New York: MacMillan, 1989); Feigelson, <em class="italic">L'U.R.S.S. et sa television;</em> Brian McNair, <em class="italic">Glasnost, Perestroika, and the Soviet Media</em> (London: Routledge, 1991); Marsha Siefert, ed., <em class="italic">Mass Culture and Perestroika in the Soviet Union</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn460" aria-flowto="reference-10-content reference-10-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 9 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-10-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">9.</span> In addition, Kravchenko interfered with the broadcasts of “TSN,” a news program that provided an alternative to the official news, “Vremia.” His move to suppress “TSN” in March 1991 was a response to the program's coverage of the events in Lithuania and Latvia in January. Under his leadership, Central Television broadcasts “constantly criticized the RSFSR leadership and the democratic forces opposing the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). See Tolz,” The Soviet Media,” 29-30 for more details on Kravchenko's efforts to curb glasnost’ on Central Television.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn461" aria-flowto="reference-11-content reference-11-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 10 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-11-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">10.</span> Later in April 1991, the union recalled Kravchenko as its representative to the USSR Supreme Soviet, a position to which he had been elected by the union in 1989. Among those who resigned were Vladimir Pozner, Vladimir Tsvetov, Aleksandr Liubimov and Vladimir Molchanov <em class="italic">(ibid.).</em> </p></div></div></div><div id="fn462" aria-flowto="reference-12-content reference-12-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 11 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-12-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">11.</span> In the era of glasnost', the Leningrad studio produced some of the most probing and provocative programs on television anywhere in the USSR, including “600 Seconds,” “The Fifth Wheel” and “Alternative” (Sergei Aleksandrovich Muratov, “Soviet Television and the Structure of Broadcasting Authority,” in Siefert, ed., <em class="italic">Mass Culture and Perestroika:</em> 174).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn463" aria-flowto="reference-13-content reference-13-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 12 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-13-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">12.</span> See the interview with Anatolii Sobchak, “Breakthrough: The Coup in St. Petersburg” in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades</em>, part 3; Fiegelson, 85.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn464" aria-flowto="reference-14-content reference-14-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 13 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-14-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">13.</span> “Script,” according to <em class="italic">The American Heritage Dictionary</em>, is, among other things, “a text of a play, broadcast, or motion picture; especially the copy of a text used by the director or performer. ”</p></div></div></div><div id="fn465" aria-flowto="reference-15-content reference-15-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 14 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-15-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">14.</span> For a pioneering discussion of a similar symbiosis between television and politics in the United States, see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref373" id="ref373"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Gitlin</span>, <span class="given-names">Todd</span></span>, <span class="source">The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media, in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Berkeley</span>: <span class="publisher-name">University of California Press</span>, <span class="year">1980</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media, in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Whole+World+Is+Watching%3A+Mass+Media%2C+in+the+Making+and+Unmaking+of+the+New+Left&author=Gitlin+Todd&publication+year=1980>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn466" aria-flowto="reference-16-content reference-16-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 15 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-16-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">15.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref374" id="ref374"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Burke</span>, <span class="given-names">Kenneth</span></span>, <span class="source">A Grammar of Motives</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Berkeley</span>: <span class="publisher-name">University of California Press</span>, <span class="year">1969</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A Grammar of Motives' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Grammar+of+Motives&author=Burke+Kenneth&publication+year=1969>Google Scholar</a></span>); <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref375" id="ref375"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Turner</span>, <span class="given-names">Victor</span></span>, <span class="source">Dramas, Fields, and Metaphor: Symbolic Action in Human Society</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Ithaca</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Cornell University Press</span>, <span class="year">1974</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Dramas, Fields, and Metaphor: Symbolic Action in Human Society' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dramas%2C+Fields%2C+and+Metaphor%3A+Symbolic+Action+in+Human+Society&author=Turner+Victor&publication+year=1974>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref376" id="ref376"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Hermassi</span>, <span class="given-names">Karen</span></span>, <span class="source">Polity and Theater in Historical Perspective</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Berkeley</span>: <span class="publisher-name">University of California Press</span>, <span class="year">1977</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Polity and Theater in Historical Perspective' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Polity+and+Theater+in+Historical+Perspective&author=Hermassi+Karen&publication+year=1977>Google Scholar</a></span>); <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref377" id="ref377"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Geertz</span>, <span class="given-names">Clifford</span></span>, “<span class="chapter-title">Centers, Kings, and Charisma: Reflections on the Symbolics of Power</span>,” in <span class="source">Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Basic Books</span>, <span class="year">1983</span>), <span class="fpage">121</span>–46<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Local+Knowledge%3A+Further+Essays+in+Interpretive+Anthropology&author=Geertz+Clifford&publication+year=1983&pages=121-46>Google Scholar</a></span>, idem., <em class="italic">Negara: The Theatre State In Nineteenth-Century Bali</em> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980); Iu. Lotman, “Teatr i teatral'nost’ v stroe kul'tury nachala XIX veka,” <em class="italic">Stat'i po tipologii kul'tury</em> (Tartu; Tartuskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 1973), 42-73; Iu. Lotman and B. Uspenskii, “The Stage and Paintings as Code Mechanisms for Cultural Behavior in the Early Nineteenth Century” in <em class="italic">The Semiotics of Russian Culture, Michigan Slavic Contributions</em> no. 11, ed. Ann Shukman (Ann Arbor: Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, 1984). For a study of bolshevik holiday celebrations as political theater before the era of television, see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref378" id="ref378"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Geldern</span>, <span class="given-names">James von</span></span>, <span class="source">Bolshevik Festivals, 1917-1921</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Berkeley</span>: <span class="publisher-name">University of California Press</span>, <span class="year">1993</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Bolshevik Festivals, 1917-1921' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bolshevik+Festivals%2C+1917-1921&author=Geldern+James+von&publication+year=1993>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn467" aria-flowto="reference-17-content reference-17-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 16 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-17-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">16.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref379" id="ref379"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Gorbachev</span>, </span>, <span class="source">The August Coup</span>, <span class="fpage">23</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The August Coup' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gorbachev,+,+The+August+Coup,+23>Google Scholar</a></span>. Gorbachev echoes here almost verbatim the statements he made in interviews immediately following his return to Moscow on 22 August 1991. In his televised press conference on that day, he also used such terms as “<em class="italic">tiazhelaia drama</em>” (a heavy drama) and “<em class="italic">fars”</em> (farce) to describe the coup d'etat. In his 25 August interview with Soviet TV, Yeltsin, too, resorted several times to the term “script” in describing the plotters’ course of action. Aleksandr Kabakov, a popular writer and the author of the sensational 1991 best-seller <em class="italic">Nevozvrashchenets</em>, claimed in the TV program “Vzgliad,” aired on 23 August 1991, that his most recent novel, <em class="italic">Sochinitel'</em>, had <em class="italic">scripted</em> in advance many of the developments that took place on 19-21 August (we thank Nancy Condee for the reference to <em class="italic">Sochinitel’).</em> Characteristically, General Aleksandr Lebed’ who, together with his commanding officer General Pavel Grachev, did most to prevent the storming of the White House, entitled his forthcoming memoirs <em class="italic">SpektakV nazyvalsia putch</em> (the show was called putsch). The memoir is currently being serialized in <em class="italic">Literaturnaia Rossiia</em> (the first installment, <em class="italic">Literaturnaia Rossiia</em>, no. 34-35 [24 September 1993]).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn468" aria-flowto="reference-18-content reference-18-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 17 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-18-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">17.</span> The following were issued at the inception of the coup: a decree by Gennadii Yanaev announcing his assumption of power because of Gorbachev's ill-health; an “Appeal to the Soviet People” from the Emergency Committee; “Resolution No. 1 of the Emergency Committee ” ; a declaration from Yanaev, Pavlov and Baklanov; Yanaev's appeal to foreign nations and the United Nations Secretary General. In addition, there was a statement by A. Luk'ianov, president of the USSR Supreme Soviet on the Union Treaty.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn469" aria-flowto="reference-19-content reference-19-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 18 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-19-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">18.</span> Scott <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref380" id="ref380"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">McMichael</span>, <span class="given-names">R</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Moscow Prelude: Warning Signs Ignored</span>,” <span class="source">Report on the USSR</span> 3, no. <span class="volume">36</span> (<span class="year">1991</span>): <span class="fpage">8</span>–11<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Moscow Prelude: Warning Signs Ignored' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Moscow+Prelude%3A+Warning+Signs+Ignored&author=McMichael+R&publication+year=1991&journal=Report+on+the+USSR&volume=36>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn470" aria-flowto="reference-20-content reference-20-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 19 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-20-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">19.</span> The “Appeal to the Citizens of Russia” was co-authored and cosigned by Ivan Silaev, chairman of the RSFSR Council of Ministers, and Ruslan Khasbulatov, acting chairman of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn471" aria-flowto="reference-21-content reference-21-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 20 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-21-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">20.</span> “Decree of the President of the RSFSR No. 59” (declaring the Emergency Committee unconstitutional, its actions null and void, and those involved subject to criminal penalties); “Appeal of the President of the RSFSR to Soldiers and Officers of the USSR Armed Forces, KGB, MVD ” ; and “Decrees of the President of the RSFSR” nos. 60, 61, 62, 63. The texts of all the preceding appear in <em class="italic">Avgust-91:</em> 34-42, 61-62.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn472" aria-flowto="reference-22-content reference-22-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 21 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-22-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">21.</span> “Chronology of Events of August 19, 20, 21,” in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades.</em> </p></div></div></div><div id="fn473" aria-flowto="reference-23-content reference-23-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 22 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-23-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">22.</span> Sergei Medevdev's 19 August “Vremia” segment discussed below included a Moscow intellectual who explicitly drew the connection between the events in Vilnius and the August coup. For A. Akhmedov, a member of the Popular Front of Azerbaijan who went to Moscow during the coup, this association was also self-evident. As he said during the funeral on 24 August: “I came to Moscow as soon as the coup started… .It was a continuation of the bloody events in Baku and Vilnius, where I was during the January bloodshed. And the three boys whom we are burying today died for the same cause that people in other republics have given their lives for” (V. Konovalov, E. Maksimova and L. Savel'eva, “Proshchanie,” <em class="italic">Avgust 91:</em> 217). See also Valerii Zavorotnyi's “Letter from Leningrad” which recounts that the leader of the team building barricades in Leningrad on 19 August had learned barricade construction in Vilnius where he helped to guard the Parliament building as a member of the Leningrad detachment of young volunteers (Bonnell, Cooper, Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades</em>, part 4).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn474" aria-flowto="reference-24-content reference-24-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 23 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-24-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">23.</span> Prior to glasnost', television announcers read their texts “practically by rote, and words like T and ‘I think’ were excluded.” The style of the announcer and anchorperson had been changing under Gorbachev; on the day of the coup the style of presentation reverted back to the old form. On changes in style under glasnost', see Muratov, “Soviet Television and the Structure of Broadcasting Authority,” in Siefert, <em class="italic">Mass Culture and Perestroika in the Soviet Union</em>, 175.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn475" aria-flowto="reference-25-content reference-25-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 24 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-25-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">24.</span> The statement was dated 18 August 1991 and signed “Gosudarstvennyi komitet po chrezvychainomu polozheniiu v SSSR.” When the text was published in <em class="italic">Izvestiia</em> on 20 August, it was given the title “Appeal to the Soviet People. ”</p></div></div></div><div id="fn476" aria-flowto="reference-26-content reference-26-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 25 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-26-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">25.</span> These are the closing words of the “Appeal to the Soviet People.” The original Russian text is reprinted in <em class="italic">Avgust-91:</em> 20-24. A translation can be found in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades</em>, part 1.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn477" aria-flowto="reference-27-content reference-27-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 26 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-27-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">26.</span> In the days before perestroika, Gosteleradio characteristically responded to dramatic official events, such as the death of a leading official, by replacing regular TV programming with classical music and ballet.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn478" aria-flowto="reference-28-content reference-28-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 27 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-28-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">27.</span> It is quite possible that the members of the Emergency Committee taking part in the press conference were not aware that the press conference was being broadcast live. The cameras were not turned off right after the press conference drew to a close but lingered for a minute or two, long enough for the viewers to be privy to the following exchange between an enterprising reporter and Yanaev. The reporter: “Gennadii Ivanovich [Yanaev], can you give us assurances that this press conference will be broadcast in its entirety?” Yanaev: “Well, I don't think I am the man to answer this question. You shouldn't really address it to me…” The reporter: “Can you give us assuarances that this press conference will be broadcast to the public in its entirety?” Yanaev: “No really, you should not adress this question to me. It is not up to me to decide. .. ”</p></div></div></div><div id="fn479" aria-flowto="reference-29-content reference-29-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 28 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-29-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">28.</span> An English translation of the press conference appears in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades</em>, part 1.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn480" aria-flowto="reference-30-content reference-30-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 29 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-30-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">29.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref381" id="ref381"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Lisov</span>, <span class="given-names">Stepankov and</span></span>, <span class="source">Kremlevskii zagovor</span>, <span class="fpage">89</span>–<span class="lpage">91</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Kremlevskii zagovor' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lisov,+Stepankov+and,+Kremlevskii+zagovor,+89–91>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn481" aria-flowto="reference-31-content reference-31-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 30 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-31-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">30.</span> Aleksandr Tiziakov was president of the Association of State Enterprises and Industrial Construction, Transport and Communications. Vasilii Starodubtsev was chairman of the Peasants Union. Oleg Baklanov was first deputy chairman of the National Defense Council and leader of the military industrial complex.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn482" aria-flowto="reference-32-content reference-32-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 31 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-32-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">31.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref382" id="ref382"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Remnick</span>, </span>, <span class="source">Lenin's Tomb:</span> <span class="fpage">473</span>–74<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Lenin's Tomb:' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Remnick,+,+Lenin's+Tomb:+473–74>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn483" aria-flowto="reference-33-content reference-33-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 32 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-33-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">32.</span> The question about Yanaev's health was asked by the correspondent from <em class="italic">La Stampa.</em> It was a double-entendre question, referring not only to the alleged sickness of Gorbachev, but also to the answer Yanaev gave when he was asked about his health at the Supreme Soviet at the time he was being considered for the post of vice-president. “My health is all right,” he responded, “My wife ain't complaining.” The question about Pinochet was asked by the correspondent from <em class="italic">Corriere delta Sera. A</em> Russian transcript of the press conference appears in <em class="italic">Avgust-91:</em> 43-61. An English translation can be found in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades</em>, part 1.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn484" aria-flowto="reference-34-content reference-34-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 33 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-34-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">33.</span> These statements appeared in an interview with Korsak, “Nam byl otdan prikaz arestovat’ <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref383" id="ref383"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Popova</span>, </span>,” <span class="source">Literaturnaia gazeta</span> (11 September <span class="year">1991</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Literaturnaia gazeta' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Literaturnaia+gazeta&author=Popova+&publication+year=1991>Google Scholar</a></span>. A translation appears in <em class="italic">Russian Politics and Law: A Journal of Translation</em> 31, no. 1: 16-20.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn485" aria-flowto="reference-35-content reference-35-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 34 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-35-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">34.</span> See the interview with KGB Major General Viktor Karpukhin and subordinate officers, “Oni otkazalis’ shturmovat’ Belyi dom,” <em class="italic">Literaturnaia gazeta</em> (28 August 1991): 5, translated in <em class="italic">Russia Politics and Law</em> 31, no. 1: 8-15.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn486" aria-flowto="reference-36-content reference-36-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 35 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-36-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">35.</span> The interview with Sobchak was conducted by <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref384" id="ref384"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Golovkova</span>, <span class="given-names">A.</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Chernova</span>, <span class="given-names">A.</span></span> and appeared originally in <span class="source">Moscow News</span>, 26 August <span class="year">1991</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Moscow News' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Moscow+News&author=Golovkova+A.&author=Chernova+A.&publication+year=1991>Google Scholar</a></span>. An English translation of the interview with Anatolii Sobchak, “Breakthrough: The Coup in St. Petersburg,” can be found in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades</em>, part 3.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn487" aria-flowto="reference-37-content reference-37-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 36 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-37-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">36.</span> Beginning on 1 January 1968, “Vremia” appeared every evening at 9 p.m. The program lasted 40-45 minutes, sometimes longer on the occasion of a major policy speech. American research on Soviet television, published in 1987, disclosed that “Vremia” generally covered 22 news items, with precedence going to domestic news. In the second half of the 1980s, some modifications in “Vremia” took place, such as the inclusion of more foreign news. Around the time of the coup, on a typical evening “Vremia” had an average viewing audience of 150 million people or over 80% of the adult population in the Soviet Union (<span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref385" id="ref385"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Mickiewicz</span>, </span>, <span class="source">Split Signals:</span> <span class="fpage">8</span>–9<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Split Signals: ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mickiewicz,+,+Split+Signals:+8–9>Google Scholar</a></span> and chap. 3). See also Dingley, “Soviet Television and Glasnost'” in Graffy and Hosking, eds., <em class="italic">Culture and the Media:</em> 8-9.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn488" aria-flowto="reference-38-content reference-38-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 37 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-38-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">37.</span> For Medvedev's comments on the circumstances surrounding the preparation of the segment, see his interview with Bill Keller, “Getting the News on ‘Vremia’ ” in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades</em>, part 5.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn489" aria-flowto="reference-39-content reference-39-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 38 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-39-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">38.</span> Whatever the source of the clip of Yeltsin on the tank, it was not acknowledged in the 19 August “Vremia” broadcast. See “Getting the News on ‘Vremia’ ” in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades</em>, part 5.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn490" aria-flowto="reference-40-content reference-40-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 39 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-40-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">39.</span> The Russian text has been reprinted in <em class="italic">Avgust-91:</em> 35-36. For an English translation, see Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades</em>, part 3.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn491" aria-flowto="reference-41-content reference-41-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 40 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-41-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">40.</span> The flag has a long history in Russia, dating to 1799 when it was introduced as the country's merchant flag. In 1883 it became an alternative civil flag and in 1914 Tsar Nicholas II added a double-headed eagle, the symbol of the monarchy. The flag, minus the eagle, served the Provisional Government but was abandoned after the bolsheviks seized power. Resurrected after 1985 as a symbol of Russian national identity and citizenship, the tricolor flag encapsulated a set of substantive, symbolic and rhetorical issues that remained central throughout the crisis.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn492" aria-flowto="reference-42-content reference-42-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 41 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-42-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">41.</span> This information was conveyed by Aleksandr Petrov, CNN general manager of Soviet sales and liaison with Soviet TV in Moscow. He observed: “We can thank the coup plotters for their ineptitude in underestimating the power of CNN” (Betsy McKay, “From Coup to Champagne,” <em class="italic">Advertising Age</em> 62, no. 35 [26 August 1991]: 37).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn493" aria-flowto="reference-43-content reference-43-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 42 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-43-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">42.</span> See the Interview with Medvedev, “Getting the News on ‘Vremia’ ” in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades</em>, part 5, 297-98.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn494" aria-flowto="reference-44-content reference-44-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 43 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-44-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">43.</span> <em class="italic">Ibid.</em>, 298.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn495" aria-flowto="reference-45-content reference-45-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 44 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-45-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">44.</span> <em class="italic">Ibid.;</em> <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref386" id="ref386"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Remnick</span>, </span>, <span class="source">Lenin's Tomb</span>, <span class="fpage">474</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Lenin's Tomb' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Remnick,+,+Lenin's+Tomb,+474>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn496" aria-flowto="reference-46-content reference-46-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 45 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-46-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">45.</span> Medvedev, “Getting the News on ‘Vremia, ’ ” 298.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn497" aria-flowto="reference-47-content reference-47-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 46 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-47-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">46.</span> Bonner's remark came at the mass rally held at the White House at mid-day on Tuesday. Sobchak made the remark that evening on the Leningrad television news program, “Fakt. ”</p></div></div></div><div id="fn498" aria-flowto="reference-48-content reference-48-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 47 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-48-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">47.</span> Medvedev, “Getting the News on ‘Vremia, ’ ” 298.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn499" aria-flowto="reference-49-content reference-49-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 48 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-49-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">48.</span> Literally <em class="italic">perevorot</em> means the turning of things upside down. In modern usage, however, the term has a clear political connotation. The 1939 edition of the Ushakov <em class="italic">Tolkovyi slovar1 russkogo iazyka</em>, vol. Ill, eds. B.M. Volin and D.N. Ushakov (107) defines a <em class="italic">perevorot</em> as a sharp change in the existing social and political order, such as the October <em class="italic">perevorot</em> of 1917.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn500" aria-flowto="reference-50-content reference-50-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 49 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-50-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">49.</span> This segment was put together by R. Oganesov and B. Antsiferov and concentrated on the Moscow scene in Manege Square.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn501" aria-flowto="reference-51-content reference-51-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 50 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-51-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">50.</span> For a provocative discussion of style, see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref387" id="ref387"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Hebdige</span>, <span class="given-names">Dick</span></span>, <span class="source">Subculture: The Meaning of Style</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Methuen</span>, <span class="year">1983</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Subculture: The Meaning of Style' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Subculture%3A+The+Meaning+of+Style&author=Hebdige+Dick&publication+year=1983>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn502" aria-flowto="reference-52-content reference-52-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 51 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-52-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">51.</span> For accounts of the Emergency Committee's failure to persuade military and KGB officers to execute orders against Yeltsin and his democratic supporters, see introduction, in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades;</em> Remnick, <em class="italic">Lenin's Tomb</em>, 482-84; <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref388" id="ref388"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Lisov</span>, <span class="given-names">Stepankov and</span></span>, <span class="source">Kremlevskii zagovor</span>, <span class="fpage">171</span>–80<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Kremlevskii zagovor' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lisov,+Stepankov+and,+Kremlevskii+zagovor,+171–80>Google Scholar</a></span> and elsewhere; “They Refused to Storm the White House” and “ ‘We Were Given the Order to Arrest Popov…’ ” in <em class="italic">Russian Politics and Law</em> 31, no. 1 (Summer 1992): 8-20 (Russian citations of these articles appear above in notes 33 and 34).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn503" aria-flowto="reference-53-content reference-53-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 52 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-53-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">52.</span> For the Russian text of the decree, see <em class="italic">Avgust-91:</em> 85-86. On 27 August, Kravchenko was replaced by Egor Iakovlev, chief editor of <em class="italic">Moscow News.</em> Iakovlev reversed some of Kravchenko's key decisions and restored “Vzgliad” as well as “TSN” with its controversial moderators (Tolz, “The Soviet Media,” 30).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn504" aria-flowto="reference-54-content reference-54-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 53 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-54-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">53.</span> TV programming returned to normal on Thursday morning (McKay, “From Coup to Champagne,” 37).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn505" aria-flowto="reference-55-content reference-55-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 54 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-55-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">54.</span> Three men perished: D.A. Komar', I.M. Krichevskii and V.A. Usov. At the time this report was aired, it was generally believed that the fatalities had occurred during an attack on the White House. Only in the days and weeks following the event did it become clear that, although a military attack on the White House had been planned, it never actually took place. The three deaths occurred when a column of APCs, trapped by the barricades, attempted to extricate themselves by ramming through a row of streetcars blocking an underpass. In the ensuing melee, two of the men were shot and a third crushed by an APC.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn506" aria-flowto="reference-56-content reference-56-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 55 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-56-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">55.</span> For an English translation of this speech, see Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia on the Barricades</em>, part 3.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn507" aria-flowto="reference-57-content reference-57-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 56 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-57-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">56.</span> The text of Gorbachev's remarks was published in <em class="italic">Pravda</em>, 23 August 1991. It is reprinted in <em class="italic">Avgust-91:</em> 102-3.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn508" aria-flowto="reference-58-content reference-58-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 57 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-58-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">57.</span> For the Russian text of Gorbachev's speech, see <em class="italic">Avgust-91:</em> 109-12. Later that day he made another extensive statement to introduce his press conference. The Russian text appears in <em class="italic">Avgust-91:</em> 112-28. A partial English translation may be found in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., <em class="italic">Russia at the Barricades</em>, part 3.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn509" aria-flowto="reference-59-content reference-59-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 58 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-59-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">58.</span> The Russian Orthodox funeral service was for Dmitrii Komar’ and Vladimir Usov and conducted in the Vagan'kovo Cemetery by the Patriarch; the Jewish service was for Il'ia Krichevskii. Jewish funerals are not held on Saturdays. An exception was made in this case to coordinate with the two Russian Orthodox funerals, which according to tradition were scheduled for the third day after the deaths. Because the Jewish funeral was held on the Sabbath, the rabbi and cantor (from one of Moscow's two synagogues, both Orthodox) could not offer a regular service in a synagogue.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn510" aria-flowto="reference-60-content reference-60-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 59 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-60-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">59.</span> On the political authority of martyrdom in the Russian intelligentsia tradition, see Mikhail Gershenzon, “Tvorcheskoe samosoznanie” and Sergei Bulgakov's “Geroizm i podvizhnichestvo,” in M. O. Gershenzon, ed., <em class="italic">Vekhi: sbornik statei o russkoi intelligentsii</em>, 2d ed. (Moscow, 1909), 84 and 37, respectively. On the special significance of the institution of martyrdom for eastern Christianity, see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref389" id="ref389"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Brown</span>, <span class="given-names">Peter</span></span>, “<span class="chapter-title">Parting of the Ways</span>,” <span class="source">Society and the Holy In Late Antiquity</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Berkeley</span>: <span class="publisher-name">University of California Press</span>, <span class="year">1982</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Society and the Holy In Late Antiquity' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Society+and+the+Holy+In+Late+Antiquity&author=Brown+Peter&publication+year=1982>Google Scholar</a></span>. On the institution of martyrdom in Russian culture see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref390" id="ref390"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Cherniavsky</span>, <span class="given-names">Michael</span></span>, <span class="source">Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New Haven</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Yale University Press</span>, <span class="year">1961</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Tsar+and+People%3A+Studies+in+Russian+Myths&author=Cherniavsky+Michael&publication+year=1961>Google Scholar</a></span>); and <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref391" id="ref391"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Obolensky</span>, <span class="given-names">D</span></span>, “<span class="chapter-title">Russia's Byzantine Heritage</span>,” in <span class="source">The Structure of Russian History</span>, ed. <span class="name"><span class="surname">Cherniavsky</span>, <span class="given-names">M.</span></span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Random House</span>, <span class="year">1970</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Structure of Russian History' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Structure+of+Russian+History&author=Obolensky+D&author=Cherniavsky+M.&publication+year=1970>Google Scholar</a></span>). Among the more recent works on this subject, see G. Freidin, “By the Walls of the Church and State: On the Authority of Literature in Russia's Modern Tradition,” <em class="italic">Russian Review</em> 52, no. 2 (April 1993): 149-63. See also the seminal work on the relationship between violence, martyrdom, and political authority by <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref392" id="ref392"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Girard</span>, <span class="given-names">Rene</span></span>, <span class="source">La violence et le sacre</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">B. Grasset</span>, <span class="year">1972</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for La violence et le sacre' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=La+violence+et+le+sacre&author=Girard+Rene&publication+year=1972>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn511" aria-flowto="reference-61-content reference-61-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 60 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-61-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">60.</span> In eulogising the victims in Manege Square, Moscow Mayor Gavriil Popov spoke of them as follows: “Volodia Usov, an employee at a joint venture, an entrepreneur; Dima Komar', a worker, and Afghan veteran; and Il'a Krichevskii, an artist. For six years they had been thwarted [by those who had opposed reform]. They had hindered Usov from being an entrepreneur, Komar’ from being a worker and Krichevskii from being able to create…” (cited in Dunlop, <em class="italic">The Rise of Russia</em>, 230).</p></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div>           <div id="metrics-tab" publication-date="27 January 2017" class="metrics tab-pane" data-v-c41a0c86><div class="app-loader" data-v-c41a0c86></div></div></div></div> </div> <div role="complementary" aria-label="related contents" class="column__main__right" data-v-01274b1d> <div class="cited-by-wrapper" data-v-01274b1d><div class="cited-by"><dl class="cited-by__col"><dt class="cited-by__number">6</dt> <dd><a tabindex="0" data-toggle="modal" aria-label="Open cited by modal 6 existing citations" class="cited-by__link"><span class="number">Cited by</span></a></dd></dl></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator white" data-v-7036083a></div>   </div></div></div></div></div> <div id="cited-by-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="Cited by modal" aria-hidden="true" class="modal fade" data-v-014d05be data-v-01274b1d><div class="modal-dialog modal-xl cited-by-modal" data-v-014d05be><div tabindex="-1" class="modal-content" data-v-014d05be><div class="modal-header" data-v-014d05be><h1 class="modal-header__heading" data-v-014d05be>Cited by</h1></div> <div class="modal-body" data-v-014d05be><div class="modal-body__loader" data-v-014d05be><div class="modal-body__loader__spinner" data-v-014d05be></div> <p class="modal-body__loader__message" data-v-014d05be>Loading...</p></div></div> <button aria-label="Close Cited by" aria-expanded="false" data-dismiss="modal" class="app-button cited-by-modal__button--close app-button__icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-014d05be><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon close-modal" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> </button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>window.__NUXT__=(function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z,_,$,aa,ab,ac,ad,ae,af,ag,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,ap,aq){return {layout:"default",data:[{article:{id:"BA0D539D84D423C82FF658B98D4BBA27",metadata:{title:K,htmlTitle:K,subtitle:a,authorsGroup:{authors:{contributors:[{givenNames:"Victoria E.",surname:"Bonnell",nameStyle:L,affiliations:[{text:"Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Victoria E. Bonnell",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Victoria%20E.%20Bonnell&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:c},{givenNames:"Gregory",surname:"Freidin",nameStyle:L,affiliations:[{text:"Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Stanford University"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Gregory Freidin",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Gregory%20Freidin&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:c}]},translators:{contributors:[],label:"Translated by"}},collections:[],publishedDate:"27 January 2017",keywords:[],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2307\u002F2499653",value:"10.2307\u002F2499653"},copyright:{statement:["Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 1993"],holder:["Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies."],year:[1993]},creativeCommons:c,acceptedManuscript:b,type:"review-article",pageRange:{range:"810 - 838",firstPage:"810",lastPage:"838"},typeDescription:"Review Article",resultTypes:[],commentsCount:M,topicsAndSubtopics:c},journal:{id:n,title:k,titleSlug:N,mnemonic:"SLR",titleHistory:[{productId:"0DB45BCF1A705CA62F8C263966ED4442",title:"Slavonic Yearbook American Series"},{productId:"8539A88166F5E3ED9089DDC43BDE453E",title:"Slavonic and East European Review American Series"},{productId:"B44220D213A75F5F59196D1053A5614A",title:"American Slavic and East European Review"},{productId:n,title:k}],isFirstView:b,journalSlug:N,isCompanion:b,parentCompanionJournalName:k,associatedParentCollection:c,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:21,sku:m,skuNew:l,currency:"£"},"€":{price:24,sku:m,skuNew:l,currency:"€"},US$:{price:26,sku:m,skuNew:l,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:41,sku:m,skuNew:l,currency:"AU$"}}},url:O,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fslavic-review\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FSLR_0_0_0\u002Fslavic-review.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fslavic-review\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:d,latestTitle:k,latestId:n,hasPastTitle:b,issue:{id:"FEADFFC219EFC967D075B3953B95DB56",number:P,title:"Issue 4",publishedDate:Q,printPublishTimestamp:R,url:S},volume:{id:"49E8EA164A188126922EF7E8066BDF58",number:T,title:"Volume 52",publishedDate:Q,printPublishTimestamp:R,url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fslavic-review\u002Fvolume\u002F49E8EA164A188126922EF7E8066BDF58"}},abstract:{textAbstracts:[{title:"Extract",content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"text-abstract\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"disp-formula\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"graphic\" orientation=\"portrait\" mimesubtype=\"gif\" mimetype=\"image\" position=\"float\" type=\"simple\" href=\"S0037677900095334_inline001\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fid\u002Furn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0037677900095334\u002Fresource\u002Fname\u002FS0037677900095334_inline001.gif?pub-status=live\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen the State Committee on the State of Emergency (henceforth the Emergency Committee) seized power in the early morning of 19 August 1991, it took steps immediately to assert control over Central Television, radio and the press. At one o'clock in the morning on 19 August, Gennadii Shishkin, first deputy director of TASS, was awakened by a phone call from Leonid Kravchenko, the conservative director of Gosteleradio (the State Committee on Television and Radio) and asked to come to Central Committee headquarters.2 By 2 a.m., the chief editor of the nightly news program \"Vremia\" had been awakened. Then, at dawn, military vehicles and paratroopers surrounded the Gosteleradio building at Ostankino.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",lang:U}]},content:{html:a,tableOfContent:[],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"fn0452",displayNumber:a,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E We are grateful to Elliott Mossman for proposing that we write a paper on Russian television coverage of the August 1991 coup. His support and encouragement helped us to complete this project. Joelle Ehre at the Harriman Institute, Columbia University, and PeggeJ. Abrams at the Media Center, Duke University, were extremely helpful in providing video tapes of Russian television broadcasts during the week of the coup. We would like to thank Nancy Condee, George Breslauer, Todd Gitlin, Eric Naiman, Anne Nesbet, Vladimir Padunov, Yuri Slezkine, Victor Zaslavsky and Reginald Zelnik for their valuable comments and suggestions. An earlier draft of the paper was presented at the Fourth Meeting of the Working Group on Contemporary Russian Cul ture, \"Russian Culture\u002FSoviet Hieroglyphics,\" held with support of the Social Science Research Council, the British Film Institute and the School for Slavonic and East European Studies at the University of London, 5-9 July 1993.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn452",displayNumber:V,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E1.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E “A different drama is now playing …” Boris Pasternak, “Hamlet. ”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn453",displayNumber:"2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E2.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In February 1991, USSR Gosteleradio was renamed the All-Union State Company for Television and Radio Broadcasting. On the situation in Gosteleradio before the coup, see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref361\" id=\"ref361\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETolz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EVera\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EThe Soviet Media\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ERFE\u002FRL Research Report\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, no. \u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (3 January \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E): \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Soviet Media' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Soviet+Media&author=Tolz+Vera&publication+year=1992&journal=RFE%2FRL+Research+Report&volume=1&pages=29-30\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Soviet+Media&author=Tolz+Vera&publication+year=1992&journal=RFE%2FRL+Research+Report&volume=1&pages=29-30",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:W,jtitle:X,title:X,volume:V,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc22",spage:Y,epage:Z,date:o,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref361",title:W,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn454",displayNumber:"3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E3.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For details, see Bill Keller's interview with Sergei Medvedev, “Getting the News on ‘Vremia’ ” and the “Chronology of Events of August 19, 20, 21” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper and Gregory Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1994), part 5. Accounts of the coup and its aftermath may be found in the following Russian sources: \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAvgust-91\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1991); \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EDeviatnadtsatoe, dvadtsatoe, dvadtsat'pervoe…: svobodnoe radio dlia svobodnykh liudei\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Moscow: Shakur-Invest, 1991); \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EKrasnoe Hi beloe? Drama Avgusta-91: Fakty, gipotezy, stolknovenie mnenii\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Moscow, 1991); \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EKorichnevyi putch krasnykh, avgust ‘91: Khronika, svidel'stva pressy, fotodokumenty\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Moscow: Tekst, 1991); \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EKhronika putcha: chas za chasom: Sobytiia 19-22 avgusta 1991 v svodkakh Rossiiskogo Informatsionnogo Agentstva\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Leningrad, Agentstvo 1991); \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EPutch: Khronika trevozhnykh dnei\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Moscow, 1991); \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref362\" id=\"ref362\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EStepankov\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EV.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELisov\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EE.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EKremlevskii zagovor\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EMoscow\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EProgress\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Kremlevskii zagovor' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Kremlevskii+zagovor&author=Stepankov+V.&author=Lisov+E.&publication+year=1992\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. English language sources on the coup include the following: \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref363\" id=\"ref363\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBillington\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJames H.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ERussia Transformed: Breakthrough to Hope: Moscow, August 1991\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EFree Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Russia Transformed: Breakthrough to Hope: Moscow, August 1991' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Russia+Transformed%3A+Breakthrough+to+Hope%3A+Moscow%2C+August+1991&author=Billington+James+H.&publication+year=1992\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref364\" id=\"ref364\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDunlop\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJohn B.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EPrinceton\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EPrinceton University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1993\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Rise+of+Russia+and+the+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&author=Dunlop+John+B.&publication+year=1993\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E); \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref365\" id=\"ref365\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGorbachev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMikhail\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe August Coup: The Truth and the Lessons\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EHarper Collins\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1991\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The August Coup: The Truth and the Lessons' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+August+Coup%3A+The+Truth+and+the+Lessons&author=Gorbachev+Mikhail&publication+year=1991\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E); Amy Knight, “The Coup that Never Was: Gorbachev and the Forces of Reaction,” \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EProblems of Communism\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (November\u002FDecember 1991); Stuart H. Loory and Ann Imse, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ESeven Days That Shook the World\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Atlanta: Turner Publishing, 1991); Michael Mandelbaum, “Coup de Grace: The End of the Soviet Union,” \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EForeign Affairs\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 71, no. 1 (1991-1992): 164-83; William E. Odom, “Alternative Perspectives on the August Coup,” \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EProblems of Communism\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (November\u002FDecember 1991): 13-17; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref366\" id=\"ref366\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERemnick\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDavid\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ERandom House\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1993\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Lenin's+Tomb%3A+The+Last+Days+of+the+Soviet+Empire&author=Remnick+David&publication+year=1993\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; Lilia Shevtsova, “The August Coup and the Soviet Collapse,” \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ESurvival\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 34, no. 1 (Spring 1992); \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref367\" id=\"ref367\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EShub\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAnatole\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EThe Fourth Russian Revolution: Historical Perspectives\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EProblems of Communism\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (November\u002F December \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1991\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E): \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–26\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Fourth Russian Revolution: Historical Perspectives' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Fourth+Russian+Revolution%3A+Historical+Perspectives&author=Shub+Anatole&publication+year=1991&journal=Problems+of+Communism\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref368\" id=\"ref368\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESmith\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHedrick\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe New Russians\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ERandom House\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1991\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The New Russians' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+New+Russians&author=Smith+Hedrick&publication+year=1991\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref369\" id=\"ref369\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESturua\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMelor\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EThe Real Coup\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EForeign Policy\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, no. \u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003E85\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (Winter \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1991\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Real Coup' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.2307\u002F1148743\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Real Coup' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Real+Coup&author=Sturua+Melor&publication+year=1991&journal=Foreign+Policy&doi=10.2307%2F1148743\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Kremlevskii+zagovor&author=Stepankov+V.&author=Lisov+E.&publication+year=1992",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:i,title:i,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:o,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref362",title:i,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Russia+Transformed%3A+Breakthrough+to+Hope%3A+Moscow%2C+August+1991&author=Billington+James+H.&publication+year=1992",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:p,title:p,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:o,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref363",title:p,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Rise+of+Russia+and+the+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&author=Dunlop+John+B.&publication+year=1993",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:q,title:q,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:r,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref364",title:q,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+August+Coup%3A+The+Truth+and+the+Lessons&author=Gorbachev+Mikhail&publication+year=1991",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:s,title:s,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:j,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref365",title:s,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Lenin's+Tomb%3A+The+Last+Days+of+the+Soviet+Empire&author=Remnick+David&publication+year=1993",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:t,title:t,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:r,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref366",title:t,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Fourth+Russian+Revolution%3A+Historical+Perspectives&author=Shub+Anatole&publication+year=1991&journal=Problems+of+Communism",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:_,jtitle:$,title:$,volume:c,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc28",spage:aa,epage:c,date:j,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref367",title:_,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+New+Russians&author=Smith+Hedrick&publication+year=1991",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:u,title:u,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:j,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref368",title:u,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Real+Coup&author=Sturua+Melor&publication+year=1991&journal=Foreign+Policy&doi=10.2307%2F1148743",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:ab,jtitle:ac,title:ac,volume:c,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc2a",spage:c,epage:c,date:j,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:ad,au:a},innerRefId:"ref369",title:ab,doi:ad,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.2307\u002F1148743",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn455",displayNumber:P,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E4.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Resolution No. 1, issued by the Emergency Committee on 19 August, decreed that a specially created organ under the GKChP would “establish control over the means of communication.” Resolution No. 3, issued on 20 August, gave further details concerning Gosteleradio's control over all Central and local TV and radio broadcasting in the USSR. The resolution prohibited television and radio broadcasts by the RSFSR channels, especially “Moscow Echo,” because they “do not promote the process of stabilization of the situation in the country.” The USSR KGB and MVD were authorized to take measures to carry out the resolution. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAvgust-91.27\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 75-76.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn456",displayNumber:"5",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E5.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E “Radio Rossiia” and “Ekho Moskvy,” both established in 1990, continued to broadcast from the White House and other locations during the coup, as did several other stations on short and medium wave frequencies \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003E(Putch: khronika trevozhnykh dnei\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 91-92). The nine newspapers permitted to continue publication were: \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ETrud, Rabochaia tribuna, Izvestiia, Pravda, Krasnaia zvezda, Sovetskaia Rossiia, Moskovskaia pravda, Leningradskoe znamia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ESel'skaia zhizn'.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E During the coup, Soviet citizens with short wave radios were able to receive news from foreign stations, most importantly Radio Liberty and the BBC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn457",displayNumber:"6",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E6.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The following television programs were viewed for this essay (all dates refer to 1991): “Vremia ”: 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25 August, 19 September; Vzgliad “: 22, 23, 25 August; ” Fakt “: 20 August; ” Piatoe koleso “: 20 August; ” 600 sekund “: 20 August; ” Vesti “: 21, 22 August; ” Novosti “: 19 September; ” Do shestnadtsati i starshe “: 19 September. Televised press conferences: Gennadii Yanaev et al: 19 August; Vladimir Shcherbakov: 21 August; Mikhail Gorbachev: 22 August; Arkadii Vol'skii et al: 21 August. Other coverage: session of the Russian Parliament: 21 August; funeral: 24 August; interview with Yeltsin: 25 August.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn458",displayNumber:"7",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E7.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E On Soviet television before 1985, see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref370\" id=\"ref370\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHopkins\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMark H.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMass Media in the USSR\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EPegasus\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1970\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Mass Media in the USSR' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Mass+Media+in+the+USSR&author=Hopkins+Mark+H.&publication+year=1970\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref371\" id=\"ref371\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMickiewicz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EEllen Propper\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMedia and the Russian Public\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EPraeger\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1981\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Media and the Russian Public' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Media+and+the+Russian+Public&author=Mickiewicz+Ellen+Propper&publication+year=1981\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E); idem, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ESplit Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); ; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref372\" id=\"ref372\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EFeigelson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKristian\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EL'U.R.S.S. et sa television\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EInstitut national de l'audiovisual\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1990\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for L'U.R.S.S. et sa television' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=L'U.R.S.S.+et+sa+television&author=Feigelson+Kristian&publication+year=1990\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E). The last years of Brezhnev's regime saw a torrent of jokes about his slurred speech and the official doctoring of recordings. In one of the most popular jokes of this type, audio engineers are trying to puzzle out what Brezhnev had in mind when he offered praise to \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esosiski sranye\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (crappy hotdogs). They finally realize that what he meant to say was \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esotsialisticheskie strany\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (socialist countries) and spliced those words into the tape.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Mass+Media+in+the+USSR&author=Hopkins+Mark+H.&publication+year=1970",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:v,title:v,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:ae,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref370",title:v,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Media+and+the+Russian+Public&author=Mickiewicz+Ellen+Propper&publication+year=1981",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:w,title:w,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1981",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref371",title:w,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=L'U.R.S.S.+et+sa+television&author=Feigelson+Kristian&publication+year=1990",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:x,title:x,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1990",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref372",title:x,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn459",displayNumber:y,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E8.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For a perceptive discussion of the early impact of glasnost’ on television, see Mickiewicz, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ESplit Signals;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E James Dingley, “Soviet Television and Glasnost',” in Julian Graffy and Geoffrey A. Hosking, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ECulture and the Media in the USSR Today\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (New York: MacMillan, 1989); Feigelson, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EL'U.R.S.S. et sa television;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Brian McNair, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGlasnost, Perestroika, and the Soviet Media\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (London: Routledge, 1991); Marsha Siefert, ed., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMass Culture and Perestroika in the Soviet Union\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn460",displayNumber:"9",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E9.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In addition, Kravchenko interfered with the broadcasts of “TSN,” a news program that provided an alternative to the official news, “Vremia.” His move to suppress “TSN” in March 1991 was a response to the program's coverage of the events in Lithuania and Latvia in January. Under his leadership, Central Television broadcasts “constantly criticized the RSFSR leadership and the democratic forces opposing the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). See Tolz,” The Soviet Media,” 29-30 for more details on Kravchenko's efforts to curb glasnost’ on Central Television.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn461",displayNumber:"10",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E10.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Later in April 1991, the union recalled Kravchenko as its representative to the USSR Supreme Soviet, a position to which he had been elected by the union in 1989. Among those who resigned were Vladimir Pozner, Vladimir Tsvetov, Aleksandr Liubimov and Vladimir Molchanov \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003E(ibid.).\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\n \u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn462",displayNumber:"11",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E11.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In the era of glasnost', the Leningrad studio produced some of the most probing and provocative programs on television anywhere in the USSR, including “600 Seconds,” “The Fifth Wheel” and “Alternative” (Sergei Aleksandrovich Muratov, “Soviet Television and the Structure of Broadcasting Authority,” in Siefert, ed., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMass Culture and Perestroika:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 174).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn463",displayNumber:"12",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E12.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See the interview with Anatolii Sobchak, “Breakthrough: The Coup in St. Petersburg” in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 3; Fiegelson, 85.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn464",displayNumber:"13",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E13.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E “Script,” according to \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EThe American Heritage Dictionary\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, is, among other things, “a text of a play, broadcast, or motion picture; especially the copy of a text used by the director or performer. ”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn465",displayNumber:"14",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E14.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For a pioneering discussion of a similar symbiosis between television and politics in the United States, see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref373\" id=\"ref373\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGitlin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ETodd\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media, in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerkeley\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EUniversity of California Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1980\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media, in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Whole+World+Is+Watching%3A+Mass+Media%2C+in+the+Making+and+Unmaking+of+the+New+Left&author=Gitlin+Todd&publication+year=1980\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Whole+World+Is+Watching%3A+Mass+Media%2C+in+the+Making+and+Unmaking+of+the+New+Left&author=Gitlin+Todd&publication+year=1980",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:z,title:z,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1980",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref373",title:z,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn466",displayNumber:"15",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E15.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref374\" id=\"ref374\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBurke\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKenneth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EA Grammar of Motives\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerkeley\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EUniversity of California Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1969\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A Grammar of Motives' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+Grammar+of+Motives&author=Burke+Kenneth&publication+year=1969\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E); \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref375\" id=\"ref375\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETurner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EVictor\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDramas, Fields, and Metaphor: Symbolic Action in Human Society\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIthaca\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ECornell University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1974\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Dramas, Fields, and Metaphor: Symbolic Action in Human Society' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Dramas%2C+Fields%2C+and+Metaphor%3A+Symbolic+Action+in+Human+Society&author=Turner+Victor&publication+year=1974\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref376\" id=\"ref376\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHermassi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKaren\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EPolity and Theater in Historical Perspective\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerkeley\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EUniversity of California Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1977\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Polity and Theater in Historical Perspective' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Polity+and+Theater+in+Historical+Perspective&author=Hermassi+Karen&publication+year=1977\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E); \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref377\" id=\"ref377\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGeertz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EClifford\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003ECenters, Kings, and Charisma: Reflections on the Symbolics of Power\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELocal Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EBasic Books\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1983\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E121\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–46\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Local+Knowledge%3A+Further+Essays+in+Interpretive+Anthropology&author=Geertz+Clifford&publication+year=1983&pages=121-46\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, idem., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ENegara: The Theatre State In Nineteenth-Century Bali\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980); Iu. Lotman, “Teatr i teatral'nost’ v stroe kul'tury nachala XIX veka,” \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EStat'i po tipologii kul'tury\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Tartu; Tartuskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 1973), 42-73; Iu. Lotman and B. Uspenskii, “The Stage and Paintings as Code Mechanisms for Cultural Behavior in the Early Nineteenth Century” in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EThe Semiotics of Russian Culture, Michigan Slavic Contributions\u003C\u002Fem\u003E no. 11, ed. Ann Shukman (Ann Arbor: Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, 1984). For a study of bolshevik holiday celebrations as political theater before the era of television, see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref378\" id=\"ref378\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGeldern\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJames von\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBolshevik Festivals, 1917-1921\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerkeley\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EUniversity of California Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1993\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Bolshevik Festivals, 1917-1921' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Bolshevik+Festivals%2C+1917-1921&author=Geldern+James+von&publication+year=1993\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+Grammar+of+Motives&author=Burke+Kenneth&publication+year=1969",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:A,title:A,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1969",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref374",title:A,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Dramas%2C+Fields%2C+and+Metaphor%3A+Symbolic+Action+in+Human+Society&author=Turner+Victor&publication+year=1974",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:B,title:B,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1974",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref375",title:B,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Polity+and+Theater+in+Historical+Perspective&author=Hermassi+Karen&publication+year=1977",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:C,title:C,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1977",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref376",title:C,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Local+Knowledge%3A+Further+Essays+in+Interpretive+Anthropology&author=Geertz+Clifford&publication+year=1983&pages=121-46",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:D,title:D,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:af,tpages:ag,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref377",title:D,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Bolshevik+Festivals%2C+1917-1921&author=Geldern+James+von&publication+year=1993",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:E,title:E,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:r,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref378",title:E,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn467",displayNumber:"16",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E16.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref379\" id=\"ref379\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGorbachev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe August Coup\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The August Coup' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Gorbachev,+,+The+August+Coup,+23\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Gorbachev echoes here almost verbatim the statements he made in interviews immediately following his return to Moscow on 22 August 1991. In his televised press conference on that day, he also used such terms as “\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Etiazhelaia drama\u003C\u002Fem\u003E” (a heavy drama) and “\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Efars”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (farce) to describe the coup d'etat. In his 25 August interview with Soviet TV, Yeltsin, too, resorted several times to the term “script” in describing the plotters’ course of action. Aleksandr Kabakov, a popular writer and the author of the sensational 1991 best-seller \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ENevozvrashchenets\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, claimed in the TV program “Vzgliad,” aired on 23 August 1991, that his most recent novel, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ESochinitel'\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, had \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Escripted\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in advance many of the developments that took place on 19-21 August (we thank Nancy Condee for the reference to \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ESochinitel’).\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Characteristically, General Aleksandr Lebed’ who, together with his commanding officer General Pavel Grachev, did most to prevent the storming of the White House, entitled his forthcoming memoirs \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ESpektakV nazyvalsia putch\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (the show was called putsch). The memoir is currently being serialized in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ELiteraturnaia Rossiia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (the first installment, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ELiteraturnaia Rossiia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, no. 34-35 [24 September 1993]).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Gorbachev,+,+The+August+Coup,+23",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:ah,jtitle:c,title:c,volume:c,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc34",spage:ai,epage:c,date:c,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref379",title:ah,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn468",displayNumber:"17",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E17.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The following were issued at the inception of the coup: a decree by Gennadii Yanaev announcing his assumption of power because of Gorbachev's ill-health; an “Appeal to the Soviet People” from the Emergency Committee; “Resolution No. 1 of the Emergency Committee ” ; a declaration from Yanaev, Pavlov and Baklanov; Yanaev's appeal to foreign nations and the United Nations Secretary General. In addition, there was a statement by A. Luk'ianov, president of the USSR Supreme Soviet on the Union Treaty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn469",displayNumber:"18",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E18.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Scott \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref380\" id=\"ref380\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMcMichael\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ER\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EMoscow Prelude: Warning Signs Ignored\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EReport on the USSR\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 3, no. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1991\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E): \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–11\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Moscow Prelude: Warning Signs Ignored' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Moscow+Prelude%3A+Warning+Signs+Ignored&author=McMichael+R&publication+year=1991&journal=Report+on+the+USSR&volume=36\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Moscow+Prelude%3A+Warning+Signs+Ignored&author=McMichael+R&publication+year=1991&journal=Report+on+the+USSR&volume=36",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:aj,jtitle:ak,title:ak,volume:al,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc35",spage:y,epage:c,date:j,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref380",title:aj,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn470",displayNumber:"19",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E19.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The “Appeal to the Citizens of Russia” was co-authored and cosigned by Ivan Silaev, chairman of the RSFSR Council of Ministers, and Ruslan Khasbulatov, acting chairman of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn471",displayNumber:aa,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E20.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E “Decree of the President of the RSFSR No. 59” (declaring the Emergency Committee unconstitutional, its actions null and void, and those involved subject to criminal penalties); “Appeal of the President of the RSFSR to Soldiers and Officers of the USSR Armed Forces, KGB, MVD ” ; and “Decrees of the President of the RSFSR” nos. 60, 61, 62, 63. The texts of all the preceding appear in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAvgust-91:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 34-42, 61-62.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn472",displayNumber:"21",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E21.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E “Chronology of Events of August 19, 20, 21,” in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\n \u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn473",displayNumber:"22",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E22.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Sergei Medevdev's 19 August “Vremia” segment discussed below included a Moscow intellectual who explicitly drew the connection between the events in Vilnius and the August coup. For A. Akhmedov, a member of the Popular Front of Azerbaijan who went to Moscow during the coup, this association was also self-evident. As he said during the funeral on 24 August: “I came to Moscow as soon as the coup started… .It was a continuation of the bloody events in Baku and Vilnius, where I was during the January bloodshed. And the three boys whom we are burying today died for the same cause that people in other republics have given their lives for” (V. Konovalov, E. Maksimova and L. Savel'eva, “Proshchanie,” \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAvgust 91:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 217). See also Valerii Zavorotnyi's “Letter from Leningrad” which recounts that the leader of the team building barricades in Leningrad on 19 August had learned barricade construction in Vilnius where he helped to guard the Parliament building as a member of the Leningrad detachment of young volunteers (Bonnell, Cooper, Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 4).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn474",displayNumber:ai,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E23.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Prior to glasnost', television announcers read their texts “practically by rote, and words like T and ‘I think’ were excluded.” The style of the announcer and anchorperson had been changing under Gorbachev; on the day of the coup the style of presentation reverted back to the old form. On changes in style under glasnost', see Muratov, “Soviet Television and the Structure of Broadcasting Authority,” in Siefert, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMass Culture and Perestroika in the Soviet Union\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 175.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn475",displayNumber:"24",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E24.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The statement was dated 18 August 1991 and signed “Gosudarstvennyi komitet po chrezvychainomu polozheniiu v SSSR.” When the text was published in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EIzvestiia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E on 20 August, it was given the title “Appeal to the Soviet People. ”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn476",displayNumber:"25",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E25.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E These are the closing words of the “Appeal to the Soviet People.” The original Russian text is reprinted in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAvgust-91:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 20-24. A translation can be found in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 1.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn477",displayNumber:"26",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E26.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In the days before perestroika, Gosteleradio characteristically responded to dramatic official events, such as the death of a leading official, by replacing regular TV programming with classical music and ballet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn478",displayNumber:"27",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E27.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E It is quite possible that the members of the Emergency Committee taking part in the press conference were not aware that the press conference was being broadcast live. The cameras were not turned off right after the press conference drew to a close but lingered for a minute or two, long enough for the viewers to be privy to the following exchange between an enterprising reporter and Yanaev. The reporter: “Gennadii Ivanovich [Yanaev], can you give us assurances that this press conference will be broadcast in its entirety?” Yanaev: “Well, I don't think I am the man to answer this question. You shouldn't really address it to me…” The reporter: “Can you give us assuarances that this press conference will be broadcast to the public in its entirety?” Yanaev: “No really, you should not adress this question to me. It is not up to me to decide. .. ”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn479",displayNumber:"28",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E28.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E An English translation of the press conference appears in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 1.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn480",displayNumber:Y,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E29.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref381\" id=\"ref381\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELisov\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EStepankov and\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EKremlevskii zagovor\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E89\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E91\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Kremlevskii zagovor' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Lisov,+Stepankov+and,+Kremlevskii+zagovor,+89–91\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Lisov,+Stepankov+and,+Kremlevskii+zagovor,+89–91",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:i,jtitle:c,title:c,volume:c,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc36",spage:"89",epage:"91",date:c,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref381",title:i,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn481",displayNumber:Z,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E30.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Aleksandr Tiziakov was president of the Association of State Enterprises and Industrial Construction, Transport and Communications. Vasilii Starodubtsev was chairman of the Peasants Union. Oleg Baklanov was first deputy chairman of the National Defense Council and leader of the military industrial complex.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn482",displayNumber:"31",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E31.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref382\" id=\"ref382\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERemnick\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELenin's Tomb:\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E473\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–74\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Lenin's Tomb:' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Remnick,+,+Lenin's+Tomb:+473–74\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Remnick,+,+Lenin's+Tomb:+473–74",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:am,jtitle:c,title:c,volume:c,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc37",spage:"473",epage:c,date:c,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref382",title:am,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn483",displayNumber:"32",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E32.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The question about Yanaev's health was asked by the correspondent from \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ELa Stampa.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E It was a double-entendre question, referring not only to the alleged sickness of Gorbachev, but also to the answer Yanaev gave when he was asked about his health at the Supreme Soviet at the time he was being considered for the post of vice-president. “My health is all right,” he responded, “My wife ain't complaining.” The question about Pinochet was asked by the correspondent from \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ECorriere delta Sera. A\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Russian transcript of the press conference appears in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAvgust-91:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 43-61. An English translation can be found in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 1.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn484",displayNumber:"33",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E33.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E These statements appeared in an interview with Korsak, “Nam byl otdan prikaz arestovat’ \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref383\" id=\"ref383\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPopova\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELiteraturnaia gazeta\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (11 September \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1991\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Literaturnaia gazeta' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Literaturnaia+gazeta&author=Popova+&publication+year=1991\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. A translation appears in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussian Politics and Law: A Journal of Translation\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 31, no. 1: 16-20.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Literaturnaia+gazeta&author=Popova+&publication+year=1991",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:an,jtitle:c,title:c,volume:c,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc38",spage:c,epage:c,date:j,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref383",title:an,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn485",displayNumber:"34",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E34.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See the interview with KGB Major General Viktor Karpukhin and subordinate officers, “Oni otkazalis’ shturmovat’ Belyi dom,” \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ELiteraturnaia gazeta\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (28 August 1991): 5, translated in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia Politics and Law\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 31, no. 1: 8-15.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn486",displayNumber:"35",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E35.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The interview with Sobchak was conducted by \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref384\" id=\"ref384\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGolovkova\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EChernova\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and appeared originally in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMoscow News\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 26 August \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1991\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Moscow News' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Moscow+News&author=Golovkova+A.&author=Chernova+A.&publication+year=1991\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. An English translation of the interview with Anatolii Sobchak, “Breakthrough: The Coup in St. Petersburg,” can be found in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 3.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Moscow+News&author=Golovkova+A.&author=Chernova+A.&publication+year=1991",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:ao,jtitle:c,title:c,volume:c,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc39",spage:c,epage:c,date:j,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref384",title:ao,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn487",displayNumber:al,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E36.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Beginning on 1 January 1968, “Vremia” appeared every evening at 9 p.m. The program lasted 40-45 minutes, sometimes longer on the occasion of a major policy speech. American research on Soviet television, published in 1987, disclosed that “Vremia” generally covered 22 news items, with precedence going to domestic news. In the second half of the 1980s, some modifications in “Vremia” took place, such as the inclusion of more foreign news. Around the time of the coup, on a typical evening “Vremia” had an average viewing audience of 150 million people or over 80% of the adult population in the Soviet Union (\u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref385\" id=\"ref385\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMickiewicz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ESplit Signals:\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–9\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Split Signals: ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Mickiewicz,+,+Split+Signals:+8–9\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and chap. 3). See also Dingley, “Soviet Television and Glasnost'” in Graffy and Hosking, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ECulture and the Media:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 8-9.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Mickiewicz,+,+Split+Signals:+8–9",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:ap,jtitle:c,title:c,volume:c,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc3a",spage:y,epage:c,date:c,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref385",title:ap,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn488",displayNumber:"37",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E37.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For Medvedev's comments on the circumstances surrounding the preparation of the segment, see his interview with Bill Keller, “Getting the News on ‘Vremia’ ” in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 5.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn489",displayNumber:"38",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E38.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Whatever the source of the clip of Yeltsin on the tank, it was not acknowledged in the 19 August “Vremia” broadcast. See “Getting the News on ‘Vremia’ ” in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 5.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn490",displayNumber:"39",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E39.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The Russian text has been reprinted in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAvgust-91:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 35-36. For an English translation, see Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 3.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn491",displayNumber:"40",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E40.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The flag has a long history in Russia, dating to 1799 when it was introduced as the country's merchant flag. In 1883 it became an alternative civil flag and in 1914 Tsar Nicholas II added a double-headed eagle, the symbol of the monarchy. The flag, minus the eagle, served the Provisional Government but was abandoned after the bolsheviks seized power. Resurrected after 1985 as a symbol of Russian national identity and citizenship, the tricolor flag encapsulated a set of substantive, symbolic and rhetorical issues that remained central throughout the crisis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn492",displayNumber:"41",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E41.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E This information was conveyed by Aleksandr Petrov, CNN general manager of Soviet sales and liaison with Soviet TV in Moscow. He observed: “We can thank the coup plotters for their ineptitude in underestimating the power of CNN” (Betsy McKay, “From Coup to Champagne,” \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAdvertising Age\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 62, no. 35 [26 August 1991]: 37).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn493",displayNumber:"42",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E42.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See the Interview with Medvedev, “Getting the News on ‘Vremia’ ” in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 5, 297-98.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn494",displayNumber:"43",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E43.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EIbid.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 298.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn495",displayNumber:"44",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E44.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EIbid.;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref386\" id=\"ref386\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERemnick\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELenin's Tomb\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E474\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Lenin's Tomb' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Remnick,+,+Lenin's+Tomb,+474\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Remnick,+,+Lenin's+Tomb,+474",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:aq,jtitle:c,title:c,volume:c,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc3b",spage:"474",epage:c,date:c,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref386",title:aq,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn496",displayNumber:"45",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E45.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Medvedev, “Getting the News on ‘Vremia, ’ ” 298.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn497",displayNumber:ag,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E46.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Bonner's remark came at the mass rally held at the White House at mid-day on Tuesday. Sobchak made the remark that evening on the Leningrad television news program, “Fakt. ”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn498",displayNumber:"47",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E47.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Medvedev, “Getting the News on ‘Vremia, ’ ” 298.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn499",displayNumber:"48",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E48.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Literally \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eperevorot\u003C\u002Fem\u003E means the turning of things upside down. In modern usage, however, the term has a clear political connotation. The 1939 edition of the Ushakov \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ETolkovyi slovar1 russkogo iazyka\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, vol. Ill, eds. B.M. Volin and D.N. Ushakov (107) defines a \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eperevorot\u003C\u002Fem\u003E as a sharp change in the existing social and political order, such as the October \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eperevorot\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of 1917.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn500",displayNumber:"49",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E49.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E This segment was put together by R. Oganesov and B. Antsiferov and concentrated on the Moscow scene in Manege Square.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn501",displayNumber:"50",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E50.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For a provocative discussion of style, see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref387\" id=\"ref387\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHebdige\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDick\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ESubculture: The Meaning of Style\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EMethuen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1983\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Subculture: The Meaning of Style' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Subculture%3A+The+Meaning+of+Style&author=Hebdige+Dick&publication+year=1983\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Subculture%3A+The+Meaning+of+Style&author=Hebdige+Dick&publication+year=1983",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:F,title:F,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:af,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref387",title:F,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn502",displayNumber:"51",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E51.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For accounts of the Emergency Committee's failure to persuade military and KGB officers to execute orders against Yeltsin and his democratic supporters, see introduction, in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Remnick, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ELenin's Tomb\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 482-84; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref388\" id=\"ref388\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELisov\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EStepankov and\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EKremlevskii zagovor\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E171\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–80\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Kremlevskii zagovor' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Lisov,+Stepankov+and,+Kremlevskii+zagovor,+171–80\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and elsewhere; “They Refused to Storm the White House” and “ ‘We Were Given the Order to Arrest Popov…’ ” in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussian Politics and Law\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 31, no. 1 (Summer 1992): 8-20 (Russian citations of these articles appear above in notes 33 and 34).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Lisov,+Stepankov+and,+Kremlevskii+zagovor,+171–80",openUrlParams:{genre:h,atitle:i,jtitle:c,title:c,volume:c,artnum:"5a82ce8889a41c0a7154bc3d",spage:"171",epage:"80",date:c,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref388",title:i,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn503",displayNumber:T,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E52.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For the Russian text of the decree, see \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAvgust-91:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 85-86. On 27 August, Kravchenko was replaced by Egor Iakovlev, chief editor of \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMoscow News.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Iakovlev reversed some of Kravchenko's key decisions and restored “Vzgliad” as well as “TSN” with its controversial moderators (Tolz, “The Soviet Media,” 30).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn504",displayNumber:"53",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E53.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E TV programming returned to normal on Thursday morning (McKay, “From Coup to Champagne,” 37).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn505",displayNumber:"54",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E54.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Three men perished: D.A. Komar', I.M. Krichevskii and V.A. Usov. At the time this report was aired, it was generally believed that the fatalities had occurred during an attack on the White House. Only in the days and weeks following the event did it become clear that, although a military attack on the White House had been planned, it never actually took place. The three deaths occurred when a column of APCs, trapped by the barricades, attempted to extricate themselves by ramming through a row of streetcars blocking an underpass. In the ensuing melee, two of the men were shot and a third crushed by an APC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn506",displayNumber:"55",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E55.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For an English translation of this speech, see Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia on the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 3.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn507",displayNumber:"56",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E56.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The text of Gorbachev's remarks was published in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EPravda\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 23 August 1991. It is reprinted in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAvgust-91:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 102-3.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn508",displayNumber:"57",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E57.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For the Russian text of Gorbachev's speech, see \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAvgust-91:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 109-12. Later that day he made another extensive statement to introduce his press conference. The Russian text appears in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAvgust-91:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 112-28. A partial English translation may be found in Bonnell, Cooper and Freidin, eds., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussia at the Barricades\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, part 3.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn509",displayNumber:"58",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E58.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The Russian Orthodox funeral service was for Dmitrii Komar’ and Vladimir Usov and conducted in the Vagan'kovo Cemetery by the Patriarch; the Jewish service was for Il'ia Krichevskii. Jewish funerals are not held on Saturdays. An exception was made in this case to coordinate with the two Russian Orthodox funerals, which according to tradition were scheduled for the third day after the deaths. Because the Jewish funeral was held on the Sabbath, the rabbi and cantor (from one of Moscow's two synagogues, both Orthodox) could not offer a regular service in a synagogue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn510",displayNumber:"59",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E59.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E On the political authority of martyrdom in the Russian intelligentsia tradition, see Mikhail Gershenzon, “Tvorcheskoe samosoznanie” and Sergei Bulgakov's “Geroizm i podvizhnichestvo,” in M. O. Gershenzon, ed., \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EVekhi: sbornik statei o russkoi intelligentsii\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 2d ed. (Moscow, 1909), 84 and 37, respectively. On the special significance of the institution of martyrdom for eastern Christianity, see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref389\" id=\"ref389\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBrown\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPeter\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EParting of the Ways\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ESociety and the Holy In Late Antiquity\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerkeley\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EUniversity of California Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1982\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Society and the Holy In Late Antiquity' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Society+and+the+Holy+In+Late+Antiquity&author=Brown+Peter&publication+year=1982\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. On the institution of martyrdom in Russian culture see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref390\" id=\"ref390\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECherniavsky\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMichael\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ETsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew Haven\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EYale University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1961\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Tsar+and+People%3A+Studies+in+Russian+Myths&author=Cherniavsky+Michael&publication+year=1961\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E); and \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref391\" id=\"ref391\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EObolensky\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ED\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003ERussia's Byzantine Heritage\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Structure of Russian History\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECherniavsky\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ERandom House\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1970\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Structure of Russian History' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Structure+of+Russian+History&author=Obolensky+D&author=Cherniavsky+M.&publication+year=1970\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E). Among the more recent works on this subject, see G. Freidin, “By the Walls of the Church and State: On the Authority of Literature in Russia's Modern Tradition,” \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERussian Review\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 52, no. 2 (April 1993): 149-63. See also the seminal work on the relationship between violence, martyrdom, and political authority by \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref392\" id=\"ref392\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGirard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERene\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELa violence et le sacre\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EB. Grasset\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1972\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for La violence et le sacre' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=La+violence+et+le+sacre&author=Girard+Rene&publication+year=1972\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Society+and+the+Holy+In+Late+Antiquity&author=Brown+Peter&publication+year=1982",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:G,title:G,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1982",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref389",title:G,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Tsar+and+People%3A+Studies+in+Russian+Myths&author=Cherniavsky+Michael&publication+year=1961",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:H,title:H,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1961",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref390",title:H,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Structure+of+Russian+History&author=Obolensky+D&author=Cherniavsky+M.&publication+year=1970",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:I,title:I,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:ae,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref391",title:I,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=La+violence+et+le+sacre&author=Girard+Rene&publication+year=1972",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:J,title:J,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1972",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref392",title:J,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn511",displayNumber:"60",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E60.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In eulogising the victims in Manege Square, Moscow Mayor Gavriil Popov spoke of them as follows: “Volodia Usov, an employee at a joint venture, an entrepreneur; Dima Komar', a worker, and Afghan veteran; and Il'a Krichevskii, an artist. For six years they had been thwarted [by those who had opposed reform]. They had hindered Usov from being an entrepreneur, Komar’ from being a worker and Krichevskii from being able to create…” (cited in Dunlop, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EThe Rise of Russia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 230).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]}],figures:[]},pdf:c,classification:[],supplementaryMaterials:[],relations:{corrections:[],correctionsOriginals:[],retractions:[],retractionsOriginals:[],addendums:[],addendumsOriginals:[],hasAnyRelations:b,hasAnyOriginalArticle:b},settings:{hasAccess:b,isOpenAccess:b,displayRightsLink:d,shouldDisplayCrossMark:b,shouldDisplayNasaAds:b,suppressPdf:b,isShareable:b,isAnnotationsEnabled:b,disableArticleCommentary:b,displayArticleCommentaryAsDiscussionLinks:b,isCommentsEnabled:b,hasContent:b,shouldDisplaySubmitContent:b,isResearchDirections:b,isQuestionCollection:b,isMathjaxEnabled:b},citationCount:6,openUrlParams:"?genre=article&atitle=Televorot%3A%20The%20Role%20of%20Television%20Coverage%20in%20Russia's%20August%201991%20Coup&jtitle=Slavic%20Review&title=Slavic%20Review&date=1993&volume=52&issue=4&spage=810&epage=838&sid=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore&aulast=Bonnell&aufirst=Victoria%20E.&doi=10.2307\u002F2499653",ecommerceProducts:{digitalSku:l,paperBackSku:c,hardBackSku:c},subject:[],permissionUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fs100.copyright.com\u002FAppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=SLR&title=Televorot%3A%20The%20Role%20of%20Television%20Coverage%20in%20Russia's%20August%201991%20Coup&publicationDate=27%20January%202017&author=Victoria%20E.%20Bonnell%2C%20Gregory%20Freidin&copyright=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20Association%20for%20Slavic%2C%20East%20European%2C%20and%20Eurasian%20Studies.%201993&contentID=10.2307%2F2499653&startPage=810&endPage=838&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=52&issueNum=4&oa="},breadcrumbs:[{name:"Home",url:"\u002Fcore"},{name:"Journals",url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fpublications\u002Fjournals"},{name:k,url:O},{name:"Volume 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